ELEPHANTS
The chief animal of Siam is the elephant. Elephants are found in great
numbers in the north, and also in the wide plains of the south, where
these plains are not cultivated, but are covered with jungle-grass,
brushwood, and bamboo. The Siamese elephant sometimes attains a height
of ten or eleven feet. Frequent measurements have proved the curious
fact that the height of an elephant is usually about twice the
circumference of its biggest foot.
The driver of the elephant is called a _mahout_. When the _mahout_
wishes to mount the beast, the elephant bends his right fore-leg to form
a step. As soon as the _mahout_ puts his foot on the step, the elephant
gives a jerk, and up goes the man on to his back. The driver sits
astride on the neck, for the elephant carries his head so steadily that
there is less motion there than in any other part of the body. The
driver is armed with a stick, at the end of which is a sharp-pointed
iron hook. When the elephant misbehaves himself he gets many a cruel
blow with the vicious weapon.
The elephants are mostly used for work in the teak-forests. The males,
or tuskers, when well trained, are worth from £100 to £200 each. The
females are not usually employed in this work, and no elephants at all
are worked in hot weather between ten in the morning and three in the
afternoon. An elephant begins to work when it is about twenty-five years
of age, and is at its best at about seventy. At that age it can lift
with its tusks a log of wood weighing half a ton, and drag along the
ground a log weighing as much as three tons. Elephants are very
long-lived, sometimes living 150 years or more.
In the forest the trees are felled by men who use heavy, long-handled
axes. This work is done in the wet season, so that the trees fall in
soft ground and do not get seriously damaged. The logs are arranged in
parallel rows by the elephants, and then each elephant is harnessed to a
log, which he proceeds to drag towards the stream. Young stems are
placed under the big logs to serve as rollers. The distance from the
forest to the river is often as much as ten miles, and is rarely less
than five miles. The elephants move very slowly--at a pace averaging
less than three miles an hour--and the process of taking the logs to the
river is therefore slow and tedious. When the elephant reaches the
river-bank he stacks the logs for the inspection of the men who come to
buy. They are marked in such a way that each merchant can, later on,
easily recognize his own property; then the elephants take them one by
one, and put them in the creek or river. They push them over boulders
and sandbanks, remove fallen trees out of the way, and, finally, bring
them where there is a good current, and they can be bound into rafts and
floated south.
When the logs arrive at the saw-mills other elephants land them, and so
well do they understand their work that they rarely need the direction
of the _mahout_; they are so intelligent that when they hear the
dinner-bell sound for the workmen, they instantly drop their logs and
scamper off, screaming with joy, just like a lot of children let out of
school.
They are up to all kinds of tricks. For instance, at night they are
turned loose to feed. A heavy, trailing chain is attached to them, and
as they move about, the chain drags on the ground and leaves a trail, by
means of which they are traced in the morning. But an elephant which has
made up its mind to run away has been known "to carefully gather up the
tell-tale chain and carry it for miles on its tusks." Again, each
elephant has a bell, and the driver recognizes the whereabouts of his
own elephant, even when afar off, by the sound of this bell. But some
elephants will remove the bell with their trunk, and then run away and
hide themselves. They frequently jerk a _mahout_ whom they do not like
on to the ground and trample on him.
They can be used to make their lazy brothers work. In such cases a good
big tusker is employed. He digs his tusks into the side of the idle one,
and forces him to take up his log. Sometimes the beasts fight amongst
themselves, and then they seem to aim chiefly at biting off one
another's tails.
They have to be humoured at their work or they turn sulky. They work
three days and rest three days. If they get ill, pills made of fiery
chillies are rubbed into the eyes. This is probably the only animal that
takes pills with its eyes. The animals get at least one bath a day. They
will not drag one log for a long distance; but having brought it, say,
for three-quarters of a mile, they go back and fetch another. When they
have collected a little pile all in the same place, they set off again,
carrying each of the logs about another three-quarters of a mile, and
returning for the rest. They never cross a bridge without first testing
it with one foot to see if they think that it is safe. They are afraid
of ponies, and by Siamese law, a pony meeting an elephant has to get out
of the way.
Once or twice a year there is a big elephant-hunt at Ayuthia, the old
capital. At the beginning of the wet season orders are sent forth that
elephants are to be collected. A number of men traverse the plain where
the elephants have been allowed to roam unmolested, and drive them in
towards the town.
[Illustration: AN ELEPHANT HUNT AT AYUTHIA. _Page 72._]
People of all classes go to Ayuthia to see the fun--Princes and
peasants, Europeans and Asiatics, laymen and priests. There is a great
deal of excitement, particularly when the elephants are expected.
Presently an enormous tusker is seen. This is a tame elephant. He walks
slowly in front, and the crowd of wild elephants behind who have taken
him for their leader follow like a flock of sheep, except that they make
more noise. Round the outside of the herd there are other tame
elephants, carrying men on their backs who are armed with spears. At
last they reach the river. They stop for a moment, but the big tusker
marches on in front, and the others are pushing at the back, so into the
water they all go. They swim to the other side of the river, and there
the mounted elephants get the whole herd into line again, pretending all
the while to be their friends. Then the tusker marches into a big
enclosure set round with posts, and thence through a gateway into a
second enclosure. By this time some of the wild elephants have an idea
that they are being trapped, and they try to go back; but the
guard-elephants stand quite steady, and the men on their backs make good
use of their spears. So at last the captives are brought into a square
space surrounded by a high, thick wall, on which hundreds of spectators
are crowded, watching the operations. This ends the first day.
The next morning half a dozen tuskers are led into the enclosure, or
_paneat_, as it is called. On the back of each elephant are two men,
provided with long coils of rope. They look for those young elephants
that they think can be trained to make strong and useful servants later
on. Having chosen one, they chase him about, and, after a time, succeed
in getting a noose under his foot, and in pulling the noose tightly up
above the knee. The other end of the coil is thrown to the men upon the
ground, and they make it fast to a post. When the youngster tries to run
about again, he finds that he is held tightly by one leg. He shows his
displeasure by the most heart-rending howls. As soon as a certain number
have been tied up to posts, a gate is opened in the enclosure, and the
uncaptured beasts are allowed to rush out on to the plain beyond. But
they are not permitted to go back to their homes in the jungle; a ring
of mounted elephants surrounds the plain and keeps them within bounds.
The young ones in the _paneat_ are led out, one at a time, through a
narrow gate. A tame elephant leads the way, and another follows. Once
outside, three mounted elephants appear. One goes on each side of the
captive, and the third follows behind. The captive is fastened by his
neck to the necks of his brethren on either side, and in this
humiliating way he is led to the stables. There he is tied by the neck
and one leg to a post. After about three years he has lost his temper,
become gentle, and can then be taught to work.
Other elephants are noosed in the open, but in the evening, after a
bathe in the river, the herd goes back to the _paneat_. When as many
elephants have been chosen as are wanted, the rest are set free, and
allowed to wander at liberty for another twelve months.