Innate, 441
Inkowa Camp, 233
Inquiries into human faculty, 5, 152
Insane, 15, 302
Insanity, 178
Institut Solvay, 155
Intelligence, 106
Intermarriage, 206
International Eugenics Congress, 155
International Eugenics Society, 155
Iowa, 208
Isabella, Queen of Spain, 19
Ishmael Family, 168
Islam, 284
Italian, 41, 259, 299, 302, 308, 311
Italians, Southern, 304
Italy, 19, 137
Ireland, 299
Irish, 41, 259, 311, 427
J
Jacob, 64
Jamaica, 289
James, W., 51, 327
Japan, 137
Japanese, 127
Japanese immigration, 312
Jefferson, T., 75
Jefferson Reformatory, 191
Jena, Battle of, 321
Jenks, A. E., 295, 314
Jenks, J. W., 308
Jennings, H. S., 105
Jesus, 396
Jews, 52, 133, 284, 304
Jewish eugenics, 394
Jewish race, 358
Johnson, E. H., 282
Johnson, R. H., vi, 117
Johnstone, E. R., 188
Jones, E., 213
Jordan, D. S., 323, 326
Jordan, H. E., 323
Journal of Heredity, 154, 436
Judaism, 394
Juke family, 143, 159, 168, 169
K
Kafirs, 285
Kaiser of Germany, 204
Kallikak Family, 160
Kansas, 172, 194, 208
Kansas City, Mo., 261
Kansas State Agrigultural College, 244
Kechuka Camp, 435
Kellogg, V., 215, 321, 318
Kelsey, C., 435
Kentucky, 172
Keys, F. M., Fig. 1
Key, W. E., 168
Knopf, S. A., 127
Kornhauser, A. W., 370
Kuczynski, R. R., 260
L
Laban, 64
Laitinen, T., 54, 55
Lamarck, J. B., 37
Lamarckian, 35
Lamarckian Theory, 421
Lamarckism, 37
Late marriages, 218
Latent, 441
Lauck, W. J., 308
Laughlin, H. H., 341
Law, 441
Laws, eugenic, 196
Laws of heredity, 99
Lead, 57, 63, Fig. 7
League to enforce peace, 328
Lechoco, F., 314
Legal aspects, 194
Legislative aspects, 194
Leipzig, 321
Lethal chamber, 184
Lethal selection, 145
Levantines, 299
Lewin, G. R. L., 62
Lim, B., 314
Lincoln, A., 20, 333
Lincoln, T., 333
Lithuanians, 311
Living wage, 375
Loeb, J., 379
Lombroso, C., 179, 182
London, 140, 141
Longevity, 403
Longfellow, H. E., 153
Lorenz, O., 330
Loscin and Lascin, 314
Louisiana, 187, 296
Lunatics, 193
Lutz, F. E., Fig. 16
Luzon, 315
Lynn, Mass., 261
M
Macedonia, 326
MacNicholl, T. A., 55, 56
Madonnas, 397
Magyars, 299, 302, 427
Maine, 172
Maine, University of, 47
Mairet, 44
Maize, 104
Malaria, 63
Malayans, 315
Mall, Bean &, 285
Malone, Widow, 204
Malthus, 117, 134, 145, 151
Mamelukes, 284
Management, 221
Manchester, 57
Mann, Mrs. Horace, 153
Marks, school, 216
Marriage laws, 196
Marriage rate, 237
Marshall, Gov. Thomas R., 191
Martha's Vineyard, 154
Maryland, 206
Massachusetts, 123, 241, 255, 259, 260, 261, 295, 326
Mass. Agricultural College, 255
Mass. State Prison, 182
Maternal impression, 64
Maternity, 221
Mayo, M. J., 286
Mean American man, 425
Mechanism of inheritance, 431
Mecklin, J. M., 280, 281, 283
Medical colleges, 246
Mediterranean, 49, 52
Mediterranean race, 280, 357
Melting pot, 424, 428
Mendel, G., 427
Mendelian units, 105
Mendelism, 430, 441
Mendelism, essence of, 427
Mendelssohn, F. B., 96
Mental capacities, inheritance of, 84
Mental measurements, 75
Mesocephalic heads, 427
Mestizos, 314
Methodist clergymen, 270
Methods of restriction, 184
Metis, Spanish, 314
Meyerbeer, G., 96
Mice, 45
Michigan, 172, 194
Middle Atlantic states, 358
Middletown, Conn., 192
Military celibacy, 320
Miller, K., 388
Mill, J. S., 165, 174
Milton, J., 21
Minimum wage, 374
Minnesota, 172, 202
Miscegenation, 209, 291
Missouri, 208, 288
Modesty, 251
Modification of the germ-plasm, 25
Mohammed, 179
Money, 229
Monogamy, 222, 387
Moody, L., 153
Moral equivalent of war, 27
Moral perverts, 193
Moravians, 311
Mores, 222, 441
Morgan, A., 233
Morgan, T. H., 4, 100, 101
Mormon Church, 273
Moron, 188
Mothers' pensions, 375, 376
Mother's age, influence of, 347
Motivated ethics, 394
Mountain states, 358
Mount Holyoke College, 240, 263
Movement, eugenic, 147
Mozambique, 129
Mulatto, 288
Muller, H. J., 101, Fig. 19
Multiple factors, 104
Muncey, E. B., 433
Murphey, H. D., 242
Music, 96
Mutation, 441
Mutilations, 38
Myopia, 13, 59
McDonald, A., 286
N
Nam Family, 143, 168
Naples, 303
Napoleon, 18, 179, 321
Nashville, Tenn., 261
Nasmyth, G., 322
National army, 319
National association for the advancement of colored people, 294, 295
National committee for mental hygiene, 172
Native whites, 238
Natural inheritance, 152
Natural selection, 148
Nature, 1
Nearing, S., 261
Nebraska, 208
Negroes, 238, 280
Negro women, 387
Nevada, 187, 192, 296
New England, 260, 265, 274, 291, 358, 426
New Hampshire, 208
New Haven, Conn., 261
New Jersey, 179, 193, 202
New Mexico, 187
Newport News, Va., 288
Newsholme A., 140, 141
New York, 11, 77, 172, 182, 186, 193, 233, 282, 286
New world, 324
Nice, 45, 47
Nicolin, 45
Night-blindness, 109, 433
Nilsson-Ehle, H., 104
Nobility, 118
Nordic, 426
Nordic race, 280, 301, 357
Normal curve, 441
Normal school girls, 262
Norman conquest, 338
Normandy, 338
North Carolina, 326
North Dakota, 193
North European, 426
North Italians, 427
Northern United States, 326
Norway, 137
Norwich, Conn., 192
Novikov, J., 322
Nucleus, 441
Nurture, 1
O
Oberlin college, 244
Occupation, diseases of, 62
Odin, A., 258
Ohio, 172
Ohio State University, 244
Oklahoma, 202, 208
Oliver, T., 62
Oregon, 208
Organization of industry, 307
Oriental immigration, 313
Origin of eugenics, 147
Orthodactyly, 101, 102, 384, 433
Ovarian transplantation, 419
Ovize, 44
P
Pacific, 358
Paget parish, Bermuda, 205
Paine, J. H., Figs. 16, 21
Paraguay, 325
Parents of great men, 423
Paris, 140, 155
Parker, G., 233
Parole, 209
Partial segregation, 250
Past performance, 342
Passing of the great race, 426
Pasteur, L., 333, 334
Patent, definition of, 441
Paternity, 219
Paul, C., 63
Paupers, 157, 302
Pearl, R., 47, 48, 99, 423
Pearson, K., 10, 12, 55, 56, 57, 60, 85, 93, 99, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 143, 144, 153, 212, 215,
224, 227, 231, 232, 344, 348, 349, 368, 404, 408, 409, 411,
413, 428, 433
Pedagogical celibacy, 390
Peerage, 232
Pennsylvania, 167, 187, 202, 208
Pennsylvania Dutch, 424
Pennsylvania, feeble-minded citizens of, 168
Pennsylvania, University of, 132
Penrose, C. A., 203
Perrin, 372
Percy, H., Fig. 19
Perry, S. J., 124
Persians, 321
Perversion, 248
Pessimism, 247
Peters, I. L., 226
Phi Beta Kappa, 241, 262
Philanthropy, 33
Philippine islands, 313
Philippines, 324
Phillips, B. A., 287
Phillips, J. C., 245, 267, 419
Phthisis, 126
Physical care of the infant, 278
Physical culture, 219
Physico-chemical effects, 38
Piang, Datto, 314
Piebaldism, 103, 433, Fig. 20
Pike, F. H., 3
Pikipitanges, 132
Pilgrim fathers, 424
Piney folk, 168
Pitcairn islanders, 300
Pittsburgh, 138
Pittsburgh, University of, 234
Pituitary gland, 103
Plato, 150
Ploetz, A., 118, 119, 408, 409, 410
Plymouth, England, 118
Poisons, racial, 48, 61, 63, Fig. 7
Poles, 259, 299, 427
Polygamy, 387
Polynesians, 127, 129
Pope, E. G., 124
Popenoe, C. H., 78
Popenoe, P., vi, 244, 245, 270, 402, 423
Population, Malthusian, 151
Portland, Ore., 261
Portuguese, 299, 302
Possible improvement of the human breed, etc., 152
Poulton, E. B., 43
Powys, A. O., 272, 346
Pragmatic school, 352
Preferential mating, 214
Pre-natal care, 70
Pre-natal culture, 70
Pre-natal influence, 64
Pre-natal life, 155
Princeton college, 249
Probability curve, 78, 80, 441
Proctor fellowship, 249
Production, 307
Professional classes, 232
Professor's families, 228
Progressive changes, 39
Prohibited degrees of marriage, 222
Prohibition, 389
Propaganda, eugenic, 195
Prophylaxis, 252
Prostitution, 251
Protestant Christianity, 274
Protoplasm, 442
Prussia, 121, 321
Pseudo-celibacy, 248
Psychiatry, 442
Psychopathic inferiority, 302
Ptolemies, 206
Public charities association, 168
Punishment, 192
Punitive purpose, 192
Puritan, 298
Pyle, W. H., 287
Q
Quadruplets, Fig. I
Quaker families, 118, 144
Quakers, English, 411
R
Rabaud, E., 73
Rabbits, 45
Race betterment conference, first, 1
Race suicide, 257
Racial poisons, 48, 61, 63, 338, Fig. 7
Radot, R. V., 333
Rapists, 193
Recessive, 433, 442
Reconstruction period, 325
Redfield, C. L., 40, 421, 422, 423
Refraction, 59
Regression, 112, 442
Reid, G. A., 50, 125, 129
Religion and eugenics, 393
Remote ancestors, 338
Research fellowship, 153
Reserve, 251
Restriction, methods of, 184
Restrictive eugenics, 175, 184
Retrogression, 42
Revolutionary war, 426
Reward and punishment, 395
Rhode Island, 261
Rice, J. M., 95
Richmond, Va., 288
Riis, J., 1
Roman catholic church, 273
Roman republic, 284
Rome custodial asylum, 186
Roosevelt, T., 308
Ross, E. A., X, 301
Roumanians, 299, 311, 427
Round-headed type, 427
Rousseau, J. J., 75
Royal families, 17, 20, 118, 410
Rubin, von Gruber and, 204
Ruskin, 342
Russell Sage Foundation, 186
Russia, 137, 302, 325
Russian Jews, 427
Russians, 259, 302, 311, 427
Russo-Hebrew, 302
Russo-Japanese war, 321
Ruthenians, 311
S
Sacerdotal celibacy, 222
St. Louis, 154
St. Paul, public schools of, 372
Salpingectomy, 185
San Domingo, 289
Save the babies propaganda, 273, 412
Saxon, 426
Scandinavia, 299
Scandinavian, 311
Schönberg, Berlin, 382
School acquaintance, 234
Schuster, E., 93, 153, 435
Scope of eugenics, 152
Scotch, 259, 311
Scotland, 237
Scrub, 229
Seashore, C. E., 343
Segregation, 88, 185, 430, 442
Selection, 442
Selection, natural, 148
Selective conscription, 320
Self-repression, 251
Sewall, S. E., 153
Sex determination, 347
Sex equality, 379
Sex ethics, 252
Sex histories, 252
Sex hygiene movement, 385
Sex hygienists, 154
Sex-limited, 442
Sex-linked, 442
Sex-linked characters, 433
Sexual perverts, 193
Sexual selection, 136, 215, 262, 325, 442
Sexual variety, 247
Shepherd's purse, 104
Shinn, M. W., 243
Short-fingerness, 102
Shorthorn cattle, 423
Short-sightedness, 12
Shull, G. H., 104
Sibs, 202
Sidis, B., 86
Simpson, Q. V., Fig. 20
Single tax, 353
Sing Sing, 182
Sixty family, 168
Slavs, 299, 304
Smith's island, 206
Smith, M. R., 241, 265
Snow, E. C., 121, 413
Social status, 229
Socialism, 362
Solvay Institut, 155
Soma, 443
Somerset parish, Bermuda, 205
South Atlantic, 358
South Carolina, 187
South Dakota, 208, 296
South Italians, 427
South Slavs, 302
Southern United States, 291, 325
Southwestern state normal school, 217
Spain, 19, 137
Spanish, 324
Spanish conquest, 131
Spanish wells, 203
Spartans, 171
Spencer, H., 33, 34, 35, 41, 136, 165, 348
Spermatozoa, 45
Spirochæte, 62
Sprague, R. J., 240, 253, 255, 262
Standards of education, 275
Stanford University, 245
Starch, D., 21
State Board of Charities of New York, 435
Station for Experimental Evolution, 100
Sterilization, 185
Stetson, G. R., 286
Stevenson, R. L., 131, 301
Stiles, C. W., 291
Stockard, C. R., 44, 45, 47
Strong, A. C., 287
Stuart line, 19
Sturge, M. D., 55
Sturtevant, A. H., 101
Subordination of women, 362
Substitution tests, 288
Superficial characteristics, 227
Superior, marriage rate of, 237
Superiority of eldest, 344
Sweden, 138, 155
Swedes, 259
Switzerland, 56, 138, 155
Symphalangism, 433, Fig. 17
Syphilis, 63
Syphilitics, 193
Syracuse University, 245
Syrians, 299, 302
T
Taboo, 222, 297
Tail-male line, 331
Talent, hereditary, 151
Tarbell, I. M., 333
Tasmania, 131, 132
Taxation, 352
Taylor, J. H., Figs. 22, 25
Telegony, 73
Ten commandments, 394
Tennessee, 187
Terman, L. M., 106
Teutonic, 426
Teutonic nations, 52
Texas, 202
Theism, 398
Theistic religion, 395
Theognis of Megara, 150
Therapeutic, 192
Thirty Years' war, 326
Thompson, J. A., 29, 34, 435
Thorndike, E. L., 10, 11, 21, 76, 79, 90, 91, 373
Threadworn, 7
Tobacco, 45, 63
Todde, C., 45
Trades unionism, 388
Training school of Vineland, N. J., 188
Trait, 443
Transmissibility, 38
Tropical fevers, 133
Tropics, 35
Truro, 206
Tuberculosis, 57, 124, 199, 302
Turkey, 137
Turkish, 311
Turner, J. M. W., 68, 342
Turpitude, moral, 194
Twins, 90, Figs. 24, 25
U
Unfitness, 121
Unit-character, 443
United States, 16, 24, 137, 155, 289, 291, 407
U. S. public health service, 303
University of London, 153
University of Pittsburgh, 216
Unlike, marriage of, 212
Uruguay, 325
Use and disuse, 38
Useful works of reference, 435
Utah, 187, 208
Uterine infection, 38
V
Vagrants, 302
Variation, 443
Variate difference correlation, 121
Vasectomy, 184
Vassar College, 240
Vedder, E. B., 387
Veblen, T., 228
Venereal diseases, 248, 251
Venereal infection, 386
Vermont, 326
Vestigial, 443
Victor Emmanuel, 19
Villard, O. G., 294
Vineland, N. J., 71
Vineyard, Martha's, 154
Virginia, 326
Vision, 59
Vocational guidance, 371
Vocational training, 371
Voisin, 206
Volta bureau, 154
W
Wales, 122, 138
Wallin, J. E. W., 188
Walter, H. E., 435
War, 318
Warne, F. J., 304
Washington, 192, 208
Washington, D. C., 154, 233, 261, 286
Washington, G., 337
Washington Seminary, 242
Weakness, matings involving, 200
Webb, S., 269
Wedgewood, E., 208
Weismann, A., 25, 26, 44, 431
Weldon, W. F. R., 99, 118
Wellesley College, 235, 239, 242, 262, 263
Wellesley scholarships, 262
Welsh, 259, 311
West, B., 342
West, J., 132
West north central states, 358
West south central states, 358
West Virginia, 187
Westergaard, H., 57
Wheat, 104
Whetham, W. C. D., 435, 436
White slavery, 193
Whitman, C. O., 348
Who's Who, 246
Willcox, W. F., 269
Williams, W., 303
William the Conqueror, 338
William of Occam, 93
William of Orange, 19
William the Silent, 19
Wilson, J. A., 13
Wilson, W., 310
Wisconsin, 172, 194
Wisconsin, University of, 45, 63, 244
Woman suffrage, 380
Woman's colleges, 383
Woods, A. W., 334
Woods, E. B., 372, 373
Woods, F. A., 3, 17, 18, 19, 89, 144, 260, 327, 341, 373
Wright, L. E., 314
Wright, S., vi., 433
Y
Yale College, 245, 265, 266
Yerkes, R. M., 87, 88
Young Men's Christian Association, 155, 235, 336
Young Peoples Society of Christian Endeavor, 234
Young Women's Christian Association, 235
Yule, G. U., 144
Z
Zero Family, 168
Zygote, 26, 443
Zymotic, 443
Zulus, 284
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES
[1] See Woods, Frederick Adams, "Laws of Diminishing Environmental
Influences," _Popular Science Monthly_, April, 1910, pp. 313-336;
Huxley, J. S., _The Individual in the Animal Kingdom_, Cambridge and New
York, 1912. Pike, F. H., and Scott, E. L., "The Significance of Certain
Internal Conditions of the Organism in Organic Evolution," _American
Naturalist_, Vol. XLIX, pp. 321-359, June, 1915.
[2] There is one line of experiment which is simple and striking enough
to deserve mention--namely, ovarian transplantation. A description of
this is given in Appendix A.
[3] Galton, Francis, _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, 1907 edition, pp.
153-173. This volume of Galton's, which was first published in 1883, has
been reissued in Everyman's Library, and should be read by all
eugenists.
[4] What is said here refers to positive correlations, which are the
only kind involved in this problem. Correlations may also be negative,
lying between 0 and -1; for instance, if we measured the correlation
between a man's lack of appetite and the time that had elapsed since his
last meal, we would have to express it by a negative fraction, the minus
sign showing that the greater his satiety, the less would be the time
since his repast. The best introduction to correlations is Elderton's
_Primer of Statistics_ (London, 1912).
[5] Dr. Thorndike's careful measurements showed that it is impossible to
draw a hard and fast line between identical twins and ordinary twins.
There is no question as to the existence of the two kinds, but the
ordinary twins may happen to be so nearly alike as to resemble identical
twins. Accordingly, mere appearance is not a safe criterion of the
identity of twins. His researches were published in the _Archives of
Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods_, No. 1, New York, 1905.
[6] _A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and the Relative
Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight._ By Amy Barrington and
Karl Pearson. Eugenics Laboratory (London), Memoir Series V.
[7] Dr. James Alexander Wilson, assistant surgeon of the Opthalmic
Institute, Glasgow, published an analysis of 1,500 cases of myopia in
the _British Medical Journal_, p. 395, August 29, 1914. His methods are
not above criticism, and too much importance should not be attached to
his results, which show that in 58% of the cases heredity can be
credited with the myopia of the patient. In 12% of the cases it was due
to inflammation of the cornea (keratitis) while in the remaining 30% no
hereditary influence could be proved, but various reasons made him feel
certain that in many cases it existed. The distribution of myopia by
trades and professions among his patients is suggestive: 65% of the
cases among school children showed myopic heredity; 63% among housewives
and domestic servants; 68% among shop and factory works; 60% among
clerks and typists; 60% among laborers and miners. If environment really
played an active part, one would not expect to find this similarity in
percentages between laborers and clerks, between housewives and
schoolteachers, etc.
[8] _The Influence of Unfavourable Home Environment and Defective
Physique on the Intelligence of School Children._ By David Heron.
Eugenics Laboratory (London), Memoir Series No. VIII.
[9] _Hereditary Genius; an Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences._
London, 1869.
[10] Woods, Frederick Adams, "Heredity and the Hall of Fame," _Popular
Science Monthly_, May, 1913.
[11] Woods, Frederick Adams, _Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty_, New
York, 1906. See also "Sovereigns and the Supposed Influence of
Opportunity," _Science_, n. s., XXXIX, No. 1016, pp. 902-905, June 19,
1914, where Dr. Woods answers some criticisms of his work.
[12] _Educational Psychology_, Vol. III, p. 306. Starch's results are
also quoted from Thorndike.
[13] Jean Baptiste Lamarck, a French naturalist, born in 1744, was one
of the pioneers in the philosophical study of evolution. The theory
(published in 1809) for which he is best known is as follows: "Changes
in the animal's surroundings are responded to by changes in its habits."
"Any particular habit involves the regular use of some organs and the
disuse of others. Those organs which are used will be developed and
strengthened, those not used diminished and weakened, and the changes so
produced will be transmitted to the offspring, and thus progressive
development of particular organs will go on from generation to
generation." His classical example is the neck of the giraffe, which he
supposes to be long because, for generation after generation, the
animals stretched their necks in order to get the highest leaves from
the trees.
[14] Boas, F., _Changes in Body Form of Descendants of Immigrants_,
1911.
[15] _Civilization and Climate._ By Ellsworth Huntington, Yale
University Press, 1916.
[16] _American Naturalist_, L., pp. 65-89, 144-178, Feb. and Mar., 1916.
[17] _Proc. Am. Philos. Soc._ LV, pp. 243-259, 1916.
[18] Dr. Reid is the author who has most effectively called attention to
this relation between alcohol and natural selection. Those interested
will find a full treatment in his books, _The Present Evolution of Man_,
_The Laws of Heredity_, and _The Principles of Heredity_.
[19] _Principles of Psychology_, ii, p. 543.
[20] Leon J. Cole points out that this may be due in considerable part
to less voluntary restriction of offspring on the part of those who are
often under the influence of alcohol.
[21] For a review of the statistical problems involved, see Karl
Pearson. An attempt to correct some of the misstatements made by Sir
Victor Horsley, F. R. S., F. R. C. S., and Mary D. Sturge, M. D., in
their criticisms of the Galton Laboratory Memoir: _First Study of the
Influence of Parental Alcoholism_, etc.; and Professor Pearson's various
popular lectures, also _A Second Study of the Influence of Parental
Alcoholism on the Physique and Intelligence of Offspring_. By Karl
Pearson and Ethel M. Elderton. Eugenics Laboratory Memoir Series XIII.
[22] _A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the
Physique and Intelligence of Offspring._ By Ethel M. Elderton and Karl
Pearson. Eugenics Laboratory Memoir Series X. Harald Westergaard, who
reëxamined the Elderton-Pearson data, concludes that considerable
importance is to be attached to the selective action of alcohol, the
weaklings in the alcoholic families having been weeded out early in
life.
[23] Prohibition would have some _indirect_ eugenic effects, which will
be discussed in Chapter XVIII.
[24] Chapter XXX, verses 31-43. A knowledge of the pedigree of Laban's
cattle would undoubtedly explain where the stripes came from. It is
interesting to note how this idea persists: a correspondent has recently
sent an account of seven striped lambs born after their mothers had seen
a striped skunk. The actual explanation is doubtless that suggested by
Heller in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, 480 (October, 1915), that a
stripe is part of the ancestral coat pattern of the sheep, and appears
from time to time because of reversion.
[25] Such a skin affection, known as icthyosis, xerosis or xeroderma, is
usually due to heredity. Davenport says it "is especially apt to be
found in families in which consanguineous marriages occur and this fact,
together with the pedigrees [which he studied], suggests that it is due
to the absence of some factor that controls the process of cornification
of the skin. On this hypothesis a normal person who belongs to an
affected family may marry into a normal family with impunity, but cousin
marriages are to be avoided." See Davenport, C. B., _Heredity in
Relation to Eugenics_, p. 134. New York, 1911.
[26] Its eugenics is to be effected through the mental exertion of
mothers. And we have lately been in correspondence with a western
attorney who is endeavoring to form an association of persons who will
agree to be the parents of "willed" children. By this means, he has
calculated (and sends a chart to prove it) that it will require only
four generations to produce the Superman.
[27] _Life and Letters of Charles Darwin_, Vol. I, p. 302, New York,
1897. The letter is dated 1844.
[28] Goddard, H. H., _Feeble-mindedness_, p. 359. New York, the
Macmillan Company, 1914.
[29] For a review of the evidence consult an article on "Telegony" by
Dr. Etienne Rabaud in the _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. V, No. 9, pp.
389-400; September, 1914.
[30] It will be recalled that the coefficient of correlation measures
the resemblance between two variables on a scale between 0 and-1 or +1.
If the correlation is zero, there is no constant relation; if it is
unity, any change in one must result in a determinate change in the
other; if it is 0.5, it means that when one of the variables deviates
from the mean of its class by a given amount, the other variable will
deviate from the mean of its class by 50% of that amount (each deviation
being measured in terms of the variability of its own class, in order
that they may be properly comparable.)
[31] Sidis, Boris, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., "Neurosis and Eugenics," _Medical
Review of_ _Reviews_, Vol. XXI, No. 10, pp. 587-594, New York, October,
1915. A psychologist who writes of "some miraculous germ-plasm
(chromatin) with wonderful dominant 'units' (Chromosomes)" is hardly a
competent critic of the facts of heredity.
[32] In a letter to the _Journal of Heredity_, under date of August 4,
1916.
[33] Galton, Francis, _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, p. 167, London,
1907.
[34] Woods, Frederick Adams, _Heredity in Royalty_, New York, 1906.
[35] _Op. cit._, pp. 170-171.
[36] Thorndike, E. L., "Measurements of Twins," _Arch. of Philos.,
Psych. and Sci. Methods_, No. 1, New York, 1905; summarized in his
_Educational Psychology_, Vol. III, pp. 247-251, New York, 1914.
Measured on a scale where 1 = identity, he found that twins showed a
resemblance to each other of about .75, while ordinary brothers of about
the same age resembled each other to the extent of about .50 only. The
resemblance was approximately the same in both physical and mental
traits.
[37] The quotations in this and the following paragraph are from
_Thorndike's Educational Psychology_, pp. 304-305, Vol. III.
[38] _Biometrika_, Vol. III, p. 156.
[39] "William of Occam's Razor" is the canon of logic which declares
that it is unwise to seek for several causes of an effect, if a single
cause is adequate to account for it.
[40] Schuster, Edgar, _Eugenics_, pp. 150-163, London, 1913.
[41] _Educational Psychology_ (1914), Vol. III, p. 235.
[42] Cobb, Margaret V., _Journal of Educational Psychology_, viii, pp.
1-20, Jan., 1917.
[43] This is not true of the small English school of biometrists,
founded by Sir Francis Galton, W. F. R. Weldon and Karl Pearson, and now
led by the latter. It has throughout denied or minified Mendelian
results, and depended on the treatment of inheritance by a study of
correlations. With the progress of Mendelian research, biometric methods
must be supplemented with pedigree studies. In human heredity, on the
other hand, because of the great difficulties attendant upon an
application of Mendelian methods, the biometric mode of attack is still
the most useful, and has been largely used in the present book. It has
been often supposed that the methods of the two schools (biometry and
Mendelism) are antagonistic. They are rather supplementary, each being
valuable in cases where the other is less applicable. See Pearl,
Raymond, _Modes of Research in Genetics_, p. 182, New York, 1915
[44] Few people realize what large numbers of plants and animals have
been bred for experimental purposes during the last decade; W. E. Castle
of Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass., has bred not less than
45,000 rats. In the study of a single character, the endosperm of maize,
nearly 100,000 pedigreed seeds have been examined by different students.
Workers at the University of California have tabulated more than 10,000
measurements on flower size alone, in tobacco hybrids. T. H. Morgan and
his associates at Columbia University have bred and studied more than
half a million fruit flies, and J. Arthur Harris has handled more than
600,000 bean-plants at the Carnegie Institution's Station for
Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. While facts of human
heredity, and of inheritance in large mammals generally, are often
grounded on scanty evidence, it must not be thought that the fundamental
generalizations of heredity are based on insufficient data.
[45] For a brief account of Mendelism, see Appendix D.
[46] Of course these factors are not of equal importance; some of them
produce large changes and some, as far as can be told, are of minor
significance. The factors, moreover, undergo large changes from time to
time, thus producing mutations; and it is probable small changes as
well, the evidence for which requires greater refinements of method than
is usual among those using the pedigree method.
[47] _A Critique of the Theory of Evolution_, by Thomas Hunt Morgan,
professor of experimental zoölogy in Columbia University. Princeton
University Press, 1916. This book gives the best popular account of the
studies of heredity in Drosophila. The advanced student will find _The
Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity_ (New York, 1915), by Morgan,
Sturtevant, Müller, and Bridges, indispensable, but it is beyond the
comprehension of most beginners.
[48] "On the Inheritance of Some Characters in Wheat," A. and G. Howard,
_Mem. Dep. of Agr. India_, V: 1-46, 1912. This careful and important
work has never received the recognition it deserves, apparently because
few geneticists have seen it. While the multiple factors in wheat seem
to be different, those reported by East and Shull appear to be merely
duplicates.
[49] "The Nature of Mendelian Units." By G. N. Collins, _Journal of
Heredity_, V: 425 ff., Oct., 1914.
[50] Dr. Castle, reviewing Dr. Goddard's work (_Journal of Abnormal
Psychology_, Aug.-Sept., 1915) concludes that feeble-mindedness is to be
explained as a case of multiple allelomorphs. The evidence is inadequate
to prove this, and proof would be, in fact, almost impossible, because
of the difficulty of determining just what the segregation ratios are.
[51] In strict accuracy, the law of ancestral inheritance must be
described as giving means of determining the probable deviation of any
individual from the mean of his own generation, when the deviations of
some or all of his ancestry from the types of their respective
generations are known. It presupposes (1) no assortative mating, (2) no
inbreeding and (3) no selection. Galton's own formula, which supposed
that the parents contributed 1/2, the grandparents 1/4, the
great-grandparents 1/8, the next generation 1/16, and so on, is of value
now only historically, or to illustrate to a layman the fact that he
inherits from his whole ancestry, not from his parents alone.
[52] Johnson, Roswell H., "The Malthusian Principle and Natural
Selection," _American Naturalist_, XLVI (1912), pp. 372-376.
[53] Karl Pearson, _The Groundwork of Eugenics_, p. 25, London, 1912.
[54] "Let _p_ be the chance of death from a random, not a constitutional
source, then 1-_p_ is the chance of a selective death in a parent and
1-_p_ again of a selective death in the case of an offspring, then
(1-_p_)^2 must equal about 1/3, = .36, more exactly 'therefore' 1-_p_ =
.6 and _p_ = .40. In other words, 60% of the deaths _are selective_."
[55] _Archiv f. Rassen-u. Gesellschafts Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.
[56] Snow, E. C., _On the Intensity of Natural Selection in Man_,
London, 1911.
[57] _Biometrika_, Vol. X, pp. 488-506, London, May, 1915.
[58] Pearson, Karl, _Tuberculosis, Heredity and Environment_, London,
1912. Among the most careful contributions to the problem of
tuberculosis are those of Charles Goring (_On the Inheritance of the
Diathesis of Phthisis and Insanity_, London, 1910), Ernest G. Pope (_A
Second Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis_, London, Dulau
& Co.), and W. P. Elderton and S. J. Perry (_A Third Study of the
Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. The Mortality of the Tuberculous
and Sanatorium Treatment_), London, 1909. See also our discussion in
Chapter I.
[59] While most physicians lay too great stress on the factor of
infection, this mistake is by no means universal. Maurice Fishberg, for
example (quoted in the _Medical Review of Reviews_, XXII, 8, August,
1916) states: "For many years the writer was physician to a charitable
society, having under his care annually 800 to 1,000 consumptives who
lived in poverty and want, in overcrowded tenements, having all
opportunities to infect their consorts; in fact most of the consumptives
shared their bed with their healthy consorts. Still, very few cases were
met with in which tuberculosis was found in both the husband and wife.
Widows, whose husbands died from phthisis, were only rarely seen to
develop the disease."
[60] In 9th Trans. of _American Association for the Study and Prevention
of Tuberculosis_, p. 117.
[61] _Geographical and Historical Pathology_ (New Sydenham Society,
1883), Vol. III, p. 266.
[62] Reid, G. Archdall, _The Present Evolution of Man_, and _The Laws of
Heredity_.
[63] _In the South Seas,_ p. 27; quoted by G. Archdall Reid, _The
Principles of Heredity_ (New York, 1905), p. 183. Dr. Reid has discussed
the rôle of disease and alcohol on the modern evolution of man more
fully than any other writer.
[64] See, for example, John West's _History of Tasmania_, Vol. II,
Launceston, Tasmania, 1852.
[65] See Hollingworth, H. L., _Vocational Psychology_, p. 170, New York,
1916.
[66] Net increase here refers only to the first year of life, and was
computed by deducting the deaths under one year, in a ward, from the
number of births in the same ward for the same year. For details of this
study of the Pittsburgh vital statistics, see the _Journal of Heredity_,
Vol. VIII, pp. 178-183 (April, 1917).
[67] Quoted from Newsholme and Stevenson, _The Decline of Human
Fertility_, London, 1906.
[68] Heron, David, _On the Relation of Fertility in Man to Social
Status_, London, 1906. The account is quoted from Schuster, Edgar,
_Eugenics_, pp. 220-221, London, 1913.
[69] _Ztschft. f. Sozialwissenschaft,_ VII (1904), pp. 1 ff.
[70] Two of the best known of these tribes are the "Jukes" and "Nams."
"An analysis of the figures of the Jukes in regard to the birth-rate
shows that of a total of 403 married Juke women, 330 reproduced one or
more children and 73 were barren. The average fecundity, counting those
who are barren, is 3.526 children per female. The 330 women having
children have an average fecundity of 4.306 as compared with that of
4.025, based on 120 reproducing women in the Nam family."--Estabrook, A.
H., _The Jukes in 1915_, p. 51, Washington, Carnegie Institution, 1916.
[71] Woods, Frederick Adams, _Heredity in Royalty_, New York, 1906.
[72] Beeton, Miss M., Yule, G.U., and Pearson, Karl, _On the Correlation
between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring_, Proc. R. S.
London, 67 (1900), pp. 159-171. The material consisted of English and
American Quaker families. Dr. Bell's work is based on old American
families, and has not yet been published.
[73] The entire field of race betterment and social improvement is
divided between _eugenics_, which considers only germinal or heritable
changes in the race; and _euthenics_, which deals with improvement in
the individual, and in his environment. Of course, no sharp line can be
drawn between the two spheres, each one having many indirect effects on
the other. It is important to note, however, that any change in the
individual during his prenatal life is euthenic, not eugenic. Therefore,
contrary to the popular idea of the case, the "Better Babies" movement,
the agitation for proper care of expectant mothers, and the like, are
not _directly_ a part of eugenics. The moment of conception is the point
at which eugenics gives place to euthenics. Eugenics is therefore the
_fundamental_ method of human progress, euthenics the _secondary_ one;
their relations will be further considered in the last chapter of this
book.
[74] The clan has now reached its ninth generation and its present
status has been exhaustively studied by A. H. Estabrook (_The Jukes in
1915_: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1916). He enumerates 2,820
individuals, of whom half are still living. In the early 80's they left
their original home and are now scattered all over the country. The
change in environment has enabled some of them to rise to a higher
level, but on the whole, says C. B. Davenport in a preface to
Estabrook's book, they "still show the same feeble-mindedness,
indolence, licentiousness and dishonesty, even when not handicapped by
the associations of their bad family name and despite the fact of being
surrounded by better social conditions." Estabrook says the clan might
have been exterminated by preventing the reproduction of its members,
and that the nation would thereby have saved about $2,500,000. It is
interesting to note that "out of approximately 600 living feeble-minded
and epileptic Jukes, there are only three now in custodial care."
[75] Key, Dr. Wilhelmina E., _Feeble-minded Citizens in Pennsylvania_,
pp. 11, 12, Philadelphia, Public Charities Assn., 1915.
[76] The most recent extensive study of this point is A. H. Estabrook's
_The Jukes in 1915_ (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1916). The
Jukes migrated from their original home, in the mountains of New York, a
generation ago, and are now scattered all over the country. Estabrook
tried to learn, at first hand, whether they had improved as the result
of new environments, and free from the handicap of their name, which for
their new neighbors had no bad associations. In general, his findings
seem to warrant the conclusion that a changed environment in itself was
of little benefit. Such improvement as occurred in the tribe was rather
due to marriage with better stock; marriages of this kind were made more
possible by the new environment, but the tendency to assortative mating
restricted them. It is further to be noted that while such marriages may
be good for the Juke family, they are bad for the nation as a whole,
because they tend to scatter anti-social traits.
[77] Key, _op. cit._, p. 7.
[78] Figures furnished (September, 1917) by the National Committee for
Mental Hygiene, 50 Union Square, New York City.
[79] This applies even to such an acute thinker as John Stuart Mill,
whose ideas were formed in the pre-Darwinian epoch, and whose works must
now be accepted with great reserve. Darwin was quite right in saying,
"The ignoring of all transmitted mental qualities will, as it seems to
me, be hereafter judged as a most serious blemish in the works of Mr.
Mill." (_Descent of Man_, p. _98_.) A quotation from the _Principles of
Political Economy_ (Vol. 1, p. 389) will give an idea of Mr. Mill's
point of view: "Of all the vulgar methods of escaping from the effects
of social and moral influences on the mind, the most vulgar is that of
attributing diversities of conduct and character to inherent natural
differences"!
[80] _Feeble-mindedness, its Causes and Consequences._ By H. H. Goddard,
director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School at Vineland,
New Jersey, for feeble-minded boys and girls. New York, The Macmillan
Co., 1914.
[81] Probably the word now covers a congeries of defects, some of which
may be non-germinal. Epilepsy is so very generally found associated with
various other congenital defects, that action should not be delayed.
[82] Goddard, H. H., _Feeble-Mindedness_, pp. 14-16.
[83] See the recent studies of C. B. Davenport, particularly _The Feebly
Inhibited_, Washington, Carnegie Institution, 1915.
[84] In this connection diagnosis is naturally of the utmost importance.
The recent action of Chicago, New York, Boston, and other cities, in
establishing psychological clinics for the examination of offenders is a
great step in advance. These clinics should be attached to the police
department, as in New York, not merely to the courts, and should pass on
offenders before, not after, trial and commitment.
[85] As a result of psychiatric study of the inmates of Sing Sing in
1916, it was said that two-thirds of them showed some mental defect.
Examination of 100 convicts selected at random in the Massachusetts
State Prison showed that 29% were feeble-minded and 11% borderline
cases. The highest percentage of mental defectives was found among
criminals serving sentence for murder in the second degree,
manslaughter, burglary and robbery. (Rossy, C. S., in _State Board of
Insanity Bull._, Boston, Nov., 1915). Paul M. Bowers told the 1916
meeting of the American Prison Association of his study of 100
recidivists, each of whom had been convicted not fewer than four times.
Of these 12 were insane, 23 feeble-minded and 10 epileptic, and in each
case Dr. Bowers said the mental defect bore a direct causal relation to
the crime committed. Such studies argue for the need of a little
elementary biology in the administration of justice.
[86] For a sane and cautious discussion of the subject see Wallin, J. E.
W., "A Program for the State Care of the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic,"
_School and Society_, IV, pp. 724-731, New York, Nov. 11, 1916.
[87] Johnstone, E. R., "Waste Land Plus Waste Humanity," _Training
School Bulletin_, XI, pp. 60-63, Vineland, N. J., June, 1914.
[88] "Report of the Committee on the Sterilization of Criminals,"
_Journal of the Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology_, September,
1916. Of the operations mentioned, 634 are said to have been performed
on insane persons and one on a criminal.
[89] Guyer, M. F., Wisconsin Eugenics Legislation. Trans. Amer. Asso.
Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1917, pp. 92-97.
[90] Eugenics Record Office, Bulletin No. 10 A, _The Scope of the
Committee's Work_, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., Feb., 1914; No. 10 B, _The
Legal, Legislative and Administrative Aspects of Sterilization_, same
date.
[91] Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 9: _State Laws Limiting
Marriage Selection Examined in the Light of Eugenics_. Cold Spring
Harbor, L. I., June, 1913.
[92] Penrose, Clement A., _Sanitary Conditions in the Bahama Islands_,
Geographical Society of Baltimore, 1905.
[93] See von. Gruber and Rüdin, _Fortpflanzung, Vererbung,
Rassenhygiene_, p. 169, München, 1911.
[94] Davenport, Charles B., _Heredity in Relation to Eugenics_, pp. 184
ff., New York, 1911.
[95] Harris, J. Arthur, "Assortative Mating in Man," _Popular Science
Monthly_, LXXX, pp. 476-493, May, 1912. The most important studies on
the subject are cited by Dr. Harris.
[96] An interesting and critical treatment of sexual selection is given
by Vernon L. Kellogg in _Darwinism To-day_, pp. 106-128 (New York,
1908). Darwin's own discussion (_The Descent of Man_) is still very well
worth reading, if the reader is on his guard. The best general treatment
of the theory of sexual selection, especially as it applies to man, is
in chapter XI of Karl Pearson's _Grammar of Science_ (2d ed., London,
1900).
[97] Diffloth, Paul, _Le Fin de L'Enigme_, Paris, 1907.
[98] The best popular yet scientific treatment of the subject we have
seen is _The Dynamic of Manhood_, a book recently written by Luther H.
Gulick for the Young Men's Christian Association (New York, The
Association Press, 1917).
[99] The sympathy which we mentioned as the beginning of the
hypothetical love affair does lead to a partial identity of will, it is
true; but there is often too little in common between the man and woman
to make this identity at all complete. As Karl Pearson points out, it is
almost essential to a successful marriage that two people have sympathy
with each other's aims and a considerable degree of similarity in
habits. If such a bond is lacking, the bond of sympathy aroused by some
trivial circumstance will not be sufficient to keep the marriage from
shipwreck. The occasional altruism of young men who marry inferior girls
because they "feel sorry for them" is not praiseworthy.
[100] Ellis, Havelock, _The Task of Social Hygiene_, pp. 208-209,
Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1912.
[101] G. Stanley Hall (_Adolescence_, II, 113) found the following
points, in order, specified as most admired in the other sex by young
men and women in their teens: eyes, hair, stature and size, feet,
eyebrows, complexion, cheeks, form of head, throat, ears, chin, hands,
neck, nose. The voice was highly specialized and much preferred. The
principal dislikes, in order, were: prominent or deep-set eyes, fullness
of neck, ears that stand out, eyebrows that meet, broad and long feet,
high cheek-bones, light eyes, large nose, small stature, long neck or
teeth, bushy brows, pimples, red hair. An interesting study of some of
the trivial traits of manner which may be handicaps in sexual selection
is published by Iva Lowther Peters in the _Pedagogical Seminary_, XXIII,
No. 4, pp. 550-570, Dec., 1916.
[102] It has been suggested that the same goal would be reached if a
young man before marriage would take out a life insurance policy in the
name of his bride. The suggestion has many good points.
[103] The correlation between fecundity and longevity which Karl Pearson
has demonstrated gives longevity another great advantage as a standard
in sexual selection. See _Proc. Royal Soc. London_, Vol. 67, p. 159.
[104] It is objected that if the long-lived marry each other, the
short-lived will also marry each other and thus the race will gain no
more than it loses. The reply to this is that the short-lived will marry
in fewer numbers, as some of them die prematurely; that they will have
fewer children; and that these children in turn will tend to die young.
Thus the short-lived strains will gradually run out, while the
long-lived strains are disseminated.
[105] Hankins, F. H., "The Declining Birth-Rate," _Journal of Heredity_,
V, pp. 36-39, August, 1914.
[106] Smith, Mary Roberts, "Statistics of College and Non-college
Women," Quarterly Pubs. of the _American Statistical Assn._, VII, p. 1
ff., 1900.
[107] "Statistics of Eminent Women," _Pop. Sci. Mo._, June, 1913.
[108] "Marriage of College Women," _Century Magazine_, Oct., 1895.
[109] Blumer, J. O., in _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p. 217, May, 1917.
[110] The statistics of this and the following middle west universities
were presented by Paul Popenoe in the _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp.
43-45.
[111] _Harvard Graduates' Magazine_, XXV, No. 97, pp. 25-34, September,
1916.
[112] Popenoe, Paul, "Stanford's Marriage-Rate," _Journal of Heredity_,
VIII, p. 170-173.
[113] Banker, Howard J., "Co-education and Eugenics," _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 208-214, May, 1917.
[114] _Eugenics: Twelve University Lectures_, p. 9, New York, 1914.
[115] Cf. Gould, Miriam C., "The Psychological Influence upon Adolescent
Girls of the Knowledge of Prostitution and Venereal Disease," _Social
Hygiene_, Vol. II, pp. 191-207, April, 1916. This interesting and
important study of the reactions of 50 girls reveals that present
methods or indifference to the need of reasonable methods of teaching
sex-hygiene are responsible for "a large percentage of harmful results,
such as conditions bordering on neurasthenia, melancholia, pessimism and
sex antagonism."
[116] Gallichan, Walter M., _The Great Unmarried_, New York, 1916.
[117] Sprague, Robert J., "Education and Race Suicide," _Journal of
Heredity_, Vol. VI, pp. 158 ff., April, 1915. Many of the statistics of
women's colleges, cited in the first part of this chapter, are from Dr.
Sprague's paper.
[118] Odin calculated that 16% of the eminent men of France had at least
one relative who was in some way eminent; that 22% of the men of real
talent had such relation; and that among the geniuses the percentage
rose to 40. There are thus two chances out of five that a man of genius
will have an eminent relative; for a man picked at random from the
population the chance is one in several thousand. See Odin, A., _La
Genése des Grands Hommes_, Vol. I, p. 432 and Vol. II, Tableau xii,
Lausanne, 1895.
[119] Crum, Frederick S., "The Decadence of the Native American Stock,"
_Quarterly Pubs. Am. Statistical Assn._, XIV, n. s. 107, pp. 215-223,
Sept., 1914.
[120] Kuczynski, R. R., _Quarterly Journ. of Economics_, Nov. 1901, and
Feb., 1902.
[121] Nearing, Scott, "The Younger Generation of American Genius," _The
Scientific Monthly_, II, pp. 48-61, Jan., 1916. "Geographical
Distribution of American Genius," _Popular Science Monthly_, II, August,
1914.
[122] In the chapter on Sexual Selection it was shown that the Normal
School girls who stood highest in their classes married earliest. This
may seem a contradiction of the Wellesley marriage rates in this table.
The explanation probably is that while mental superiority is itself
attractive in a mate, there are interferences built up in the collegiate
life.
[123] Banker, Howard J., "Co-education and Eugenics," _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 208-214, May, 1917.
[124] Hill, Joseph A., "Comparative Fecundity of Women of Native and
Foreign Parentage," _Quarterly Pubs. Amer. Statistical Assn._, XIII,
583-604.
[125] See Willcox, W. F., "Fewer Births and Deaths: What Do They Mean?"
_Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 119-128, March, 1916.
[126] The data are published in full by Paul Popenoe in the _Journal of
Heredity_, October, 1917. It must be noted that, in spite of their small
salaries, the Methodist clergymen marry earlier and have more children
than do other men of equal education and social status, such as the
Harvard and Yale graduates. This difference in marriage and birth-rate
is doubtless to be credited in part to their inherent nature and in part
to the action of religious idealism. It confirms the belief of eugenists
that even under present economic circumstances the birth-rate of the
superior classes might be raised appreciably by a campaign of eugenic
education.
[127] For an official statement of the attitude of the birth-rate of the
Mormon church, see _Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 450-451, Oct., 1916.
[128] Mecklin, John M., _Democracy and Race Friction, a Study in Social
Ethics_, New York, 1914. p. 147.
[129] It would be more accurate to say the Nordic race. Other white
races have not uniformly shown this discrimination. The Mediterranean
race in particular has never manifested the same amount of race feeling.
The Arabs have tended to receive the Negro almost on terms of equality,
partly on religious grounds; it seems probable that the decadence of the
Arabs is largely due to their miscegenation.
[130] Mecklin, _op. cit._, p. 147.
[131] Blascoer, Frances, _Colored School Children in New York_, Public
Education Association of the City of New York, 1915. The preface, from
which the quotation is taken, is by Eleanor Hope Johnson, chairman of
the committee on hygiene of school children.
[132] Mecklin, _op. cit._, p. 32.
[133] The Negro's contribution has perhaps been most noteworthy in
music. This does not necessarily show advanced evolution; August
Weismann long ago pointed out that music is a primitive accomplishment.
For an outline of what the Negro race has achieved, particularly in
America, see the _Negro Year Book_, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.
[134] _Social Problems; Their Treatment, Past, Present and Future_, p.
8, London, 1912.
[135] Stetson, G. R., "Memory Tests on Black and White Children,"
_Psych. Rev._, 1897, p. 285. See also MacDonald, A., in _Rep. U. S.
Comm. of Educ.,_ 1897-98.
[136] Mayo, M. J., "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro," _Arch.
of Psych._, No. 28.
[137] Phillips, B. A., "Retardation in the Elementary Schools of
Philadelphia," _Psych. Clinic_, VI, pp. 79-90; "The Binet Tests Applied
to Colored Children," _ibid._, VIII, pp. 190-196.
[138] Strong, A. C., _Ped. Sem._, XX, pp. 485-515.
[139] Pyle, W. H., "The Mind of the Negro Child," _School and Society_,
I, pp. 357-360.
[140] Ferguson, G. O., Jr., "The Psychology of the Negro," _Arch. of
Psych._ No. 36, April, 1916.
[141] Though the Negro is not assimilable, he is here to stay; he should
therefore be helped to develop along his own lines. It is desirable not
to subject him to too severe a competition with whites; yet such
competition, acting as a stimulus, is probably responsible for part of
his rapid progress during the last century, a progress which would not
have been possible in a country where Negroes competed only with each
other. The best way to temper competition is by differentiation of
function, but this principle should not be carried to the extent of
pocketing the Negro in blind-alley occupations where development is
impossible. As mental tests show him to be less suited to literary
education than are the whites, it seems likely that agriculture offers
the best field for him.
[142] This letter, and much of the data regarding the legal status of
Negro-white amalgamation, are from an article by Albert Ernest Jenks in
the _Am. Journ. Sociology_, XXI, 5, pp. 666-679, March, 1916.
[143] A recent readable account of the races of the world is Madison
Grant's _The Passing of the Great Race_ (New York, 1916).
[144] _The Old World in the New._ By E. A. Ross, professor of Sociology
in the University of Wisconsin, New York, 1914.
[145] Cf. Stevenson, Robert Louis, _The Amateur Emigrant_.
[146] Interview with W. Williams, former commissioner of immigration, in
the _New York Herald_, April 13, 1912.
[147] Of the total number of inmates of insane asylums of the entire U.
S. of Jan. 1, 1910, 28.8% were whites of foreign birth, and of the
persons admitted to such institutions during the year 1910, 25.5% were
of this class. Of the total population of the United States in 1910 the
foreign-born whites constituted 14.5%. Special report on the insane,
Census of 1910 (pub. 1914).
[148] _The Tide of Immigration._ By Frank Julian Warne, special expert
on foreign-born population, 13th U. S. Census, New York, 1916.
[149] _Essays in Social Justice._ By Thomas Nixon Carver, professor of
Political Economy in Harvard University, Cambridge, 1915.
[150] Fairchild's and Jenks' opinions are quoted from Warne, Chapter
XVI.
[151] _America and the Orient: A Constructive Policy_, by Rev. Sidney L.
Gulick, Methodist Book Concern. The _American Japanese Problem: a Study
of the Racial Relations of the East and West_, New York, Scribner's.
[152] _Oriental Immigration._ By W. C. Billings, surgeon, U. S. Public
Health Service; Chief Medical Officer, Immigration Service; Angel Island
(San Francisco), Calif., _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. VI (1915), pp.
462-467.
[153] _Assimilation in the Philippines, etc._ By Albert Ernest Jenks,
professor of anthropology in the University of Minnesota. _American
Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XIX (1914), p. 783.
[154] Students of the inheritance of mental and moral traits may be
interested to note that while the ordinary Chinese mestizo in the
Philippines is a man of probity, who has the high regard of his European
business associates, the Ilocanos, supposed descendants of pirates, are
considered rather tricky and dishonest.
[155] An important study of this subject was published by Professor
Vernon L. Kellogg in _Social Hygiene_ (New York), Dec, 1914.
[156] Nasmyth, George, _Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory_, p.
146, New York, 1916. While his book is too partisan, his Chapter III is
well worth reading by those who want to avoid the gross blunders which
militarists and many biologists have made in applying Darwinism to
social progress; it is based on the work of Professor J. Novikov of the
University of Odessa. See also _Headquarters Nights_ by Vernon Kellogg.
[157] Jordan, D. S., and Jordan, H. E., _War's Aftermath_, Boston, 1915.
[158] Jordan, David Starr, _War and the Breed_, p. 164. Boston, 1915.
Chancellor Jordan has long been the foremost exponent of the dysgenic
significance of war, and this book gives an excellent summary of the
problem from his point of view.
[159] See Woods, Frederick Adams, and Baltzly, Alexander, _Is War
Diminishing_? New York, 1916.
[160] See an interesting series of five articles in _The American
Hebrew_, Jan and Feb., 1917.
[161] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 277-283, June, 1917.
[162] _The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln_, New York, 1896. For the
Emancipator's maternal line see _Nancy Hanks_, by Caroline Hanks
Hitchcock. New York, 1899.
[163] _The Life of Pasteur_ by his son-in-law, René Vallery Radot,
should be read by every student of biology.
[164] Hollingworth, H. L., _Vocational Psychology_, pp. 212-213, New
York, 1916.
[165] Sir Francis Galton and C. B. Davenport have called attention to
the probable inheritance of artistic ability and lately H. Drinkwater
(_Journal of Genetics_, July, 1916), has attempted to prove that it is
due to a Mendelian unit. The evidence alleged is inadequate to prove
that the trait is inherited in any particular way, but the pedigrees
cited by these three investigators, and the boyhood histories of such
artists as Benjamin West, Giotto, Ruskin and Turner, indicate that an
hereditary basis exists.
[166] The difficulty about accepting such traits as this is that they
are almost impossible of exact definition. The long teaching experience
of Mrs. Evelyn Fletcher-Copp (_Journal of Heredity_, VII, 297-305, July,
1916) suggests that any child of ordinary ability can and will compose
music if properly taught, but of course in different degree.
[167] Seashore, C. E., in _Psychol. Monogs,_ XIII, No. 1, pp. 21-60,
Dec., 1910. See also Fletcher-Copp, _ubi sup._ Mrs. Copp declares that
the gift of "positive pitch" or "absolute pitch," i. e., the ability to
name any sound that is heard, "may be acquired, speaking very
conservatively, by 80% of normal children," if they begin at an early
age. It may be that this discrepancy with Seashore's careful laboratory
tests is due to the fact that the pupils and teachers trained by Mrs.
Copp are a selected lot, to start with.
[168] The contributions on this subject are very widely scattered
through periodical literature. The most important is Karl Pearson's
memoir (1914), reviewed in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, pp. 332-336,
July, 1915. See also Gini, Corrado, "The Superiority of the Eldest,"
_Journal of Heredity_, VI, 37-39, Jan., 1915.
[169] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 299-302, July, 1917.
[170] _Biometrika_, IV, pp. 233-286, London, 1905.
[171] See, for example, _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 394-396,
September, 1917. A large body of evidence from European sources, bearing
on the relation between various characters of the offspring, and the age
of the parents, was brought together by Corrado Gini in Vol. II,
_Problems in Eugenics_ (London, 1913).
[172] Davenport, Charles B., "The Personality, Heredity and Work of
Charles Otis Whitman," _American Naturalist_, LI, pp. 5-30, Jan., 1917.
[173] Gillette, John M., _Constructive Rural Sociology_, p. 89, New
York, 1916.
[174] Cook, O. F., "Eugenics and Agriculture," _Journal of Heredity_,
VII, pp. 249-254, June, 1916.
[175] Gillette, John M., "A Study in Social Dynamics: A Statistical
Determination of the Rate of Natural Increase and of the Factors
Accounting for the Increase of Population in the United States,"
_Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association,_ n. s.
116, Vol. XV, pp. 345-380, December, 1916.
[176] The popular demand for "equality of opportunity" is, if taken
literally, absurd, in the light of the provable inequality of abilities.
What is wanted is more correctly defined as an equal consideration of
all with an _appropriate_ opportunity for each based on his demonstrated
capacities.
[177] _Essays in Social Justice._ By Thomas Nixon Carver, Harvard
University Press, 1915, pp. 168-169.
[178] Answering the question "How Much is a Man Worth?" Professor Carver
states the following axioms:
"The value of a man equals his production minus his consumption."
"His economic success equals his acquisition minus his consumption."
"When his acquisition equals his production then his economic success
equals his value."
"It is the duty of the state to make each man's acquisition equal his
production. That is justice."
Of course, "production" is here used in a broad sense, to mean the real
social value of the services rendered, and not merely the present
exchange value of the services, or the goods produced.
[179] Kornhauser, A. W., "Economic Standing of Parents and the
Intelligence of their Children," _Jour. of Educ. Psychology_, Vol. IX.,
pp. 159-164, March, 1918.
[180] The coefficient of contingency is similar in significance to the
coefficient of correlation, with which readers have already become
familiar. Miss Perrin's study is in _Biometrika_, III (1904), pp.
467-469.
[181] "The Social Waste of Unguided Personal Ability." By Erville B.
Woods, _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1913), pp. 358-369.
[182] See also "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and
Character," by E. L. Thorndike. In _Eugenics: Twelve University
Lectures_, pp. 319-342, New York, 1914.
[183] See U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau Publication, No.
7, "Laws Relating to Mothers' Pensions in the United States, Denmark and
New Zealand," Washington, 1914.
[184] _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 96-103, July,
1914.
[185] According to Captain (now Lt. Col.) E. B. Vedder of the Medical
Corps, U. S. A., 50% of the Negroes of the class applying for enlistment
in the army are syphilitic. He believes that the amount of infection
among Negro women is about the same. (_Therapeutic Gazette_, May 15,
1916.) Venereal disease must, then, play a much more important part than
is generally supposed, in cutting down the birth-rate of the Negro race,
but it would of course be a mistake to suppose that an abnormally low
birth-rate among Negroes is always to be explained on this ground.
Professor Kelly Miller points out (_Scientific Monthly_, June, 1917)
that the birth-rate among college professors at Howard University, the
leading Negro institution for higher education, is only 0.7 of a child
and that the completed families will hardly have more than two children.
He attributes this to (1) the long period of education required of Negro
"intellectuals", (2) the high standard of living required of them, and
(3) the unwillingness of some of them to bring children into the world,
because of the feeling that these children would suffer from race
prejudice.
[186] One can not draw a hard and fast distinction between reason and
instinct in this way, nor deny to animals all ability to reason. We have
simplified the case to make it more graphic. The fact that higher
animals may have mental processes corresponding to some of those we call
reason in man does not impair the validity of our generalization, for
the present purpose.
[187] See _Jewish Eugenics and Other Essays_, By Rabbi Max Reichler, New
York, Bloch Publishing Co., 1916.
[188] Dublin, Louis I., "Significance of the Declining Birth Rate,"
_Congressional Record_, Jan. 11, 1918.
[189] At the request of Alexander Graham Bell, founder and director of
the Genealogical Record Office, Paul Popenoe made an examination and
report on these records in the fall of 1916. Thanks are due to Dr. Bell
for permitting the use in this chapter of two portions of the
investigation.
[190] Beeton, Mary, and Karl Pearson, _Biometrika_ I, p. 60. The actual
correlation varies with the age and sex: the following are the results:
COLLATERAL INHERITANCE
Elder adult brother and younger adult brother .2290 ± .0194
Adult brother and adult brother .2853 ± .0196
Minor brother and minor brother .1026 ± .0294
Adult brother and minor brother -.0262 ± .0246
Elder adult sister and younger adult sister .3464 ± .0183
Adult sister and adult sister .3322 ± .0185
Minor sister and minor sister .1748 ± .0307
Adult sister and minor sister -.0260 ± .0291
Adult brother and adult sister .2319 ± .0145
Minor brother and minor sister .1435 ± .0251
Adult brother and minor sister -.0062 ± .0349
Adult sister and minor brother -.0274 ± .0238
[191] The method used is the ingenious one devised by J. Arthur Harris
(_Biometrika_ IX, p. 461). The probable error is based on n=100.
[192] A. Ploetz, "Lebensdauer der Eltern und Kindersterblichkeit,"
_Archiv für Rassen-u Gesellschafts-Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.
[193] Or it may be supposed that the environment is so good as to make a
non-selective death less likely, and therefore such deaths as do occur
must more frequently be selective.
[194] Hibbs, Henry H., Jr., _Infant Mortality: Its Relation to Social
and Industrial Conditions_, New York, 1916.
[195] See Castle, W. E., _Heredity_, pp. 30-32, New York, 1911.
[196] Doll, E. A., "Education and Inheritance," _Journal of Education_,
Feb. 1, 1917.
[197] Atwater's celebrated experiments proved that all the energy (food)
which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or
work. They are conveniently summarized in Abderhalden's _Text-book of
Physiological Chemistry_, p. 335.
[198] In this connection see farther Raymond Pearl's review of Mr.
Redfield's "Dynamic Evolution" (_Journal of Heredity_) VI, p. 254, and
Paul Popenoe's review, "The Parents of Great Men," _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 400-408.
[199] See Dr. Hrdlicka's communication to the XIXth International
Congress of Americanists, Dec. 28, 1915 (the proceedings were published
at Washington, in March, 1917); or an account in the _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 98 ff., March, 1917.
[200] Cf. Grant, Madison, _The Passing of the Great Race_p. 74 (New
York, 1916): "One often hears the statement made that native Americans
of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic origin. This is not true. At
the time of the Revolutionary War the settlers in the 13 colonies were
not only purely Nordic, but also purely Teutonic, a very large majority
being Anglo-Saxon in the most limited meaning of that term. The New
England settlers in particular came from those counties in England where
the blood was almost purely Saxon, Anglian, and Dane."
[201] Comprising Armenians, Croatians, English, Greeks, Russian Jews,
Irish, South Italians, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Rumanians and
Russians, 500 individuals in all.
[202] English data from K. Pearson, _Biometrika_ V, p. 124.
[203] Pearson (_ubi supra_) measured 12-year-old English school
children, and found the average cephalic index for 2298 boys to be
78.88, with [Greek: s] = 3.2, for 2188 girls 78.43, with [Greek: s] =
3.9. It is not proper to compare adolescents with adults, however.
[204] Sewall Wright has pointed out (_Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p.
376) that the white blaze in the hair can not be finally classed as
dominant or recessive until the progeny of _two_ affected persons have
been seen. All matings so far studied have been between an affected
person and a normal. It may be that the white blaze (or piebaldism)
represents merely a heterozygous condition, and that the trait is really
a recessive. The same argument applies to brachydactyly.
* * * * *
The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan
books on kindred subjects.
~Comparative Free Government~
BY JESSE MACY
Professor Emeritus of Political Science
AND
JOHN W. GANNAWAY
Professor of Political Science in Grinnell College
_Cloth, 8vo, $2.25_
The United States is made the basis for this study because it has been
in fact the pioneer in securing world recognition for free government,
and it is the originator of the Presidential type. The first part of
"Comparative Free Government" is devoted to a somewhat detailed
description of the organization and processes of government in the
United States, together with a brief comparative study of selected South
American republics. The second part is devoted chiefly to a study of the
cabinet type. England is given first place as the originator of the
system. The object of the book is to throw light upon the growth and
perfection of free government in all states rather than to make a
general comparison of governmental institutions. It is particularly
adapted to use as a text in college courses.
* * * * *
~Problems of Child Welfare~
By GEORGE B. MANGOLD, Ph.D.
Director of the School of Social Economy of Washington University
_Cloth, 8vo, $2.00_
Although this book is designed especially for use as a text in college
courses on philanthropy, it will also appeal to that growing class of
men and women who in a systematic way are endeavoring to acquaint
themselves with the various aspects of practical sociology. Much of the
constructive philanthropy of to-day must deal directly with the child,
the improvement of his conditions being the direct objective. Those
problems which affect children in an indirect way, whether in the field
of remedial or preventive philanthropy, are not treated. Under each
separate problem are discussed the causes and conditions, the machinery
of social betterment, and the plans and programme of improvement.
* * * * *
SOCIAL SCIENCE TEXT-BOOKS
EDITED BY RICHARD T. ELY
* * * * *
~History of Economic Thought~
A Critical Account of the Origin and Development of the Economic
Theories of the Leading Thinkers and the Leading Nations.
By LEWIS H. HANEY
_Cloth, xvii + 567 pp., 8vo, $2.00_
"Dr. Haney's work is both complete and exhaustive without being
discursive. We shall look far before finding anything of its kind so
satisfying."--_The Argonaut._
"This valuable precis of the world's economic wisdom serves not only as
a trustworthy text-book, but also as an authoritative denotement of old
economic landmarks. In the light it casts on bygone commercial and
political conditions, the rapid progress and impulsive changes in
present-day methods of trade and legislation become clearly outlined and
intelligible."--_American, Philadelphia._
"The present volume is of suitable compass, and the treatment is such as
to make it satisfactory as a text-book."--_The Nation._
"The book should be of value to English readers and students of
economics, for unlike French and German economic writers, who have
produced several histories of economic thought, only one has been
written previously in English, and that is now out of date. Dr. Haney
has made a distinct contribution to economic literature and one
reflecting credit on American scholarship."--_The Boston Transcript._
* * * * *
~Outlines of Sociology~
BY FRANK W. BLACKMAR
Professor of Sociology in the University of Kansas
AND
JOHN L. GILLIN
Associate Professor of Sociology in the University of Wisconsin
_586 pp., crown octavo, $2.25_
In this volume not only the theoretical phases of sociology are treated
with some degree of completeness, but the practical bearings of the
science are also brought out in a series of chapters dealing with social
pathology and methods of social investigation. This survey of the whole
field, including both the theoretical and the so-called "practical,"
finds its justification in the unity it gives to sociology in the mind
of the beginner. It prevents that vicious one-sidedness sometimes
resulting from a study of one phase of a subject before a general survey
has been made. With this purpose in mind the subject-matter has been
grouped under the following headings: Part I. The Nature and Import of
Sociology; Part II. Social Evolution; Part III. Socialization and Social
Control; Part IV. Social Ideals; Part V. Social Pathology; Part VI.
Methods of Social Investigation; Part VII. The History of Sociology. It
has been the endeavor of the authors to bring together in this book the
results of the most recent discussions in the various fields of
sociology, to present the accepted conclusions of sociologists
respecting the origin, nature, structure, functions and abnormal
phenomena of society without controversy, and in a simple, direct way
suited to the ordinary college undergraduate.
* * * * *
~Social Problems, A Study of Everyday Social Conditions~
By EZRA THAYER TOWNE, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics and Political Science, Carleton College
_$1.00_
"A carefully written record and analysis of the growth in modern society
of the attempt to deal intelligently with social problems, such, for
instance, as immigration, unemployment, divorce, liquor, conservation,
and so on. Dr. Towne has carried out this task with excellent judgment
and intelligence. A valuable book for any library."--_Outlook._
"A teacher would find this book admirable for private study; a solitary
student with its aid might go far toward mastering these
subjects."--_Boston Transcript._
"Professor Towne of Carleton College has rendered good public service in
furnishing the best introduction to the study of present day social
conditions which has yet appeared for the use of high school and
undergraduate college students. Up to date, well proportioned,
progressive in attitude and spirit, yet conservatively sound in
judgment, it can scarcely fail to fulfil its purpose to give to all who
study it a 'better understanding of our own times' and proof of 'the
possibility of wise, sane, constructive social action.'"--_Survey._
"Prof. Towne aided by a lucid style and the ability to make statistics
interesting has stripped the subjects he deals with to their barest
necessities and has packed into the book the kind of information that
will stimulate to further study and research those who are at all
interested in strengthening civilization where evil conditions sap its
vitality."--_Philadelphia Press._
* * * * *
~Outlines of Economics~
By RICHARD T. ELY, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Economy
at the University of Wisconsin; THOMAS S. ADAMS, Ph.D.,
Professor of Political Economy at Yale University; MAX O.
LORENZ, Associate Statistician of the Interstate Commerce
Commission, and Professor A. A. YOUNG of Cornell.
_Third Revised Edition, Cloth, 8vo, $2.25_
"It is a sign of the time when such a standard and authoritative book as
this requires such revision for its third edition that it was not
possible to use the old type. The chapters on transportation, insurance,
socialism, and agriculture needed expansion to include legislation. The
Federal Reserve system demanded a chapter to itself, and so did labor
legislation. The statistics and references have been brought down to
date, and the book in general is more useful to the teacher, and more
attractive to the reader. The authors are both open-minded and
conservative, not condemning new ideas for their newness nor yet
accepting them for the same reason and without challenge. The book is a
useful antidote to the economic poisons which command attention through
their promises of the millennium, which they are less able to deliver,
nevertheless, than writers like these whose imaginations and benevolence
are corrected by their knowledge."--_New York Times._
"So far as the practical side of the subjects with which this volume
deals is concerned, everything has been done by the authors to keep
their work abreast of the times and the latest developments so that the
readers and students may find there the important things of contemporary
record as well as the highlights of economic history. The theoretical
side of economics has not been neglected in this general revision and
that chapter has been simplified and made more easily comprehensible to
those first entering the study of this subject. This volume maintains
the same high standard it held at the time it was first published. It is
one of the best books on this subject."--_Philadelphia Press._
"Anyone who got his foundations in political economy out of the
text-books of the last generation cannot fail to be struck with the
enormous range of subjects covered in such a book as this, compared with
what was then included; and there is always some danger that in the mind
of the student this wealth of material, important as it is, may yet
carry with it the drawback of more or less submerging the central
truths. In Professor Ely's book, the distribution of emphasis, as well
as of space, is such as to reduce this danger."--_The Nation._
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York
Printed in the United States of America