KIOTO AND LAKE BIWA.
To tell all that was done and seen by our young friends during their
stay in Kioto would be to tell a great deal. They had their time fully
occupied from their arrival to their departure, and they regretted much
the necessity of leaving when they did. At the Doctor's suggestion, they
attempted a new system of relating their adventures to their friends at
home, and were so well pleased at the result that they determined to try
it again. The new scheme was the preparation of a letter in which both
had equal shares, Frank undertaking to write one half of it and Fred the
other. They succeeded so well that when they read over their production
to Doctor Bronson before sending it away, he was unable to say which was
Fred's portion and which was Frank's. We will reproduce the letter and
leave our readers to judge how well they performed their self-imposed
duty. At the Doctor's suggestion, each of the boys wrote as though
speaking for himself, and consequently the letter had a good deal of "I"
in it.
"MY DEAR FRIENDS:
"We have seen so many things since we came here that I don't
exactly know where to begin in telling the story of our
sight-seeing. The names by which this city is known are so numerous
that the reader of Japanese history of different dates is liable to
be puzzled. Many of the natives speak of it as Miako, or the
Capital; others have called it, and still call it, Saikio, or the
Central City, and others know it only as Kioto, or the Western
Capital. This last name has become the official one since the
removal of the Mikado to Yeddo, which then became Tokio, or the
Eastern Capital. But, by whatever name we know it, the city is a
most delightful one, and the traveller who comes to Japan without
seeing it is like one who goes to New York without visiting Central
Park, or a stranger in Boston who does not see the famous Common.
In many of its features Kioto is superior to Tokio, and any one of
its inhabitants will tell you so. The city stands on a plain of
nearly horseshoe shape, the mountains almost encircling it and
giving an abundance of charming views. On one side the houses climb
a considerable distance up the slopes, so that you may sit on a
balcony and see Kioto lying at your feet.
[Illustration: LADIES OF THE WESTERN CAPITAL.]
"The streets are almost of chess-board regularity, and generally so
clean that you might go out to walk in satin slippers without much
danger of soiling them. The people are finer-looking than those of
Tokio, and you meet more stalwart men than in the eastern capital.
Kioto prides itself on the beauty of its women, and some of the
Japanese writers say that they cause the women of all other parts
of the country to despair. They are very proud of their
head-dresses, and they have a great many ornaments for the hair; in
fact, there are so many of these things, and the trade is so
extensive, that you find whole shops devoted to their manufacture
and sale.
"Dancing and singing girls are to be counted by the thousand, and
they certainly have the most gorgeous toilets I have seen in the
country. They are engaged to sing and dance at dinner parties, just
as we have bands of music to play for us at large banquets in
America, and no Japanese gentleman who was giving a dinner to a
friend or friends would think he had done the proper thing unless
there were 'geishas' to sing and dance for them. The other evening
Doctor Bronson ordered a dinner for us at a Japanese restaurant in
the true style of the country; he told the manager to get it up
properly, and the answer was that it should be perfect. When we
went there, we found the dinner ready; and there were two singing
geishas, and two dancing ones, to entertain us. I can't say that I
considered it much of an entertainment after the novelty had gone,
as the music was monotonous, and we couldn't understand a word of
the singing. Their dancing consisted of sliding about the room, and
taking a variety of postures with their arms and hands, and it
wasn't a bit like what we call dancing. But it was all perfectly
proper and nice, and the girls behaved like real ladies. They are
educated for dancers or singers, as the case may be, and some of
them are great favorites and get high wages. But if I were to have
my way, and have them dress to my taste, I should make them put
less paint on their faces; they consider that the one who can put
the most paint on her face and neck is the prettiest, and so they
cover themselves till they look as though they were veneered. One
of those that danced for us had her face covered so thickly that
she couldn't smile without cracking the varnish, and so she didn't
smile at all.
[Illustration: RESTAURANT AND TEA-GARDEN AT KIOTO.]
"We are outside of treaty limits, and so we were obliged to have
passports to come here. Foreigners may go freely within twenty-five
miles of any of the treaty ports without special permission, but
Kioto is just beyond the limit, as it is thirty miles from Osaka,
and therefore the Japanese permit is needed. We had ours from the
consul at Kobe, and had no trouble at all on coming here. A
Japanese official called for them soon after we came to the hotel,
and he bowed low as he received them. Then he spread the documents
on the floor, and as he did so he fell on his hands and knees so as
to bring his nose within six inches of the papers, and curve his
back into the shape of an arch. He read the passports and copied
our names into his note-book; or, at least, I suppose he did so,
though I can't say positively. We can stay the time named in the
permit without further interference; but if we stopped too long, we
should probably be told some morning that a gentleman at Kobe was
anxious to see us, and we had better start for there by the first
train. The Japanese are so polite that they will never say a rude
thing if they can help it, and they will even tell a plump
falsehood rather than be uncivil. But the same thing has occurred
in America, and so the Japs are not much worse than others, after
all.
[Illustration: AN ARTIST AT WORK.]
"Kioto is famous in the rest of the world for its manufactures of
porcelain of various kinds, and also for its bronzes and silk
goods. There is a large trade in Kioto ware, and everybody says
that it is increasing. At any rate, the prices they ask here are as
high as in Yokohama for the same kind of articles, and some things
are really dearer here than there. Some of the work in bronze is
very fine, and I can tell you a funny story about the way the
merchants prepare goods for the market. The incident happened
yesterday, when we were in a shop with a gentleman from Kobe whom
we had met at the hotel.
"This gentleman was admiring a pair of very old vases; there was no
doubt about their age, as they were eaten in several places with
verdigris, and were covered in spots with dried earth. When he
asked the price, he was astonished at the low figure demanded, and
immediately said he would take them. Then he asked the shopkeeper
if he had any more like them.
"'I haven't any,' the dealer replied, 'but I can make anything you
want to order.'
"The gentleman said he didn't want new vases, but old ones, and
thereupon the dealer said,
"'I'll make old vases for you if you want them--will make them just
as I made these.'
"We learned how it is that they get up this old ware; at least, we
were told so by a man who claims to know. 'Boil the bronzes in
strong vinegar,' he says, 'for several hours; and if you want to
make them look very old, you must put some acid in the vinegar. You
want the strongest vinegar that can be found, and the bronze must
be cleaned of all grease before it is boiled.
[Illustration: LANTERN-MAKER AT KIOTO.]
"'You can buy plenty of old ware of all kinds,' the same man said,
'but you had better have it made, and then you know you are not
cheated.' Very sensible advice, I think--don't you?
"They have a great deal of embroidered and figured silk; and when
you go into a shop, these are the first things they show you. Some
of the work is magnificent; and when you look at it and learn the
price, it does not take you long to conclude that the labor of
Kioto is not very highly paid. There are many silk-weavers here,
and we have visited some of the factories. The largest that we saw
contained twenty looms, about half of them devoted to brocades and
other figured work, and the rest to plain silks. The looms for
ordinary work are quite plain and simple; those for the figured
silks are somewhat complicated, and require two persons to operate
them. One sits in the usual position in front of the loom, and the
other up aloft; each of them has a pattern of the work, and there
is a bewildering lot of threads which must be pulled at the right
time. The process is very slow; and if these weavers could see a
Jacquard loom, I think they would be astonished.
"Kioto is a place of great interest, as has been said already; and
we have not been able to exhaust its sights, though we have worked
very diligently. It is the most famous city in all Japan for its
temples, as it contains altogether about three thousand of them.
They are of all sizes and kinds, but the most of them are small and
not worth the trouble of visiting. But, on the other hand, there
are some magnificent ones, and a charming feature of the temples is
the way they are situated. They are nearly all on hill-sides, and
in the midst of groves and gardens where you may wander for hours
in the shade; and whenever you feel weary you can be sure of
finding a tea-house close by, where you may rest and refresh
yourself on the fragrant tea of Japan. Children romp and play on
the verandas of the temples without thought of harm, and run as
they please through the edifices. Outside are the tea-gardens; and
the people chatter and laugh as they move to and from the temple,
without any of the solemnity of a congregation entering or leaving
a church in America. At the hour of worship, the crowd kneels
reverently, and pronounces in unison the prayers that are repeated
by the priest, and when the prayers are ended, they return to their
sport or their work as gayly as ever.
[Illustration: A JAPANESE ARCHER.]
"I must not fail to tell you of a remarkable temple that we have
seen; not that any are unworthy of mention, but this one is
certainly very curious. It is known as the Temple of Rengenhoin,
and contains one thousand idols of large size; then each idol in
this lot is surrounded by several smaller ones, and there is one
idol larger than all the rest. The whole number is said to be
33,333. We did not count them to make sure that the estimate was
correct, but I should think that there must be thirty thousand at
least, so that a few odd thousands, more or less, would make no
difference. The whole of the inside of the temple is full of them,
and each figure is said to have a particular fable connected with
it. The temple is nearly four hundred feet long, and is certainly a
very fine building; and there is an artificial pond in front of it,
which is covered with aquatic flowers in the season for them. There
is a veranda that was used in olden times for a shooting-gallery
for archery purposes; it is more than two hundred feet long, and
there are records of some famous matches that have been shot there.
The best on the books took place more than six hundred years ago,
when one man is said to have hit the bull's-eye of the target 8,000
times out of 10,000, and another is reported to have done the same
thing 8,133 times in 13,053. That was certainly good shooting, and
I don't believe that it would be easy to find a bowman to-day who
could equal it.
[Illustration: TEMPLE BELL AT KIOTO.]
"We have seen one of the famous bells of Japan, or rather of Kioto,
for it is this city that has always been celebrated for its bells.
The greatest of them lies on the ground just outside of one of the
temples, and it is not a piece of property that a man could put in
his pocket and walk off with. It is fourteen feet high, twenty-four
feet in circumference, and ten inches thick. How much it weighs
nobody knows, as the Japanese never made a pair of scales large
enough to weigh it with. The Japanese bells have generally a very
sweet tone, and to hear them booming out on the evening air is not
by any means disagreeable. The art of casting them was carried to a
state of great perfection, and stood higher, two or three centuries
ago than it does at present.
[Illustration: JAPANESE TEMPLE AND CEMETERY.]
"If I should name half the temples and public places we have seen I
should make you wish, perhaps, that I had not written at all, as
the list alone would be tedious, and I could no more give you an
idea of the peculiar beauty and attractions of each than I could
describe the perfume of each flower in a bouquet from the hands of
the florist. One temple had a large cemetery attached to it, and we
walked around looking at the inscriptions in a language which we
could not read, and studying symbols we could not understand. The
temple stands in a grove, as do nearly all the temples of Kioto,
and the place reminded us very much of some of our burial-places at
home.
[Illustration: REELING COTTON.]
"Then we have had glimpses of the way the people spin cotton, and
perform other work in the manufacturing line. Their apparatus is
very simple, and it is rather surprising than otherwise that they
can accomplish so much with so little machinery. Then we have
walked about the streets, and several times we have had close
escapes from being run over by some of the carts that were carrying
heavy loads. With two men to push them, and two pulling at the same
time, they will move loads that would be no small matter for a pair
of horses. They keep up a great shouting, and at first it puzzles
you to know why they do it until you remember that it is desirable
they should all pull together. You can hear them a long way off,
and if you get in their way it is your own fault, as it was ours.
[Illustration: HANDCART FOR A QUARTETTE.]
"Well, if we kept on telling you all we have seen in Kioto we
should be a long time at it, and so we may as well stop short.
Besides, we are going to Lake Biwa, and it is time to be off. If
you enjoy this letter half as much as we have enjoyed the material
for making it you will have a very pleasant time over it."
[Illustration: HORSE CARRYING LIQUID MANURE.]
The party went to Lake Biwa as they had proposed, and certainly no one
should omit it from his excursions in the vicinity of Kioto. The
distance is only seven miles, and an excellent road leads there from the
city. Along the route they met a dense crowd of people coming and going,
for there is a vast amount of business between the city and the lake.
There were men on foot and in jin-riki-shas, there were porters with
loads and porters without loads, there were pack-horses in great number,
and there were wagons with merchandise bound for the interior or for the
seaboard. Some of the pack-horses had burdens the reverse of savory, and
the boys learned on inquiry that they were transporting liquid manure to
the farms near the borders of the lake. Along the roadside they saw
little family groups that were always more or less picturesque; fathers
were caring for their children, and seemed to take great delight in
playing the part of nurse. It is very common in all the Japanese cities
to see men thus occupied, and they never appear to be weary of their
tasks. In summer both parent and child will be thinly clad, while in
winter they will be wrapped against the cold. The summer garments are
not always so thick as the rules of polite society require, and even the
winter costume is not very heavy.
[Illustration: THE PATERNAL NURSE.]
Lake Biwa is a beautiful sheet of water, surrounded by picturesque
mountains and smiling valleys. Steamers ply upon it, so that an
excursion may be made on its waters with the utmost ease; and all around
it there are picnic booths where parties may sit and enjoy the view. The
time of our friends was limited, and so they had only a glimpse of the
lake from one of those pleasure resorts, if a couple of hours spent
there may be called a glimpse.
[Illustration: PICNIC BOOTH OVERLOOKING LAKE BIWA.]
They returned to Kioto, and proceeded without delay to Kobe. They found
the railway journey much more rapid than the one by jin-riki-sha, but it
had the demerit of carrying them so fast that very little could be seen
of the country. The day after their arrival at Kobe the steamer was
ready to take them to Nagasaki and Shanghai, and at the appointed hour
they went on board. Practically, they had finished their sight-seeing in
Japan, as they were not to break the journey until setting foot on
Chinese soil. They left it with the most agreeable recollections, and
the boys, as they stood on the deck of the steamer slowly moving out of
the harbor of Kobe, simultaneously asked the question,
"Wonder if we shall ever see it again?"
[Illustration: A MAKER OF BOWS.]