implor’d Aid from the _States_, but to little purpose, by reason of the
Differences amongst themselves, which hapned upon this occasion: The
_Spanish_ King by his Agent in the _Hague_ made Overtures of Peace, and
proffer’d to fall upon the _Portuguese_ in _Brasile_: to which
Proposition, whenas the rest of the _States_ seem’d inclinable, those of
_Zealand_ would no ways hearken, being resolv’d to have nothing to do
with _Spain_. The news of this Dissention exceedingly perplex’d the
Council at _Reciffa_, especially when to that news was added, that
_Bankert_, the onely terror to the Enemy at Sea, was Commanded home by
the _States_ of _Zealand_, which yet the _General States_ strictly
forbad. Whereupon they thought fit to send one of their Assembly to the
_Hague_, to make the _States_ acquainted with the miserable Condition of
_Brasile_, and to Expostulate with them for their insensibility of their
Condition, and to let them understand, that ten thousand Men would not
restore _Brasile_ to its former Condition: Every one strove to be the
Messenger of these sad tydings, but especially their President
_Schonenbergh_ wish’d it might be his lot to leave the unhappy Countrey
of _Brasile_; but because his departure would not have been without
great murmuring of the People, _Haeks_ was sent in his stead. Together
with him went _Hinderson_ (who was in no esteem since the Destruction on
_Rio Grande_;) they both Embarqu’d on _Bankert_’s Ship and five others,
which in stead of being laden with rich Commodities, and ballasted with
Sugar, as heretofore, were fraught with discontented Seamen, decrepid
and sick Soldiers, unserviceable _Jews_, poor Travellers, _Portuguese_
Prisoners, and onely ten Weeks Provisions; whereas all other Vessels at
their Return from _Brasile_ us’d to have Provision for three Moneths,
which at this time could not be spar’d. The Council also made Orders
what Persons should go with the fore-mention’d Ships, _viz._ None but
those whose Names were written in the Lists which had stuck six Weeks at
every Church Door, that by that means no Creditor might suffer by his
Debtors going away, nor any Criminal escape his deserved punishment.
_Bankert_ had scarce been a Week at Sea, when he dy’d of the Palsie: he
was a Man, who for his valiant Exploits was from a Fore-mast Man
preferred to be Captain; which Office he perform’d with great Prudence
and Valor; but that which first made him most eminently taken notice of,
was his Engaging with thirteen _Dunkirkers_, of which he sunk three, and
being boarded by three more, and fir’d at by the rest, he refus’d to
surrender his Ship on promise of Quarter, but plac’d his eldest Son with
a lighted Match in the Powder-room, commanding him on pain of Death to
blow up the Ship with the three _Dunkirkers_ as soon as he gave the
Word; which valorous Resolution so amaz’d the Enemy, that they let him
go. He also behav’d himself bravely in the _Downs_ against the _Spanish_
Admiral _Oquendo_. His two Sons that were present when he gave up the
Ghost, would not have his Body thrown overboard, notwithstanding it
stunk so intolerably, that all the Provisions in the Ship were tainted
by it; therefore taking out his Entrails, they Salted the Body, wrapt it
up in four Sail-cloths, and nailing the same up in a pitchy Chest,
bury’d it under the Ballast. Mean while the Fleet approaching the
_Flemmish_ Isles, was surpris’d by a terrible Storm, in which the
Vice-Admiral’s old Ship split asunder, but most of the People were
sav’d. Between _Calice_ and _Dover_ they met with eight _Ostenders_,
against whom they made themselves ready to Fight; but they, according to
the King of _Spain_’s Order, instead of Hostility shew’d them
Friendship. All their Provisions were spent, when they happily Anchor’d
before _Flushing_, where _Bankert_’s Body was Interr’d with great
Solemnity.
[Sidenote: Overtures of Peace from the _Portuguese_ refus’d by the
_Netherlands_.]
In the interim the _United Netherlands_ had fitted out another Fleet to
assist _Reciffa_, the _West-India_ Company having first demanded of the
King of _Portugal_ two hundred and eighty Tuns of Gold, to the value of
which they affirm’d themselves to have been damag’d by the Insurrection
of the _Portuguese_. On the other side, the King of _Portugal_ was in a
quandary about the Business of _Brasile_; for first, he had no other
thoughts but that _Brasile_ would have fall’n into his hands within the
space of three Moneths, because the Plot there was so subtilly laid;
neither did he think the _States_ would have concern’d themselves with
the _West-India_ Companies Business, which now it was manifest they did.
Besides this, there was a third Inconvenience, _viz._ that the _Spanish_
Crown endeavor’d to conclude a Peace with the _United Netherlands_;
wherefore that he might put a stop to the sending of the Fleet to
_Brasile_, he dealt with the _French_ Ambassador to make very
advantageous Proffers in his behalf, _viz._ That he would surrender all
the conquer’d Places, and make good all the Damages that had been
sustain’d thereby. The Fleet appointed to go to _Brasile_ was hereupon
stopt, till the _States_ had Consulted about an Answer on the
fore-mention’d Propositions; but when _Haeks_ brought news of the
falshood of the _Portuguese_, the Scale was immediately turn’d, insomuch
that the _Portuguese_ Ambassador went in danger of his Life, till the
Mutineers were put into Custody. Moreover the Fleet was order’d to Sail
with all speed possible to _Reciffa_, with promise that another Fleet
should soon follow with six thousand Men; but the many disconsolate
tydings that had been brought of late, of the hardships and sufferings
of those that went before, through the unwholsomness of the Climate, the
want of Provisions, the Strength and Cruelty of the Enemy, made the
Seamen and Soldiers very unwilling to go so fatal a Voyage, insomuch
that as many as could, made their escape: yet at last, on the last day
of _December_, Anno 1647. the Fleet set Sail under the Command of
_Corneliszoon de Wit_; some Weeks before which _Schuppe_ was forc’d to
desert the Island _Taperica_, to go and aid _Reciffa_, which the
_Portuguese_ from a rais’d Battery on the other side of the River
_Biberibi_ shot at so incessantly, that none were safe either in their
Houses or in the Streets.
Mean while the _Portuguese_ Agent, _Francisco de Sousa Continho_,
proffer’d the _States_ to go to _Brasile_ himself, and cause to be
restor’d all those Places which had been taken from the _West-India_
Company, particularly the City St. _Salvador_ and _Tercera_, besides
Reparation for all other Damages.
[Sidenote: _Grave Maurice_ his high Demands.]
At the same time _Grave Maurice_ was Treated with to go to _Brasile_
again, but his Demands were so high, that it came to nothing; for he
requir’d 4000 _l._ yearly to spend at his Table, and 5000 _l._ besides
during his Life; also 2000 _l._ to set him out, and twelve thousand Men
to Besiege St. _Salvador_, which was always guarded by four thousand,
and thirty Carvels lay ready before _Lisbon_ to carry four thousand more
thither.
[Sidenote: _Angola_ and _Loando_ taken by the _Portuguese_.]
All things went very ill on the _Hollanders_ side at this present; for
besides that the fore-mention’d Fleet had not its wish’d success, most
of the Men being destroy’d by the immoderate Heat of the Climate,
_Angola_ and _Loando_ were also taken by the _Portuguese_.
These Misfortunes made the _West-India_ Company begin to be very forward
to come to a Treaty with the _Portuguese_ Agent, who before seem’d
rather to court them, having offer’d to Engage for the restoration of
whatever they possess’d at that time, when the ten years Peace was
concluded; but when they came to insist upon that Point, he answer’d,
That he must expect new Orders from _Lisbon_ concerning _Loando_,
because the taking of that Place caus’d an alteration in the state of
Affairs. But the _States_ no way satisfi’d with Delays, that were like
to prove both hurtful and disgraceful, resolv’d to put into Execution
what they had before agreed upon, _viz._ The _East-India_ Company was
impower’d to make Prize of all _Portuguese_ Ships towards the payment of
the fifteen Tuns of Gold ordain’d for the _West-India_ Company, to help
them against the _Portuguese_ Oppression. The _West-India_ Company also
receiv’d Commissions to Cruise for _Portuguese_ Vessels before
_Brasile_.
[Sidenote: _Schuppe_ and _Coche_ miserably defeated as they were
Besieging _Gararapes_.]
On the seventeenth of _February_, Anno 1649. three thousand Soldiers
that came over in the fore-mention’d Fleet, besides two hundred
_Negro_’s, and as many Seamen, marching to Besiege _Gararapes_ under the
Command of _Schuppe_ and _Coche_, were so furiously set upon by the
Sallying Enemy, that they were forc’d to break up the Siege in great
disorder, whilest the _Portuguese_ being in number two thousand five
hundred, fell upon the Rere; and though the _Dutch_ Officers us’d all
the care they could possible to bring their Men to face about, yet they
were not able to keep them from running away; in which flight great
slaughter of them was made by the _Portuguese_ Horse, consisting of a
hundred and thirty, Arm’d with Lances, insomuch that in the flight and
the pursuit, a thousand _Netherlanders_ were slain, and nineteen Ensigns
or Colours were left behind as Trophies for the _Portuguese_; the chief
of the Slain were Colonel _Brink_ and _Houteryve_.
The _Zealanders_ were much concern’d at the improsperous Affairs of
_Brasile_, in regard a fifth part of the _West-India_ Companies Stock
belong’d to _Middleburg_, _Flushing_, and _Veer_, insomuch that the
Complaints of Widows and Orphans that shar’d in the common loss, mov’d
the _States_ to fit out six great Ships, and as many Ketches, Mann’d
with two thousand eight hundred Men, for _Brasile_, where all things ran
to ruine, the Grandees both of the Council, Army, and Fleet, being at
variance, and impeaching one another.
The rest of the Provinces, especially _Friesland_, being less inclin’d
to the _West-India_ Company, were somewhat colder in the pursuit of this
Business; nevertheless, upon a fresh Letter of Complaint from _Walter
Schonenbergh_, President of the _Brasilian_ Council, they held a
Consultation together, how to raise Moneys for the fitting out of twenty
Ships and five Ketches for the Relief of _Brasile_.
[Sidenote: _De Wit_ releas’d from Prison, justifies his Return.]
The Admiral _De Wit_ returning home, was, upon the accusation of the
Council in _Brasile_, and the General, _Sigismond Schuppe_, made
Prisoner in the _Hague_; and together with him the other five Captains
that went with him were Committed by the Admiralty, for returning
without the Consent of the Council; but they were soon releas’d by the
Magistrates of _Amsterdam_, who upon the Admiralties refusing to deliver
them, commanded their Provost-Marshal to break open their Prison Doors.
_De Wit_ after his Releasement justifi’d what he had done before a full
Assembly of the _States_, and alledg’d that it was according to the
Orders he receiv’d when he undertook this Expedition.
The _Portuguese_ Agent, _Sousa Macede_, obtaining Audience of the
_States_, told them how ready the King his Master had been to come to a
perfect Agreement of Peace with them, but that their own Acts of
Hostility had been the occasion of the breach of that Treaty of Peace
that had been concluded on; that the Robberies and Insolencies committed
by those _Portugueses_ under their Jurisdiction, was not any way
authoris’d or countenanc’d by him; lastly, he offer’d them free Trade to
_Brasile_ eighty Tun of Gold to the _West-India Company_, 800000 _l._ to
the Orphans and Widows in _Zealand_, and payment of all private Debts.
But making no mention of restoring the Places in _Brasile_, he seem’d to
mock the _States_; who resented it so much, that they would admit of no
farther Conference with him.
[Sidenote: _Schuppe_, _Haeks_, and _Schonenbergh_ declare the Reasons of
the loss of _Reciffa_.]
Mean while the _West-India_ Companies Business in _Brasile_ went daily
more and more to ruine, insomuch that in the Year 1654. they lost all
their Forts and Places of Strength and Habitation, and amongst them
_Reciffa_, the chief Residence of the Council of _Brasile_, who
returning home, brought nothing but a doleful Relation of their
unfortunate Proceedings. _Schuppe_, _Haeks_, and _Schonenbergh_, made
each of them a long Oration, setting forth the sad Condition of the
Place, and the Miseries they had endur’d a long time before they left
it; also excusing their total quitting thereof to the Enemy by the great
want of Provisions and other Supplies, which they so often had written
for in vain, at least receiv’d short of what their Necessities requir’d,
and by the Clamours of the Soldiers, who were ready upon all occasions
to Mutiny or Revolt, as appear’d by their crying out upon the discovery
of a Fleet of _Portuguese_ upon the Coast, _Behold our Deliverers from_
the Netherlanders _Tyranny_; lastly, by the growing Power of their
Enemies, which they could not have resisted, though they themselves had
been much stronger than they were.
[Sidenote: They are try’d at a Council of War.]
But the _West-India_ Company sensibly touch’d at the thoughts of their
Losses, were not satisfi’d with the Relation of _Schonenbergh_, _Haeks_,
and _Schuppe_, but requir’d a Journal of every days Transactions, or
Testimonies to confirm the truth of their Relation: They also demanded
an Account of the Condition of the Store-houses when _Reciffa_ was
surrendred, and fell upon them with several Interrogatories, _viz._ Why
the Fort _Afogados_ was forsaken? Why the Garrisons were not drawn in
from the North to _Reciffa_? Why they did not keep footing on the Land,
and guard those Places they had left when _Reciffa_ was lost? Why they
made such ado for want of Provisions and Ammunition to dishearten the
People? Why the Money proffer’d by several Citizens was not taken? Why
they did not burn the Enemy’s Fleet, since, according to the opinion of
several, it might easily have been done? How they could testifie the
Sedition of the Soldiers, since none of their Commanders complain’d of
it? Whether they us’d any Means to encourage the Besieged? Who did, and
who did not consent to the Surrender? Whether no better Terms could have
been made? In fine, they prevail’d with the _States_ to secure
_Schonenbergh_, _Haeks_, and _Schuppe_, in their Houses, and on the
ninth of _September_, Anno 1654. brought them before a Council of War in
the _Hague_, where the chief things objected against them were, That the
_Portuguese_ had gotten by the Conquest of _Reciffa_, above two hundred
Brass Guns, most of them Demi-Culverins, and four hundred Iron Guns,
valu’d together at ten hundred thousand _Rixdollars_; That the
Store-houses were sufficiently stock’d with Provision and Ammunition;
That they took care to secure their own Goods, but left what belong’d to
the _West-India_ Company as a Prey to the Enemy.
[Sidenote: Their Pleas.]
[Sidenote: _Schuppe_ condemn’d at a Council of War to lose his Salary.]
_Schuppe_ on his part alledg’d, that he could do nothing of himself, as
being under the Command of the _Brasilian_ Council. _Haeks_ and
_Schonenbergh_ pleaded the want of Men, by reason of the many that daily
dropt from them, either by Death or Defection, to the Enemy, and those
that remain’d, unsafe to be trusted, as consisting of so many different
Nations, also their being block’d up at the Sea by the _Portuguese_
Fleet, the great want of Ammunition, especially Instruments of
Fortification; lastly, the head-strong Resolutions of the Soldiers, to
deliver up the Place, whatever their Officers should determine to the
contrary; notwithstanding which, to shew that it was not quitted upon
disadvantageous terms, they produc’d the Articles of Agreement upon
which it was surrendred to _Francisco_, Governor of _Pernambuco_. In
conclusion, the Council of War pass’d their Sentence on _Schuppe_,
_viz._ That he should lose all the Sallary that was due to him from the
_West-India_ Company since the twenty sixth of _January_ 1654. when he
Sign’d the Agreement with _Baretto_ for the delivering up of _Reciffa_.
Thus the _Portuguese_ recover’d full and absolute possession of
_Brasile_, yet not without fear of an afterclap of War; wherefore the
_Portuguese_ Agent, upon condition of an absolute Peace to be concluded,
proffer’d the _States General_ in the _Hague_, Satisfaction for the
Damages which the _West-India_ Company had sustain’d in _Brasile_,
eighty Tun of Gold, a free Trade to _Brasile_, and payment of the Debts
due to them from several _Portugueses_ in _Brasile_; but told them, that
to surrender them any Places there, was not in the power of the
_Portuguese_ Crown. On the other side, the _Spaniard_ proffer’d to
assist them in the total Conquest of _Brasile_, and to restore them
those Places they formerly possess’d, as soon as they had subdu’d the
_Portuguese_; to which the _Zealanders_ began to hearken, who being
great Losers by the _Portugueses_ Treachery, wish’d for nothing more
than Revenge; but _Holland_ having a great Trade to _Portugal_, was more
inclin’d to Peace: Whereupon His Majesty of great _Britain_ proffer’d
himself to be Mediator between the _Portuguese_ Crown and the _United
Netherlands_; and accordingly on the sixth of _August_, Anno 1661. a
Peace was concluded with _Portugal_ on these Terms:
[Sidenote: Articles of Peace between _Portugal_ and the _United
Netherlands_.]
I. _That_ Portugal _was to pay to the_ United Netherlands _eighty
Tun of Gold, either in ready Money, Sugar, Tobacco, or Salt, or
deduct the same out of the Customs payable in the_ Portuguese
_Harbors_.
II. _That the Guns on_ Reciffa _were to be restor’d to the_
West-India _Company_.
III. _That the Salt-Trade at_ St. Uves _and other Places under the_
Portuguese _Jurisdiction, whether in_ Africa _or_ Brasile, _should
be granted to the_ Netherlands, _paying the Customs as the_
Portuguese _do themselves_.
IV. _That the conquer’d Places gotten on both sides, should remain
in the hands of the present Possessors._
V. _That the King of_ Portugal _should not lay an Embargo on any_
Netherland _Vessel, on any pretence whatsoever, though they should
carry all manner of Ammunition to his Enemies, provided it were not
out of any of the_ Portuguese _Havens_.
VI. _That no_ Netherlander _should ever be call’d before any Judge
about any Difference in Religion, but should have freedom thereof
granted him, either in his House or Ship, and also a convenient
Burying-place_.
VII. _That if any Difference should chance to arise between_
Portugal _and the_ Netherlands, _they should not extend it to
prejudice the Trade, but every Merchant should be free to call in
his Debts, and send Ships without hinderance_.
VIII. _That this present Agreement should not be broken by any
Misdemeanors acted by any Subjects, either in the_ East _or_
West-Indies, _who were to be punish’d by their lawful Judges_.
IX. _That the Havens belonging to both Parties were to be free for
either Men of War or Merchant-Men._
X. _That the_ Netherlanders _Trading in_ Portugal, _might go Arm’d,
take Houses and Store-houses_.
XI. _That the Goods laden in an Enemy’s Ship might be declar’d free
Prize._
XII. _That the_ Portuguese _in_ Brasile _should pay their Debts
which they ow’d to the_ West-India _Company, or any other Person or
Persons; to which purpose three appointed Commissioners were to Sit
at_ Lisbon, _to hear and determine the Causes that should be brought
before them, and without the usual Circumstances, pass their
Sentence, which was to be Executed by a higher Power_.
A few days after this Agreement was concluded, the _Portuguese_
Ambassador, _Henrico Sousa Tovares_, went for _Lisbon_, where he arriv’d
on the last day of _September_.
[Sidenote: The _States_ of _Groningen_ and others, disapprove the Peace
with _Portugal_, and condemn _Schulenbergh_.]
Not onely _Guelderland_ and _Zealand_, were much dissatisfi’d with this
Agreement, but also _Groningen_ accus’d their Deputy _Schulenbergh_,
that contrary to Orders he had been too forward in concluding the Peace
with _Portugal_, and that he had consented to that which the _States_ of
_Groningen_ had not permitted him; for they resolv’d to make Peace on no
other account, but that _Portugal_ should pay the eighty Tun of Gold in
ready Money, and that in a short time; whenas on the contrary, he had
allow’d of the payment in Merchandise, and that in a long time.
Wherefore the _States_ of _Groningen_ (who for this Fact and several
Accusations brought against _Schulenbergh_, condemn’d him to be
Beheaded, which Sentence had been Executed upon him, had he not made his
Escape) together with those of _Omeland_, and others, who disapprov’d of
the Peace concluded with _Portugal_, drew up many Reasons why they
dissented, and look’d upon it as both dishonorable and disadvantageous;
however, the Articles being Sign’d, and the _States General_, taking
into consideration how impossible a Work it would have been to have gone
about to renew a War with the _Portuguese_ in _Brasile_, being at that
time in firm possession of all, and that for the Interest of a few, in
respect of the whole Common-wealth, they were forc’d to rest satisfi’d,
and together with the _West-India_ Company, to sit down with the loss of
those Places in _Brasile_, which had cost so much Blood and Treasure to
gain.
[Sidenote: The _West-India_ Companies Memorial deliver’d in to the
_States_.]
Nevertheless the _West-India_ Company put in a Memorial at the _Hague_,
of all that had been done them from time to time, wherein they
themselves had been great Sufferers, and the Common-wealth very much
advantag’d, as namely, That at first they put in a Stock of seventy four
Tun of Gold, sent out divers Fleets under the Admirals _Willekens_,
_John Dirkszoon Lam_, _Boudewyn_, _Henrickszoon_, _Peter Hein_, _Adrian
Pater_, _Henrick Lonk_, _Dirk Uitgeest_, _Peter Ita_, _Loos_, _Cornelis
Houte-been_, _Lichthart_, _Bankert_, and others, at several times, which
had much weakned the _Spanish_ Power, to the great advantage of the
_United Netherlands_, because the _Spaniard_ was not onely forc’d to
disperce his Power to defend _America_, but also lost great Riches on
the Coast thereof, which being the Sinews of his War, prevented him from
oppressing that _State_; That to their loss they suffer’d their Forces
to stop the Enemy, when he broke into the _Veluwe_, at that time when
the _United Netherlands_ seem’d to hang by a silken Thred; That it would
probably have been the ruine of _Holland_, if the mighty _Spanish_ Fleet
which Engag’d with _Martin Tromp_ in the _Downs_, had been assisted by
sixty six Sail, which _La Torre_ was forc’d to send to the Coast of
_Brasile_, against the _West-India_ Company; That this Companies Concern
was so great a Nursery of Mariners in the Year 1629. that they had above
a hundred Ships at Sea, and fifteen thousand Men in their Service; which
the _United Netherlands_ considering, and judging that Charge too great
for the Company to maintain, had resolv’d to contribute a certain Sum
towards it yearly, which had not yet been paid; which made them take up
Money upon Interest, and put in a Supply of thirty Tun of Gold for the
payment of the same; That the Expedition of _Henrick Brewer_ to _Chili_
had put them very much behind-hand, because the Enemy having notice of
it, secur’d himself, yet was often terrifi’d with it; for _Brewer_
having found out a Way to go from _Reciffa_ to the Province of _Chili_
in two Moneths, and accordingly to do great mischief to the _Spanish_
Power, whose Riches lay bare all along the South Sea; this and many
other things forc’d to make that honorable Peace with the _Netherlands_,
concluded on in _Munster_, Anno 1648.; That their Losses, computed and
deliver’d in to the _States General_, amounted to sixty six Tun of Gold,
and forty three thousand two hundred and ninety _Guilders_, which forc’d
them to take up Money to pay Interest for what they had before, yet that
they still kept fifty great Ships at Sea, and were resolv’d to prosecute
their Trade with fresh vigor, as soon as Satisfaction should be given
from the _Portuguese_ Crown, as was promis’d them in the Articles of
Agreement, and they could obtain of their Lordships, to have their
Patent prolong’d for a considerable time; That they were still indebted
to those Orphans and Widows who furnish’d them with Money to set out
their Forces, which in the first twelve years did the _Spaniard_ so much
hurt, that the Damage is reckon’d to amount to one thousand one hundred
and eighty Tun of Gold.
These things being taken into consideration by the _States General_,
they granted the Company their Request, and gave them a new Patent, by
virtue of which they now Trade to _Africa_ and the _Caribbee-Islands_,
since they were forc’d to quit all they had possess’d in _Brasile_.
SECT. XII.
_The Journey of_ Rodulphus Baron, _with the Description of the Customs
and Manners of the_ Tapuyans.
_Rodulphus Baron_, to make a Discovery of the Countrey, upon the
Encouragement of _Grave Maurice_, who allow’d him to that purpose a
yearly Revenue, undertook a remarkable Journey, accompany’d with three
_Tapuyans_; who going out of the Village _Caneri_ without any store of
Provisions, left the Mountains _Cupaeva_ on the right-hand, and went
seventy Leagues into the Countrey, without meeting with any People,
onely he found one Mountain of _Fossile_ Glass; from whence he went
Southward to the Villages of the _Waripebares_ and _Caripati_, who
having courteously Entertain’d him, appointed certain Persons to
accompany him from one Village to another, with Orders to Complement
_Grave Maurice_, who sent them home with several Gifts.
The _Waripebares_ and _Caripati_ inhabit fourteen Villages on the
Mountains which Bound _Brasile_ Westward, live by Hunting and Fishing,
eat wild Honey and all manner of Fruit, and maintain continual Wars
against a mighty People which inhabit the Western Plains.
[Sidenote: The Customs and Manners of the _Tapuyans_.]