the first is thus: An old Toothless Woman chews the little cut Root
_Aipimacaxera_ to a Pap call’d _Caracu_, which spitting in a Pot they
pour Water on the same, and afterwards boyling it leisurely, stirring it
all the time it stands over the Fire. The other way of making this
_Aipu_, which is much the more cleanly, is to boyl the said Root so
long, till it comes to be like Butter-milk, and then letting it stand
till it hath done working, it will be no unpleasant Drink.
Another sort of Drink amongst them is their _Pacobi_, made of the Fruit
of the Tree _Pacobehe_ and _Pacobucu_; besides others made of the Tree
_Abatu_, of _Indian_ Barley and _Maiz_. Also their Liquor call’d
_Jetici_ is press’d out of _Potato_-Roots.
In like manner the Plant _Nana_, by the _Portuguese_ call’d _Ananas_,
makes the Drink _Nanai_, which is exceeding strong and heady, but good
against Faintness, Vomiting, Gravel, and stoppage of Urine, as also
against Poyson.
[Sidenote: Their Deboches.]
The _Tapuiyans_, sur-named _Cariri_, meet at a certain time to make the
Liquor _Aipu_, whereof each takes as much to his Hut as falls to his
share, and when it hath done working, they begin in the Morning very
early at the first House in the Village, and drink out every drop which
they find there, and so from House to House till they have drunk one
another drie; and he is look’d upon to be the best Man that hath drunk
and evacuated most.
[Sidenote: Their manner of Taking Tobacco.]
The _Brasilians_ take generally very strong Tobacco, which they first
drie in the Sun, and afterwards before the Fire, the better to rub it in
pieces: Their Tobacco-pipe is a Cane and a hollow Nut cut off at the
top, and a round Hole bor’d in the middle, into which they put the Cane.
They forbear not to take Tobacco even in the midst of their religious
Ceremonies, which are perform’d with Singing and Dancing in this manner:
[Sidenote: Their religious Ceremonies.]
The _Tapuiyans_ making a round Ring at an equal distance one from
another, all of them being stark naked, tie divers colour’d Plumes of
Feathers on their back-sides with a String made fast on their left
Shoulders and about their Wastes; about their Legs they have Cotton
Garters; each in his turn bowing to the Left, stretches down his left
Hand to the Ground, and puts his right Hand in between the Strings which
tie the Plume of Feathers, and stamps continually with his right Foot,
whilest all the rest begin to Sing a doleful Song, which by degrees they
change into a merry one, not without some appearance of understanding
the Art of Musick. Their Songs contain first a mournful Relation of a
general Deluge, which drowned their Predecessors, all but some few, who
escap’d by climbing up high Trees and Mountains; next the Acts of those
old Heroes from whom they boast themselves Extracted, who lost their
Lives, or valiantly fought for the publick good, and were rewarded with
the enjoyment of all pleasures and Delights, of Singing, Playing,
Dancing, and the like, in a remote Countrey, whither after their Deaths
they hope to be translated: Whilest they thus Sing over all their Songs,
three Priests stand in the middle of the Ring, each holding the Idol
_Maraka_ (in their left Hand) resembling an old Ostritch’s Egg stuck
full of Feathers on the top: about their Wastes they wear a Girdle of
rich Plumes, on their Heads also a Crown of Feathers; the middle Priest
looks with a stern Countenance, and holds up his left Leg from the
Ground, whilest the other two standing on each side of him, hold in
their right Hands a Pipe, out of which blowing Tobacco-smoak in one
anothers Faces, they utter these words, _Receive the Spirit of heroick
Strength_: The Dance ended, they Entertain their Priests with Meat and
Drink eight days together, and also put Meat before their Idol _Maraka_,
who is the chief Deity they adore.
[Illustration]
[Sidenote: Their Arms.]
Their Arms consist of Bowes made of hard Wood, Strung with twisted
Cotton Thred; their Arrows they make of the Cane _Tacaara_, made very
sharp at the end, or headed with some Beasts sharp Tooth, or pointed
with the Bones of the Fish _Iperu_. Some of the _Tapuiyans_ use great
Darts, and long Clubs of black Wood, broad before, and full of sharp
Spikes; the Handles being wound about with Cotton Strings call’d
_Jatirana_, under which hangs a Tuft of the Bird _Arara_’s Feathers, as
also about the middle. Their Trumpets, call’d _Canguenca_, are the
Shin-bones of Men, though they have others also made of great Shells and
Canes. They us’d to be continually at War one with another, which they
wag’d neither for Lands nor Riches, but either to make themselves
eminent, and to be accounted valiant Soldiers, or most especially for
the sake of Man’s-flesh to feed upon, which they love beyond all things
in the World, wherefore they fatten all their Prisoners for the
slaughter. Their Battels are always cruel, for they fight very
desperately. _Emanuel de Moraes_ relates, That he saw a _Brasilian_
fight with three Armed _Portugueses_, who slew him not till after he had
wounded them all three.
[Sidenote: The Languages of the _Brasilians_.]
The Languages of the _Brasilians_ are several, each Countrey speaking a
peculiar Tongue, but so different that they cannot understand one
another. The _Tabuyans_ are divided into above eighty Tribes, each
speaking a peculiar Language, which have no resemblance one with
another; nevertheless they have a general Language which is understood
by most of them. The Jesuit _Joseph Anchieta_ publishing a _Brasilian_
Dictionary in _Conimbrica_, _Anno 1595._ shewed that the fore-mention’d
Language wants the Letters _f_, _l_, _s_, _z_, _r_, and hath no double
Consonants in any word, except _mb_, _nd_, _ng_, so that the sound of
the word falls generally on the last Vowel. The fore-mention’d _Moraes_
well experienc’d in the _Brasilian_ Tongue, writ an Alphabet of all the
most familiar words thereof us’d in common Discourse, of which it will
not be unnecessary to give this following Extract:
A.
_Aba_, a Man, _also_ Hair.
_Acu_, the Left-hand.
_Acuabeimae_, Sweet.
_Amaberaba_, Lightning.
_Amacuminga_, Thunder.
_Amandiba_, Hail.
_Anama_, a near Relation.
_Anga_, the Soul.
_Angabara_, Lean.
_Angaipata_, Angry, _or_ Wicked.
_Angaturama_, Thankful, _or_ Acceptable.
_Apara_, a Crown.
_Apecum_, the Tongue.
_Apicaba_, a Stool.
_Ara_, the Time, Skye, _or_ Day.
_Ara-ibi coquime_, Noon.
_Araya_, Grandmother.
_Atapuana_, Light.
_Atapuatia_, Swift.
_Atucupe_, the Back.
_Atyba_, the Shoulder.
_Ay cig_, a Mother.
_Ayura_, the Neck.
B.
_Boya_, a Slave.
C.
_Cama_, a Sucking-Breast.
_Canga_, a Leg.
_Caraibebe_, _apiabebe_, an Angle.
_Caruca_, the Evening.
_Capii_, Grass.
_Capii goacu_, Straw.
_Catu_, Dainty.
_Cay_, an Ape.
_Ceba_, a Loaf.
_Cibera_, the Buttocks.
_Cemiracoaobae_, a Widower.
_Ceo_, a Breast.
_Ceteeimibae_, a Ghost.
_Cig cygra_, an Aunt.
_Coaraci_, a Son.
_Cobra_, a Serpent.
_Coemitanga_, the Dawn.
_Coriba_, Rejoyce.
_Coya_, Twins.
_Cunha_, a Wife.
_Cunhaiba_, a Bride.
_Cunumigoacu_, a Youth.
_Cunumi_, a Boy.
E.
_Ecatuaba_, the right Hand.
_Eyruba_, a Bee.
G.
_Giba_, an Arm.
_Guaibino_, an old Woman.
_Guirarupia_, an Egg.
I.
_Jaci_, the Moon, _or_ Month.
_Jacitata_, a Star.
_Iba_, a Tree.
_Ibiaia_, the Heavens.
_Ibatinga_ and _Ibitinga_, a Witch.
_Ibateba_, High.
_Ibi_, the Earth.
_Ibitira_, a Mountain.
_Ibitu_, the Wind.
_Icapi_, the Dew.
_Ig_, Water.
_Iguaba_, a Cap.
_Ipeca_, a Goose.
_Igue_, the Side.
_Ita_, Iron, _or_ a Stone.
_Itacira_, a Spade.
_Itapigua_, a Nail.
_Juba_, Yellow.
M.
_Maupiara_, the Gall.
_Mbabeaubora_, Sick.
_Mbiu_, Meat.
_Mbo_, a Hand.
_Membeca_, Softly.
_Menearaa_, a Wedding.
_Micu_, a Toe.
_Mita_, the Heel.
_Mocu_, an Eel.
_Mormotara_, Angry.
_Muapendaba_, a Joint.
N.
_Nbia_, the Heart.
O.
_Opacatumba_, the World.
P.
_Potia_, the Breast.
_Paranga_, Fair.
_Porerobiara_, Faithful.
_Porucuicobora_, Poor.
_Potivi_, a Duck.
_Poxi_, Ugly.
_Pi_, a Foot.
_Pia_, the Liver.
_Pira_, Fish, _or_ a Skin.
_Piquiira_, Younger in years.
_Pitanga_, a Child.
_Pua_, a Finger.
_Pua-guacu_, a Thumb.
_Purva_, the Navel.
_Puou_, Long.
_Putuma_, the Night.
R.
_Roig_, Cold.
T.
_Tagica_, a Vein.
_Tagui_, Blood.
_Tagira_, or _Membira_, a Daughter. The first of these words is us’d by
the Fathers, and the other by the Mothers.
_Taira_, Children, _or_ a Son.
_Tamua_, a Grandfather.
_Tata_, Fire.
_Tecoacu_, Luck.
_Tecoateima_, Covetousness.
_Temerico_, Man _or_ Woman.
_Tendiba_, a Chin.
_Tendi_, Spittle.
_Tendipia_, a Knee.
_Tecobecatu_, Wholsom.
_Tema_, a Shin-bone.
_Tete_, a Body.
_Tiaya_, Sweet.
_Tibira_, Younger: for so the Brothers call one another, but the
Sisters name their younger Brothers _Quibira_, and Brothers their
younger Sisters _Teindira_.
_Tigue_, the Belly.
_Tique perg_, the Guts.
_Tinga_, White.
_Tipiba_, Melancholly.
_Tiquera_, eldest Sister.
_Tiquiera_, eldest Brother.
_Tuba_, Parents.
_Tutira_, Father’s Brother.
_Tubei-ima_, an Hospital Boy.
_Tuibaem_, an old Man.
_Tupana_, God.
_Ty_, Piss.
_Tyuris_, the Bladder.
U.
_Uba_, the Hip.
_Unhapuapem_, a Nail.
Y.
_Yja_, a Fountain.
_Ymeneoba_, a Widow.
_Yyaobuamba_, Naked.
The Words for Action, are these following:
A.
_Abi_, Erring.
_Abiqui_, Coming.
_Acanhem_, I die.
_Acoy_, Covering.
_Aei_, Missing.
_Ami_, Squeezing.
_Amotareima_, Hating.
_Anduba_, Opinion.
_Anguipaba_, Sinning.
_Abba mandeba_, To put on.
_Apina_, Shaving.
_Apition_, Binding.
_Aroca_, a Lesson.
_Ayaima_, Feigning.
B.
_Beraba_, Shining.
C.
_Coanga_, Measuring, Proving, _or_ Speaking.
_Cacaba_, Passing by.
_Cae_, Curing.
_Capucaya_, Calling, _or_ To be vex’d.
_Carom_, Hoping.
_Caruca_, Pissing.
_Cauccuba_, Loving.
_Cecaraya_, Forgetting.
_Cema_, Going out.
_Cenduba_, Hearing.
_Cenoya_, Naming.
_Cepiaca_, Seeing, Punishment.
_Cerura_, Carrying.
_Cetuna_, Smelling.
_Ceyara_, Relating.
_Cica_, Ploughing.
_Cipya_, Making wet.
_Ciquye_, Fearing.
_Co_, Going.
_Cobaitim_, Meeting.
_Coquendaboya_, Opening.
_Cuaba_, Knowing.
_Cupira_, Performing.
_Cuu_, Defending.
E.
_Ecatu_, To be able.
G.
_Genonheca_, Praying.
_Goameenga_, Biting.
_Guapua_, Sitting.
_Guata_, Walking.
_Gueena_, Vomiting.
I.
_Jababa_, To run away.
_Jecoacuba_, To remember.
_Jenumuna_, Spitting.
_Jerure_, Demanding.
_Igtaba_, Swimming.
_Igu_, Drinking.
M.
_Maenduara_, Thinking.
_Mano_, Dying.
_Maramonbanga_, Warring.
_Mayaoca_, Dividing.
_Mba-eraca_, Buying.
_Mbacu_, Eating.
_Meenga_, Delivering.
_Menbirara_, Barring.
_Moaibaba_, Bewitching, _or_ Preventing.
_Mongueba_, Putting out.
_Moanga_, Thinking.
_Moaquima_, Making wet.
_Mobibua_, Sowing.
_Moete_, Praising, _or_ Honoring.
_Moendi_, Setting on fire.
_Mogiba_, Boyling.
_Mogyco_, Polishing.
_Momiya_, Moving.
_Momita_, Lodging.
_Monberaba_, Bruising.
_Monbeu_, Delivering of a Message.
_Monbuca_, To bore through.
_Monbuja_, Boring.
_Mondoca_, To cut, take away, _or_ cleave asunder.
_Mondoroca_, Breaking.
_Monguy_, Grinding.
_Monguya_, Making loose.
_Monhanga_, Doing.
_Moperua_, Being cold.
_Mopotaya_, Buttoning.
_Moriba_, Consenting.
_Moropiana_, Changing.
_Moeyeceara_, Mixing.
N.
_Nheangeru_, Sighing.
_Nheenga_, Speaking.
_Nhemboe_, Learning.
_Nhengara_, Singing.
P.
_Paepua_, Answering.
_Paraboca_, Chusing.
_Paronduba_, Enquiring.
_Pea_, Abstaining.
_Pitu_, Remaining.
_Pitanga rempi_, To cast off.
_Pitera_, Kissing.
_Pitibo_, Helping.
_Aittiba_, Anointing.
_Poacema_, Mourning.
_Pobana_, Spinning.
_Pocuaba_, To use.
_Pocaucuba_, Dreaming.
_Porabiqui_, Working.
_Porara_, Lying.
_Potareima_, Refusing.
_Potara_, Desiring.
_Puama_, Rising.
_Puaya_, Commanding.
_Puca_, Laughing.
_Pura_, Using.
Q.
_Quera_, Sleeping.
_Querara_, Waking.
R.
_Raba_, Untying.
_Qereco_, Having.
_Rura_, Coming.
T.
_Tara_, Catching.
_Tecobe_, Living.
_Tiguioca_, Bleeding.
_Tiu_, Disgracing.
_Tima_, Ploughing, Warring, _or_ Burying.
Y.
_Yaceo_, Crying.
_Yeaoboca_, Pulling off.
_Yeupira_, Climbing.
_Yuca_, Killing.
These are of the most usual words of the general Language in _Brasile_,
besides which every distinct Tribe or Division of People hath its
peculiar Tongue, as hath been said, of which the chiefest and most
eminent are the _Tupinambu_, _Tabaiaras_, _Potigi-iguaras_, _Marhuites_,
_Waimoores_, _Tomonimenos_, _Waitaquazes_, _Wainasses_, _Topinaques_,
_Pories_, _Molopaques_, _Motaias_, _Biheros_, _Wainawasons_, _Tamoies_,
_Tocomans_, and the _Cariogs_; of all which the _Tupinambu_ are the most
comely, especially their Women, which (according to the testimony of the
aforesaid _Emanuel Moraes_, an Eye-witness) may stand in competition
with the _European_ Beauties. These Women accompany their Husbands when
they go into the Wars, and carry their Provisions, especially store of
Tobacco. In the Lips both of the Men and Women hang little Stones. The
Men take as many Wives as they please; and amongst the generality of the
fore-mention’d Nations, there is scarce any sign of Religion to be
discern’d.
[Sidenote: The _Tobaras_ and _Potigi-iguaras_.]
The _Tobaras_ are accounted the best Horsemen; but in Singing and
Discourse, the _Potigi-iguaras_ exceed all the other _Brasilians_: They
place twenty or thirty Singers in a Row, which observing Time, Sing the
Transactions of their Predecessors with good Voices.
[Sidenote: The _Waimoores_.]
The _Waimoores_ are a strong People that inhabit the large Tract of Land
between _Bahia_ and _Isleos_, and having well timber’d Bodies, can keep
pace with a Horse running full speed. Five or six of them often set upon
a Sugar-Mill, though a hundred Men be at work in the same: They are all
over bedaub’d with Dirt, because they lie like Beasts on the Ground:
They wear long Hair, and have no certain Abodes.
[Sidenote: The _Tomonimenos_.]
The _Tomonimenos_, living about _Spirito Santo_, are more civilis’d;
they make Walls of Stone about their Huts; and these Walls are full of
Holes, through which they shoot Arrows at those that Invade them; their
Bodies are Painted red and black, and cover’d with Feathers. The
_Portuguese_ taking sixteen thousand of them Prisoners at once, kill’d
most of them, and destroy’d the Countrey all along the River _Paraiva_.
[Sidenote: The _Waitaquazes_.]
At the South and North Point of _Cape Frio_ dwell the _Waitaquazes_,
bigger and stronger than the _Waimoores_; and they also sleep like Hogs
on the Ground about a Fire, hold all People for their Enemies, and their
Flesh for the greatest Dainty. The Women Arm’d with Bowes and Arrows
stand by their Husbands in Battel.
[Sidenote: The _Wainasses_.]
[Sidenote: The Description of the Plant _Vruca_.]
On _Isla Grande_ reside the _Wainasses_, a little People, which have
very long Bellies, go stark naked, shave the Crown of their Heads, and
let the other part of their Hair hang down long on their Shoulders. The
Women, which are of gross Bodies, colour themselves Red with _Vruca_,
which is a wild Plant, but much us’d amongst them: the Kernels are
inclos’d in Husks full of red Fibres. These Kernels are not onely mix’d
with the other Ingredients of the _Chocaletta_ Drink, but also us’d to
Dye of a red Colour: The Wood of this Plant is very white, and the Bark
grey, like the Hazle; the Leaves being of a deep Green, resemble a
Heart; at the end of the Boughs grow several Blossoms, each as big as a
Rose, consisting of five Leaves, partly red and partly white, in the
middle whereof are yellowish Threds with purple Points, which give
little or no smell: after the Flower follows the Fruit, two Fingers
long; when it begins to be ripe it grows still redder and redder, each
Cod containing thirty or forty round Kernels, which being touch’d leave
a red tincture upon the Fingers; the Cod when ripe opens of it self, and
shews the Kernels speckled white, which dry’d, pounded, and mix’d with
Piss, Dye so strong a Red, that Linnen dipt into the same will never
receive any other Colour. This Root also boyl’d in Broth, makes it not
onely red, but gives it a pleasant taste.
[Sidenote: The _Topinaques_.]
The _Topinaques_, which dwell about _St. Vincent_, are a strong and
gross People, go stark naked both Men and Women: when they kill any of
their Enemies they Paint themselves with the Fruit _Janipano_, put a
great Plume of Feathers on their Head, and two Sticks in their Mouths,
Dancing with strange motions of the Body, inclining sometimes towards
the right, and sometimes towards the left side, for three day together;
during which time they drink a filthy kind of Liquor. The Women, who
have well proportion’d Bodies, onely covering their Heads with a Cap,
about which they tie a bread of Hair, to which a square Basket being
fastned, hangs below their Backs when they travel.
[Sidenote: The _Pories_.]
The Mountains along the Ocean, which inclose much Gold, are inhabited by
the _Pories_, a peaceable People, molesting none of their Neighbors;
they sleep in Nets of Flags, and have no other Houses than three Poles
plac’d triangular, and cover’d with Palm-Leaves; they feed on Pine-Nuts
and _Eyrires_, Apples that have Shells like a Walnut, and have also the
precious Balsam-Oyl in great abundance.
[Sidenote: The _Molopaques_.]
Along the River _Paradiva_ inhabit the _Molopaques_; the Men strong and
well timber’d, have Beards long enough to cover their Privities. The
Women also fair, modest, prudent, and never laughing, tie their Hair,
painted with several colours, round about their Middle with a Cord, so
that it serves in stead of an Apron. They observe a set-hour for Dinner
and Supper, which is not us’d by any other _Brasilians_. The Mountains
in these Parts consisting of a black Mold, have plenty of Gold, but it
is of no esteem or regard amongst them, onely that which is wash’d down
by the Rain they gather up, but put to no other use than to make Hooks
to hang their Nets on.
[Illustration]
[Sidenote: The _Motayas_.]
The _Motayas_, being of a low Stature and brown Complexion, shave off
the Hair of their Heads, or else pluck it up by the Roots; they are
eaters of Man’s-flesh.
Not far from whose Dominions appear the Mountains _Pinos_ up in the
Countrey, which abounding with Gold and Precious Stones, are inhabited
by the _Biheros_, otherwise call’d _Lopos_, which live under the Trees
like Beasts.
[Sidenote: The _Waianawasons_.]
[Sidenote: The _Tamoyes_.]
The _Waianawasons_ have little Villages, built along a nameless River;
they are a Gigantick People, but very ignorant. Thirteen _Portuguese_
undertaking some years ago to travel through this Countrey to the South
Sea, found on some Mountains abundance of Gold and Precious Stones; and
amongst many strange things they saw a Crystal Mountain ten days before
they came near it, over which they could not travel because of its
steepness; at the foot thereof sprung a broad Stream, making a great
noise. From thence travelling forward, they came to the _Tamoyes_
Countrey, the Men whereof, being well proportion’d, wore great Bunches
of Feathers on their Heads: The Women, exceeding fair, had carv’d
Breasts. The said _Portuguese_ being taken here, were put into Prison,
and all slain and eaten, excepting one, who escap’d after this manner:
Thirty thousand _Tamoyes_ falling into the Countrey of the _Amazons_, by
the _Americans_ call’d _Mandiocuysyams_, made a great Feast with three
hundred of them, whilest the rest fled to the River _La Plata_, where
they got help from the _Portuguese_, who kill’d ten thousand of the
_Tamoyes_, made the rest Slaves, and releas’d their imprison’d
Countreyman.
[Sidenote: The _Tocomans_, _Caryogs_, and _Maraquites_.]
The _Tocomans_, a little People, dwell between _La Plata_ and _St.
Vincent_.
The _Caryogs_ possess much Gold and Precious Stones.
The _Maraquites_, by the Western _Indians_ sur-named _Tapuiyers_, that
is, _Wild People_, are divided into seventy six sorts, all differing in
their Languages; amongst which the chiefest are the _Arodera_, _Cajau_,
_Maquaru_, and _Poyme_, which all live without Law, Religion, setled
Abodes, or Friendship with any Neighbors; and the Women Fight as well as
the Men. _Jacob Rabbi_, who dwelt a considerable time, and convers’d
amongst these People, describes their Customs thus:
[Sidenote: Their Customs describ’d.]