After spending five months with the British forces in the early part
of the war in the Transvaal, and then having an opportunity of
campaigning with the allied forces in China, it was extremely
interesting to make comparisons between them. The greater number of
the troops we employed in China were drawn from the Army of India. As
regards the French forces, they, at all events during the original
march to the relief of the Legations, were drawn from the troops which
were stationed at Tonkin. But the French troops that subsequently
arrived direct from France, as well as the German contingent, may
naturally be taken as average samples of their respective armies. It
is true that outside the siege of Tientsin there was very little
serious fighting. The engagements on the march up were not severe
ones, except that outside the eastern gate of Pekin itself. The action
here, however, was entirely confined to the Japanese. If this campaign
did not afford opportunities of observing the various troops under
severe strain of battle, it made up for it in a way by testing their
qualities, resources, and equipment for campaigning under
exceptionally trying circumstances. The weather during August, when
the march for the relief took place, was exceptionally hot, far
surpassing anything that I experienced in South Africa. The roads,
where there were any that might be dignified by that name, were
extremely bad, the dust was intense, the supply of water of the most
inferior quality, and the expedition, not being under the command of
one general, added irksome difficulties by the uncertainty of the
movements of its constituent parts from day to day.
Fighting is not the sole duty of soldiers in the field, and in almost
all their other duties apart from that we had ample and varied
opportunities of contrasting their merits. The Japanese infantry were
a surprise and a revelation to most of the Allies. Notwithstanding the
enormous trouble they have taken with their cavalry, it is immensely
inferior to every other arm of their service. This is not to be
wondered at when we reflect how little the Japanese are accustomed to
horse-riding at home, and what small opportunities they have of
acquiring that knowledge of the management of horses which comes
instinctively to the English groom, to the Irish farmer's son, or to
the field labourer. The defect of a want of efficient cavalry is with
the Japanese largely compensated for by the extreme mobility of their
infantry. They appear to do everything at the double. All their
soldiers seem to be perpetually kept in the best of hard training. If
they have not horses at home, they have plenty of rickshaw men, who
consider thirty to thirty-five miles of running not an excessive
day's work.
Often watching the Japanese manoeuvring in the field, it occurred to
me that if the men of her entire army had not served an apprenticeship
between the shafts of the rickshaw, they must at least have passed
through some training equally severe. On the expedition to Pekin they
carried with them a number of light calibre guns, which they pulled
into action, without horses, right into the firing line. In every
detail of their camp equipment, food-supply, and field hospital corps,
there was a neatness of packing and arrangement which apparently
resulted in their carrying all their requirements in about a third
less space than any of the others. The simple fare of the Japanese
soldiers was ideal for campaigning. Broadly speaking, it consists of
rice, with what might be called a flavouring of strong-tasting dried
fish and mysterious brown condiments suggestive of curry. As they have
modelled their fleet on our own, so they have drawn from the French
and German armies a selection of their uniform and equipment. The
colour of their uniform at home is dark blue. But during the
expedition to Pekin their uniform was white, which would have been
murderously conspicuous in operations against any force that was
composed of less bad marksmen than the Chinese. This is now to be
abandoned, and is to be replaced by something in the nature of khaki,
as will be the heavy round German caps by something in the nature of
straw hats or helmets, which will give more protection against the
sun, although not looking so smart.
Although the officers of all the Allies were immensely struck by the
discipline and equipment of the Japanese, close observers were still
more attracted by the underlying soldier spirit which animates them.
An inherent spirit of soldiering seems to possess every little Jap as
a natural heritage. They seem to love fighting for fighting's sake.
They appear to enjoy the whole thing like schoolboys do their games.
They take their killing much more kindly than the others, and appear
to be much more familiarised with the idea that it is part of the
game. Indeed, there is a zest and a verve and go about them when in
action that I have never seen in any other troops. There were numerous
instances in the siege of Tientsin of disregard of death. And outside
the gates of Pekin ten men who were killed in their attempts to blow
it up might apparently have been indefinitely multiplied at the
command of their officers without any danger of faltering. When at ten
o'clock at night they advanced to take the gate by assault which they
had failed to force in the morning, it was immensely attractive to
observe the gaiety, almost amounting to hilarity, with which they
advanced to the attack. All movements such as this they accompany with
singing. And after forcing the gate, when they met with opposition
going along the wall and had to lie down before a hot fire from the
Chinese, who made a final stand about half a mile from the gate,
the Japanese buglers stood up and played some of their quaint
war-songs.
[Illustration: Boer Shell Bursting Among The Lancers At Rietfontein.]
At night, in the camps on the way up, what I had mistaken for some
Buddhist evening prayer, when the soldiers tramped round like a human
prayer-wheel, was, I subsequently discovered, the chanting of a
war-song which had been composed by General Fukushima himself.
The interesting thing to observe will be to see how the Japanese
behave when they are getting the worst of it, how they will conduct
themselves when they are outnumbered, or when under the strain of a
losing fight. From a sporting standpoint, I'll be inclined to lay six
to four on a Japanese against a Russian regiment. I met some people on
the way to Pekin who regarded the Russians as the best war soldiers of
the lot. The Russians were intensely like the preconceived idea one is
inclined to form of Russians. Solid, deep-chested, heavy and hardy,
they gave one the idea of big, heavy farm labourers with a rifle
instead of a spade upon their shoulders. They never moved with
anything like the quickness which characterised the Japanese, yet they
plodded on with a dour stubbornness which gave the impression that if
their movements were not quick, they represented a weighty momentum
difficult to arrest. Although uncouth, and frequently savage in their
behaviour, they yielded a child-like, or almost slavish, obedience to
their officers, and on these officers should lie the blame of the
innumerable outrages committed by them, from which they might have
been restrained if kept properly under control.
Of the many tips which one force got from another, the Russians had an
admirable system of carrying with them on the march a sort of
locomotive kitchen, which consisted of a huge cauldron underneath
which was a coal fire. The contents of the cauldron, which appeared to
be the Russian equivalent for Irish stew, were hot and ready for the
men at any halt in the march. How delightful such an institution
would have been to Tommy in the miserably cold hours between two and
four o'clock on the veldt of a South African morning!
As regards the French force on the expedition to Pekin, in discipline
and in equipment and the conduct of the men composing it, it was
absolutely beneath contempt. Unless the art of foraging and looting
can be considered soldier-like qualities, they appeared to me to lack
every one.
I looked forward to seeing great things from the Germans. But I must
say that I was immensely disappointed. As far as parade-ground drill
was concerned they were admirable; as the mechanical and automatic
resultants of the efforts of the drill-sergeant they were possibly
unequalled. But they appeared to be heavy and slow in their movements.
On one little expedition outside Pekin for the purpose of surrounding
a body of Boxers, which was undertaken by a combined force of British,
Americans, Japanese, and Germans, the encircling movement proved a
failure owing to the Germans arriving an hour late at their appointed
position. Discussing the Germans one day with a Japanese officer, his
criticism on them was, "Very good soldiers, but I tink too much drill
drill."
If the Germans suffer from too much mechanical "drill drill," the
Americans certainly suffer from the opposite. Self-reliance,
independence, and individuality of action are all very desirable
qualities, but the Americans suffer immensely from the want of
discipline and drill. Perhaps the democratic feeling of the States
does not lend itself so easily to discipline. Each one of Napoleon's
soldiers was supposed to carry a marshal's bâton in his knapsack. The
American soldier has taken it therefrom, and is rather inclined to be
a marshal unto himself, thinks himself quite as good as his superior
officer, if not better, and, more than any other soldier, is given to
grumbling, and spends a lot of his attention, which should be
concentrated on merely obeying, to expressing his individual opinion.
The United States soldiers are far and away the best fed in the
world. Their standard of comfort, not to say luxury, is immensely
higher, and would be absolutely ruinous in an army the size of any of
those of Europe.
Comparing the various forces--as I had an opportunity of observing
them in China--with those of our own in South Africa, I am filled with
a much higher idea of the latter than before I had such a standard of
comparison. Our army, composed as it is in part of Colonial regiments,
is now a combination of various admirable qualifications. The
resourcefulness and individuality of action, which is the most
admirable thing to be found in the American army, was quite equalled
by men who composed such regiments as the Imperial Light Horse, the
South African Horse, Brabant's Horse, the New Zealanders, and the
Canadians.
The inspiring, ingrained fighting spirit of the Japs is to be found in
the Irish regiments, who are probably the best fighting men in the
world; the chivalrous gallantry of artillery in action, which Zola
wrote of in _La Débâcle_, I saw in quivering vitality at Elandslaagte
and Rietfontein, and not by the hastening of a step was the old
tradition of our artillery (to go into action at a gallop and come out
at a walk) forgotten in actions outside Ladysmith. Superior-speaking,
long-range critics talk disparagingly of our soldiers in the
Transvaal. Germans talk of how things should have been done,
forgetting that the little expedition they sent out to China was kept
waiting for a month at Tientsin before the men could start for
Paoting-fu, owing to the non-arrival of some essentials of their
equipment.
Far be it from me to think of posing as a military expert or a sort of
composite military _attaché_ to the allied forces. I speak merely as
an observant outsider. In riding to hounds one soon learns the men one
would select to ride against the pick of another pack. One feels in
his "innards" the man he would like to go tiger-shooting with,
although it would be another matter to put down his reasons in
writing, and much more so with soldiers in the field.
From what I have seen in South Africa and China, I feel and know
it--luminously know it in the marrow of my intelligence--that for that
South African job, if it were to be done over again, I would select
the British; that they have done, not alone as well, but better than
any other nation would have done. Many things might have been done
better. But apart from the question of transport, when I saw the
others there were everywhere signs of their probable failures being
infinitely more numerous.
There are only two armies that, granted the possibility of their being
landed in South Africa, could have conceivably tackled the job. These
are the Japanese and the Germans. The Japs would probably have failed
from their want of efficient mounted infantry or cavalry; the
beer-blown Germans would have been worn down by men of better physical
training. The war-knowledgeable brain, looking out through spectacled
eyes, would droop tired in its physical limber until it was brought
on a level with the less scientific but more practical weapon of the
polo-playing, cricketing, footballing British officer.
The Chinese had reached that ideal which we, at the end of the past
century, were making an initial attempt to attain to in the calling
together of the Hague Conference. For they had reached the stage of
advanced development where the pen is really mightier than the
sword--where the highest class in the community is that of the
scholar, the next that of the man who tills the soil, and the last
that of the man whose occupation it is to kill his fellow-man. Thus
the Orientals were naturally at the mercy of the Western countries,
the largest expenditure of whose revenue is absorbed by the cost of
killing-machines and men to work them.
The Chinese have a saying that, as the best iron is not made into
nails, so the best men are not made into soldiers. With our Western
civilisation, the best men and steel and soldiers found them an easy
victim. There are no people in the world who have a higher regard for
abstract justice and right than the Chinese. It is admitted by every
man who has had large commercial dealings with them that there are no
people who have a greater regard for straightforward, honest dealing.
In our dealings with them, as regards this campaign, right and justice
in every case have given place to might.
When the German officer I have referred to above pointed towards the
fields of millet which he wished to have burned, I was strikingly
reminded of a certain mysterious picture which some years ago had been
inspired or drawn by his Emperor and Kaiser. It had been called by
some "The Yellow Peril," and depicts the figure of Germania,
surrounded by the nations of Europe, standing on a pinnacle, and
pointing to a broad plain below traversed by a river, and from the
plain volumes of smoke rose skywards. No one seemed to know quite
definitely what the actual meaning of the picture was. But since this
latest crusade towards Pekin, the real meaning of it is suggested. In
this campaign of revenge, with the Germans as the leading performers
in it, animated and inspired by the speeches of their Emperor, the
picture, now illustrative of recent history, might bear a more actual
meaning.
"And Cæsar's spirit raging for revenge,
With Até by his side, come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines, with a monarch's voice,
Cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war,
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial."