[1]Alan Gardiner, _Egypt of the Pharaohs_ (Oxford: 1961), p. 207
[2]James Breasted, _A History of Egypt_ (New York: 1909), p. 356
[3]_Ibid._
[4]James H. Breasted, _Ancient Records of Egypt_, II (Chicago: 1906), p.
935
[5]Texts in N. deG. Davies, _The Rock Tombs of El Amarna_, V (London:
1908)
[6]Vol. I (London: 1903), p. 19
[7]The originality of Akhenaton's contribution to Egyptian life is
challenged by L. A. White, "Ikhanton; the Great vs. the Culture
Process," _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, LXVIII (1948),
pp. 91-114. He is answered by W. F. Edgerton, "The Great Man: A note
on methods." _Ibid._ pp. 192-193
[8]A. W. Shorter, "Historical Scarabs of Tuthmosis IV and Amenophis
III," _Journal of Egyptian Archaeology_, XVII (1931), pp. 23-25. See
also XVIII (1932), pp. 110-111; XXII (1936) pp. 3-7
[9]M. Sandman, _Texts for the Time of Akhenaton_ 92.8-9, 60.6; 1.7-9,
80.17-81.1
[10]M. Sandman, _Texts from the Time of Akhenaton_ pp. 93-96
[11]_The Dawn of Conscience_ (New York: 1933) pp. 286-87
[12]The words "Re" (meaning "the sun") and "end" are similar in
Egyptian. The principal shrine of Re was at Heliopolis.
[13]The Pharaoh was regarded as the son of Aton, hence divine in his own
right.
[14]Cf. Psalm 104:20, "Thou makest darkness and it is night when all the
beasts of the forest creep forth."
[15]Cf. Psalm 104:21, "The young lions roar for their prey, seeking
their food from God."
[16]The Two Lands are: Upper Egypt, the Nile Valley from the First
Cataract to the head of the Delta; and Lower Egypt, the Delta
region. The two Egypts were united _ca._ 3000 B.C. to form the
united Egypt of subsequent history. Pharaohs continued to bear the
title, "King of Upper and Lower Egypt" throughout ancient Egyptian
history.
[17]Cf. Psalm 104:22-23, "When the sun arises, they get them away and
lie down in their dens. Man goes forth to his work, and to his labor
until the evening."
[18]The spirit (Egyptian _ka_) was regarded as the vital principle or
fundamental nature of a person. "In praise to thy _ka_," is,
essentially, "In praise to thee."
[19]Psalm 104:10-14, "Thou makest springs to gush forth in the valleys;
they flow between the hills, they give drink to every beast of the
field; the wild asses quench their thirst. By them the birds of the
air have their habitation; they sing among the branches. From thy
lofty abode thou waterest the mountains; the earth is satisfied with
the fruit of thy work. Thou dost cause the grass to grow for the
cattle, and plants for man to cultivate."
[20]The "great green sea" is the Mediterranean. Cf. Psalm 104:25-26,
"Yonder is the sea, great and wide, which teems with things
innumerable, living things both small and great. There go the ships,
and Leviathan which thou didst form to sport in it."
[21]Cf. Psalm 104:24, "O Lord, how manifold are thy works, in wisdom
hast thou made them all; the earth is full of thy creatures."
[22]Cf. Psalm 104:27, "These all look to thee to give them their food in
due season."
[23]The Nile which watered Egypt was thought to have its source in a
subterranean river which provided water for Egypt's Nile.
[24]Egypt, essentially rainless, received its water from the Nile.
Foreign lands, however, received water from rains, hence the
reference to a "Nile in the sky."
[25]Cf. Psalm 104:6, 10, "Thou didst cover it with the deep as with a
garment; the waters stood above the mountains: ... Thou makest
springs gush forth in the valleys, they flow between the hills."
[26]Names of Akhenaton
[27]The Egyptian Pharaohs were both gods, and intermediaries between the
gods and the people of Egypt.
[28]Text 19, lines 59-67. The classification follows J. A. Knudtzon,
_Die El-Amarna Tafeln_ (Leipzig: 1907-15)
[29]Text 23, lines 13-29
[30]Text 15
[31]Text 16. The quotation is from lines 32 and 33
[32]Text 9
[33]Text 74, lines 30-65
[34]Text 158. The terms "father" and "son" are used to show respect.
Aziru was the son of Abdi-Ashirta.
[35]Text 126, lines 34-61
[36]Text 137, lines 75-76; 97-99
[37]Text 169, lines 12-15; 24-34
[38]Text 254, lines 10-19
[39]Text 244
[40]Text 245
[41]Text 246
[42]Text 288, lines 33-40. Nahrim is the land of Mitanni; Kapasi may be
Cush.
[43]Text 287, lines 53-57
[44]Text 280, lines 21-35
[45]F. Thureau-Dangin, "Nouvelles lettres d'el-Amarna," _Revue
d'Assyriologie et d'Archeologie orientale_, XIX, pp. 91-108. Text
290a in S. A. B. Mercer, _The Tell el-Amarna Tablets_ (Toronto:
1939)
[46]F. Thureau-Dangin, _op. cit._, pp. 91-108: Mercer text 248a
[47]This view was popularized by Sir Charles Marston in, _The Bible
Comes Alive_ (New York: n.d.), pp. 89-108. Marston felt that he
could identify Joshua in the Amarna texts.
[48]"The Ha-BI-ru--Kin or Foe of Israel?" _The Westminster Theological
Journal_ XIX-X), pp. 1-24; 170-184; 46-70
[49]So, for example, John Bright, _A History of Israel_ (Philadelphia:
1959), p. 113; G. Ernest Wright, _Biblical Archaeology_, 2nd edition
(Philadelphia: 1962), p. 60; Cyrus H. Gordon, _The World of the Old
Testament_ (Garden City: 1958), p. 144.
[50]Text 8, lines 25-34
[51]Text 34, lines 16-21; 35, lines 10-20
[52]Text 22, column 1, line 38; column 2 lines 1, 3, 16
[53]N. deG. Davies, _The Tomb of Rekh-mi-Re' at Thebes_ (New York:
1943).
[54]_The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt_ (Baltimore: 1958), p.
175
[55]_Op. cit._, p. 18
[56]_Life and Times of Akhenaton_ (London: 1922), p. 63
[57]_The Burden of Egypt_ (Chicago: 1954), p. 193
[58]J. D. S. Pendlebury, _Tell el-Amarna_ (London: 1935), p. 19
[59]J. Bennett, "The Restoration Inscription of Tut'Ankhamun," _Journal
of Egyptian Archaeology_, XXV (1939), pp. 8-15
[60]Albrecht Goetze, "Hittite Historical Texts," in _Ancient Near
Eastern Texts_, James Pritchard, ed. (Princeton: 1955), p. 319
[61]_Ibid._
[62]Albrecht Goetze, "Hittite Prayers," in _Ancient Near Eastern Texts_,
James Pritchard, ed. (Princeton: 1955), p. 395
[63]_Archaeology of the Old Testament: Was the Old Testament Written in
Hebrew?_ (London: 1913), p. 4
[64]Text 103, lines 39-43
[65]Text 93, lines 10-12
[66]Text 149, lines 17-19
[67]Text 148, lines 13-17
[68]Text 238, lines 9-12
[69]Text 118, lines 55-56
[70]Problems of chronology are acute. H. H. Rowley, _From Joseph to
Joshua_ (London: 1950) argues that Joseph was actually Akhenaton's
Prime Minister. Cf. pp. 119-120. Most contemporary scholars place
Joseph's entry into Egypt in Hyksos times (_ca._ 1720-1550 B.C.).
Cf. G. Ernest Wright, _Biblical Archaeology_ (Philadelphia: 1962),
pp. 53-58
[71]The Scarab is reproduced in A. deBuck, _Egyptian Reading Book I_
(Leiden: 1948), p. 67
[72]Musees Royaux (Bruxelles) tablet E6753, edited by Georges Dossin in
_Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archaeologie orientale_, XXXI, pp.
125-136. Mercer Number 31a