=Marriage.=--The _Medical Record_ says the unpopularity of marriage in

England continues unabated, and last year was the first in recent times

in which, while the price of wheat fell, the marriage rate remained

stationary. It is now 14.2 per 1,000. The decline in the popularity of

matrimony is greatest with those who have already had some experience of

wedded life. Between 1876 and 1888 the marriage rate fell 12 per cent

for bachelors and spinsters, 27 per cent for widowers, 31 per cent for

widows.

Another interesting fact is that the births have now reached the lowest

rate recorded since civil registration began. In 1876 the rate was 36.3

per 1,000; it is now 30.6. This is very satisfactory, and it is also

notable that the illegitimate birth-rate has declined, the proportion,

4.6 per cent, being the lowest yet registered. The worst feature in the

Registrar-General's returns, however, is the fact that the male births

had fallen in proportion to the female; in the last ten years 1,038 boys

were born for every 1,000 girls, and last year the male preponderance

had dropped by 5, and is now standing at 1,033 to 1,000.

M. Huth has recently published a valuable book on consanguinity. There

is no lack of instances of enforced consanguinity, in the matter of

marriage, in isolated communities, according to M. Huth, to disprove the

assumption that physical degeneration is likely to result from the

practice. An investigation into a number of unions between uncles and

nieces, nephews and aunts, and cousins in the first and second degree,

gives an average of children rather above than below the general

average, though this is attributed to some extent to the comparatively

early age at which such unions are generally contracted. Breeders inform

us that the results are markedly in favor of consanguineous unions

between healthy, well-bred animals. Unions between men or animals of

widely different varieties, on the other hand, have a decidedly

injurious effect on the offspring, and beyond a certain limit are

almost absolutely sterile. Mulattoes and the half-breeds of India and

America are striking examples of the deterioration to which such racial

disparity gives rise. The great point to bear in mind is that the union

of individuals with the same morbid tendencies intensifies the taint,

and that, too, quite irrespective of any consanguinity. The moral,

according to the author, is that the reasons which have led to the

prohibition of marriages within certain degrees of relationship are

social, and not physiological.

=Malaria (Chills and Fever).=--Mr. W. S. Green, editor of the _Weekly

Colusa Sun_, of this State, has made careful investigations on the

malaria question. We quote from his issue of May 12, 1888:--

"_Irrigation and Malaria._--At the irrigation convention held at

Riverside in March, '84, a paper by W. S. Green was read on the subject

of 'Irrigation on Health.' The writer took a new departure, and combated

notions held for ages; that is, he held that however much the received

notions of malaria might hold good as to other climates, they were not

correct when applied to California, where the air was in motion pretty

much all the while. Mr. Green received the highest indorsement of his

ideas, and they have come to be accepted as correct. His statement of

facts has been verified by almost all observing men.

"_To the Pres. of the Irrigation Convention, Riverside, Cal._--

"Having taken great interest in the problem of irrigation for twenty

years and over, I had intended to be present at your meeting, but at

this date I find it will be impossible. If a man possesses a mite of

knowledge or an idea on this great subject, it is his duty to give his

co-workers the benefit of it.

"During a residence of thirty-four years in the Sacramento Valley, I

have had time and opportunity to observe and to study its sanitary

conditions, and these observations bear directly, I think, on the

subject of the effect of irrigation on the health of a country. I am led

by these observations to reject almost _in toto_ the long-accepted

theory of infection by malaria from the atmosphere, that is, so far as

it pertains to California. I will not consume your time with a technical

dissertation, but will state some facts as briefly as possible, and in

plain, homely phrase.

"When I saw people living all along the margins of the tules, where in

summer the water became hot and stale and full of decaying vegetation,

and hundreds of forms of animal life, and yet remain entirely free from

malarial influence, I began to think there was some mistake in the

accepted theory. I do not pretend to say that all the people living

along the tule margins were or are healthy. All who occupy some places

seem to be attacked by chills, while the occupants of places close by

are never so attacked. Health is the rule. I saw that all these people,

those on the healthy and those on the sickly places, must breathe the

same air, coming to them from the same hot, stagnant water and decaying

vegetation, and I concluded that malaria was not in the air. But I

investigated further.

"There are clay, or, as some call them, hardpan banks to the upper

Sacramento River, which are from a quarter of a mile to a mile apart.

The river, for some very indefinite number of centuries, has vibrated

between these banks--washing in on one side and filling in on the other.

There is, then, an old or clay formation and a newer or alluvial

formation; of course, there is alluvium on top of the clay, but this is

not to our purpose. When I first saw the valley in 1850, this new land,

some of it as high as the old, was covered with pea vines, blackberry

vines, and a dense undergrowth generally, while the other grew wild oats

and was usually as open as our wheat-fields. I began to notice that

those people who built their houses and _dug their wells_ on a newer

formation generally had chills, while the others, as a rule, had not.

Sometimes these sickly and healthy places would be but a few feet apart.

They breathed the same air, but they _did not drink the same water_. I

began to conclude that these people, both along the river and around the

margins of the tules, drank the germ of disease and did not breathe it,

and I continued my observations.

"The town of Colusa is built upon the old, or clay formation, and the

people are entirely free from the so-called malarial influence. They are

almost entirely free from chills, typhoid fevers, diphtheria, etc., but

just at the lower end of the town there is evidence that the river at

one time ran almost at right angles with its present course, and while

the land is just as high, and very large oaks grew upon it, showing the

formation to be very old--the span of human life taken as a measure--yet

in digging and boring wells, as well as by the indigenous growth, the

very great difference in the age of the formation was apparent. Upon

this new formation an extension to the town was located, and among other

buildings the county hospital was placed there. The patients and

employes of the hospital all had chills for several years, until the

physician-in-charge, Dr. W. H. Belton, noticed that the people generally

who used water from wells on this newly-made land had chills, while the

others had not, and caused pipes from the town waterworks, into which

river water was pumped, to be laid to the hospital. There was an

_immediate_ change. At the commencement of the use of river water, there

were some forty persons in the hospital, all with chills, but since the

building has been almost entirely free from it. There could be no more

conclusive evidence that these people _drank_ the germ of the disease

and _did not breathe it_.

"It is claimed that after a wet season there is more malaria in the air,

and that hence people are more subject to disease. I have investigated

this, and my observations, extended over a number of years, have

convinced me that the water in the wells is simply raised to a newer

stratum, one not thoroughly washed, as it were, and that people drink

the germ of disease, and do not breathe it.

"My conclusions are, therefore, that irrigation will tend to bring on

malarial disorders, as it raises the water in wells to a newer stratum

of earth, but no further. When we irrigate so as to produce this effect

we must _go down_ after pure drinking water, or bring it to our houses

in pipes. The effect of disorders thus brought about is easily remedied.

"I do not wish to be understood as maintaining that there may be no such

thing as poison in the atmosphere. In some localities, where the air is

not in motion every day, as it is here, the air, like standing water,

may become stagnant. I know of some hotels in this valley totally void

of drainage, and where the accumulated filth of a quarter of a century

stands in the yards in cess-pools. In some countries this would kill

ninety out of a hundred people who would stop in them a week, but here

we feel no inconvenience from it, except in so far that the water may

become impregnated. Air in motion, like water in motion, purifies

itself, and hence I have come to the rejection of the theory of malaria

in the air."

Of our own remedies we feel very proud because they are sure to kill

chills and fever. There are two:--

_First:_ Take the proportions of one (1) of sulphur to two (2) of gin,

or 4 fluidounces of gin to 2 of sulphur. Let it stand overnight. For an

adult take one teaspoonful of this mixture in a little water from 15 to

30 minutes before the attack. Remain in bed in a room warmed to 90 degrees

Fahr., for from 6 to 10 hours. This has not been known to fail.

_Second:_ This requires much care and judgment. Take a whole nutmeg

finely grated, and its equal quantity of pulverized alum, thoroughly mix

them, and take at one dose; the _time_ to take it has everything to do

with its effect. It must be taken between 10 and 17 minutes before the

shake is due to come on. Go to bed immediately, using double the usual

amount of bedclothes, remain there from 1-1/2 to 3 hours, and both

chills and fever will permanently depart. If the medicine is taken too

soon (say 30 minutes before the shake), the attack will be more severe;

if taken immediately after the shake it will increase the fever; in

either case the dose will have to be repeated to effect a cure. This

latter treatment completely cured the author.

=Nervousness and Worry.=--One meets few unworried people. Most faces

bear lines of care. Men go anxious to their day's duties, rush through

the hours with feverish speed, and bring hot brain and tumultuous pulse

home at night for restless, unrefreshing sleep. This is not only a most

unsatisfactory, but is also a most costly, mode of living. The other

night the train lost two hours in running less than a hundred miles. "We

have a hot box," was the polite conductor's reply to some impatient

passengers who begged to know the cause of the long delays at stations.

This hot-box trouble is not altogether unknown in human life. There are

many people who move swiftly enough and with sufficient energy, but who

grow feverish and are thus impeded in their progress. A great many

failures in life must be charged to worrying. When a man worries he is

impeded in several ways. For one thing he loses his head. He cannot

think clearly. His brain is feverish, and will not act at its best. His

mind becomes confused, and his decisions are not to be depended upon.

The result is that a worried man never does his work as well as he

should do it, or as he could do it if he were free from worry. He is apt

to make mistakes. Marks of feverishness are sure to be seen somewhere in

whatever he does. Remedy: Keep cool, think three times before you act

once.

=Obesity and Thinness.=--To increase the weight; Eat, to the extent of

satisfying a natural appetite, of fat meats, butter, cream, milk, cocoa,

chocolate, bread, potatoes, peas, parsnips, carrots, beets, farinaceous

food, or Indian corn, rice, tapioca, sago, corn-starch, pastry,

custards, oatmeal, sugar, sweet wines, and ale. Avoid acids. Exercise as

little as possible, sleep all you can, and don't worry or fret. To

reduce the weight: Eat, to the extent of satisfying a natural appetite,

of lean meat, poultry, game, eggs, milk moderately, green vegetables,

turnips, succulent fruits, tea or coffee. Drink lime juice, lemonade,

and acid drinks. Avoid fat, butter, cream, sugar, pastry, rice, sago,

tapioca, corn-starch, potatoes, carrots, beets, parsnips, and sweet

wines. Exercise freely.

=Piles.=--When piles become painful, whether they protrude or not, the

patient should take a warm hip-bath and remain in until the pain ceases,

extra precaution being taken for cleanliness, using pure white castile

soap with the hip-bath. A careful diet of farinaceous and other

easily-digested food, and regularity in going to stool, will suffice to

cure the majority of cases. If the piles are bleeding, apply a salve of

opium and nut-gall; if itching, a drop of oil of cade will give relief.

Linseed oil, applied to the piles, is said to be an effective remedy. In

severe cases of piles great relief is afforded by the use of

suppositories made after the following formula: 2 grains sulphate

morphina, 2 grains extract belladonna, 1 scruple tannin.

The above mixed with a sufficient quantity of cocoa butter to make

twelve suppositories of one-half ounce each; one to be used every night

on retiring.

=Poisons.=--Poisons may be classified under two distinct

heads--_mineral_ and _vegetable_. _Mineral poisons_ are irritating and

corrosive in their action. They produce a metallic taste in the mouth,

burning pains in the throat, stomach, and bowels, and, often, violent

retching and bloody vomiting, purging, cramps, cold sweats, and great

depression. _Vegetable poisons_ are chiefly narcotics, and many of them

are as virulent as any in the mineral kingdom. They cause giddiness,

drowsiness, stupor, insensibility or delirium, and oppressed breathing.

_General Directions._--First and instantly dilute the poison with large

draughts of warm water, either clear, or, if the particular poison is

known, containing the proper antidote. This will usually cause vomiting,

which is to be desired. If vomiting does not soon occur, excite it.

Protect as much as possible the lining membrane of the stomach and

bowels from contact with the poison by large and frequent doses of

sweet-oil, mucilage of gum arabic, flaxseed tea, milk, etc. Melted

cosmoline, vaseline, butter, or lard will serve for this purpose. Keep

up the temperature by means of warm blankets, hot bottles, etc.; and if

there are marked evidences of sinking, such as a failure of the pulse,

or very feeble, gasping respiration, give a little stimulus, preferably

by injection into the bowels. In the case of an adult, a tablespoonful

of brandy, whisky or gin, with an equal quantity of water, may be

administered in this manner every five or ten minutes, until reaction

sets in--that is, until the face regains its color, the pulse becomes

stronger, and the breathing natural.

A general antidote for all cases of poisoning, where the nature of the

poison is unknown, is a mixture of carbonate of magnesia, powdered

charcoal, and hydrated sesquioxide of iron, equal parts, in water.

POISONS--MINERAL. _Acids.--Muriatic_ (spirit of salt), _nitric_ (aqua

fortis), _sulphuric_ (oil of vitriol), _oxalic_, _nitro-muriatic_,etc.

Nitric and sulphuric acids are sometimes used for the removal of warts;

oxalic acid is often employed for taking out iron or ink stains;

muriatic and nitro-muriatic acids are frequently prescribed medicinally.

As soon as a poisonous dose has been swallowed, seek for something which

will neutralize the acid. Powdered chalk, whiting, magnesia, or lime

scraped from a wall and stirred in water, may be given in any of these

cases. For sulphuric or muriatic acid also administer soap-suds, sweet

milk, common soap cut into small pieces, baking or washing soda, or

saleratus, giving these latter in very small quantities at a time, so as

not to produce dangerous distension of the stomach, from the evolution

of gas. In the case of sulphuric acid, water must not be used freely at

first, at least not unless it contains some antidote, as the heat

produced, when this acid and water are mixed, is sufficient of itself to

cause serious damage.

_Ammonia, and other alkalies (Caustic Potash, Soda or

Lime)._--Antidotes: Vinegar, lemon juice, or a weak solution of tartaric

acid, to be followed immediately with sweet-oil or mucilage of gum

arabic, and an emetic. Also give an injection of boiled starch. Pain may

be relieved with laudanum, in doses of ten to fifteen drops, as the

paroxysms occur.

_Antimony (Butter of Antimony, Tartar Emetic)._--Encourage vomiting. The

antidotes are milk, tea, tannic acid.

_Arsenic, Ratsbane, Paris Green, Cobalt, and all arsenical preparations

used as rat poisons._--Give the whites of five or six eggs, beaten in

half a pint of water; or, flour and water, barley water, flaxseed tea,

or magnesia. Also administer an emetic of five grains of sulphate of

copper (blue vitriol), or fifteen grains of sulphate of zinc (white

vitriol), ipecac, or mustard and water. After the vomiting, give

hydrated sesquioxide of iron in tablespoon doses, every fifteen minutes,

until danger is past. This is the best-known antidote for arsenic, and

should be procured fresh from the drug store if possible.

_Chloral, Chloroform, Ether._--Cold water should be sprinkled over the

face and applied to the head. If breathing is suspended, treat the

patient for artificial respiration. The use of electricity is

recommended.

_Corrosive Sublimate_ (Bedbug Poison), _Calomel_ (Mercury).--The whites

of three or four eggs, beaten in water, should be given without delay.

If eggs are not at hand, flour or thin starch gruel, mucilage of gum

arabic, or milk, will answer. An emetic should be taken immediately

after the antidote has been administered.

_Iodine_ (used for external application).--If it has been swallowed,

give a paste of starch, or flour and water.

_Lead, Salts of (Sugar of Lead, Lead Paint)._--After an emetic,

administer as much Epsom salt, or Glauber's salt, as the patient can

drink. Then give large quantities of milk and whites of eggs.

_Lunar Caustic, Nitrate of Silver.--Give a large teaspoonful of common

salt, in a glass of water. Repeat the dose every ten minutes for an

hour. Then give a dose of castor-oil, and let the patient drink freely

of flaxseed tea, barley water, or sweet milk.

_Muriates of Tin and Zinc._--These poisons are sometimes found in canned

goods--fruits, vegetables, fish, and meats. They cause nausea, vomiting,

sudden failure of the vital forces, and sometimes cramps and

convulsions. Milk, the whites of eggs, strong tea, or tincture of

Peruvian bark, should be given. After the violent symptoms have

subsided, the patient should drink freely of flaxseed tea or barley

water.

_Phosphorus, Matches._--Give large quantities of warm water containing

calcined magnesia, chalk, or whiting.

_Prussic Acid._--Liquor of ammonia, in doses of ten drops to a

tablespoonful of water, should be given every fifteen minutes, until the

patient is out of danger. Also apply smelling salts to the nose, dash

cold water in the face, and give stimulants.

_Verdigris._--Give sugar, milk, and whites of eggs in large quantities,

then strong tea, but no acids of any kind.

Poisons--Vegetable. _Aconite._--Induce free vomiting, then give brandy

or whisky every half hour until the dangerous symptoms are allayed.

_Alcohol, Spirits._--Give half a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of

ammonia in sweetened water every half hour. Bromide of potassa, in doses

of fifteen to thirty grains, every two or three hours, will also be

found useful.

_Cocaine_ is the alkaloid of the coca plant of South American origin. It

is generally employed in the form of muriate of cocaine and principally

used as a local anaesthetic. It should only be used under the direction

of a physician. It may occasion dangerous effects even in doses usually

deemed safe. When it has been taken internally, the proper antidote is a

powerful emetic followed by stimulants--such as liquor and spirits of

ammonia--administered internally. When it has been used to a dangerous

extent externally, give whisky or brandy and ammonia.

_Laudanum, Opium, Paregoric, Morphia, Belladonna, Hyoscyamus,

Stramonium, and Conium._--An emetic of mustard and water, twenty grains

of sulphate of zinc (white vitriol), or thirty grains of powdered

ipecac, should be given. Strong coffee, brandy, or whisky should then be

administered in large quantities, and the patient walked around the

room. Slapping, pinching, dashing cold water in the face, and even

whipping, may be necessary to keep the patient awake.

_Strychnine (Nux Vomica)._--Give an emetic of a solution of sulphate of

zinc (white vitriol), or a strong infusion of tobacco; or inject into

the bowels bromide of potassium, thirty grains, and the extract of coca,

one-half ounce. During the spasms, the patient should breathe chloroform

or ether from a saturated cloth held to the nose and mouth.

_Toadstools (False Mushrooms) and other poisonous plants and seeds, such

as are liable to be picked up and eaten by children._--Empty the stomach

at once by an emetic you have at hand.

Coffee poisoning occurs mostly with well-to-do people--those who are

overfed. Tea poisoning comes to hard-working, half-starved women. The

symptoms of coffee poisoning are want of appetite, sleeplessness, and

nervous tremblings, with various indications of indigestion and torpor

of liver. Tea poisoning requires rest and nourishment; but the victim of

coffee excess usually needs to unload his system by exercise on a low

diet.

_Antipyrine._--Dr. T. E. Smith, of Cincinnati, had his whole right side

paralyzed by a ten-grain dose of antipyrine. The dose is an ordinary

one. This powerful drug is much resorted to by grippe victims.

=Removal of Foreign Substances.=--Considering the frequency with which

foreign bodies are swallowed, especially by children, the best treatment

to employ in such cases should be generally known. A variety of such

methods have been advocated, but just now the so-called "potato cure"

appears to be the most popular. One physician not long ago reported that

he had successfully applied it with the best results in three cases. One

was that of a 6-year-old boy, who swallowed a small weight; another that

of a girl, 9 years old, who had swallowed a nail; and the remaining one

that of a woman who had swallowed a set of teeth. He fed the patients

for three days on nothing but potatoes. This treatment is a method in

vogue among the pickpockets of London, who, swallowing their booty, live

on potatoes until the stolen articles have passed down and out of the

body.

=Rheumatism.=--Those who have a tendency to that disease should "take a

stitch" now and free their systems from all injurious retained matter.

They should live abstemiously, exercise freely, keep the skin active by

frequent bathing, the bowels open with fruits, and drink water in large

quantities. Water dissolves and washes waste matter out of the system;

it is therefore an absolute essential where there is any impairment in

the action of the kidneys, bowels, or skin. He who applies this simple

treatment, and takes proper care of himself otherwise, may feel quite

secure from attacks of rheumatism.

"Practical Medicine" suggests: "Make a concentrated emulsion of black

soap, 200 grammes; add thereto 100 or 150 grammes of turpentine, and

shake the whole vigorously until a beautiful creamy emulsion is

obtained. For a bath take half of this mixture, which possesses an

agreeable pine odor. After remaining in the bath a quarter of an hour,

the patient should get into bed, when a prickling sensation, not

disagreeable, however, is felt over the entire body; then, after a nap,

he awakens with marked diminution of rheumatic pains."

Flour of sulphur dusted into the soles of the shoes and stockings is

said to be a perfect preventive. The exciting causes of rheumatism are

cold or wet applied to the body when in a state of heat, exposure to

cold winds, remaining long in wet clothes, sleeping in a damp bed, or

blood-poisoning. Acute attacks of rheumatism should be treated by

painting the affected part with tincture of iodine.

=Seasickness.=--Experts claim that seasickness can be regulated by a

system of breathing. One must sit still and time the breathing to the

upward and downward motion of the boat. As the boat falls there should

be a full expiration, and as the boat rises start on an inspiration

ending just as the boat begins to drop.

=Sleep.=--The "Home Maker" says: "Up to the fifteenth year most young

people require ten hours, and till the twentieth year, nine hours. After

that age everyone finds out how much he or she requires, though, as a

general rule, at least six to eight hours are necessary. Eight hours'

sleep will prevent more nervous derangements in women than any medicine

can cure. During growth there must be ample sleep if the brain is to

develop to its full extent, and the more nervous, excitable, or

precocious a child is, the longer sleep should it get if its

intellectual progress is not to come to a premature standstill, or its

life be cut short at an early age."

A doctor of prominence says: "There is no doubt in my mind but the

belief that human beings should sleep with their bodies lying north and

south has its foundation in true scientific facts. Each human system has

two magnetic poles--one positive and one negative. Now, it is true that

some persons have the positive pole in the head and the negative pole in

the feet, and _vice versa_. In order that the person sleeping should be

in perfect harmony with the magnetic phenomena of the earth, the head,

if it possesses the positive pole, should lie to the south, or if the

feet possess the positive pole the head should lie to the north. The

positive pole should always lie opposite to the magnetic center of the

continent and thus maintain a magnetic equilibrium. The positive pole of

the person draws one way, but the magnetic pole of the earth draws the

other way and forces the blood toward the feet, affects the iron in the

system, tones up the nerves, and makes sleep refreshing and

invigorating. But if the person sleeps the wrong way and fails to become

magnetically _en rapport_ with the earth, he will then probably be too

magnetic, and he will have a fever resulting from the magnetic forces

working too fast, or he will not be magnetic enough, and the great

strain will cause a feeling of lassitude, sleep will not be refreshing,

and in the morning he will have no more energy than there is in a cake

of soap. Some persons may scoff at these ideas, but the greatest

scientific men of the world have studied the subject. Only recently the

French Academy of Science made experiments upon the body of a

guillotined man, which go to prove that each human system is in itself

an electric battery, one electrode being represented by the head, the

other by the feet. The body was taken immediately after death and placed

on a pivot, to move as it might. After some vacillation the head

portion turned toward the north, the body then remaining stationary. One

of the professors turned it half way around, but it soon regained its

original position, and the same result was repeatedly obtained, until

organic movement finally ceased."

=Small-pox and Vaccination.=--Notwithstanding existing prejudices,

statistics prove the great usefulness of vaccination. In small-pox

epidemics, of those persons attacked who have not been vaccinated, one

case in four is fatal; while of those who have been vaccinated, the

death rate is not one in four hundred and fifty. In cities, it is

important that every infant should be vaccinated before it is six months

old. In the country, the operation may be deferred until the infant is a

year old. Care should be taken to have the virus fresh and from the cow.

The taking of virus from a child, or an adult, should never be allowed,

as constitutional diseases are often transmitted in that way.

Vaccination is performed by making a small incision in the skin and

introducing the virus on the point of a lancet or needle. On the third

day, if the desired result has been attained, a small red spot may be

seen. This increases in size, becomes elevated, and, by the sixth day,

is filled with a clear, yellow liquid. About the eighth day, the pustule

is fully formed, when symptoms of small-pox are usually felt,--headache,

shivering, loss of appetite, etc. These symptoms subside in a day or

two; the fluid in the pustule dries up, and a scab forms, which remains

about two weeks and then disappears, leaving a scar. The affected part

should be protected by a loose bandage, and all scratching or rubbing

prevented.

The theory in regard to vaccination is that the disease in a mild form

takes hold of the system, and either completely or partially destroys

the liability to contract the same disease in the future. If the

destruction is only partial, it can be made total by future

vaccinations. All authorities agree that it is necessary to revaccinate

frequently--just as often, in fact, as the system shows itself in

readiness to take the vaccinations. Then as often as once in five or

seven years vaccination should be repeated in order to obtain complete

immunity from small-pox.

=Superstitions.=--Numerous are the dangerous superstitions about

marriage. For instance, the bride must not try on her wedding gown, or

ill-luck will follow. She must not look in the glass after she is fully

dressed and ready for the ceremony. She must not enter her new home by

stepping over the threshold, but must be carried over it by one of her

relatives. A piece of the bride's cake must be broken over her head as

soon as she is safely on the other side. It is very unlucky for her to

be in a happy state on her wedding-day. She must be as dolorous as

possible, violent fits of weeping being especially beneficial.

It is a good idea for the brides-maids to throw away as many pins as

possible on the wedding-day, as this will hasten marriage. The bride

should throw away her slipper in leaving the wedding feast, and she who

catches it will be the first married. The month of May is generally

conceded to be the most unfortunate for marriages. The lucky months are

January, April, August, October, and November. January is especially

lucky.

Lovers should carefully avoid passing a sharp or pointed instrument from

one to the other. Such things tend to cause quarrels. The wedding should

be put off by all means if a cat sneezes on the eve of the wedding-day.

It should never take place if the cat is black. To sweep dust over a

girl's feet or legs will be certain to make an old maid of her.

Should the younger sister of a family marry first, the older sisters

will be condemned to lasting celibacy unless they dance at her wedding

in their stocking-feet.

The wedding-ring of the mother is an infallible cure for eruptions on

the skin of the child. The ring must be rubbed three times around each

sore. Cure is certain.

The virtue of the dew that glitters and sparkles in every leaf and

flower of a May morning has been recognized from the earliest times. If

a young girl wishes to obtain and preserve a glorious complexion she

should venture out of a May morning and wash her face in this dew.

To spit in the hand before undertaking anything, whether in love, war,

or business, will not fail to bring luck. If you are out fishing, do

not step over your rod, or you will catch no more fish than did Simple

Simon in his mother's pail.

Of births, it may be said in general that a crying child will grow up to

be a great and useful man. This omen is not very clearly settled,

however, and is often given the other way. Some seer far back in the

ages discovered the following: Born on Monday, fair in the face; born on

Tuesday, full of God's grace; born on Wednesday, sour and sad; born on

Thursday, merry and glad; born on Friday, worthily given; born on

Saturday, work for your living; born on Sunday, you will never know

want.

To recall a person after they have left the house is bad luck. To go

back for something forgotten is also bad luck, unless you sit down

before going out again.

If, when you sit before the fire, a live coal jumps out, it is a sign

that you are to have good luck, especially in money matters. To wash in

water another has washed in is not only bad sanitarily, but also

superstitiously. He who makes many crumbs at the table will never have

any money to spare. It is flying in the face of fortune to sweep dust

out of the front door or to allow it to be swept out. In so doing you

are sweeping out your good luck. To count one's gains brings luck, but

to find money is the worst possible luck.

The 4-leaved clover once found, should be treasured, as every

school-child knows and believes. It brings luck of every description.

Eve attempted to carry a 4-leaved shamrock of precious stone from

Paradise with her, but it fell and shattered at her feet. Think of the

disaster thus entailed upon the human race!

To see the moon over the left shoulder is as unlucky as to hold the four

of clubs at cards. But the new moon seen over the right shoulder, or

straight in front, portends fortune as smiling as her own bright rays.

One should be careful in writing a letter not to cross out a word in it.

To do so means that any request you may have made in the letter will not

be granted. It is very unlucky to dry a letter before the fire, instead

of allowing it to dry slowly and naturally. But unluckiest of all is to

drop the letter on the floor after finishing it.

Birth, marriage, and death are the three most important events in every

life. Death, being the most dreadful, comes in for the largest share.

One of the best ways given us of avoiding it when mortal sickness is

upon us is to allow the report to be circulated that you are already

dead. The chances are strongly in favor of getting well. Especially is

this so if friends begin to arrange for the funeral. A sure sign of

early death is for a person to scatter the leaves of a red rose upon the

ground. It is extremely hazardous to an infant's life to pare its nails

before it is a year old. They should be bitten off.

Some superstitions of my early life which I still remember are:--

1. Turning a loaf of bread upside down creates family quarrels. 2.

Allowing anyone to pass between you and your companion evil and death to

follow. 3. Breaking a mirror, death in the family. 4. Having your hair

cut on Sunday, forgetfulness. 5. Beginning an undertaking on Friday, ill

luck. 6. Sitting at table or in company when just 13 are present, a

death of one of their number before the year is done. 7. Presenting a

sharp instrument or edge-tool to anyone, ill luck to ensue. 8. Putting

on any garment inside out, unless you retain it until the sun goes down,

bad luck to come. 9. Spilling salt, unless some is thrown into the fire

or over the left shoulder, misfortune. During my life I have done

everything in the above list that is claimed should not be done, that

fell in my way to do, and still live and prosper, although born on

Friday, and being one of a family of 13 children.

=Snake Bites.=--Tie a string or ligature hard around the injured limb

and above the bitten place; suck the wound, so as to extract the poison,

but be careful to see that the person who performs the sucking has no

open sore in his mouth; wash with warm water and apply caustics, such as

carbolic acid or concentrated liquor of ammonia; give five to ten grains

of carbonate of ammonia, in water, every hour, and stimulate the patient

with whisky or brandy; rub the limbs with pieces of flannel dipped in

hot whisky or diluted alcohol. Medical attendance should be secured as

soon as possible.

=Tape-worm.=--Recently attention has been called to cocoanuts as a

vermifuge. Professor Paresi, of Athens, when he was in Abyssinia,

happened to discover that ordinary cocoanut possesses vermifuge

qualities in a high degree. He took, one day, a quantity of the juice

and pulp, and shortly afterward felt some gastric disturbance, which,

however, passed off in a few hours. Subsequently he had diarrhea, and

was surprised to find that there had been expelled a complete tape-worm,

head and all, quite dead. After returning to Athens he made a number of

observations which were most satisfactory, the tape-worm being always

passed and quite dead. He orders the milk and pulp of one cocoanut to be

taken early in the morning, fasting, no purgative or confinement to the

house being required.

=Teeth.=--For toothache rub a little essential oil on the face, at the

hinge of the jaw, on the side that aches.

=Tobacco.=--Probably no subject in our book can interest the majority of

persons more than this great question of the use of tobacco. We have a

collection of opinions from the best authorities:--

The _Medical News_ published a paper by Dr. Wm. L. Dudley, Professor of

Chemistry in the Vanderbilt University, giving the results of recent

careful analytical experiments made by him in his laboratory with the

smoke of an ordinary cigarette. Mice were used upon which to employ his

tests. It is not needful that we should give the professor's description

of his _modus operandi_ by means of air-tubes, an aspirator, a glass

jar, etc., the results of his experimentation being the chief object of

interest in which the reader is concerned. Suffice it to say, then, that

in each of his several chemical tests by the gradual combustion of a

single cigarette, the mouse that was the recipient of the resultant

smoke died in the course of the operation, being literally poisoned to

death by inhaling the carbonic oxide evolved from the "noxious weed."

The blood of the dead creature being subjected to spectroscopic

examination, it was found that the veinous fluid had been so completely

altered and vitiated that death was the inevitable effect. The tests

were thoroughly scientific and conclusive. The fact was demonstrated,

beyond the chance of doubt or question, that carbonic oxide is the chief

constituent of cigarette smoke, if not all tobacco smoke, and that its

inhalation into the air-passage and lungs must of necessity be

exceedingly deleterious, as much so to men and boys as to mice.

Cases of poisoning due to meat which seemed thoroughly wholesome have

sometimes occurred and have remained unexplained. In the _Revue d'

Hygiene_, M. Bourrier, inspector of meat for the city of Paris, makes a

suggestion. He described his experiments with meat impregnated with

tobacco smoke. Some thin slices of beef were exposed for a considerable

time to the fumes of tobacco, and afterward offered to a dog which had

been deprived of food for twelve hours. The dog, after smelling the

meat, refused to eat it. Some of the meat was then cut into small pieces

and concealed within bread. This the dog ate with avidity, but in twenty

minutes commenced to display the most distressing symptoms, and soon

died in great agony.

All sorts of meat, both raw and cooked, some grilled, roasted, and

boiled, were exposed in tobacco smoke and then given to animals, and in

all cases produced symptoms of acute poisoning. Even the process of

boiling could not extract from the meat the nicotine poison. Grease and

similar substances have facilities of absorption in proportion with

their fineness and fluidity. Fresh-killed meat is more readily

impregnated, and stands in order of susceptibility as follows--pork,

veal, rabbit, poultry, beef, mutton, horse.

A simple experiment which will show how injurious is cigarette smoke

inhaled may be easily performed by means of a handkerchief: After taking

a mouthful of smoke, put the handkerchief tightly over the lips and blow

the smoke through it. You will find a dark brown stain on it. If the

smoke is inhaled, and then blown through the handkerchief, there is very

little stain, if any; consequently all that nicotine must remain in the

lungs.

_An Ex-Smoker's Advice._--A young man who, not long ago, was an

inveterate smoker, but who was recently induced to "swear off," came to

me and talked in this strain: "I have been doing some figuring lately,

and the result astonishes me. When I was smoking my hardest my average

was eight cigars a day. Sometimes it would run over eight and sometimes

under; but eight was about the all-round figure. I rarely bought my

cigars by the box, and as I indulged in straight 10-cent goods, 80 cents

a day was what my smoking cost me. This, with 40 cents added for cigars

that I gave away and lost shaking dice, make a total of about $6.00 a

week that I now save. It is just nine weeks and three days since I swore

off, and by Saturday I shall have $60 in the bank, without an effort on

my part save that required to control an unnecessary appetite. I must

also regard as an asset the superabundance of animal spirits I enjoy as

a direct result of my abstinence from a habit that everybody knows is

weakening, when indulged in to excess. Smoke yourself, do you? Well, try

my scheme. Swear off and put your cigar money in the bank. You might

need it some day, even if you are a newspaper man."

The New York _Medical Journal_ contains a convincing article on tobacco:

"Tobacco contains an acrid, dark brown oil, an alkaloid, nicotine, and

another substance called nicotianine, in which exists its odorous and

volatile principles. When tobacco is burned a new set of substances is

produced, some of which are less harmful than the nicotine, and are more

agreeable in effect, and much of the acrid oil--a substance quite as

irritating and poisonous as nicotine--is carried off. These

fire-produced substances are called, from their origin, the 'pyridine

series.' By great heat the more aromatic and less-harmful members of the

series are produced, but the more poisonous compounds are generated by

the slow combustion of damp tobacco. This oil which is liberated by

combustion is bad both in flavor and in effect, and it is better, even

for the immediate pleasure of the smoker, that it should be excluded

altogether from his mouth and air passages.

"Smoking in a stub of a pipe is particularly injurious, for the reason

that in it the oil is stored in a condensed form, and the smoke is

therefore highly charged with the oil. Sucking or chewing the stub of a

cigar that one is smoking is a serious mistake, because the nicotine in

the unburned tobacco dissolves freely in the saliva, and is absorbed.

'Chewing' is, on this account, the most injurious form of the tobacco

habit, and the use of a cigar holder is an improvement on the custom of

holding the cigar between the teeth. Cigarettes are responsible for a

great amount of mischief, not because the smoke from the paper has any

particularly evil effect, but because smokers--and they are often boys

or very young men--are apt to use them continuously, or at frequent

intervals, believing that their power for evil is insignificant. Thus

the nerves are under the constant influence of the drug, and much injury

to the system results. Moreover, the cigarette smoker uses a very

considerable amount of tobacco during the course of a day. 'Dipping' and

'snuffing' are semi-barbarities which need not be discussed. Not much

effect is obtained from the use of the drug in these varieties of the

habit.

"Nicotine is one of the most powerful of the 'nerve poisons' known. Its

virulence is compared to that of prussic acid. If birds be made to

inhale its vapor in amounts too small to be measured, they are almost

instantly killed. It seems to destroy life, not by attacking a few, but

of all the functions essential to it, beginning at the center, the

heart. A significant indication of this is that there is no substance

known which can counteract its effects; the system either succumbs or

survives. Its depressing action on the heart is by far the most

noticeable and noteworthy symptom of nicotine poisoning. The frequent

existence of what is known 'tobacco heart' in men whose health is in no

other respect disturbed is due to this fact."

"A youth of eighteen at Bayshire, L. I., has become insane from the

excessive use of cigarettes."

Those who can use tobacco without immediate injury will have all the

pleasant effects reversed and will suffer from the symptoms of poisoning

if they exceed the limits of tolerance. These symptoms are: 1. The

heart's action becomes more rapid when tobacco is used. 2. Palpitation,

pain, or unusual sensations in the heart. 3. There is no appetite in the

morning, the tongue is coated, delicate flavors are not appreciated, and

acid dyspepsia occurs after eating. 4. Soreness of the mouth and throat,

or nasal catarrh appears, and becomes very troublesome. 5. The eyesight

becomes poor, but improves when the habit is abandoned. 6. A desire,

often a craving, for liquor or some other stimulant is experienced.

"In an experimental observation of thirty-eight boys of all classes of

society, and of average health, who had been using tobacco for periods

ranging from two months to two years, twenty-seven showed severe injury

to the constitution and insufficient growth; thirty-two showed the

existence of irregularity of the heart's action, disordered stomachs,

cough, and a craving for alcohol; thirteen had intermittency of the

pulse, and one had consumption. After they had abandoned the use of

tobacco, within six months one-half were free from all their former

symptoms, and the remainder had recovered by the end of the year."

_Pasteur Recommends Camphor Smoking._--In an interview with M. Pasteur,

he was asked whether he considered la grippe occasioned by bacteria? The

professor smiled sardonically and shrugged his shoulders, but said

nothing. On being asked what he considered the best remedy for the

malady, he remarked: "Let men and women both quit smoking tobacco and

smoke camphor instead, and they will probably escape the pest."--_Paris

Special._

The _Bulletin_ of this city has a good article on insanity and the

cigarette. Ten or twelve boys have within a short time been committed to

the insane asylum at Napa whose insanity has been traced directly to the

smoking of cigarettes. The number who by reason of the same indulgence

have brought on a degree of imbecility that may ultimately land them in

the asylum or in the penitentiary cannot be reduced to an exact

estimate. But having occasion recently to make some inquiry about a

number of boys who had figured in the records of the criminal courts, it

was found that a majority of them were habitual smokers of cigarettes.

The connection between cigarette smoking, mental imbecility, idiocy, and

crime has recently attracted more than usual attention. No boy or young

man can smoke a cigarette without being harmed thereby. One of the

reasons ascribed for the lunacy of several boys was that the cigarettes

were made up of the vilest stuff. They contained a narcotic beyond that

usually found in pure tobacco. This is supposed to be some of the

cheaper forms of opium. But, whatever it may be, it is making imbeciles

and idiots of many boys, and criminals of some of them. In a number of

instances where boys have been sent to the asylum, it was found that

after a short period, the cigarette and all other forms of dissipation

having been cut off, the patients rapidly improved, and after a few

months' detention they were sent home. The evil does not end here. If a

boy becomes an inveterate cigarette smoker, the chances are greatly

against any reformation. Some friend may take him in hand and show him

the danger in season. The larger number will keep right on. Of this

number it is doubtful if ten per cent will ever come to anything. And

even these will accomplish far less than if they had never weakened

their mental powers by this vile indulgence.

The crazy boys who bring up in the asylum are only the few wretched

examples of the cigarette mania. Other examples are constantly found in

the criminal courts. The moral sense has been utterly lost, or so

weakened that there is no clear distinction between right and wrong.

Every boy who smokes a cigarette has started to go to the bad. Just

where he will bring up--whether in the insane asylum, in the criminal

courts, or in a condition of such hopeless moral and mental imbecility

that friends must support him, or the almshouse must finally give him

shelter, is one of the questions that time will settle for him. But if

any better record is to be made for him, the boy and the cigarette must

have a prompt and final separation.

The Boston _Herald_ states: "It is said that Turkish tobacco contains

prussic acid, and that Havana tobacco has another alkalide called

collidine, of which one-twentieth of a drop will kill a frog, with

symptoms of paralysis. The half-liquid matter that accumulates in the

bowl of a pipe will kill a small animal in three-drop doses. A few drops

of nicotine inserted under the conjunctiva of an animal will kill at

once. Eight drops will kill a horse, with frightful general convulsions.

It has been observed that the living systems quickly become tolerant of

tobacco poison--"an animal that is thrown into convulsions by half a

drop one day will require twice as much the next day, and so in four or

five days four or five times as much."

The following is suggestive: No student who smokes can obtain a

scholarship at Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. It is a new rule of the

faculty.

As the purchase of the breweries of the United States has been commenced

by the capitalists of the eastern continent, I trust they will extend

their purchases to the distilleries and tobacco warehouses and

plantations on this continent, especially of the United States; its

financiers being shrewd will the sooner observe the advancement of

intelligent progress in the line of thought, and change their

investments from breweries, distilleries, and cigarette and tobacco

manufactories, to the sinking of artesian wells and the invention of

some improved water-filter.

=Tonsillitis, Quinsy,= _Black Tongue, or Ulcerated Sore Throat._--

PRESCRIPTION.

Solution chlorate of potash (1 in 16) 3 ounces

Tincture muriate of iron 2 drachms

Tannic acid 10 grains

Tincture of capsicum 1 drachm

Add glycerine to make 4 ounces

Shake well before using.

Dilute in equal parts of water, and gargle every half hour in a severe

case for the first three hours. After that every two or three hours. The

above is invaluable and unfailing in case of quinsy.

=Vital Statistics.=--Statisticians are bringing out some curious facts

with regard to the birth and death-rates of the leading nations of the

world. Unfortunately, our tables are not as accurate as those collected

in the European States. Abroad there is a careful record of marriages,

births, and deaths. These are collected by us without any thoroughness,

save only when a census is being taken. In England and Wales it has been

found that the birth-rate is 35.4 and the death-rate is 20.5 per 1,000

persons. In Sweden the birth-rate is 30.2, against a death-rate of 18.1.

In the German Empire, birth-rate 39.3 and death-rate 26.1. Austria, 39.1

birth-rate, 29.6 death-rate. The official returns state that our annual

birth-rate is 36 and death-rate 18, but clearly our birth-rate is much

larger, as we are growing in numbers faster than any people on earth.

Our increase is fully 10,000,000 since the last census was taken in

1880. Our colored population have a higher birth-rate than have the

Southern whites. Among the latter it is 28.71, while for the colored it

is 35.08. Although the death-rate of the blacks is quite large, still

they are increasing relatively faster than the white. It is also a

curious fact that more colored females are born than whites, but taking

blacks and whites together the births of the males exceed those of the

females.

The report of the California State Board of Health for the month of

April, 1889, contains the following: Reports from 75 different

localities, with an estimated population of 701,950, give a mortality of

835, which is a percentage of 1.18 per 1,000 in the month, or an annual

mortality of 14.16, which is the lowest annual percentage at which we

have yet arrived, indicating a remarkably good condition of the public

health throughout the State.

=Voice.=--A question in connection with the training of the voice is to

be discussed, viz., when it should be commenced. With regard to the

question, says a distinguished scientist, "I am strongly of opinion that

training can hardly be begun too early. Of course, the kind and amount

of practice that are necessary in the adult would be monstrous in a

young child, but there is no reason why, even at the age of six or

seven, the right method of voice production should not be taught.

Singing, like every other art, is chiefly learned by imitation, and it

seems a pity to lose the advantage of those precious early years when

that faculty is most highly developed. There is no fear of injuring the

larynx or straining the voice by elementary instruction of this kind; on

the contrary, it is habitual faulty vocalization which is pernicious."

There are three essential elements in voice production: First, the air

blast, or motive power; second, the vibrating reed, or tone-producing

apparatus; third, the sounding-board, or re-inforcing cavities. These,

to parody a well-worn physiological metaphor, are the three legs of the

tripod of voice. Defect in or mismanagement of any one of them is fatal

to the musical efficiency of the vocal instrument. The air supplied by

the lungs is moulded into sound by the innumerable little fingers of the

muscles which move the vocal cords, and their training largely moulds

the tone and volume of voice. Much of the lung and throat troubles

existing can be traced to the ignorance of vocal teachers and parental

indulgence in allowing the voice to be strained beyond its register. To

know a teacher that understands the proper treatment of the vocal

organs, from one that does not--judge them by their pupils; if a pupil

has an impaired throat, and there is no improvement after six lessons,

change teachers. Every vocal teacher can instruct in the rudiments of

music, but only _one_ in _fifty_ knows anything about the voice.

=Warts.=--A drop of cinnamon oil on each wart daily, continued for a

fortnight, will usually remove them. The most successful remedy we have

ever tried is to have the wart saturated three times a week for three

weeks with the saliva of a person of _positive_ magnetism, not a member

of the family. There is a scientific reason for it not here explained,

_but try it_.

=Water.=--If a small quantity of oxalic acid added to water produces a

white precipitate, lime is contained in the water. Tincture of galls

added to the water which contains iron will yield a black precipitate.

Water which causes a bright piece of steel to turn yellow, when dipped

into it, contains copper. Sulphuric acid, dropped into water and turning

it black, shows that the water contains vegetable and animal matter.

For detecting sewage contamination, fill a clean pint bottle

three-fourths full of the water to be tested; add a teaspoonful of

granulated sugar; cork the bottle, and set it in a warm place for two

days; if the contents of the bottle become cloudy or muddy, the water is

unfit for domestic use. Half an ounce of the neutral solution of

bisulphate of alumina added to 200 gallons of water will precipitate the

organic matter therein contained; the water may be then used freely for

drinking purposes. To remove the odor from cistern water, suspend in the

water a bag containing a peck of charcoal.

According to Dr. Leuf, when water is taken into the full or partly full

stomach, it does not mingle with the food, as we are taught, but passes

along quickly between the food and lesser curvative toward the pylorus,

through which it passes into the intestines. The secretion of mucus by

the lining membrane is constant, and during the night a considerable

amount accumulates in the stomach; some of its liquid portion is

absorbed, and that which remains is thick and tenacious. If food is

taken into the stomach when in this condition it becomes coated with

this mucus, and the secretion of the gastric juice and its action are

delayed. These facts show the value of a goblet of water before

breakfast. This washes out the tenacious mucus and stimulates the

gastric glands to secretion. In old and feeble persons water should not

be taken cold, but it may be with great advantage taken warm or hot.

This removal of the accumulated mucus from the stomach is probably one

of the reasons why taking soup at the beginning of a meal has been found

so beneficial.

There is no remedy of such general application, and none so easily

obtainable, as water, and yet nine persons in ten will pass it by in

emergency to seek for something of less efficacy. There are but few

cases of illness where water should not occupy the highest place as a

remedial agent. A strip of flannel or a napkin wrung out of hot water

and applied round the neck of a child that has croup will usually bring

relief in ten minutes. A towel folded several times and quickly wrung

out of hot water and applied over the seat of the pain in toothache or

neuralgia will generally afford prompt relief. This treatment in colic

works like magic. A physician writes: "We have known cases that have

resisted other treatments for hours yield to this in ten minutes. There

is nothing that will so promptly cut short congestion of the lungs, sore

throat, or rheumatism as hot water when applied promptly and thoroughly.

Pieces of cotton batting dipped in hot water and kept applied to sores

and new cuts, bruises, and sprains, is the treatment adopted in many

hospitals. Sprained ankle has been cured in an hour by showering it with

water poured from a few feet. Tepid water acts promptly as an emetic,

and hot water taken freely half an hour before bed-time is the best

cathartic in the case of constipation, while it has a most soothing

effect on the stomach and bowels. This treatment continued for a few

months, with proper attention to diet, will alleviate any case of

dyspepsia.

=Water Pollution Remedy.=--According to Dr. S. S. Kilvington, the

Mississippi River received during the past year 152,675 tons of garbage

and offal, 108,550 tons of night-soil, and 3,765 dead animals from only

eight cities; the Ohio 46,700 tons of garbage, 21,157 tons of

night-soil, and 5,100 dead animals from five cities; and the Missouri

36,000 tons of garbage, 22,400 tons of night-soil, and 31,600 dead

animals from four cities. Doctor Kilvington urges the cremation of most

of the refuse, and 23 out of 35 health officials consulted by him

favored the plan.

=Whooping-Cough.=--Mr. W. A. Stedman, superintendent of the Rochester

Gas Works, gives his opinion:--

"The fumes of the substance used to purify gas are generally recognized

as a specific for this disease.

"The composition used for purifying gas is composed of wood shavings,

iron filings, lime, and sometimes copperas. This substance cleanses the

gas of the ammonia and sulphur it contains. If a child with the

whooping-cough is allowed to breathe the fumes of the purifier after it

becomes foul, immediate relief will be experienced. The fumes of the

lime after it has been taken out are particularly beneficial. The lime,

after it is taken out, begins to heat and throws off fumes strongly

impregnated with ammonia. After breathing these fumes for a short time

the cough seems to loosen, and two of these visits will generally cure

the most obstinate case.

"In Newport one winter, when I was superintendent of the gas works

there, there was an epidemic of whooping-cough, and I treated over 200

cases, with the happiest results. I had so many patients that I was

forced to put benches in the purifying-room. Once in awhile there are

people affected with whooping-cough to whom this gas treatment gives no

relief, but they are the exception rather than the rule. In nearly every

instance it gives immediate relief and effects a positive cure. I know

of many physicians who send all their whooping-cough patients

straightway to the gas works. I know that it is a sure cure from

personal experience, and we would be happy to extend the courtesies of

our purifying-room to any person who is suffering from the disease."

=Yellow Fever.=--The yellow fever is one of the varied forms of the

typhus, the name being derived front the hue of the victim, while the

Spanish call it _vomito negro_--the black vomit--from one of its

symptoms. Its home is tropical Africa and tropical America, but it is

never found in India and China, hot as the climate may be. The cause of

this difference, however, has never been explained. Its greatest

prevalence is on the sea-coast or banks of navigable rivers. Its

ordinary duration of attack is from 36 to 48 hours. The yellow tinge

first appears in the eye and then spreads over the face, gradually

reaching the extremities and often becoming dark brown. The rate of

mortality varies in a striking degree, for in some places one-third of

the cases prove fatal, while in others the mortality reaches two-thirds,

and then at other times it has not exceeded three per cent. Treatment

varies more in this disease than in any other, which is a proof that

thus far it has baffled the best practitioners. Like all other forms of

pestilence, it not only walketh in darkness but destroyeth at noonday.

The disease itself is not as dangerous as typhoid fever when properly

handled. It is a continuous fever, lasting 72 hours. The premonitory

symptoms are a pain in the back of the head and in the loins, followed

by a slight chill. The pulse and temperature then rise rapidly, the

former attaining usually about 110 beats to the minute, and the latter

104 degrees in a few hours. On the second day the pulse begins to drop

and continues to do so slowly until the normal is reached, while the

temperature remains steady, and this peculiarity is the one

pathognomonic symptom of the disease, as ascertained by experts who have

studied many epidemics. Toward the third day the temperature is often up

to 105. This is a grave symptom, and unless it can speedily be reduced,

"black vomit" or gastric hemorrhage appears, or the kidneys refuse to

act on account of acute inflammation and destruction of tissue. The

famous black vomit is not fatal in more than 50 per cent of cases well

treated, but when albumen appears in the urine death almost inevitably

follows. Nursing is everything. The treatment of the disease is wholly

expectant. A hot mustard foot-bath and a large dose of castor-oil are

preliminaries. After this nothing is given but orange-leaf tea, to

promote perspiration, and sometimes a little extract of jaborandi.

Champagne in small quantities is found to be the best preventive of

black vomit, and dry cupping and blisters are resorted to in case of a

tendency to kidney trouble. The nurse does more than the doctor in

yellow fever to effect a cure, and in New Orleans nearly all the black

"mammies" are experts in handling the disease, which undoubtedly

accounts for the very low mortality in that city's epidemics. To watch

the patient, be quick to start a fire if a north wind comes to chill the

air, to keep the clothing adjusted, see that no talking is allowed, and

be familiar with the symptoms forerunning black vomit or kidney trouble,

and know how to treat them promptly--these are necessaries in nursing

yellow fever, and in these the darkey women of New Orleans are more

familiar than are the doctors in other towns.

On the third day after the attack, when the fever heat subsides, the

patient is left in a weak and horribly nervous condition, and for many

hours is subject to immediate relapse upon the slightest provocation.

Then it is that the tolling of a bell, the sudden shock of a cannon

fired by silly authorities, the slightest indigestion or exposure to

cold or excitement, will do murder. The stomach is left raw, and for

many days only milk, gruel, and crackers are given, doled out in miserly

quantity.

SUPPLEMENTAL.

The following important items do not appear under their regular

alphabetical heading, but are none the less efficacious.

=Blindness.=--_A Simple Remedy That Often Will Prevent This Dreadful

Misfortune._--It is distressing to learn that out of the 7,000 persons

blind from their birth in this country, who owe their loss of sight to

inflammation of the eyes, at least two-thirds might now have been in the

enjoyment of their sight but for the ignorance or neglect of their

earliest guardians. It seems that the remedies for the infantile

inflammation which causes blindness are both many and simple. Thus, says

the London _Figaro_, it cannot be too widely made known that the eyes of

the newly-born child, if inflamed, should be washed with pure warm

water, and that then a single drop of a 2 per cent solution of nitrate

of silver should be instilled into each with a drop-tube. In Germany

midwives are enjoined to adopt the above remedial treatment, under oath,

and since this has been done the decrease in the number of blind

children has been most appreciable.

_Increase of Blindness._--Dr. Lucien Howe says blindness has increased

in the State of New York during the past five years thirteen times as

fast as the population; and the State Charities Commissioners state that

the excess in the increase of the insane in the State over the increase

in the population for the last nine years has been forty-four per cent.

These figures are most startling, especially when it is considered that

the modes of treating the eyes and brain are supposed to have been so

much improved of late years.--_Ex._

=Hiccough.=--_A Mechanical Cure._--Procure a glass of water and pour a

little of it down the patient's throat. While he is drinking the water

he should press a finger on the orifice of each ear. By this method you

open the glottis, and in five seconds the thing is done. Should you by

any chance meet with an obstinate case, you may rest assured that the

throat and ears were not closed at one and the same time; either the

water was swallowed before the ears were thoroughly stopped, or the

water was not sufficient to fill the throat. Another precaution is to

keep the chin well up. This cure was obtained by the writer from an old

Indian medical officer who had experimented for some years to discover a

method of relieving the terrible stage of hiccoughing in yellow fever,

and this cure was the outcome.--_Pharmaceutical Journal._

=Hydrophobia.=--Dr. Bokai, a professor at the Klausenburg University,

Hungary, claims to have discovered an absolutely certain remedy for

hydrophobia and for destroying the virus at the seat of the bite. The

remedy consists of a solution of chlorine, bromine, sulphuric acid, and

permanganate of potash, with oil of eucalyptus. The above was received

in the United States as a press dispatch, from Vienna, February 3, 1890.

=Intemperance.=--"We believe," says the Canada _Health Journal_, "that

there is no better direct remedy for intemperance than strict

vegetarianism. Sir Charles Napier tried a vegetable diet as a cure for

intemperance in twenty-seven cases, and the cure was effected in every

case, the time varying from thirty-six days to twelve months."

=La Grippe.=--_How to Prevent It._--A Boston physician has a novel

preventive of the influenza, which has been named la grippe. He orders a

small quantity of the flour of sulphur to be put in an envelope and worn

in the bottom of shoes. "Only this and nothing more." Patients who

complied with the conditions laid down, escaped the influenza. This

particular physician evidently has some knowledge of human nature. If he

had told his patients, in a general way, to keep their feet warm, they

would have paid no attention to his directions. But there was an odor of

a drug store in the sulphur prescription, and they followed it. Perhaps

that was the easiest way to keep the feet warm.

=Teeth.=--_Extraction Painless._--By spraying the region of the external

ear with ether, Drs. Henoque and Fridel, of Paris, render the dental

nerves insensible, and extract teeth without pain or general

anaesthesia.

INDEX.

Accidents, Percentage of, Preventable, 30-32

Prevention of, 85-87

Advice of an Ex-smoker, 148

Aids to Morality, Philadelphia _Ledger_, 58

Alcohol, Treatise by Dr. Felix Oswald on, 87, 88

Alcoholic Habit, 87-92

Alcoholism, Remedy for, 92

Reviewed by Dr. Spitka, 88, 89

Animal and Human Lives Compared, 45

Antipyrine, Female Intoxicant, 91

Paralysis Caused by, 139

Appetite, How to Improve an, 92

Artery, Ruptured, Treatment of a, 96

Asphyxiation, Remedy for, 93

Attorney, the Most Conscientious, 60, 61

Babies, Mortality out of 1,000, 45, 46

Bathing, Dr. Steele's Ideas of, 21, 93-96

Beer-drinking Excessive, 90

Beggar Centenarians, 13

Bethesda Water, Benefits of, 98, 108, 109, 113

Bites of Snakes, Remedy for, 145

Black Tongue, Prescription for, 152

Bleeding, Treatment and Cure for, 96

Blindness, a Simple Remedy for, 159

Increase of, in State of N. Y., 159

Boston _Globe_ Reporter, Experience of a, 6

Brain-Workers, Time to Rest for, 82

Brain Worry, Panacea for, 97

Breakfast, _Menu_ for, 24

Breathing, Healthful Mode of, 97, 98

Breweries, English Purchasers of, 152

Bright's Disease, Remedy for, 98

Brown Sequard's Vital Elixir, 48, 114

Bruises, Specific for, 99

Bunions and Corns, Preventive for, 108

Burns, Remedies for, 99

Butchers' Trade, Effect of, 60

Cancer Not Cured by Surgery, 99

Catholics and Liquor Evil, 37

Cemeteries of London, Pollution of the, 33, 34

Chevreul, M., Health at 100 Years, 68

Chewing-gum, Injurious Effect of, 99, 100

Chills and Fever, W. S. Green on, 130-133

Cholera, Remedies for, 100

Church and Society Duties, 37

Cigar Dissipation, 15

Cigarette-smoking, Insanity Results from, 150

Cleanliness, Hints on, 100, 101

of Teeth, Tongue, and Throat, 20

Clothing, Importunities about, 111-113

Hygienic Advance in, 49

Cold and Tired Feet, How to Prevent, 101

Colds, Cure for, 101-103

Commandments, the Ten Health, 28

Constipation, Remedies for, 19, 20, 103

Consumption, Causes and Palliatives, 47

Dr. Chapin's Treatise on, 103

Treatment of, 103-108

Consumptives' Pride Unhealthful, 19

Convulsions (Fits), Treatment of, 108

Corns and Bunions, Preventive and Cure of, 108

Cough Remedy, 102

Whooping, Cure for, 158

Crematories Will Stop Contagion, 33-35

Crime, Prevention of, Dr. Crosby, 58-60

Croup, Instantaneous Relief of, 109

Dartmouth College, No Student Smoker at, 152

Deafness, Prevention and Cure of, 113, 114

Death, How Produced, 44, 45

no Physiological Reason for, 76-78

Death-rate, of Poor and Rich, 49, 50

of Principal Cities, 49

Deity, Belief in, a Necessity, 54, 55

Del Monte Hotel, Model for Cleanliness, 41

Diabetes, Treatment and Remedies for, 109

Digestion, Time Required for, 122

Dinner _Menu_, 25, 26

Diphtheria, Dr. Deriker's Prescription, 111

Dr. Roulin's ", 111

Dr. Scott's ", 110

Notes on, and Treatment of, 109-111

Diseases and Their Remedies, 79-160

Individual Experience with, 14, 29

Disparity between Actions and Teachings, 79

Dissipators Long-lived, Why?, 12

Dives and Variety Theaters, Grand Jury's Report, 35

Doctors and Dentists a Necessity, 6, 7

Drinks for the Voice, 124

Dropsy, Treatment for, 113

Dyspepsia, Treatment and Remedy for, 113

Ears, Care of the, 113

Eat, How You Should, 22, 27

Eat, What You Should, 22

" " " " Not, 22

Editor's Opinion of Evil, 36

Eggs, How Best to Preserve, 123

Electric Light, Incandescent, Best, 40

Elixir, Brown Sequard's, 48, 114

Employment Necessary for Health, 30

Epidemics, History of, 114-116

Erysipelas, Facts Regarding, 116

Esculapius, 6, 70

Evil, Editor's Opinions of, 36

Ministers' ", 36

Exercise, Ben Hogan's Opinion of, 116, 117

Ex-smoker's Advice, 148

Eye-glasses, When to Use, 118

Eye, Surgical Operation on the, 47

Eyes, Care of the, 117-119

Faith in the Source of Goodness, 9

Feet, Cold and Tired, How Remedied, 101

Fever, Yellow, Treatment of, 157, 158

Filtered Water a Necessity, 21,, 35

Filters Indispensable, 35

Fire Losses in U. S., How to Avoid, 30

Fits (Convulsions), Treatment of, 108

Food, Carbonates of, 23

for Each Meal, 24-28

Most Wholesome, 119-123

Nitrates of, 23

Phosphates of, 23

Sinew Producing, 23

Temperature Most Healthful for, 12

Foreign Substances, Removal of, 139

Forgotten Lore Remembered, 41-43

Fountains, Public, a Necessity for, 35

Freckles, How to Remove, 123

Friends or Quakers, Average Life of, 11

Garbage Creates Contagion, 32

Gargle for Throat Troubles, 123

General Government, Duties of the, 37

Germ Theory, Discovery of the, 81

God, Clearer Perception of, 9

Who and What Is, 54, 55

Gossip, by Dr. J. G. Holland, 61

Remedy for, 61, 62

Grand Jury's Report, of S. F., Cal, 35, 36

Hair, Treatment to Preserve the, 123

_Hall's Journal of Health_ on Food, 119

Hammond, Dr., Death Not Imperative, 76-78

Happiness, 51-65

Formula for, 55

Happiness, Not Found in Ignorance, 53

Headache, Causes and Remedies for, 124

Health, 5-50

Beverages, 124

Chief Desideratum, 5-50

Commandments, Ten, 28

Contagious as Disease, 10

Happiness and Longevity, 5-78

How to Keep in, 10, 14-18

Laughter a Promoter of, 46

Maxims, 41-43

Officers' Attention, 32, 33

Requirements of, 41-43

Healthful Houses, by Dr. Cushing, 40

Hemorrhoids, Remedy for, 135

Hermit Centenarians, 13

Hernia or Rupture, Cure for, 125

Hiccough, Remedies for, 125, 159

High License, Liquor Remedy, 36

Hotel Del Monte, Model for Cleanliness, 41

House Decorations, _Sanitary News_, 40

Sanitary, Model for, 38-41

Human and Animal Lives Compared, 45

Life Prolonged, Professor Hammond, 73

Hydrophobia, Drs. Mott and Baldwin on, 126

Remedies for, 125, 126, 160

Hygiene, Systematic, Dr. J. H. Brown, 70-72

Hygienic Clothing, 49

Ignorance Is Not Happiness, 53, 54

Incandescent Light the Best, 40

Individual Duties, 30

Influenza (La Grippe), Remedy for, 126

Insanity and the Cigarette, _Bulletin_, 150

Insomnia, Relief for, 126

Insurance, Persons Not Eligible, 31

Intemperance, Cures for, 92, 160

Deaths Caused by, 90

Intemperate Men, Age of, 13

Invalids Should Not Eat, What?, 27

Irrigation and Malaria, by W. S. Green, 130-133

Kidney Surgical Operation, Successful, 47

La Grippe (Influenza), Remedy for, 126

Pasteur's Cure for, 150

Prevention of, 160

Lane, Prof. L. C., on Quackery, 6

Laughter, a Health Promoter, 46

Lawyer, the Most Conscientious, 60, 61

Lawyer's Profession, Influence Exerted by, 60

Lepers of Hawaii, Number of, 127

Pork Eaters Are, 27

Leprosy, Statistics Regarding, 126-128

Life Being Prolonged, Reason for, 9

Life-table of 1,000 Souls, 45, 46

Vitiated by Anxiety for, 84

Light, Electric, Incandescent, Best, 40

Liquor Remedy, High License, 36

Liquors Consumed in U. S., Value of, 88

Lockjaw, Successful Treatment of, 129

London Cemeteries, Condition of, 33-35

Longevity, 66-78

by Dr. Maurice, 73-76

Curiosities of, Dr. Oswald, 69, 73

Possible Without Virtues, 9, 12

Statistics Regarding, 66

_Longman's Magazine_ on Vegetable Diet, 121

Love, Those Deserving, 53

Luncheon, _Menu_, 25, 26

Macdonald, Geo., Neighbor of, 52

Mackay, Chas., on Love's Subjects, 53

Malaria and Irrigation, by W. S. Green, 130-133

Chills and Fever, Cures for, 133

New Theory by W. S. Green on, 130-133

Maladies and Ills Cured, 79-160

Man, Oldest, 69

Marriage, Facts Regarding, 62, 129, 130

Physical Degeneration, M. Huth on, 130

Married Life, Is It a Failure?, 62, 63

Maxims for Health, 41-43

Measles Contrasted with Small-pox, 115

Meats, How Best Prepared, 25

Kind and Quality of, 25

Men, Oldest, 69

Microbes and Bacilli in Water, 21

Milk, Purity, How Ascertained, 122

Minister, Teacher, and Physician, 7

Minister's Opinion of Evil, 36

Misconceivements, 43, 44

Miser Centenarians, 13

Mistakes of Life, 53

Morality, Aids to, 58

Municipalities, Duties of, 32

Naphtha, a Female Intoxicant, 91, 92

Nelly Bly's Experience with Doctors, 6

Nervousness and Worry, 134

Nicotine in Tobacco, Deadly Poison, 148, 149

Nose-bleed, Remedy for, 96

Obesity and Thinness, Treatment for, 134

Oldest Man Living in U. S. in 1890, 66

Patti's Formula for Health, 16

Physician, Minister, and Teacher, 7

Piles, Remedy for, 135

Poem, "Deserving Love," by Chas. Mackay, 53

Heart's Test, by Ella W. Wilcox, 51

Milton's "Adam to Angel", 3

"The Two Workers", 56

"Where Do You Live?" by Josephine Pollard, 56-58

Poisons and Antidotes, 135-139

Mineral, 136-139

Taken with Impunity, 13

Vegetable, 135

Politeness, Health Interfering, 18

Pork, Disease Producing, 26

Unfit for Food, 26

Practical Knowledge, Health Begetting, 14

Prevention of Accidents, 85-87

Prohibitionist's Reason for Longevity, 11

Public Fountains a Necessity, 35

Urinals " ", 37

Quaker's Life Prolonged, Why? 11

or Friends, Average Life of, 11

Quinsy, etc., Prescription for, 152

Regularity, First Consideration Is, 8

Religionist's Reason for Long Life, 11

Religious Perceptions, 55

Remedies for Alcoholism, 92

Diseases, 79-160

Supplemental List, 159, 160

Rest, One Day in Seven Necessary, 38

Rheumatism, Prevention and Cure of, 139, 140

Rupture or Hernia, Cure for, 125

Sanitation and Sanity, 80

Sanitary House Building, 38-41

Scientific Education, Practical Knowledge, 14

Scientist's Reasons for Longevity, 11

Sea-bathing, Effects of, 95

Seasickness, How to Prevent, 140

Selfishness Excusable in Tax-payer, 31, 32

Sleep, Hours Required, 20, 140-142

Position of Body During, 141

Small-pox and Vaccination, 142

Contrasted with Measles, 115

Smoking, Evil Effects of, 148-152

Pasteur's Substitute, Camphor, 150

Snake-bites, Remedy for, 145

Social Evil, Grand Jury's Report of, 36, 37

Society and Church Duties, 37

Sound Health, Secret of, 83

Spectacles, When to Use, 118

Stimulants, Most Healthful, 24

Strychnine Taken with Impunity, 13

Substances, Foreign, Removal of, 139

Sulsonal, a New Opiate, 48

Sunday, or One Day, for Rest, 38

Superstitions of the World, 143-145

Supplemental List of Remedies, 159, 160

Tanks for Water, Death-traps, 32

Tape-worms, Cure for, 146

Tax-payer, Selfishness Excusable in the, 31, 32

Teacher, Minister, and Physician, 7

Teeth, Painless Extraction of, 160

Treatment of the, 17, 20

Ten Health Commandments, 28

Temperament, by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, 51, 52

Temperance Not Necessary to Longevity, 12

Temperature for Food and Drinks, 12

Thinness and Obesity, Treatment for, 134

Tobacco Habit, Dr. Dudley on, 146

Experiments Regarding, 150

Authorities on, 146-152

Tonsillitis, etc., Prescription for, 152

Toothache, Remedy for, 146

Typhoid Fever, Substances Affected by, 47

Ulcerated Sore Throat, Remedy for, 152

Under-garments, Important Function of, 111-113

Urinals, Public, a Necessity, 37

Vaccination and Small-pox, 142

Vegetable Diet, Why Preferred, 121, 122

Vegetarian Restaurants in London, 122

Virtues, Rank of the, 8

Vital Statistics, 10, 152, 153

Principal Cities, 49

Voice, Drinks for the, 124

Essential Elements in the, 154

Treatment of the, 153, 154

Warts, Remedies for, 154

Water, Detection of Impurities in, 154-156

Filtration of, 154-156

Pollution Remedy, 156

When to Drink, 155

Water-tanks, Uncleanly, 32

Weariness, Different Phases of, 44

Treatment for, 44

What We Inherit, 63-65

"Where Do You Live?" by Josephine Pollard, 56

Whooping-cough, Positive Cure for, 156,157

Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, on Temperament, 51, 52

Wisdom, Prerequisites for, 54

"Workers, the Two", 56

Worry and Nervousness, 134

Yellow Fever, Statistics and Treatment of, 157, 158

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Gloves, Handkerchiefs, Collars, Etc.

NUCLEUS BUILDING, COR. MARKET & THIRD STS.,

_SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA_.

* * * * *

Bookkeeping, Shorthand, Type-writing, Telegraphy,

_PENMANSHIP, ENGLISH BRANCHES, ETC._

[Illustration:

PACIFIC Business College,

320 POST ST.

SAN FRANCISCO.

]

Individual Instruction.

No Vacations.

LADIES ADMITTED TO ALL DEPARTMENTS.

_Life Scholarship, Full Business Course,--$75._

Send for Circular. T. A. ROBINSON, M. A., President.

* * * * *

[Illustration]

A SPLENDID STOCK

Of Common Sense Shoes kept constantly on hand, superior goods only, at

bedrock prices, at

Kast's, 738 & 740

MARKET ST., S. F.

BRANCH:

Broadway, Oakland.

THE PACIFIC

Mutual Life Insurance Company of California,

_418 CALIFORNIA ST., SAN FRANCISCO_.

Geo. A. Moore, President.

Geo. W. Beaver, Vice-Pres.

Thos. Bennet, Supt.

J. N. Patton, Secretary.

S. M. Marks, Asst. Sec.

H. F. Band, Asst. Supt.

LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE. ORGANIZED 1868.

Assets, $2,250,000. Paid on Policy-Holders' Acct., $4,300,000.

Policy Contracts unsurpassed. Claims paid on presentation of

satisfactory proof's. For Policy Holders the best legal organization.

* * * * *

W. W. Montague & Co.

MANTELS, GRATES, TILES.

BRASS, BRONZE, STEEL, AND IRON

Fire Place Trimmings.

_Warm Air, Hot Water, and Steam_

Heating Apparatus

For Warming Churches, Halls, School-Houses, Dwellings and Public

Buildings.

Wrought Steel Ranges.

309--317 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO.

* * * * *

SHERMAN, CLAY & CO.

IMPORTERS, MANUF'S AND JOBBERS.

PIANOS.

Weber, Estey, Emerson,

SOLD ON INSTALLMENTS

At Cash Prices.

GUITARS.

C. F. Martin, H. L. Mason.

Fairbanks & Cole Banjos.

Bohman Mandolines.

Organs.

Estey, Story & Clark,

MANUFACTURERS OF

CHURCH

PIPE ORGANS.

Band Instruments.

Strings, Accordions, and

MUSICAL MERCHANDISE.

Sheet MUSIC, Music

Books, Etc., Etc.

CORNER

Kearny and Sutter Sts.

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

[Illustration: Bird's-Eye View of the Celebrated Hotel Del Monte,

Monterey, California.]

Transcriber's Notes:

Page 22 Add missing period.

.. its greatest velocity. If inanimate ...

Page 22 Add missing period.

... and beef at 15.

Page 39 Correct spelling: celler to cellar.

... not from the cellar itself or ...

Page 39 Correct spelling: unesthetic to unaesthetic.

... and, however unaesthetic, varnished.

Page 42 Correct spelling: succintly to succinctly.

... may find succinctly stated ...

Page 54 Correct spelling: Shakspere's to Shakespeare's.

... startling of Shakespeare's plays, ...

Page 81 Change comma to period.

... of sanitary value, is disproved. Few doctors ...

Page 135 Correct spelling: quaniny to quantity.

...with a sufficient quantity of cocoa ...

Page 149 Correct typo: in-instantly to instantly.

Page 152 Correct spelling: conjuctiva to conjunctiva.

... under the conjunctiva of an ...

Page 152 Correct spelling: Tonsilitis to Tonsillitis.

=Tonsillitis, Quinsy,=

Page 166 Correct spelling: Tonsilitis to Tonsillitis.

Tonsillis, etc., ...