_twist_, that none can doe with a tough _with_."
_Euphues and his England, p. 136._
"They had arms under the straw in the boats, and had cut the
_withes_ that held the oars of the town boats, to prevent any
pursuit."
_Ludlow's Memoirs, p. 435._
"The only furniture belonging to the houses, appears to be an
oblong vessel made of bark, by tying up the ends with a _withe_."
_Cooke's Description of Botany Bay._
[7] See Galatians, chap. 1, verse 15. "When it pleased God, who
_separated_ me," &c.
[8] Acts, xvii, 28.
[9] St. Pierre's Studies of Nature.--Dr. Hunter's translation, pp.
172-176.
[10] It is reported on very good authority that the same olive trees
are now standing in the garden of Gethsemane under which the
Saviour wept and near which he was betrayed. This is rendered more
probable from the fact, that a tax is laid, by the Ottoman Porte,
on all olive trees planted since Palestine passed into the
possession of the Turks, and that several trees standing in
Gethsemane do not pay such tribute, while all others do.
[11] We do not assent to the notions of ancient philosophers and poets,
who believed the doctrine that the world is animated by a soul,
like the human body, which is the spirit of Deity himself; but that
by the operation of wise and perfect laws, he exerts a supervision
in the creation and preservation of all things animate and
inanimate. Virgil stated the opinions of his times, in his Æneid,
B. VI. l. 724.
"Principio coelum, ac terras, camposque liquentes,
Lucentemque globum, Lunæ, Titaniaque astra
Spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus
Mens agitat molem, et magno se corpore miscet."
"Know, first, that heaven, and earth's compacted frame,
And flowing waters, and the starry flame,
And both the radiant lights, _one common soul_
Inspires and feeds--and _animates the whole_.
This active mind, infused thro all the space,
Unites and mingles with the mighty mass."
_Dryden_, b. VI. l. 980.
This sentiment, he probably borrowed from Pythagoras and Plato, who
argue the same sentiment, and divide this spirit into
"_intellectus_, _intelligentia_, et _natura_"--intellectual,
intelligent, and natural. Whence, "_Ex hoc Deo, qui est mundi
anima: quasi decerptæ particulæ sunt vitæ hominum et pecudum._" Or,
"Omnia animalia ex quatuor elementis et _divino spiritu_ constare
manifestum est. Trahunt enim a terra carnem, ab aqua humorem, ab
ære anhelitum, ab igne fervorem, _a divino spiritu
ingenium_."--_Timeus, chap. 24, and Virgil's Geor. b. 4, l. 220,
Dryden's trans. l. 322._
Pope alludes to the same opinion in these lines:
"All are but parts of one stupendous whole.
Whose body nature is, and God the soul."
[12] Page 41.
[13] Exodus, iii. 2, 3.
[14] Cardell's grammar.
[15] The Jews long preserved this name in Samaritan letters to keep it
from being known to strangers. The modern Jews affirm that by this
mysterious name, engraven on his rod, Moses performed the wonders
recorded of him; that Jesus stole the name from the temple and put
it into his thigh between the flesh and skin, and by its power
accomplished the miracles attributed to him. They think if they
could pronounce the word correctly, the very heavens and earth
would tremble, and angels be filled with terror.
[16] Plutarch says, "This title is not only _proper_ but _peculiar to
God_, because =He= alone is _being_; for mortals have no
participation of _true being_, because that which _begins_ and
_ends_, and is constantly _changing_, is never _one_ nor the
_same_, nor in the same state. The deity on whose temple this word
was inscribed was called =Apollo=, Apollon, from _a_ negative and
_pollus_, _many_, because God is =one=, his nature simple, and
_uncompounded_."--_Vide, Clark's Com._
[17] The same fact may be observed in other languages, for all people
form language alike, in a way to correspond with their ideas. The
following hasty examples will illustrate this point.
_Agent._ _Verb._ _Object._
_English_ Singers Sing Songs
_French_ Les chanteurs Chantent Les chansons
_Spanish_ Los cantores Cantan Las cantinelas
_Italian_ I cantori Cantano I canti
_Latin_ Cantores Canunt Cantus
_English_ Givers Give Gifts
_French_ Les donneurs Donnent Les dons
_Spanish_ Los donadores Dan o donan Los dones
_Italian_ I danatori Dano o danano I doni
_Latin_ Datores Donant Dona
_English_ Fishers Fish Fishes
_French_ Les pecheurs Pechent Les poissons
_Spanish_ Los pescadores Pescan Los peces
_Italian_ I pescatori Pescan I pesci
_Latin_ Piscatores Piscantur Pisces
_English_ Students Study Studies
_French_ Les etudiens Etudient Les etudes
_Spanish_ Los estudiantes Estudian Los estudios
_Italian_ I studienti Studiano I studii
_Latin_ Studiosi Student Studia
[18] Mr. Murray says, "These compounds," _have_, _shall_, _will_,
_may_, _can_, _must_, _had_, _might_, _could_, _would_, and
_should_, which he uses as auxiliaries to _help_ conjugate _other_
verbs, "are, however, to be considered as _different forms_ of the
_same_ verb." I should like to know, if these words have any thing
to do with the _principal_ verbs; if they only alter the _form_ of
the verb which follows them. I _may_, _can_, _must_, _shall_,
_will_, or _do love_. Are these only different forms of _love_? or
rather, are they not distinct, important, and original verbs, pure
and perfect _in_ and _of_ themselves? Ask for their etymons and
meaning, and then decide.
[19] Diversions of Purley, vol. 1, p. 77.
[20] Dr. Edwards observes, in a communication to the Connecticut Society
of Arts and Sciences, from personal knowledge, that "the Mohegans
(Indians) have _no adjectives_ in all their language. Altho it may
at first seem not only singular and curious, but impossible, that a
language should exist without adjectives, yet it is an indubitable
fact." But it is proved that in later times the Indians employ
adjectives, derived from nouns or verbs, as well as other nations.
Altho many of their dialects are copious and harmonious, yet they
suffered no inconvenience from a want of contracted words and
phrases. They added the ideas of definition and description to the
things themselves, and expressed them in the _same_ word, in a
modified form.
[21] Matthew, chap. 24, v. 48.
[22] Examples of a _dis_-junctive conjunction. "They came with her,
_but_ they went without her."--_Murray._
Murray is _wrong_, _and_ Cardell is _right_. The simplifiers are
wrong, _but_ their standard is so likewise.
"Me he restored to my office, _and_ him he hanged."--_Pharaoh's
Letter._
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
The following printer's errors have been corrected in this etext.
Changes are indicated in brackets.
Contents ON NOUNS AMD [AND] PRONOUNS
Lecture I process of time as ingle [a single]
will not unfrequenly [unfrequently] represent
Lecture III German, Danish, Dutch, Sweedish [Swedish]
Lecture V _David_ killed Goliah [Goliath]
Lecture VI and cosinder [consider] them in this place
Lecture VII We are told there are are [are] two articles
the mother is _mascu.line_ [masculine]
dress handkerchief.["] The resolution
Lecture VIII object will be to ascertion [ascertain]
["]But wherefore _sits he_ there?
act _transitively_, acording [according] to
Lecture IX the pocket of Guy Fawks [Fawkes]
For we should rember [remember]
_looks_ like or _resembles_ his brother,["]
Lecture X A philosophical axiom[.]--Manner
And our languge [language] should
["]I have addressed this volume
Lecture XI Be not surprized [surprised] when I tell you
Lecture XII the qualifification [qualification] of an _adverb_,
--"express neither actionn [action] or passion."
Lecture XIV trace back to their orignal [original] form
["]He stept _a_-side"
["]As Mailie, an' her lambs
["]Not only saw he all that was,
Footnote 22 Murray is _wroug_ [wrong]
End of Project Gutenberg's Lectures on Language, by William S. Balch