CHAPTER XII

THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TREATIES--THE HALF-BREEDS--THE FUTURE

OF THE INDIAN TRIBES

Having placed before my readers, a history of the treaties of

Canada with the Indian tribes, of Manitoba, the North-West

Territories and Kee-wa-tin, I now proceed, in conclusion, to deal

with the administration of these treaties and to consider the

future of these interesting aboriginal races. I remark in the first

place that the provisions of these treaties must be carried out

with the utmost good faith and the nicest exactness. The Indians of

Canada have, owing to the manner in which they were dealt with for

generations by the Hudson's Bay Company, the former rulers of these

vast territories, an abiding confidence in the Government of the

Queen, or the Great Mother, as they style her. This must not, at

all hazards, be shaken. It can be easily and fully maintained. The

treaties are all based upon the models of that made at the Stone

Fort in 1871 and the one made in 1873 at the north-west angle of

the Lake of the Woods with the Chippewa tribes, and these again are

based, in many material features, on those made by the Hon. W. B.

Robinson with the Chippewas dwelling on the shores of Lakes Huron

and Superior in 1860.

These may be summarized thus:

1. A relinquishment, in all the great region from Lake Superior to

the foot of the Rocky Mountains, of all their right and title to

the lands covered by the treaties, saving certain reservations for

their own use, and

2. In return for such relinquishment, permission to the Indians to

hunt over the ceded territory and to fish in the waters thereof,

excepting such portions of the territory as pass from the Crown

into the occupation of individuals or otherwise.

3. The perpetual payment of annuities of five dollars per head to

each Indian--man, woman and child. The payment of an annual salary

of twenty-five dollars to each Chief, and of fifteen dollars to

each Councillor, or head man, of a Chief (thus making them in a

sense officers of the Crown), and in addition, suits of official

clothing for the Chiefs and head men, British flags for the Chiefs,

and silver medals. These last are given both in the United States

and in Canada, in conformity with an ancient custom, and are much

prized and cherished by the Chiefs and their families. Frequently

the Indians have exhibited to me with pride, old medals issued,

with the likeness of the King before the American war of

Independence, and which have passed down as heirlooms of their

families. On one occasion a young Chief, who had come of age and

aspired to be recognized as a Chief, was decorated in my presence

with the old King George silver medal, by one of the band, to whom

it had been entrusted for safe keeping by the young man's father,

who was a Chief, with the charge that on the boy's coming of age,

it would be delivered over to him. The Chieftainships were at first

partly hereditary, partly won by deeds of daring and of leadership

against the foe. They are now generally elected, though the

tendency to hereditary succession still largely exists. The power

of the Chiefs has been much broken of late, and I am of opinion

that it is of importance to strengthen the hands of the Chiefs

and Councillors by a due recognition of their offices and respect

being shewn them. They should be strongly impressed with the belief

that they are officers of the Crown, and that it is their duty

to see that the Indians of their tribes obey the provisions of

the treaties. The importance of upholding the Chiefs, may be

illustrated by an incident which occurred near Fort Ellice, after

the making of the treaty. A party composed of three men and the

wife of one of them, were travelling as freighters; two of the

men were Half-breeds, the other a Canadian. One night, one of the

Half-breeds shot the Canadian, and attempted to kill the other

Half-breed, who fled to an Indian camp in the vicinity. The Chief

of the band was there, and he at once took his young men with him,

proceeded to the scene of the murder, and after making the offender

a prisoner, took him to the nearest police station and delivered

him to the authorities. The culprit was subsequently tried in

Manitoba, convicted of murder and hanged. For this action the Chief

received the thanks of His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, then

Governor-General of Canada. This case affords an illustration of

the value of the recognition of the Chiefs of the various bands,

and shews of how much advantage, it is to the Crown to possess so

large a number of Indian officials, duly recognized as such, and

who can be inspired with a proper sense of their responsibility to

the Government and to their bands, as well as to others. In all the

negotiations for treaties, the Chiefs took a controlling part, and

generally exhibited great common sense and excellent judgment. It

is therefore of the utmost importance to retain their confidence

and cause their office to be recognized and respected by both

whites and Indians.

4. The allotment of lands to the Indians, to be set aside as

reserves for them for homes and agricultural purposes, and which

cannot be sold or alienated without their consent, and then only

for their benefit; the extent of lands thus set apart being

generally one section for each family of five. I regard this

system as of great value. It at once secures to the Indian tribes

tracts of land, which cannot be interfered with, by the rush of

immigration, and affords the means of inducing them to establish

homes and learn the arts of agriculture. I regard the Canadian

system of allotting reserves to one or more bands together, in the

localities in which they have had the habit of living, as far

preferable to the American system of placing whole tribes, in large

reserves, which eventually become the object of cupidity to the

whites, and the breaking up of which, has so often led to Indian

wars and great discontent even if warfare did not result. The

Indians, have a strong attachment to the localities, in which they

and their fathers have been accustomed to dwell, and it is

desirable to cultivate this home feeling of attachment to the soil.

Moreover, the Canadian system of band reserves has a tendency to

diminish the offensive strength of the Indian tribes, should they

ever become restless, a remote contingency, if the treaties are

carefully observed. Besides, the fact of the reserves being

scattered throughout the territories, will enable the Indians to

obtain markets among the white settlers, for any surplus produce

they may eventually have to dispose of. It will be found desirable,

to assign to each family parts of the reserve for their own use, so

as to give them a sense of property in it, but all power of sale or

alienation of such lands should be rigidly prohibited. Any

premature enfranchisement of the Indians, or power given them to

part with their lands, would inevitably lead to the speedy breaking

up of the reserves, and the return of the Indians to their

wandering mode of life, and thereby to the re-creation of a

difficulty which the assignment of reserves was calculated to

obviate. There is no parallel between the condition of the

North-Western Indians, and that of the Indians who have so long

been under the fostering care of the Government in the older

Provinces of Ontario and Quebec.

5. A very important feature of all the treaties, is the giving to

the Indian bands, agricultural implements, oxen, cattle (to form

the nuclei of herds), and seed grain.

The Indians are fully aware that their old mode of life is passing

away. They are not "unconscious of their destiny;" on the contrary,

they are harassed with fears as to the future of their children and

the hard present of their own lives. They are tractable, docile,

and willing to learn. They recognize the fact that they must seek

part of their living from "the mother earth," to use their own

phraseology. A Chief at Fort Pitt said to me,--"I got a plough from

Mr. Christie of the Company twelve years ago. I have no cattle; I

put myself and my young men in front of it in the spring, and drag

it through the ground. I have no hoes; I make them out of the roots

of trees. Surely, when the Great Mother hears of our needs, she

will come to our help." [Footnote: This band a year ago raised

sufficient farm produce to support themselves without hunting.]

Such a disposition as this should be encouraged. Induce the Indians

to erect houses on their farms, and plant their "gardens" as they

call them, and then while away on their hunts, their wives and

children will have houses to dwell in, and will care for their

patches of corn and grain and potatoes. Then, too, the cattle given

them will expand into herds. It is true that the number assigned

to each band is comparatively limited, and the Government are

not bound to extend the number. This was done advisedly, by the

successive Governments of Canada, and the Commissioners, acting

under their instructions; for it was felt, that it was an

experiment to entrust them with cattle, owing to their inexperience

with regard to housing them and providing fodder for them in

winter, and owing, moreover, to the danger of their using them for

food, if short of buffalo meat or game. Besides, it was felt, that

as the Indian is, and naturally so, always asking, it was better,

that if the Government saw their way safely to increase the number

of cattle given to any band, it should be, not as a matter of

right, but of grace and favor, and as a reward for exertion in

the care of them, and as an incentive to industry. Already, the

prospect of many of the bands turning their attention to raising

food from the soil is very hopeful. In the reserve of St. Peter's,

in Manitoba, the Church of England has for many years had a church

and mission, and long before the advent of Canada as ruler of the

lands, the Indians of the Indian settlement had their houses and

gardens, the produce of which, went to supplement the results of

fishing and hunting. And so on the shores and islands of the Lake

of the Woods and on Rainy Lake, the Indians had their gardens.

Since the treaties, the Indians are turning their attention

much more to cultivating the soil. The Indian district agent in

the Qu'Appelle region, reported in November, 1878, that of the

twenty-four bands in this treaty, eleven are gradually turning

their attention to farming, and of these Chief Cote, of Swan River,

is the most advanced, having harvested that year two hundred and

eighty bushels of barley, over three thousand bushels of potatoes,

and a large quantity of other vegetables. The increase from the

four cows he received two years since is eleven head. This may

appear large, but such is the fact.

Lieut.-Gov. Laird reported in 1877, "That some of the bands within

the limits of Treaties Numbers Four and Six sowed grain and

potatoes with good results that year, one band having about one

hundred acres under cultivation." He also states that the Indians

are very desirous of farming, and that he has hopes that a much

larger quantity of seed will be sown next year (1879). He also

states that the band at White Fish Lake, raised enough that year to

maintain themselves without going to hunt. The Superintendent also

reported that in the Manitoba superintendency "a general desire to

be taught farming, building and other civilized arts exists, and

some of the Indians in Treaty Number Three, living in the vicinity

of Fort Francis, are said to evince enterprise and progress in

their farming operations." At Lac Seule, also in this treaty, the

progress of the Indians is quite marked. They have established two

villages in order to have the benefit of schools.

The Indian agent in the Lake Manitoba district makes a similar

statement. One band has eighteen small farms of one hundred acres

in all, on which they raise potatoes, Indian corn and garden

vegetables. They have twenty-nine houses, twenty-four horses, and

thirty-six head of cattle, of their own. Another built during the

year a good school-house, nineteen new houses, and had one hundred

and twenty-five acres under cultivation. Another had just begun

farming, built six houses, two stables and a barn, and possess

seven head of cattle. Still another had twenty-three houses and one

hundred and fifty acres under tillage, raising barley, wheat,

potatoes and vegetables, and having thirty-six head of cattle. It

is unnecessary to multiply instances, of the aptitude, the Indians

are exhibiting, within so recent a period after the completion of

the treaties, to avail themselves of obtaining their subsistence

from the soil. Their desire to do so, should be cultivated to the

fullest extent. They are, of course, generally ignorant of the

proper mode of farming. In the year 1876, I reported to the

Minister of the Interior, the Hon. David Mills, after my return

from the negotiation of the treaties at Forts Carlton and Pitt,

"that measures ought to be taken to instruct the Indians in farming

and building."

I said "that their present mode of living is passing away; the

Indians are tractable, docile and willing to learn. I think that

advantage should be taken of this disposition to teach them to

become self-supporting, which can best be accomplished by the aid

of a few practical farmers and carpenters to instruct them in

farming and house-building."

This view was corroborated by my successor, Lieutenant-Governor

Laird, who in 1878 reported from Battleford "that if it were

possible to employ a few good, practical men to aid and instruct

the Indians at seed time, I am of opinion that most of the bands on

the Saskatchewan would soon be able to raise sufficient crops to

meet their most pressing wants."

It is satisfactory to know, that the Government of Canada, decided

to act on these suggestions, at least in part, and have during the

past summer sent farm instructors into the Plain country. It is to

be hoped, that this step may prove as fruitful of good results, as

the earnest desire of the Indians to farm would lead us to believe

it may be.

SCHOOLS

6. The treaties provide for the establishment of schools, on the

reserves, for the instruction of the Indian children. This is a

very important feature, and is deserving of being pressed with the

utmost energy. The new generation can be trained in the habits and

ways of civilized life--prepared to encounter the difficulties with

which they will be surrounded, by the influx of settlers, and

fitted for maintaining themselves as tillers of the soil. The

erection of a school-house on a reserve will be attended with

slight expense, and the Indians would often give their labour

towards its construction.

7. The treaties all provide for the exclusion of the sale of

spirits, or "fire-water," on the reserves. The Indians themselves

know their weakness. Their wise men say, "If it is there we will

use it, give us a strong law against it." A general prohibitory

liquor law, originally enacted by the North-West Council and

re-enacted by the Parliament of Canada, is in force in the

North-West Territories and has been productive of much benefit, but

will, in the near future, be difficult of enforcement owing to the

vast extent of the territory.

Such are the main features of the treaties between Canada and the

Indians, and, few as they are, they comprehend the whole future of

the Indians and of their relations to the Dominion.

MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT

To carry them out, the treaty area has been divided into two

Superintendencies, that of Manitoba, including Treaties Numbers

One, Two, Three and Four, and that of the North-West Territories,

including Treaties Numbers Five, Six and Seven. Mr. Dewdney, late

a Member of the House of Commons from British Columbia, has

recently been appointed to the latter Superintendency as Chief

Superintendent, and has spent the summer among the Indian tribes.

He has had large experience among Indians, and will prove, I have

no doubt, an efficient and able officer. His residence will be

in his Superintendency, and he will be able to meet the Indians

and supervise his deputies. Under the Superintendents are agents

having charge of particular districts and the bands within them,

who reside among them. The Chief Superintendents and agents are

officers of the Department of the Interior, and are directed by and

report to the Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Ottawa,

Lawrence Vankoughnet, Esq., who has had long experience of Indian

management in the older Provinces, and his superior, Col. Dennis,

Deputy Minister of the Interior, who had a large practical

acquaintance with the North-West, and the head of the Department,

now the Premier of the Dominion, the Right Hon. Sir John Macdonald.

The system of management is thus a complete one, and doubtless, day

by day, its mode of management, will be perfected and adapted to

the growing exigencies and wants of the native population.

THE HALF-BREEDS

Ere passing from the subject, I cannot refrain from alluding to the

Half-breed population of the North-West Territories. Those people

are mainly of French Canadian descent, though there are a few of

Scotch blood in the territories. Their influence with the Indian

population is extensive. In Manitoba there is a large population of

French Metis and Scotch Half-breeds, and they are proud of their

mixed blood. This race is an important factor with regard to all

North-West questions. His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, with his

keen appreciation of men and facts, astutely seized the position

and thus referred to them in his speech at a banquet in his honor,

given by the citizens of the whilome hamlet, and now city of

Winnipeg, on the occasion of his visit to the Province of Manitoba

in the year 1877.

"There is no doubt that a great deal of the good feeling thus

subsisting between the red men and ourselves is due to the

influence and interposition of that invaluable class of men the

Half-breed settlers and pioneers of Manitoba, who, combining as

they do the hardihood, the endurance and love of enterprise

generated by the strain of Indian blood within their veins, with

the civilization, the instruction, and the intellectual power

derived from their fathers, have preached the Gospel of peace and

good will, and mutual respect, with equally beneficent results to

the Indian chieftain in his lodge and to the British settler in the

shanty. They have been the ambassadors between the east and the

west; the interpreters of civilization and its exigencies to the

dwellers on the prairie as well as the exponents to the white men

of the consideration justly due to the susceptibilities, the

sensitive self-respect, the prejudices, the innate craving for

justice, of the Indian race. In fact they have done for the colony

what otherwise would have been left unaccomplished and have

introduced between the white population and the red man a

traditional feeling of amity and friendship which but for them it

might have been impossible to establish."

For my own part, I can frankly say, that I always had the

confidence, support and active co-operation of the Half-breeds of

all origins, in my negotiations with the Indian tribes, and I owe

them this full acknowledgment thereof. The Half-breeds in the

territories are of three classes--1st, those who as at St. Laurent,

near Prince Albert, the Qu'Appelle Lakes and Edmonton, have their

farms and homes; 2nd, those who are entirely identified with the

Indians, living with them, and speaking their language; 3rd, those

who do not farm, but live after the habits of the Indians, by the

pursuit of the buffalo and the chase.

As to the first class, the question is an easy one. They will, of

course, be recognized as possessors of the soil, and confirmed by

the Government in their holdings, and will continue to make their

living by farming and trading.

The second class have been recognized as Indians, and have passed

into the bands among whom they reside.

The position of the third class is more difficult. The loss of the

means of livelihood by the destruction of the buffalo, presses upon

them, as upon our Indian tribes; and with regard to them I reported

in 1876, and I have seen no reason to change my views, as follows:

"There is another class of the population in the North-West whose

position I desire to bring under the notice of the Privy Council. I

refer to the wandering Half-breeds of the plains, who are chiefly

of French descent and live the life of the Indians. There are a few

who are identified with the Indians, but there is a large class of

Metis who live by the hunt of the buffalo, and have no settled

homes. I think that a census of the numbers of these should be

procured, and while I would not be disposed to recommend their

being brought under the treaties, I would suggest that land should

be assigned to them, and that on their settling down, if after an

examination into their circumstances, it should be found necessary

and expedient, some assistance should be given them to enable them

to enter upon agricultural operations."

FUTURE OF THE INDIANS

And now I come, to a very important question, What is to be the

future of the Indian population of the North-West? I believe it to

be a hopeful one. I have every confidence in the desire and ability

of the present administration, as of any succeeding one, to carry

out the provisions of the treaties, and to extend a helping hand to

this helpless population. That, conceded, with the machinery at

their disposal, with a judicious selection of agents and farm

instructors, and the additional aid of well-selected carpenters,

and efficient school teachers, I look forward to seeing the

Indians, faithful allies of the Crown, while they can gradually be

made an increasing and self-supporting population.

They are wards of Canada, let us do our duty by them, and repeat in

the North-west, the success which has attended our dealings with

them in old Canada, for the last hundred years.

But the Churches too have their duties to fulfil. There is a common

ground between the Christian Churches and the Indians, as they all

believe as we do, in a Great Spirit. The transition thence to the

Christian's God is an easy one.

Many of them appeal for missionaries, and utter the Macedonian cry,

"come over and help us." The Churches have already done and are

doing much. The Church of Rome has its bishops and clergy, who have

long been laboring assiduously and actively. The Church of England

has its bishops and clergy on the shores of the Hudson's Bay, in

the cold region of the Mackenzie and the dioceses of Rupert's Land

and Saskatchewan. The Methodist Church has its missions on Lake

Winnipeg, in the Saskatchewan Valley, and on the slopes of the

Rocky Mountains. The Presbyterians have lately commenced a work

among the Chippewas and Sioux. There is room enough and to spare,

for all, and the Churches should expand and maintain their work.

Already many of the missionaries have made records which will live

in history: among those of recent times, Archbishop Tache, Bishop

Grandin, Pere Lacombe, and many others of the Catholic Church;

Bishops Machray, Bompas, Archdeacons Cochran and Cowley of the

Church of England; Revs. Messrs. Macdougall of the Wesleyan and

Nisbet of the Presbyterian Churches, have lived and labored, and

though some of them have gone to their rest, they have left and

will leave behind them a record of self-denial, untiring zeal, and

many good results. Let the Churches persevere and prosper.

And now I close. Let us have Christianity and civilization to

leaven the mass of heathenism and paganism among the Indian tribes;

let us have a wise and paternal Government faithfully carrying out

the provisions of our treaties, and doing its utmost to help and

elevate the Indian population, who have been cast upon our care,

and we will have peace, progress, and concord among them in the

North-West; and instead of the Indian melting away, as one of them

in older Canada, tersely put it, "as snow before the sun," we will

see our Indian population, loyal subjects of the Crown, happy,

prosperous and self-sustaining, and Canada will be enabled to feel,

that in a truly patriotic spirit, our country has done its duty by

the red men of the North-West, and thereby to herself. So may it

be.

[Illustration: NOTE.--The foregoing represents a copy of the

signatures of the contracting parties to the Selkirk Treaty, the

Indians signing by their own distinctive marks, and also affixing

their signs opposite the tracts of country claimed by them.]

APPENDIX

TEXTS OF TREATIES AND SUPPLEMENTARY ADHESIONS THERETO

THE SELKIRK TREATY

This indenture, made on the eighteenth day of July, in the

fifty-seventh year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King George

the Third, and in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and

seventeen, between the undersigned Chiefs and warriors of the

Chippeway or Saulteaux Nation and of the Killistine or Cree Nation,

on the one part, and the Right Honorable Thomas Earl of Selkirk, on

the other part:

Witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the annual present or

quit rent hereinafter mentioned, the said Chiefs have given,

granted and confirmed, and do, by these presents, give, grant and

confirm unto our Sovereign Lord the King all that tract of land

adjacent to Red River and Ossiniboyne River, beginning at the mouth

of Red River and extending along same as far as Great Forks at the

mouth of Red Lake River, and along Ossiniboyne River, otherwise

called Riviere des Champignons, and extending to the distance of

six miles from Fort Douglas on every side, and likewise from Fort

Doer, and also from the Great Forks and in other parts extending in

breadth to the distance of two English statute miles back from the

banks of the said rivers, on each side, together with all the

appurtenances whatsoever of the said tract of land, to have and to

hold forever the said tract of land and appurtenances to the use of

the said Earl of Selkirk, and of the settlers being established

thereon, with the consent and permission of our Sovereign Lord the

King, or of the said Earl of Selkirk. Provided always, and these

presents are under the express condition that the said Earl, his

heirs and successors, or their agents, shall annually pay to the

Chiefs and warriors of the Chippeway or Saulteaux Nation, the

present or quit rent consisting of one hundred pounds weight of

good and merchantable tobacco, to be delivered on or before the

tenth day of October at the forks of Ossiniboyne River--and to

the Chiefs and warriors of the Killistine or Cree Nation, a like

present or quit rent of one hundred pounds of tobacco, to be

delivered to them on or before the said tenth day of October, at

Portage de la Prairie, on the banks of Ossiniboyne River. Provided

always that the traders hitherto established upon any part of

the above-mentioned tract of land shall not be molested in the

possession of the lands which they have already cultivated and

improved, till His Majesty's pleasure shall be known.

In witness whereof the Chiefs aforesaid have set their marks, at

the Forks of Red River on the day aforesaid.

(Signed) SELKIRK.

MACHE WHESEAB, His x mark.

Le Sonnant.

MECHKADDEWIKONAIE, " x "

La robe noire.

KAYAJIESKEBINOA, " x "

L'Homme Noir.

PEGOWIS. " x "

OUCKIDOAT, " x "

Le Premier.

Signed in presence of

THOMAS THOMAS.

JAMES BIRD.

F. MATTHEY,

Captain.

P. D. ORSONNENS,

Captain.

MILES MACDONELL.

J. BTE. CHARLES DE LORIMIER.

LOUIS NOLIN,

Interpreter.

INDENTURE OF SALE FROM THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY TO THE EARL OF SELKIRK

This indenture, made the twelfth day of June, in the fifty-first

year of the reign of Our Sovereign Lord George the Third, by the

grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,

King, Defender of the Faith, and in the year of our Lord one

thousand eight hundred and eleven, between the Governor and Company

of Adventurers of England, trading into Hudson's Bay, of the one

part, and the Right Honorable Thomas Earl of Selkirk, of the other

part:

Whereas the said Governor and Company are seized to them and their

successors in fee simple, as absolute lords and proprietors of all

the lands and territories situate upon the coasts and confines of

the seas, streights, bays, lakes, rivers, creeks, and sounds,

within the entrance of the streights commonly called Hudson's

Streights, in the north-west part of America, and which lands and

territories are reputed as one of the plantations or colonies

belonging or annexed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Ireland, and are called Rupert's Land.

And whereas the said Governor and Company have, for divers good and

valuable causes and considerations them thereunto moving, agreed to

convey and assure a certain tract or parcel of the said lands and

territories hereinafter described, unto and to the use of the said

Earl of Selkirk, his heirs and assigns, under and subject to

certain conditions hereinafter expressed and contained. Now,

therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that in pursuance of such

agreement, and in consideration of the sum of ten shillings of

lawful money of Great Britain to the said Governor and Company,

well and truly paid by the said Earl of Selkirk, at or before the

execution of these presents (the receipt whereof is hereby

acknowledged), and for divers good and other valuable causes and

considerations, them, the said Governor and Company hereunto

moving, the said Governor and Company have given, granted, aliened,

enfeoffed and confirmed, and by these presents do give, grant,

alien, enfeoff, and confirm unto the said Earl of Selkirk, his

heirs and assigns, all that tract of land or territory, being

within and forming part of the aforesaid lands and territories of

the said Governor and Company, bounded by an imaginary line running

as follows, that is to say: beginning on the western shore of the

Lake Winnipie, otherwise Winnipey, at a point in fifty-two degrees,

and thirty north latitude, and thence running due west to the Lake

Winnipegoos, otherwise called Little Winnipey, then in a southerly

direction through the said lake so as to strike its western shore

in latitude fifty-two degrees, then due west to the place where the

parallel of fifty-two degrees north latitude intersects the western

branch of Red River, otherwise called Assiniboyne River, then due

south from that point of intersection to the height of land which

separates the waters running into Hudson's Bay, from those of the

Missouri and Mississippi, then in an easterly direction along the

said height of land to the source of the River Winnipie, or

Winnipey (meaning by such last named river, the principal branch of

the waters which unite in Lake Saginagus), thence along the main

stream of these waters and the middle of the several lakes through

which they flow to the mouth of the Winnipie River, and thence in a

northerly direction through the middle of Lake Winnipie to the

place of beginning.

In witness whereof the said parties to these presents have hereunto

set their hands and seals the day and year first above written.

(Signed) SELKIRK. [L. S.]

ALEXANDER LEAN, [L. S.]

Secretary of the Hudson's Bay Company.

Indorsed.--Sealed under the common seal of the within mentioned

Governor and Company, and signed and delivered by Alexander Lean,

their Secretary, pursuant to their order and appointment, and

signed, sealed and delivered by the within mentioned Thomas, Earl

of Selkirk (being first duly stamped), in the presence of

ALEXANDER MUNDELL,

Parliament Street, Westminster.

EDWARD ROBERTS,

Hudson's Bay House.

Suit l'attestation ecrite et assermentie du premier de ces deux

temoins, Alex. Mundell, en presence du Maire de Londres.

Sworn at the Mansion House,

London, this twenty-third day (Signed) ALEXANDER MUNDELL.

of April, 1819, before me,

JOHN AIKINS, [L. S.]

Mayor.

Puis, Attestation notariee, in testimonium veritatis.

(Signed) WILLIAM DUFF,

Notary Public.

Be it remembered that on the fourth day of September, in the year

1812, at the Forks of Red River, peaceable possession of the land

and hereditaments by the within written indenture, granted and

enfeoffed, or otherwise assured or expressed, and intended so to

be, was taken, had and delivered, by the within named William

Hillier, one of the attorneys for that purpose appointed, unto the

within named Miles Macdonell, Esquire, who was duly authorized to

receive the same, to and for the use of the within named Earl of

Selkirk, his heirs and assigns according to the form and effect of

the within written indenture in the presence of

(Signed) JOHN McLEOD,

RODERICK McKENZIE.

THE ROBINSON SUPERIOR TREATY

This agreement, made and entered into on the seventh day of

September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and

fifty, at Sault Ste. Marie, in the Province of Canada, between

the Honorable William Benjamin Robinson, of the one part, on

behalf of Her Majesty the Queen, and Joseph Peandechat, John

Iuinway, Mishe-Muckqua, Totomencie, Chiefs, and Jacob Warpela,

Ahmutchiwagabou, Michel Shelageshick, Manitoshainse, and Chiginans,

principal men of the Ojibewa Indians inhabiting the Northern

Shore of Lake Superior, in the said Province of Canada, from

Batchewananng Bay to Pigeon River, at the western extremity of said

lake, and inland throughout the extent to the height of land which

separates the territory covered by the charter of the Honorable the

Hudson's Bay Company from the said tract, and also the islands in

the said lake within the boundaries of the British possessions

therein, of the other part, witnesseth:

That for and in consideration of the sum of two thousand pounds of

good and lawful money of Upper Canada, to them in hand paid, and

for the further perpetual annuity of five hundred pounds, the same

to be paid and delivered to the said Chiefs and their tribes at

a convenient season of each summer, not later than the first day

of August at the Honorable the Hudson's Bay Company's Posts of

Michipicoton and Fort William, they the said Chiefs and principal

men do freely, fully and voluntarily surrender, cede, grant and

convey unto Her Majesty, Her heirs and successors forever, all

their right, title and interest in the whole of the territory

above described, save and except the reservations set forth in

the schedule hereunto annexed, which reservations shall be held

and occupied by the said Chiefs and their tribes in common, for

the purposes of residence and cultivation,--and should the said

Chiefs and their respective tribes at any time desire to dispose

of any mineral or other valuable productions upon the said

reservations, the same will be at their request sold by order of

the Superintendent-General of the Indian Department for the time

being, for their sole use and benefit, and to the best advantage.

And the said William Benjamin Robinson of the first part, on behalf

of Her Majesty and the Government of this Province, hereby promises

and agrees to make the payments as before mentioned; and further to

allow the said Chiefs and their tribes the full and free privilege

to hunt over the territory now ceded by them, and to fish in the

waters thereof as they have heretofore been in the habit of doing,

saving and excepting only such portions of the said territory

as may from time to time be sold or leased to individuals, or

companies of individuals, and occupied by them with the consent of

the Provincial Government. The parties of the second part further

promise and agree that they will not sell, lease, or otherwise

dispose of any portion of their reservations without the consent of

the Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs being first had and

obtained; nor will they at any time hinder or prevent persons from

exploring or searching for minerals or other valuable productions

in any part of the territory hereby ceded to Her Majesty as before

mentioned. The parties of the second part also agree that in case

the Government of this Province should before the date of this

agreement have sold, or bargained to sell, any mining locations or

other property on the portions of the territory hereby reserved for

their use and benefit, then and in that case such sale, or promise

of sale, shall be perfected, if the parties interested desire it,

by the Government, and the amount accruing therefrom shall be paid

to the tribe to whom the reservation belongs. The said William

Benjamin Robinson on behalf of Her Majesty, who desires to deal

liberally and justly with all her subjects, further promises and

agrees that in case the territory hereby ceded by the parties of

the second part shall at any future period produce an amount which

will enable the Government of this Province without incurring loss

to increase the annuity hereby secured to them, then, and in that

case, the same shall be augmented from time to time, provided that

the amount paid to each individual shall not exceed the sum of one

pound provincial currency in any one year, or such further sum

as Her Majesty may be graciously pleased to order; and provided

further that the number of Indians entitled to the benefit of this

treaty shall amount to two-thirds of their present numbers (which

is twelve hundred and forty) to entitle them to claim the full

benefit thereof, and should their numbers at any future period not

amount to two-thirds of twelve hundred and forty, the annuity shall

be diminished in proportion to their actual numbers.

Schedule of Reservations made by the above named and subscribing

Chiefs and principal men.

First--Joseph Pean-de-chat and his tribe, the reserve to commence

about two miles from Fort William (inland), on the right bank of

the River Kiministiquia; thence westerly six miles, parallel to the

shores of the lake; thence northerly five miles, thence easterly to

the right bank of the said river, so as not to interfere with any

acquired rights of the Honorable Hudson's Bay Company.

Second--Four miles square at Gros Cap, being a valley near the

Honorable Hudson's Bay Company's post of Michipicoton, for

Totominai and tribe.

Third--Four miles square on Gull River, near Lake Nipigon, on both

sides of said river, for the Chief Mishimuckqua and tribe.

(Signed) W. B. ROBINSON.

JOSEPH PEAN-DE-CHAT. His x mark. [L. S.]

JOHN MINWAY. " x " [L. S.]

MISHE-MUCKQUA. " x " [L. S.]

TOTOMINAI. " x " [L. S.]

JACOB WAPELA. " x " [L. S.]

AH-MUTCHINAGALON. " x " [L. S.]

MICHEL SHELAGESHICK. " x " [L. S.]

MANITOU SHAINSE. " x " [L. S.]

CHIGINANS. " x " [L. S.]

Signed, sealed and delivered at Sault Ste. Marie, the day and year

first above written, in presence of--

(Signed) GEORGE IRONSIDE,

S. I. Affairs.

ASTLEY P. COOPER,

Capt. Com. Rifle Brig.

H. M. BALFOUR,

2nd Lieut. Rifle Brig.

JOHN SWANSTON,

C. F. Hon. Hud. Bay Co.

GEORGE JOHNSTON,

Interpreter.

F. W. KEATING.

THE ROBINSON HURON TREATY

This agreement, made and entered into this ninth day of September,

in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty, at

Sault Ste. Marie, in the Province of Canada, between the Honorable

William Benjamin Robinson, of the one part, on behalf of Her Majesty

the Queen, and Shinguacouse Nebenaigoching, Keokouse, Mishequonga,

Tagawinini, Shabokishick, Dokis, Ponekeosh, Windawtegowinini,

Shawenakeshick, Namassin, Naoquagabo, Wabakekik, Kitchepossigun,

by Papasainse, Wagemaki, Pamequonaisheung, Chiefs; and John Bell,

Paqwatchinini, Mashekyash, Idowekesis, Waquacomick, Ocheek,

Metigomin, Watachewana, Minwawapenasse, Shenaoquom, Oningegun,

Panaissy, Papasainse, Ashewasega, Kageshewawetung, Shawonebin; and

also Chief Maisquaso (also Chiefs Muckata, Mishoquet, and Mekis),

and Mishoquetto and Asa Waswanay and Pawiss, principal men of the

Ojibewa Indians, inhabiting and claiming the eastern and northern

shores of Lake Huron, from Penetanguishene to Sault Ste. Marie, and

thence to Batchewanaung Bay, on the northern shore of Lake Superior,

together with the Islands in the said Lakes, opposite to the shores

thereof, and inland to the height of land which separates the

territory covered by the charter of the Honorable Hudson's Bay

Company from Canada; as well as all unconceded lands within the

limits of Canada West to which they have any just claim, of the

other part, witnesseth:

That for and in consideration of the sum of two thousand pounds of

good and lawful money of Upper Canada, to them in hand paid, and

for the further perpetual annuity of six hundred pounds of like

money, the same to be paid and delivered to the said Chiefs and

their tribes at a convenient season of each year, of which due

notice will be given, at such places as may be appointed for that

purpose, they the said Chiefs and principal men, on behalf of their

respective tribes or bands, do hereby fully, freely and voluntarily

surrender, cede, grant, and convey unto Her Majesty, her heirs and

successors forever, all their right, title, and interest to, and in

the whole of, the territory above described, save and except the

reservations set forth in the schedule hereunto annexed; which

reservations shall be held and occupied by the said Chiefs and

their tribes in common, for their own use and benefit.

And should the said Chiefs and their respective tribes at any time

desire to dispose of any such reservations, or of any mineral or

other valuable productions thereon, the same will be sold or leased

at their request by the Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs

for the time being, or other officer having authority so to do, for

their sole benefit, and to the best advantage.

And the said William Benjamin Robinson of the first part, on behalf of

Her Majesty and the Government of this Province, hereby promises and

agrees to make, or cause to be made, the payments as before mentioned;

and further to allow the said Chiefs and their tribes the full and free

privilege to hunt over the territory now ceded by them, and to fish

in the waters thereof, as they have heretofore been in the habit of

doing; saving and excepting such portions of the said territory as may

from time to time be sold or leased to individuals or companies of

individuals, and occupied by them with the consent of the Provincial

Government.

The parties of the second part further promise and agree that they

will not sell, lease or otherwise dispose of any portion of their

Reservations without the consent of the Superintendent-General of

Indian Affairs, or other officer of like authority, being first had

and obtained. Nor will they at any time hinder or prevent persons

from exploring or searching for minerals, or other valuable

productions, in any part of the territory hereby ceded to Her

Majesty, as before mentioned. The parties of the second part also

agree, that in case the Government of this Province should before

the date of this agreement have sold, or bargained to sell, any

mining locations, or other property, on the portions of the

territory hereby reserved for their use; then and in that case such

sale, or promise of sale, shall be perfected by the Government, if

the parties claiming it shall have fulfilled all the conditions

upon which such locations were made, and the amount accruing

therefrom shall be paid to the tribe to whom the Reservation

belongs.

The said William Benjamin Robinson, on behalf of Her Majesty, who

desires to deal liberally and justly with all her subjects, further

promises and agrees, that should the territory hereby ceded by the

parties of the second part at any future period produce such an

amount as will enable the Government of this Province, without

incurring loss, to increase the annuity hereby secured to them,

then and in that case the same shall be augmented from time to

time, provided that the amount paid to each individual shall not

exceed the sum of one pound Provincial currency in any one year, or

such further sum as Her Majesty may be graciously pleased to order;

and provided further that the number of Indians entitled to the

benefit of this treaty shall amount to two-thirds of their present

number, which is fourteen hundred and twenty-two, to entitle them

to claim the full benefit thereof. And should they not at any

future period amount to two-thirds of fourteen hundred and

twenty-two, then the said annuity shall be diminished in proportion

to their actual numbers.

The said William Benjamin Robinson of the first part further

agrees, on the part of Her Majesty and the Government of this

Province, that in consequence of the Indians inhabiting French

River and Lake Nipissing having become parties to this treaty, the

further sum of one hundred and sixty pounds Provincial currency

shall be paid in addition to the two thousand pounds above

mentioned.

Schedule of Reservations made by the above-named subscribing Chiefs

and Principal Men.

First--Pamequonaishcung and his band, a tract of land to commence

seven miles, from the mouth of the River Maganetawang, and

extending six miles east and west by three miles north.

Second--Wagemake and his band, a tract of land to commence at a

place called Nekickshegeshing, six miles from east to west, by

three miles in depth.

Third--Kitcheposkissegan (by Papasainse), from Point Grondine

westward, six miles inland, by two miles in front, so as to include

the small Lake Nessinassung--a tract for themselves and their

bands.

Fourth--Wabakekik, three miles front, near Shebawenaning, by five

miles inland, for himself and band.

Fifth--Namassin and Naoquagabo and their bands, a tract of land

commencing near Quacloche, at the Hudson Bay Company's boundary;

thence westerly to the mouth of the Spanish River; then four miles

up the south bank of said river, and across to the place of

beginning.

Sixth--Shawenakishick and his band, a tract of land now occupied by

them, and contained between two rivers, called Whitefish River, and

Wanabitaseke, seven miles inland.

Seventh--Windawtegawinini and his band, the Peninsula east of Serpent

River, and formed by it, now occupied by them.

Eighth--Ponekeosh and his band, the land contained between the

River Mississaga and the River Penebewabecong, up to the first

rapids.

Ninth--Dokis and his band, three miles square at Wanabeyakokaun,

near Lake Nipissing and the Island near the Fall of Okickandawt.

Tenth--Shabokishick and his band, from their present planting

grounds on Lake Nipissing to the Hudson Bay Company's post, six

miles in depth.

Eleventh--Tagawinini and his band, two miles square at Wanabitibing,

a place about forty miles inland, near Lake Nipissing.

Twelfth--Keokouse and his band, four miles front from Thessalon

River eastward, by four miles inland.

Thirteenth--Mishequanga and his band, two miles on the lake shore

east and west of Ogawaminang, by one mile inland.

Fourteenth--For Shinguacouse and his band, a tract of land

extending from Maskinonge Bay, inclusive, to Partridge Point, above

Garden River on the front, and inland ten miles, throughout the

whole distance; and also Squirrel Island.

Fifteenth--For Nebenaigoching and his band, a tract of land

extending from Wanabekineyunnung west of Gros Cap to the boundary

of the lands ceded by the Chiefs of Lake Superior, and inland ten

miles throughout the whole distance, including Batchewanaunng Bay;

and also the small island at Sault Ste. Marie used by them as a

fishing station.

Sixteenth--For Chief Mekis and his band, residing at Wasaquesing

(Sandy Island), a tract of land at a place on the main shore

opposite the Island; being the place now occupied by them for

residence and cultivation, four miles square.

Seventeenth--For Chief Muckatamishaquet and his band, a tract of

land on the east side of the River Naishconteong, near Pointe aux

Barils, three miles square; and also a small tract in Washauwenega

Bay--now occupied by a part of the band--three miles square.

(Signed) W. B. ROBINSON.

SHINGUACOUSE. His x mark. [L. S.]

NEBENAIGOCHING. " x " [L. S.]

KEOKOUSE. " x " [L. S.]

MISHEQUONGA. " x " [L. S.]

TAGAWININI. " x " [L. S.]

SHABOKESHICK. " x " [L. S.]

DOKIS. " x " [L. S.]

PONEKEOSH. " x " [L. S.]

WINDAWTEGOWININI. " x " [L. S.]

SHAWENAKESHICK. " x " [L. S.]

NAMASSIN. " x " [L. S.]

MUCKATA MISHAQUET. " x " [L. S.]

MEKIS. " x " [L. S.]

MAISQUASO. " x " [L. S.]

NAOQUAGABO. " x " [L. S.]

WABOKEKICK. " x " [L. S.]

KITCHEPOSSEGUN " x " [L. S.]

(by Papasainse).

WAGEMAKE. " x " [L. S.]

PAMEQUONAISHCUNG. " x " [L. S.]

JOHN BELL. " x " [L. S.]

PAQWATCHININI. " x " [L. S.]

MASHEKYASH. " x " [L. S.]

IDOWEKESIS. " x " [L. S.]

WAQUACOMICK. " x " [L. S.]

MISHOQUETTO. " x " [L. S.]

ASA WASWANAY. " x " [L. S.]

PAWISS. " x " [L. S.]

OCHEEK. " x " [L. S.]

METIGOMIN. " x " [L. S.]

WATACHEWANA. " x " [L. S.]

MIMEWAWAPENASSE. " x " [L. S.]

SHENAOQUM. " x " [L. S.]

ONINGEGUN. " x " [L. S.]

PANAISSY. " x " [L. S.]

PAPASAINSE. " x " [L. S.]

ASHEWASEGA. " x " [L. S.]

KAGISHEWAWETUNG " x " [L. S.]

(by Baboncung).

SHAWONEBIN. " x " [L. S.]

Signed, sealed and delivered at Sault Ste. Marie, the day and year

first above written, in presence of

(Signed) ASTLEY P. COOPER,

Capt. Rifle Brig.

GEORGE IRONSIDE,

S. I. Affairs.

F. W. BALFOUR,

Lieut. Rifle Brig.

ALLAN MACDONELL.

GEO. JOHNSON,

Interpreter.

LOUIS CADOTT.

J. B. ASSIKINACK.

T. W. KEATING.

JOS. WILSON.

Witnesses to signatures of Muckata Mishaquet, Mekis, Mishoquetto,

Asa Waswanay, and Pawiss--

T. G. ANDERSON, S. I. A.

W. B. HAMILTON.

W. SIMPSON.

ALFRED A. THOMPSON.

THE MANITOULIN ISLAND TREATY

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at

Manitowaning, on the Great Manitoulin Island, in the Province of

Canada, the sixth day of October, Anno Domini 1862, between the

Hon. William McDougall, Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs,

and William Spragge, Esquire, Deputy Superintendent of Indian

Affairs, on the part of the Crown and Government of said Province,

of the first part, and Mai-she-quong-gai, Oke-mah-be-ness, J. B.

Assiginock, Benjamin Assiginock, Mai-be-nesse-ma, She-no-tah-gun,

George Ah-be-tos-o-wai, Paim-o-quo-waish-gung, Abence, Tai-bose-gai,

Ato-wish-cosh, Nai-wan-dai-ge-zhik, Wan-kan-o-say, Keesh-kewan-bik,

Chiefs and principal men of the Ottawa, Chippewa, and other Indians

occupying the said Island, on behalf of the said Indians, of the

second part:

Whereas, the Indian title to said Island was surrendered to the

Crown on the ninth August, Anno Domini 1836, under and by virtue of

a treaty made between Sir Francis Bond Head, then Governor of Upper

Canada, and the Chiefs and principal men of the Ottawas and

Chippewas then occupying and claiming title thereto, in order that

the same might "be made the property (under their Great Father's

control) of all Indians whom he should allow to reside thereon;"

And whereas, but few Indians from the mainland whom it was intended

to transfer to the Island, have ever come to reside thereon;

And whereas, it has been deemed expedient (with a view to the

improvement of the condition of the Indians, as well as the

settlement and improvement of the country), to assign to the

Indians now upon the Island certain specified portions thereof, to

be held by patent from the Crown, and to sell the other portions

thereof fit for cultivation to settlers, and to invest the proceeds

thereof, after deducting the expenses of survey and management, for

the benefit of the Indians;

And whereas, a majority of the Chiefs of certain bands residing on

that portion of the Island easterly of Heywood Sound and the

Manitoulin Gulf have expressed their unwillingness to accede to

this proposal as respects that portion of the Island, but have

assented to the same as respects all other portions thereof; and

whereas the Chiefs and principal men of the bands residing on the

Island westerly of the said Sound and Gulf have agreed to accede to

the said proposal:

Now this agreement witnesseth that in consideration of the sum of

seven hundred dollars now in hand paid (which sum is to be

hereafter deducted from the proceeds of lands sold to settlers),

the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and in further

consideration of such sums as may be realized from time to time as

interest upon the purchase money of the lands to be sold for their

benefit as aforesaid, the parties hereto of the second part have

and hereby do release, surrender and give up to Her Majesty the

Queen, all the right, title, interest and claim of the parties of

the second part, and of the Ottawa, Chippewa and other Indians in

whose behalf they act, of, in and to the Great Manitoulin Island,

and also of, in and to the Islands adjacent, which have been deemed

or claimed to be appertinent or belonging thereto, to have and to

hold the same and every part thereof to Her Majesty, her heirs and

successors forever.

And it is hereby agreed by and between the parties hereto as

follows:

Firstly--A survey of the said Manitoulin Island shall be made as

soon as conveniently may be, under the authority of the Department

of Crown Lands.

Secondly--The Crown will, as soon as conveniently may be, grant by

deed for the benefit of each Indian being the head of a family and

residing on the said Island, one hundred acres of land; to each

single person over twenty-one years of age, residing as aforesaid,

fifty acres of land; to each family of orphan children under

twenty-one years of age, containing two or more persons, one

hundred acres of land; and to each single orphan child under

twenty-one years of age, fifty acres of land; to be selected and

located under the following rules and conditions: Each Indian

entitled to land under this agreement may make his own selection of

any land on the Great Manitoulin Island:

Provided, 1st. That the lots selected shall be contiguous or

adjacent to each other, so that Indian settlements on the Island

may be as compact as possible. 2nd. That if two or more Indians

claim the same lot of land, the matter shall be referred to the

Resident Superintendent, who shall examine the case and decide

between them. 3rd. That selections for orphan children may be made

by their friends, subject to the approval of the Resident

Superintendent. 4th. Should any lot or lots, selected as aforesaid,

be contiguous to any bay or harbor, or any stream of water, upon

which a mill site shall be found, and should the Government be of

opinion that such lot or lots ought to be reserved for the use of

the public, or for village or park lots, or such mill site be sold

with a view to the erection of a mill thereon, and shall signify

such its opinion through its proper agent, then the Indian who has

selected, or who wishes to select such lot, shall make another

selection; but if he has made any improvements thereon, he shall be

allowed a fair compensation therefor. 5th. The selections shall all

be made within one year after the completion of the survey, and

for that purpose plans of the survey shall be deposited with

the Resident Superintendent as soon as they are approved by the

Department of Crown Lands, and shall be open to the inspection of

all Indians entitled to make selections as aforesaid.

Thirdly--The interests which may accrue from the investment of the

proceeds of sales of lands as aforesaid, shall be payable annually,

and shall be apportioned among the Indians now residing westerly of

the said Sound and Gulf, and their descendants per capita, but

every Chief lawfully appointed shall be entitled to two portions.

Fourthly--So soon as one hundred thousand acres of the said land is

sold, such portion of the salary of the Resident Superintendent,

and of the expenses of his office as the Government may deem

equitable, shall become a charge upon the said fund.

Fifthly--The deeds or patents for the lands to be selected as

aforesaid, shall contain such conditions for the protection of the

grantees as the Governor in Council may, under the law, deem

requisite.

Sixthly--All the rights and privileges in respect to the taking of

fish in the lakes, bays, creeks and waters within and adjacent to

the said Island, which may be lawfully exercised and enjoyed by the

white settlers thereon, may be exercised and enjoyed by the

Indians.

Seventhly--That portion of the Island easterly of Heywood Sound and

Manitoulin Gulf, and the Indians now residing there, are exempted

from the operation of this agreement as respects survey, sale of

lots, granting deeds to Indians, and payment in respect of moneys

derived from sales in other parts of the Island. But the said

Indians will remain under the protection of the Government as

formerly, and the said easterly part or division of the Island will

remain open for the occupation of any Indians entitled to reside

upon the Island as formerly, subject, in case of dispute, to the

approval of the Government.

Eighthly--Whenever a majority of the Chiefs and principal men at a

council of the Indians residing easterly of the said Sound and

Gulf, to be called and held for the purpose, shall declare their

willingness to accede to the present agreement in all respects and

portions thereof, and the Indians there shall be entitled to the

same privileges in every respect from and after the date of such

approval by the Government, as those residing in other parts of the

Island.

Ninthly--This agreement shall be obligatory and binding on the

contracting parties as soon as the same shall be approved by the

Governor in Council.

In witness whereof the said Superintendent-General of Indian

affairs, and Deputy Superintendent, and the undersigned Chiefs and

principal men of the Ottawa, Chippewa and other Indians have hereto

set their hands and seals at Manitowaning, the sixth day of

October, in the year first above written.

(Signed) WM. McDOUGALL. [L. S.]

WM. SPRAGGE [L. S.]

J. B. ASSIGINACK. [L. S.]

MAISHEGUONG-PAI. [L. S.]

OKEMAHBENESS. [L. S.]

BENJAMIN ASSIGINACK. [L. S.]

WAIBENESSIENNE. [L. S.]

SHEWETOGUN. [L. S.]

GEORGE WEBETOOSOWN. [L. S.]

PAIMOQUONAISHKING. [L. S.]

ABENCE. [L. S.]

TAIBOSEGAI. [L. S.]

ATOWISHCOSTE. [L. S.]

WETCOWSAI. [L. S.]

KUSHKEWABIE. [L. S.]

BAIBONISAI. [L. S.]

KEGHIKGODONESS. [L. S.]

PALTAHDOGINSHKING. [L. S.]

Executed in the presence of (having been first read, translated and

explained):

(Signed) GEORGE IRONSIDE,

S. I. Affairs.

S. PHILLIPS DAY.

WM. GIBBARD.

DAVID S. LAYTON.

JOSEPH WILSON. [L. S.]

JOHN H. McDOUGALL.

F. ASSICKINACK.

PETER JACOBS,

Church of England Mission.

McGREGOR IRONSIDE.

The undersigned is one of the Chiefs of the Wequainorekong band,

and appends his signature in testimony of his general approval and

his assent as an individual to all the terms of the above

agreement.

(Signed) SIHKUMMEH. [L. S.]

RUNIC SAHLENG. [L. S.]

MANITOWANING, October 6th, 1862.

Memorandum from Captain Ironside of Indian settlements on the

Manitoulin Island:

Man-a-to-wan-ning. She-she-gwan-a-sing.

She-qui-ain-dand. Min-de-moo-ya-se-be.

Y-a-be-je-wong. Che-to-wai-e-gun-ning (West).

Me-che-co-wed-e-nong. Weg-wai-me-kong.

Mai-mon-a-ke-kong. Weg-wai-me-kos-ing.

She-she-gwan-ning. Ohe-to-wai-e-gun-ning (East).

TREATIES IN MANITOBA, THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES, AND KEE-WA-TIN

TREATY NUMBER ONE

Articles of a treaty, made and concluded this third day of

August, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and

seventy-one, between Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of

Great Britain and Ireland, by Her Commissioner Wemyss M. Simpson,

Esquire, of the one part, and the Chippewa and Swampy Cree

Tribes of Indians, inhabitants of the country within the limits

hereinafter defined and described by their Chiefs, chosen and named

as hereinafter mentioned, of the other part:

Whereas, all the Indians inhabiting the said country have, pursuant

to an appointment made by the said Commissioner, been convened at

the Stone Fort, otherwise called Lower Fort Garry, to deliberate

upon certain matters of interest to Her Most Gracious Majesty of

the one part, and to the said Indians of the other; and whereas the

said Indians have been notified and informed by Her Majesty's said

Commissioner, that it is the desire of Her Majesty to open up to

settlement and immigration a tract of country bounded and described

as hereinafter mentioned, and to obtain the consent thereto of her

Indian subjects inhabiting the said tract and to make a treaty and

arrangements with them, so that there may be peace and good will

between them and Her Majesty, and that they may know and be assured

of what allowance they are to count upon and receive, year by year,

from Her Majesty's bounty and benevolence.

And whereas the Indians of the said tract, duly convened in

Council as aforesaid, and being requested by Her Majesty's said

Commissioner to name certain Chiefs and head men, who should be

authorized on their behalf to conduct such negotiations, and sign

any treaty to be founded thereon, and to become responsible to Her

Majesty for the faithful performance, by their respective bands,

of such obligations as should be assumed by them the said Indians,

have thereupon named the following persons for that purpose,

that is to say: Mis-koo-kenew, or Red Eagle, (Henry Prince);

Ka-ke-ka-penais, or Bird for ever; Na-sha-ke-penais, or Flying down

Bird; Na-na-wa-nana, or Centre of Bird's Tail; Ke-we-tayash, or

Flying round; Wa-ko-wash, or Whip-poor-Will; Oo-za-we-kwun, or

Yellow Quill; and thereupon, in open Council, the different bands

have presented their respective Chiefs to His Excellency the

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba, and of the

North-West Territory, being present at such Council, and to the

said Commissioner, as the Chiefs and head men for the purposes

aforesaid, of the respective bands of Indians inhabiting the

said District, hereinafter described; and whereas the said

Lieutenant-Governor and the said Commissioner, then and there

received and acknowledged the persons so presented as Chiefs

and head men, for the purpose aforesaid; and whereas the said

Commissioner has proceeded to negotiate a treaty with the said

Indians, and the same has finally been agreed upon and concluded as

follows, that is to say:

The Chippewa and Swampy Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other the

Indians inhabiting the district hereinafter described and defined,

do hereby cede, release, surrender, and yield up to Her Majesty

the Queen, and her successors for ever, all the lands included

within the following limits, that is to say: Beginning at the

International boundary line near its junction with the Lake of the

Woods, at a point due north from the centre of Roseau Lake, thence

to run due north to the centre of Roseau Lake; thence northward to

the centre of White Mouth Lake, otherwise called White Mud Lake;

thence by the middle of the lake and the middle of the river

issuing therefrom, to the mouth thereof in Winnipeg River; thence

by the Winnipeg River to its mouth; thence westwardly, including

all the islands near the south end of the lake, across the lake to

the mouth of the Drunken River; thence westwardly, to a point on

Lake Manitoba, half way between Oak Point and the mouth of Swan

Creek; thence across Lake Manitoba, on a line due west to its

western shore; thence in a straight line to the crossing of the

Rapids on the Assiniboine; thence due south to the International

boundary line, and thence easterly by the said line to the place of

beginning; to have and to hold the same to Her said Majesty the

Queen, and her successors for ever; and Her Majesty the Queen,

hereby agrees and undertakes to lay aside and reserve for the sole

and exclusive use of the Indians, the following tracts of land,

that is to say: For the use of the Indians belonging to the band of

which Henry Prince, otherwise called Mis-koo-ke-new, is the Chief,

so much of land on both sides of the Red River, beginning at the

south line of St. Peter's Parish, as will furnish one hundred and

sixty acres for each family of five, or in that proportion for

larger or smaller families; and for the use of the Indians of whom

Na-sha-ke-penais, Na-na-wa-nanan, Ke-we-tayash, and Wa-ko-wush,

are the Chiefs, so much land on the Roseau River, as will furnish

one hundred and sixty acres for each family of five, or in that

proportion for larger or smaller families, beginning from the

mouth of the river; and for the use of the Indians, of which

Ka-ke-ka-penais is the Chief, so much land on the Winnipeg River,

above Fort Alexander, as will furnish one hundred and sixty

acres for each family of five, or in that proportion for larger

or smaller families, beginning at a distance of a mile or

thereabout above the Fort; and for the use of the Indians, of whom

Oo-za-we-Kwun is Chief, so much land on the south and east side

of the Assiniboine, about twenty miles above the Portage, as will

furnish one hundred and sixty acres for each family of five, or in

that proportion for larger or smaller families, reserving also a

further tract enclosing said reserve, to comprise an equivalent to

twenty-five square miles of equal breadth, to be laid out round the

reserve; it being understood, however, that if at the date of the

execution of this treaty, there are any settlers within the bounds

of any lands reserved by any band, Her Majesty reserves the right

to deal with such settlers as she shall deem just, so as not to

diminish the extent of land allotted to the Indians.

And with a view to show the satisfaction of Her Majesty with the

behaviour and good conduct of her Indians, parties to this treaty,

she hereby, through her Commissioner, makes them a present of three

dollars for each Indian man, woman and child belonging to the bands

here represented.

And further, Her Majesty agrees to maintain a school on each

reserve hereby made, whenever the Indians of the reserve should

desire it.

Within the boundary of Indian Reserves, until otherwise enacted by

the proper legislative authority, no intoxicating liquor shall be

allowed to be introduced or sold, and all laws now in force or

hereafter to be enacted to preserve Her Majesty's Indian subjects,

inhabiting the reserves or living elsewhere, from the evil

influence of the use of intoxicating liquors, shall be strictly

enforced.

Her Majesty's Commissioner shall, as soon as possible after the

execution of this treaty, cause to be taken an accurate census

of all the Indians inhabiting the district above described,

distributing them in families, and shall in every year ensuing the

date hereof, at some period during the month of July in each year,

to be duly notified to the Indians, and at or near the respective

reserves, pay to each Indian family of five persons the sum of

fifteen dollars Canadian currency, or in like proportion for a

larger or smaller family, such payment to be made in such articles

as the Indians shall require of blankets, clothing, prints

(assorted colors), twine or traps, at the current cost price in

Montreal, or otherwise, if Her Majesty shall deem the same

desirable in the interests of Her Indian people, in cash.

And the undersigned Chiefs do hereby bind and pledge themselves and

their people strictly to observe this treaty, and to maintain

perpetual peace between themselves and Her Majesty's white

subjects, and not to interfere with the property or in any way

molest the persons of Her Majesty's white or other subjects.

In witness whereof Her Majesty's said Commissioner and the said

Indian Chiefs have hereunto subscribed and set their hand and seal,

at the Lower Fort Garry, this day and year herein first above

mentioned.

(Signed) WEMYSS M. SIMPSON, [L. S.]

Indian Commissioner.

MIS-KOO-KE-NEW (or Red Eagle) His x mark.

(Henry Prince).

KA-KE-KA-PENAIS (or Bird Forever) " x "

(William Pennefather).

NA-SHA-KE-PENAIS (or Flying down Bird). " x "

NA-NA-WA-NANAN (or Centre of Bird's Tail). " x "

KE-WE-TAY-ASH (or Flying Round). " x "

WA-KO-WUSH (or Whip-poor-will). " x "

OO-ZA-WE-KWUN (or Yellow Quill). " x "

Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of (the same having

been first read and explained)--

(Signed) ADAMS G. ARCHIBALD,

Lieut.-Gov. of Manitoba, and the N.-W. Territories.

JAMES McKAY, P.L.C.

A. G. IRVINE,

Major.

ABRAHAM COWLEY.

DONALD GUNN, M.L.C.

THOMAS HOWARD.

HENRY COCHRANE.

JAMES McARRISTER.

HUGH McARRISTER.

E. ALICE ARCHIBALD.

HENRY BOUTHILLIER.

TREATY NUMBER TWO

Articles of a treaty made and concluded this twenty-first day of

August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and

seventy-one, between Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of Great

Britain and Ireland, by Her Commissioner, Wemyss M. Simpson,

Esquire, of the one part, and the Chippewa tribe of Indians,

inhabitants of the country within the limits hereinafter defined

and described by their Chiefs, chosen and named as hereinafter

mentioned, of the other part:

Whereas, all the Indians inhabiting the said country have, pursuant

to an appointment made by the said Commissioner, been convened at a

meeting at Manitoba Post, to deliberate upon certain matters of

interest to Her Most Gracious Majesty of the one part, and to the

said Indians of the other; and whereas the said Indians have been

notified and informed by Her Majesty's said Commissioner, that it

is the desire of Her Majesty to open up to settlement and

immigration a tract of country bounded and described as hereinafter

mentioned, and to obtain the consent thereto of her Indian subjects

inhabiting the said tract, and to make a treaty and arrangement

with them, so that there may be peace and good will between them

and Her Majesty, and that they may know and be assured of what

allowance they are to count upon and receive from Her Majesty's

bounty and benevolence.

And whereas the Indians of the said tract, duly convened in

Council as aforesaid, and being requested by Her Majesty's said

Commissioner to name certain Chiefs and head men who should be

authorized on their behalf to conduct such negotiations and sign

any treaty to be founded thereon, and to become responsible to Her

Majesty for the faithful performance by their respective bands of

such obligations as shall be assumed by them, the said Indians have

thereupon named the following persons for that purpose, that is to

say:

For the Swan Creek and Lake Manitoba Indians, Sou-sonse, or Little

Long Ears; for the Indians of Fairford and the neighboring

localities, Ma-sah-kee-yash, or, He who flies to the bottom, and

Richard Woodhouse, whose Indian name is Ke-wee-tah-quun-na-yash,

or, He who flies round the feathers; for the Indians of Waterhen

River and Crane River and the neighboring localities, Francois, or,

Broken Fingers; and for the Indians of Riding Mountains and Dauphin

Lake, and the remainder of the territory hereby ceded, Mekis (the

Eagle), or, Giroux. And thereupon, in open Council, the different

bands have presented their respective Chiefs to His Excellency the

Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and of the North-West Territory,

being present at such Council, and to the said Commissioner, as the

Chiefs and head men for the purposes aforesaid of the respective

bands of Indians inhabiting the said district hereinafter

described; and whereas the said Lieutenant-Governor and the said

Commissioner then and there received and acknowledged the persons

so presented as Chiefs and head men, for the purpose aforesaid, of

the respective bands of Indians inhabiting the said district

hereinafter described; and whereas the said Commissioner has

proceeded to negotiate a treaty with the said Indians, and the same

has finally been agreed upon and concluded as follows, that is to

say:--

The Chippewa tribe of Indians, and all other the Indians inhabiting

the district hereinafter described and defined, do hereby cede,

release, surrender and yield up to Her Majesty the Queen, and her

successors forever, all the lands included within the following

limits, that is to say:--All that tract of country lying partly to

the north and partly to the west of a tract of land ceded to Her

Majesty the Queen by the Indians inhabiting the Province of

Manitoba, and certain adjoining localities, under the terms of a

treaty made at Lower Fort Garry, on the third day of August last

past, the land now intended to be ceded and surrendered, being

particularly described as follows, that is to say:--Beginning at

the mouth of Winnipeg River, on the north line of the lands ceded

by said treaty, thence running along the eastern shore of Lake

Winnipeg, northwardly as far as the mouth of Berens River; thence

across said lake to its western shore at the north bank of the

mouth of the Little Saskatchewan or Dauphin River; thence up said

stream and along the northern and western shores thereof, and of

St. Martin's Lake and along the north bank of the stream flowing

into St. Martin's Lake from Lake Manitoba by the general course of

such stream to such last mentioned lake; thence by the eastern and

northern shores of Lake Manitoba to the mouth of the Waterhen

River; thence by the eastern and northern shores of said river up

stream to the northernmost extremity of a small lake known as

Waterhen Lake; thence in a line due west to and across Lake

Winnepegosis; thence in a straight line to the most northerly

waters forming the source of the Shell River; thence to a point

west of the same, two miles distant from the river, measuring at

right angles thereto; thence by a line parallel with the Shell

River to its mouth and then crossing the Assiniboine River and

running parallel thereto and two miles distant therefrom and to the

westward thereof to a point opposite Fort Ellice; thence in a

southwesterly course to the northwestern point of the Moose

Mountains; thence by a line due south to the United States

frontier; thence by the frontier eastwardly to the westward line of

said tract ceded by treaty as aforesaid; thence bounded thereby, by

the west, north-west and north lines of said tract to the place of

beginning at the mouth of Winnipeg River; to have and to hold the

same to Her Majesty the Queen and her successors for ever, and Her

Majesty the Queen hereby agrees and undertakes to lay aside and

reserve, for the sole and exclusive use of the Indians inhabiting

the said tract, the following lots of land, that is to say:

For the use of the Indians belonging to the band of which Mekis is

Chief, so much land between Turtle River and Valley River on the

south side of Lake Dauphin as will make one hundred and sixty acres

for each family of five persons, or in the same proportion for a

greater or smaller number of persons. And for the use of the

Indians belonging to the band of which Francois, or Broken Fingers,

is Chief, so much land on Crane River running into Lake Manitoba as

will make one hundred and sixty acres for each family of five

persons, or in the same proportion for a greater or smaller number

of persons. And for the use of the band of Indians belonging to the

bands of which Ma-sah-kee-yash and Richard Woodhouse are Chiefs, so

much land on the river between Lake Manitoba and St. Martin's

Lake,--known as "Fairford River," and including the present Indian

Mission grounds,--as will make one hundred and sixty acres for each

family of five persons, or in the same proportion for a greater or

smaller number of persons. And for the use of the Indians of whom

Son-sense is Chief, so much land on the east side of Lake Manitoba

to be laid off north of the creek near which a fallen elm tree now

lies, and about half-way between Oak Point and Manitoba Post, so

much land as will make one hundred and sixty acres for each family

of five persons, or in the same proportion for a greater or smaller

number of persons. Saving, nevertheless, the rights of any white or

other settler now in occupation of any land within the lines of any

such reserve.

And with a view to show the satisfaction of Her Majesty with the

behaviour and good conduct of her Indians, parties to this treaty,

she hereby, through her Commissioner makes them a present of three

dollars for each Indian--man, woman, and child belonging to the

bands here represented.

And further, Her Majesty agrees to maintain a school in each

reserve hereby made, whenever the Indians of the reserve shall

desire it.

Her Majesty further agrees with her said Indians, that within the

boundary of Indian reserves, until otherwise enacted by the proper

legislative authority, no intoxicating liquors shall be allowed to

be introduced or sold; and all laws now in force or hereafter to be

enacted to preserve her Indian subjects inhabiting the reserves or

living elsewhere within her North-West Territories, from the evil

influence of the use of intoxicating liquors, shall be strictly

enforced.

And further, that Her Majesty's Commissioner shall, as soon as

possible after the execution of this treaty, cause to be taken an

accurate census of all the Indians inhabiting the tract above

described, distributing them in families, and shall in every year

ensuing the date hereof, at some period during the month of August

in each year, to be duly notified to the Indians, and at or near

the respective reserves, pay to each Indian family of five persons,

the sum of fifteen dollars, Canadian currency; or in like

proportion for a larger or smaller family; such payment to be made

in such articles as the Indians shall require of blankets,

clothing, prints (assorted colors), twine or traps, at the current

cash price in Montreal, or otherwise, if Her Majesty shall deem the

same desirable in the interest of her Indian people, in cash.

And the undersigned Chiefs, on their own behalf, and on behalf of

all other Indians inhabiting the tract within ceded, do hereby

solemnly promise and engage, to strictly observe this treaty, and

also to conduct and behave themselves as good and loyal subjects of

Her Majesty the Queen. They promise and engage that they will, in

all respects, obey and abide by the law; that they will maintain

peace and good order between each other and also between themselves

and other tribes of Indians, and between themselves and others of

Her Majesty's subjects, whether Indians or whites, now inhabiting,

or hereafter to inhabit, any part of the said ceded tract; and that

they will not molest the person or property of any inhabitants of

such ceded tract; or the property of Her Majesty the Queen, or

interfere with or trouble any person passing or travelling through

the said tract or any part thereof; and that they will aid and

assist the officers of Her Majesty in bringing to justice and

punishment any Indian offending against the stipulations of this

treaty, or infringing the laws in force in the country so ceded.

In witness whereof, Her Majesty's said Commissioner and the said

Indian Chiefs have hereunto subscribed and set their hands at

Manitoba Post, this day and year first above named.

(Signed) WEMYSS M. SIMPSON,

Indian Commissioner.

MEKIS. His x Mark.

SON-SENSE. " x "

MA-SAH-KEE-YASH. " x "

FRANCOIS. " x "

RICHARD WOODHOUSE.

Signed by the Chiefs within named in presence of the following

witnesses (the same having been first read and explained)--

(Signed)

ADAMS G. ARCHIBALD,

Lieut.-Gov. of Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories.

JAMES McKAY, P.C.C.

MOLYNEUX ST. JOHN.

E. A. ARCHIBALD.

LILY ARCHIBALD.

HENRI BOUTHILLIER.

PAUL DE LARONDE.

DONALD McDONALD.

ELIZA McDONALD.

ALEXANDER MUIR, SR.

THE NORTH-WEST ANGLE TREATY, NUMBER THREE

Articles of a Treaty made and concluded this third day of

October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and

seventy-three, between Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of Great

Britain and Ireland, by her Commissioners, the Hon. Alexander

Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba and the

North West Territories, Joseph Albert Norbert Provencher and Simon

James Dawson, of the one part, and the Saulteaux tribe of the

Ojibbeway Indians, inhabitants of the country within the limits

hereinafter defined and described, by their Chiefs, chosen and

named as hereinafter mentioned, of the other part:

Whereas the Indians inhabiting the said country have, pursuant to

an appointment made by the said Commissioners, been convened at

a meeting at the North-West angle of the Lake of the Woods, to

deliberate upon certain matters of interest to Her Most Gracious

Majesty, of the one part, and the said Indians of the other;

And whereas the said Indians have been notified and informed by Her

Majesty's said Commissioners, that it is the desire of Her Majesty

to open up for settlement, immigration, and such other purposes

as to Her Majesty may seem meet, a tract of country bounded and

described as hereinafter mentioned, and to obtain the consent

thereto of her Indian subjects inhabiting the said tract, and to

make a treaty and arrange with them, so that there may be peace and

good will between them and Her Majesty, and that they may know and

be assured of what allowance they are to count upon and receive

from Her Majesty's bounty and benevolence:

And whereas, the Indians of the said tract, duly convened in Council, as

aforesaid, and being requested by Her Majesty's said Commissioners to

name certain Chiefs and head men, who should be authorized on their

behalf to conduct such negotiations, and sign any treaty to be founded

thereon, and to become responsible to Her Majesty for the faithful

performance by their respective bands of such obligations as shall be

assumed by them, the said Indians have thereupon named the following

persons for that purpose, that is to say:--Kee-tak-pay-pi-nais (Rainy

River), Kitihi-gay-lake (Rainy River), Note-na-qua-hung (North-West

Angle), Mawe-do-pe-nais (Rainy River), Pow-wa-sang (North-West Angle),

Canda-com-igo-wi-ninie (North-West Angle), Pa-pa-ska-gin (Rainy River),

May-no-wah-tau-ways-kung (North-West Angle), Kitchi-ne-ka-be-han (Rainy

River), Sah-katch-eway (Lake Seul), Muka-day-wah-sin (Kettle Falls),

Me-kie-sies (Rainy Lake, Fort Francis), Oos-con-na-geist (Rainy Lake),

Wah-shis-kince (Eagle Lake), Rab-kie-y-ash (Flower Lake), Go-bay (Rainy

Lake), Ka-me-ti-ash (White Fish Lake), Nee-sho-tal (Rainy River),

Kee-gee-go-kay (Rainy River), Sha-sha-gance (Shoal Lake),

Shah-win-na-bi-nais (Shoal Lake), Ay-ash-a-wash (Buffalo Point),

Pay-ah-be-wash (White Fish Bay), Rah-tay-tay-pa-o-cutch (Lake of the

Woods).

And thereupon in open council the different bands having presented

their Chiefs to the said Commissioners as the Chiefs and head men

for the purposes aforesaid of the respective bands of Indians

inhabiting the said district hereinafter described.

And whereas the said Commissioners then and there received and

acknowledged the persons so presented as Chiefs and head men for

the purposes aforesaid of the respective bands of Indians

inhabiting the said district hereinafter described;

And whereas the said Commissioners have proceeded to negotiate a

treaty with the said Indians, and the same has been finally agreed

upon and concluded as follows, that is to say:

The Saulteaux tribe of the Ojibbeway Indians, and all other the

Indians inhabiting the district hereinafter described and defined,

do hereby cede, release, surrender, and yield up to the Government

of the Dominion of Canada, for Her Majesty the Queen and her

successors forever, all their rights, titles and privileges

whatsoever to the lands included within the following limits, that

is to say:

Commencing at a point on the Pigeon River route where the

international boundary line between the territories of Great

Britain and the United States intersects the height of land

separating the waters running to Lake Superior from those flowing

to Lake Winnipeg thence northerly, westerly and easterly, along the

height of land aforesaid, following its sinuosities, whatever their

course may be, to the point at which the said height of land meets

the summit of the water-shed from which the streams flow to Lake

Nepigon, thence northerly and westerly, or whatever may be its

course along the ridge separating the waters of the Nepigon and the

Winnipeg to the height of land dividing the waters of the Albany

and the Winnipeg, thence westerly and north-westerly along the

height of land dividing the waters flowing to Hudson's Bay by the

Albany or other rivers from those running to English River and

the Winnipeg to a point on the said height of land bearing north

forty-five degrees east from Fort Alexander at the mouth of the

Winnipeg; thence south forty-five degrees west to Fort Alexander at

the mouth of the Winnipeg; thence southerly along the eastern bank

of the Winnipeg to the mouth of White Mouth River, thence southerly

by the line described as in that part forming the eastern boundary

of the tract surrendered by the Chippewa and Swampy Cree tribes of

Indians to Her Majesty on the third of August, one thousand eight

hundred and seventy-one, namely, by White Mouth River to White

Mouth Lake and thence on a line having the general bearing of White

Mouth River to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude; thence

by the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude to the Lake of the

Woods, and from thence by the international boundary line to the

place of beginning.

The tract comprised within the lines above described embracing an

area of fifty-five thousand square miles, be the same more or less.

To have and to hold the same to Her Majesty the Queen and her

successors forever.

And Her Majesty the Queen hereby agrees and undertakes to lay aside

reserves for farming lands, due respect being had to lands at

present cultivated by the said Indians, and also to lay aside and

reserve for the benefit of the said Indians, to be administered and

dealt with for them by Her Majesty's Government of the Dominion of

Canada, in such a manner as shall seem best, other reserves of land

in the said territory hereby ceded, which said reserves shall be

selected and set aside where it shall be deemed most convenient and

advantageous for each band or bands of Indians, by the officers of

the said Government appointed for that purpose, and such selection

shall be so made after conference with the Indians: Provided,

however, that such reserve whether for farming or other purposes

shall in nowise exceed in all one square mile for each family of

five, or in that proportion for larger or smaller families, and

such selection shall be made if possible during the course of next

summer or as soon thereafter as may be found practicable, it being

understood, however, that if at the time of any such selection of

any reserves as aforesaid, there are any settlers within the bounds

of the lands reserved by any band, Her Majesty reserves the right

to deal with such settlers as she shall deem just, so as not to

diminish the extent of land allotted to Indians; and provided also

that the aforesaid reserves of lands or any interest or right

therein or appurtenant thereto, may be sold, leased or otherwise

disposed of by the said Government for the use and benefit of the

said Indians, with the consent of the Indians entitled thereto

first had and obtained.

And with a view to show the satisfaction of Her Majesty with the

behavior and good conduct of her Indians, she hereby, through her

Commissioners, makes them a present of twelve dollars for each man,

woman and child belonging to the bands here represented, in

extinguishment of all claims heretofore preferred.

And further, Her Majesty agrees to maintain schools for instruction

in such reserves hereby made as to her Government of her Dominion

of Canada may seem advisable, whenever the Indians of the reserve

shall desire it.

Her Majesty further agrees with her said Indians, that within the

boundary of Indian reserves, until otherwise determined by the

Government of the Dominion of Canada, no intoxicating liquor shall

be allowed to be introduced or sold, and all laws now in force,

or hereafter to be enacted to preserve her Indian subjects

inhabiting the reserves, or living elsewhere within her North-West

Territories, from the evil influence of the use of intoxicating

liquors shall be strictly enforced.

Her Majesty further agrees with her said Indians, that they,

the said Indians, shall have right to pursue their avocations

of hunting and fishing throughout the tract surrendered as

hereinbefore described, subject to such regulations as may from

time to time be made by her Government of her Dominion of Canada,

and saving and excepting such tracts as may from time to time be

required or taken up for settlement, mining, lumbering or other

purposes, by her said Government of the Dominion of Canada, or by

any of the subjects thereof duly authorized therefor by the said

Government.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and her said Indians that

such sections of the reserves above indicated as may at any time be

required for public works or buildings, of what nature soever, may

be appropriated for that purpose by Her Majesty's Government of the

Dominion of Canada, due compensation being made for the value of

any improvements thereon.

And further, that Her Majesty's Commissioners shall, as soon as

possible, after the execution of this treaty, cause to be taken an

accurate census of all the Indians inhabiting the tract above

described, distributing them in families, and shall in every year

ensuing the date hereof at some period in each year, to be duly

notified to the Indians, and at a place or places to be appointed

for that purpose within the territory ceded, pay to each Indian

person the sum of five dollars per head yearly.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and the said Indians, that

the sum of fifteen hundred dollars per annum shall be yearly and

every year expended by Her Majesty in the purchase of ammunition,

and twine for nets for the use of the said Indians.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and the said Indians, that

the following articles shall be supplied to any band of the said

Indians who are now actually cultivating the soil, or who shall

hereafter commence to cultivate the land, that is to say--two hoes

for every family actually cultivating; also one spade per family

as aforesaid; one plough for every ten families as aforesaid; five

harrows for every twenty families as aforesaid; one scythe for

every family as aforesaid; and also one axe and one cross-cut saw,

one hand saw, one pit saw, the necessary files, one grindstone, one

auger for each band, and also for each Chief for the use of his

band, one chest of ordinary carpenter's tools; also for each band,

enough of wheat, barley, potatoes and oats to plant the land

actually broken up for cultivation by such band; also for each

band, one yoke of oxen, one bull and four cows; all the aforesaid

articles to be given once for all for the encouragement of the

practice of agriculture among the Indians.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and the said Indians, that

each Chief, duly recognized as such, shall receive an annual salary

of twenty-five dollars per annum, and each subordinate officer, not

exceeding three for each band, shall receive fifteen dollars per

annum; and each such Chief and subordinate officer as aforesaid

shall also receive, once in every three years, a suitable suit of

clothing; and each Chief shall receive, in recognition of the

closing of the treaty, a suitable flag and medal.

And the undersigned Chiefs, on their own behalf and on behalf of

all other Indians inhabiting the tract within ceded, do hereby

solemnly promise and engage to strictly observe this treaty, and

also to conduct and behave themselves as good and loyal subjects

of Her Majesty the Queen. They promise and engage that they will,

in all respects obey and abide by the law; that they will maintain

peace and good order between each other, and also between

themselves and other tribes of Indians, and between themselves and

others of Her Majesty's subjects, whether Indians or whites, now

inhabiting or hereafter to inhabit any part of the said ceded

tract; and that they will not molest the person or property of any

inhabitant of such ceded tract, or the property of Her Majesty

the Queen, or interfere with or trouble any person passing or

travelling through the said tract or any part thereof; and that

they will aid and assist the officers of Her Majesty in bringing

to justice and punishment any Indian offending against the

stipulations of this treaty, or infringing the laws in force in

the country so ceded.

In witness whereof, Her Majesty's said Commissioners and the said

Indian Chiefs have hereunto subscribed and set their hands, at the

north-west angle of the Lake of the Woods, this day and year herein

first above-named.

(Signed) ALEXANDER MORRIS, [L. S.]

Lieutenant-Governor.

J. A. N. PROVENCHER,

Indian Commissioner.

S. J. DAWSON,

Indian Commissioner.

KEE-TA-KAY-PI-NAIS. His x mark.

KITIHI-GAY-KAKE. " x "

NO-TE-NA-QUA-HUNG. " x "

MAWE-DO-PE-NAIS. " x "

POW-WA-SANG. " x "

CANDA-COM-IGO-WI-NINIE. " x "

PA-PA-SKA-GIN. " x "

MAY-NO-WAH-TAU-WAYS-KUNG. " x "

KITCHI-NE-KA-BE-HAN. " x "

SAH-KATCH-EWAY. " x "

MUKA-DAY-WAH-SIN. " x "

ME-KIE-SIES. " x "

OOS-CON-NA-GEIST. " x "

WAH-SHIS-KINCE. " x "

RAH-KIE-Y-ASH. " x "

GO-BAY. " x "

KA-ME-TI-ASH. " x "

NEE-SHO-TAL. " x "

KEE-JEE-GO-KAY. " x "

SHA-SHA-GANCE. " x "

SHAH-WIN-NA-BI-NAIS. " x "

AY-ASH-A-WASH. " x "

PAY-AH-BEE-WASH. " x "

RAH-TAY-TAY-PA-O-CUTCH. " x "

Signed by the Chiefs within named in presence of the following

witnesses, the same having been first read and explained by the

Honorable James McKay:--

(Signed) JAMES McKAY.

MOLYNEUX ST. JOHN.

ROBERT PITHER.

CHRISTINE V. K. MORRIS.

CHARLES NOLIN.

A. McDONALD,

Captain commanding escort to

Lieutenant-Governor.

JAMES F. GRAHAM.

JOSEPH NOLIN.

A. McLEOD.

GEORGE McPHERSON, SEN.

SEDLEY BLANCHARD.

W. FRED. BUCHANAN.

FRANK G. BECHER.

ALFRED CODD, M.D.

GORDON S. CORBAULT.

PIERRE LEVIELLER.

NICHOLAS CHATELAINE.

We hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original

articles of treaty of which it purports to be a copy.

(Signed) ALEXANDER MORRIS,

Lieutenant-Governor.

J. A. N. PROVENCHER,

Indian Commissioner.

S. J. DAWSON,

Indian Commissioner.

We having had communication of the treaty, certified copy whereof

is hereto annexed, but not having been at the Councils held at the

north-west angle of the Lake of the Woods, between Her Majesty's

Commissioners, and the several Indian Chiefs and others therein

named, at which the articles of the said treaty were agreed upon,

hereby, for ourselves and the several bands of Indians which we

represent, in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty

being extended to us and the said bands which we represent,

transfer, surrender and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, her

heirs and successors, to and for the use of her Dominion of Canada,

all our right, title and privilege whatsoever, which we, the said

Chiefs, and the said bands which we represent, have held, or enjoy,

of, in and to the territory, described and fully set out in the

said articles of treaty and every part thereof, to have and to hold

the same unto the use of Her said Majesty the Queen, her heirs and

successors for ever.

And we hereby agree to accept the several provisions, payments and

reserves of the said treaty as therein stated, and solemnly promise

and engage to abide by, carry out and fulfil all the stipulations,

obligations and conditions therein contained, on the part of the

said Chiefs and Indians therein named to be observed and performed,

and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as

if we our selves, and the bands which we represent had been

originally contracting parties thereto, and had been present and

attached our signatures to the said treaty.

In witness whereof, Her Majesty's said Commissioners and the said

Indian Chiefs have hereunto subscribed and set their hands, this

thirteenth day of October, in the year of Our Lord one thousand

eight hundred and seventy-three.

For and on behalf of the Commissioners, the Honorable Alexander

Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and the North-West

Territories, Joseph Albert Norbert Provencher, Esq., and the

undersigned:

(Signed) S. J. DAWSON,

Commissioner.

PAY-BA-MA-CHAS. His x mark.

RE-BA-QUIN. " x "

ME-TAS-SO-QUE-NE-SKANK. " x "

Signed by S. J. Dawson, Esq., one of Her Majesty's said

Commissioners, for and on behalf, and with the authority and

consent of the Honorable Alexander Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of

Manitoba and the North-West Territories, and J. A. N. Provencher,

Esq., the remaining two Commissioners, and himself, and by the

Chiefs within named on behalf of themselves and the several bands

which they represent, the same and the annexed certified copy of

articles of treaty having been first read and explained in presence

of the following witnesses:

(Signed) THOS. A. P. TOWERS.

JOHN AITKEN.

A. J. McDONALD.

UNZZAKI.

JAS. LOGANOSH, His x mark,

PINLLSISE.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER DAWSON

OTTAWA, 26th December, 1873.

Sir,--I beg leave to inform you that, after the treaty had been

concluded with certain bands of the Saulteaux tribe of the

Ojibbeway Indians, at the north-west angle of the Lake of the

Woods, by arrangements made with my associate Commissioners, His

Honor the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and the North-West

Territories, and Mr. Provencher, I came eastward and convened the

leading people of the remaining bands at Shebandowan where they

also, through their Chiefs, accepted and signed the treaty.

I have much satisfaction in saying that these Indians were most

friendly in their bearing, and desired me to convey to the

Government their cordial expressions of loyalty to their Great

Mother, Her Majesty the Queen.

They took some time to deliberate over the provisions of the treaty

and asked me occasionally to explain certain passages, more

especially those in relation to the reserves.

Before signing it they comprehended perfectly the nature of the

obligations into which they were about to enter, that the surrender

of their territorial rights would be irrevocable, and that they

were to stand forever afterwards in new relations to the white man.

This, the Chiefs themselves stated with great solemnity to their

people, in short but impressive speeches, as they each in turn

advanced to touch the pen.

One cause of delay at the Lake of the Woods arose from the

circumstance of there being a number of aspirants to the office of

Chief; but at Shebandowan I had no such difficulty, for the whole

of the bands east of the narrows of Rainy Lake, are under three

principal Chiefs, whose authority is unquestioned.

The names of these Chiefs and their respective districts are as

follows:

Pay-ba-ma-chas, Chief of the country intervening between the

narrows of Rainy Lake and Sturgeon Falls, and of the region drained

by the River Seine and its tributary streams, between the latter

place (Sturgeon Falls) and Lac des Mille Lacs. This is a very

extensive district, and in it are many valuable groves of pine.

Ke-ba-quin, Chief of the region intervening between the present

line of the Red River route and the United States boundary line,

east of Rainy Lake and west of the height of land. The gold bearing

country is in this Chief's district.

Metas-so-que-nes-hauk, Chief of Lac des Mille Lacs and the district

to the north, lying along the height of land between that lake and

the waters of the Nipegon and Lac Seul. This Chief is a very

intelligent man, and has already begun, to make his people clear

land and grow crops.

Each of these three principal Chiefs will have a staff of

Lieutenants or subordinate Chiefs, not exceeding three to their

respective bands, as provided for in the treaty but they preferred

not to name them at once, saying that the selection was a matter of

some delicacy to them, and requiring a little time.

In regard to the reserves provided for in the treaty, I shall

as soon as possible submit a scheme which I think will meet

the circumstances, and at the same time draw attention to some

experience gained in negotiating with these Indians, which may

be of use in similar negotiations in the future.

[Footnote: In 1874 Mr. Dawson and Mr. Pither were appointed to meet

the Indians and arrange the position of the reserves, which they

did; but subsequently, the Indians claiming that they had not fully

understood the exact location or extent of some of the reserves,

Colonel Dennis, then Surveyor-General, now Deputy Minister of the

Interior, was instructed to visit the Indians comprised in Treaty

Number Three, and finally adjust the question of reserves. Colonel

Dennis undertook this duty in 1875 and satisfactorily arranged a

scheme of reserves for the different bands of the Lake of the Woods.

Colonel Dennis submitted a comprehensive report of the results of

his mission, and suggested the appointment of sub-agents, the fixing

of a specific day for payment to the Indians of their annuities in

each agency district, that the necessary funds and the articles for

distribution should be provided and in the agents' hands in good time.

He advised that the local agents should have some practical knowledge

of agriculture, as he believed that the Indians would succeed in

raising quantities of stock, though the character of the country

prevented their general success as farmers. He suggested further the

erection of halls at each agency and the employment of young Indians

by the builders entrusted with their construction, "as they are so

quick in perception and handy in the use of tools that they would

speedily become very expert." The author regrets that he did not

obtain communication of this valuable report until this work had

advanced too far to admit of its being incorporated with it.]

The copy of the treaty signed by these Chiefs is enclosed herewith

and to it is attached a document signed by the Lieutenant-Governor

of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, and Mr. Provencher,

empowering me to act for them in their absence, in their capacity

of Indian Commissioners.

I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

(Signed) S. J. DAWSON.

THE HONORABLE THE MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR,

Ottawa.

ADHESION OF LAC SEUL INDIANS

LAC SEUL, 9th June, 1874.

We, the Chiefs and Councillors of Lac Seul, Seul, Trout and

Sturgeon Lakes, subscribe and set our marks, that we and our

followers will abide by the articles of the treaty made and

concluded with the Indians at the north-west angle of the Lake of

the Woods, on the third day of October, in the year of our Lord one

thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, between Her Most Gracious

Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, by Her Commissioners,

Hon. Alexander Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and the

North-West Territories, Joseph Albert, N. Provencher and Simon J.

Dawson, of the one part, and the Saulteaux tribes of Ojibewa Indians,

inhabitants of the country as defined by the Treaty aforesaid.

In witness whereof, Her Majesty's Indian Agent and the Chiefs and

Councillors have hereto set their hands at Lac Seul, on the 9th day

of June, 1874.

(Signed) R. J. N. PITHER,

Indian Agent.

JOHN CROMARTY, His x mark.

Chief.

ACKEMENCE, " x "

MAINEETAINEQUIRE, " x "

NAH-KEE-JECKWAHE, " x "

Councillors.

The whole treaty explained by R. J. N. Pither.

Witnesses:

(Signed) JAMES McKENZIE.

LOUIS KITTSON.

NICHOLAS CHATELAN. His x mark.

THE QU'APPELLE TREATY, NUMBER FOUR

Articles of a treaty made and concluded this fifteenth day of

September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and

seventy-four, between Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of Great

Britain and Ireland, by Her Commissioners, the Honorable Alexander

Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba and the

North-West Territories, the Honorable David Laird, Minister of the

Interior, and William Joseph Christie Esq., of Brockville, Ontario,

of the one part; and the Cree, Saulteaux and other Indians,

inhabitants of the territory within the limits hereinafter defined

and described, by their Chiefs and head men, chosen and named as

hereinafter mentioned, of the other part;

Whereas, the Indians inhabiting the said territory have, pursuant

to an appointment made by the said Commissioners, been convened at

a meeting at Qu'Appelle Lakes, to deliberate upon certain matters

of interest to Her Most Gracious Majesty, of the one part and the

said Indians of the other:

And whereas, the said Indians have been notified and informed, by

Her Majesty's said Commissioners, that it is the desire of Her

Majesty to open up for settlement, immigration, trade and such

other purposes as to Her Majesty may seem meet, a tract of country

bounded and described as hereinafter mentioned; and to obtain the

consent thereto of her Indian subjects inhabiting the said tract;

and to make a treaty and arrange with them so that there may be

peace and good-will between them and Her Majesty, and between them

and Her Majesty's other subjects; and that her Indian people may

know and be assured of what allowance they are to count upon and

receive from Her Majesty's bounty and benevolence;

And whereas, the Indians of the said tract, duly convened in

councils as aforesaid, and being requested by Her Majesty's said

Commissioners to name certain Chiefs and head men who should be

authorized on their behalf to conduct such negotiations, and sign

any treaty to be founded thereon, and to become responsible to Her

Majesty for the faithful performance by their respective bands of

such obligations as shall be assumed by them, the said Indians have

thereupon named the following persons for that purpose, that is to

say: Ka-ki-sha-way, or Loud Voice (Qu'Appelle River); Pis-qua, or

The Plain (Leech Lake); Kea-wez-auce, or The Little Boy (Leech

Lake); Ka-ke-na-wup, or One that sits like an Eagle (Upper

Qu'Appelle Lakes); Kus-kee-tew-mus-coo-mus-qua, or Little Black

Bear (Cypress Hills); Ka-ne-on-us-ka-tew, or One that walks on four

claws (Little Touchwood Hills); Can-ah-ha-cha-pew, or Making ready

the Bow (south side of the south branch of the Saskatchewan);

Kii-si-can-ah-chuck, or Day Star (south side of the south branch of

the Saskatchewan); Ka-wa-ca-toose, or The Poor Man (Touchwood Hills

and Qu'Appelle Lakes); Ka-ku-wis-ta-haw, or Him that flies round

(towards the Cypress Hills); Cha-ca-chas (Qu'Appelle River);

Wah-pii-moose-too-siis, or White Calf, or Pus-coos (Qu'Appelle

River); Gabriel Cote, or Mee-may, or The Pigeon (Fort Pelly);

And thereupon in open council the different bands having presented

the men of their choice to the said Commissioners as the Chiefs and

head men for the purpose aforesaid of the respective bands of

Indians inhabiting the said district hereinafter described;

And whereas, the said Commissioners have proceeded to negotiate a

treaty with the said Indians, and the same has been finally agreed

upon and concluded as follows, that is to say:

The Cree and Saulteaux tribes of Indians, and all other the Indians

inhabiting the district hereinafter described and defined, do

hereby cede, release, surrender and yield up to the Government of

the Dominion of Canada for Her Majesty the Queen and her successors

forever, all their rights, titles and privileges whatsoever to the

lands included within the following limits, that is to say:

Commencing at a point on the United States frontier due south of

the north-western point of the Moose Mountains, thence due north to

said point of said Mountains, thence in a north-easterly course to

a point two miles due west of Fort Ellice, thence in a line

parallel with, and two miles westward from, the Assiniboine River

to the mouth of the Shell River, thence parallel to the said river,

and two miles distant therefrom, to its source; thence in a

straight line to a point on the western shore of Lake Winnipegoosis

due west from the most northern extremity of Waterhen Lake, thence

east to the centre of Lake Winnipegoosis, thence northwardly

through the middle of the said lake (including Birch Island) to the

mouth of Red Deer River, thence westwardly and south-westwardly

along and including the said Red Deer River and its lakes, Red Deer

and Etoimami, to the source of its western branch, thence in a

straight line to the source of the northern branch of the

Qu'Appelle, thence along and including said streams to the forks

near Long Lake, thence along and including the valley of the west

branch of the Qu'Appelle, thence along and including said river to

the mouth of Maple Creek; thence southwardly along said creek to a

point opposite the western extremity of the Cypress Hills; thence

due south to the international boundary; thence east along said

boundary to the place of commencement. Also all their rights,

titles and privileges whatsoever to all other lands wheresoever

situated within Her Majesty's North-West Territories, or any of

them, to have and to hold the same to Her Majesty the Queen and her

successors forever.

And Her Majesty the Queen hereby agrees, through the said

Commissioners, to assign reserves for said Indians, such reserves

to be selected by officers of Her Majesty's Government of the

Dominion of Canada appointed for that purpose, after conference

with each band of the Indians, and to be of sufficient area to

allow one square mile for each family of five, or in that

proportion for larger or smaller families.

Provided, however, that it be understood that if, at the time of

the selection of any reserves as aforesaid there are any settlers

within the bounds of the lands reserved for any band, Her Majesty

retains the right to deal with such settlers as she shall deem just

so as not to diminish the extent of lands allotted to the Indians;

and provided further that the aforesaid reserves of land, or any

part thereof, or any interest or right therein, or appurtenant

thereto, may be sold, leased or otherwise disposed of by the said

Government for the use and benefit of the said Indians, with the

consent of the Indians entitled thereto first had and obtained, but

in no wise shall the said Indians, or any of them, be entitled to

sell or otherwise alienate any of the lands allotted to them as

reserves.

In view of the satisfaction with which the Queen views the ready

response which Her Majesty's Indian subjects have accorded to the

invitation of her said Commissioners to meet them on this occasion;

and also in token of their general good conduct and behavior, she

hereby, through Her Commissioners, makes the Indians of the bands

here represented, a present--For each Chief, of twenty-five dollars

in cash, a coat, and a Queen's silver medal for each head man not

exceeding four in each band, fifteen dollars in cash, and a coat,

and for every other man, woman and child, twelve dollars in cash

and for those here assembled some powder, shot, blankets, calicoes

and other articles.