BELLUM JUGURTHINUM._C. Sallusti Crispi De Bello Catilinario Et Jugurthino

* * * * *

1. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod imbecilla atque aevi

brevis[1] forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque

majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,[2] magisque naturae industriam

hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque imperator vitae

mortalium animus est, qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,[3]

abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna eget, quippe

probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere

cuiquam potest. Sin captus pravis cupidinibus ad inertiam et voluptates

corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine paulisper[4] usus, ubi per

socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas

accusatur; suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt.[5]

Quodsi[6] hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio

aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa[7] petunt; neque

regerentur[8] magis quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis[9]

procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent.

[1] _Aevi brevis_, 'of short duration.' _Aevum_, in the sense of _aetas_,

is rather poetical, and does not occur till a rather late period;

whence the common expression _medium aevum_, 'the middle ages,' is

not exactly in accordance with the best Latinity.

[2] _Invenias_; supply _quam naturam humanam_.

[3] _Grassatur_, the same as _ingreditur_, 'advances towards;' but

_grassari_ has the additional meaning of power and vehemence, whence

it is often used to mark the progress of something bad.

[4] _Paulisper_, 'for a short time.'

[5] _Auctores_ contains a whole clause--'every one transfers his own

fault, _though he himself is the author of it_, to circumstances;'

that is, to the things which he himself has done.

[6] _Quodsi_, 'if, however.' Zumpt, S 807.

[7] 'And at the same time very dangerous.' In many cases one feels

inclined to assign to the adverb _multum_ the meaning of 'often,'

but with adjectives, it is used only to strengthen their meaning.

[8] _Regerentur_; supply _casibus_.

[9] _Eo magnitudinis_; that is, _ad eam magnitudinem_, 'to that

greatness.' See Zumpt, S 434.

2. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex corpore et anima est, ita res

cunctae studiaque omnia nostra corporis alia, alia animi[10] naturam

sequuntur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis

et alia hujuscemodi omnia brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora

sicuti anima immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum ut

initium sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt et aucta senescunt: animus

incorruptus[11] aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta

neque ipse habetur.[12] Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est,[13]

qui dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt,

ceterum[14] ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura

mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim

tam multae variaeque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur.

[10] According to the common arrangement of words, it would be _alia

corporis, alia animi_; but Sallust abandons this order just because

it is common. For the same reason he prefers _alii--pars_ to

_alii--alii_. _Naturam corporis_ (or _animi_) _sequuntur_, 'they

follow the nature (that is, they are of the same kind) of body and

mind.' Regarding the change of _anima_ into _animus_, it must be

observed that _anima_ is 'the soul,' the seat and basis of _animus_

(mind), which is the activity of the _anima_.

[11] 'But the mind is not subject to corruption' (that is, to dissolution

and annihilation), for a perfect participle with the negative prefix

in frequently denotes a passive impossibility, which is usually

expressed by adjectives ending in _ilis_ or _bilis_; as _invictus

miles_, an invincible soldier.

[12] 'The mind possesses all things, but itself is not possessed;' that

is, it is free. This is an imitation of a well-known Greek phrase,

[Greek: echo, ouk echomai].

[13] _Admirari_ signifies not only 'to admire,' but also 'to wonder,' at

anything which is surprising or displeasing; and in the latter sense

it is the same as _mirari_.

[14] Respecting _ceterum _ as an adversative conjunction, see Zumpt,

S 349.

3. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum

publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate[15] cupiunda videntur; quoniam

neque virtuti honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit,[16]

tuti aut eo magis honesti[17] sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut

parentes,[18] quamquam et possis et delicta corrigas,[19] tamen

importunum est; quum praesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam,

aliaque hostilia portendant,[20] frustra autem niti,[21] neque aliud se

fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est; nisi forte[22]

quem inhonesta et perniciosa libido[23] tenet, potentiae paucorum decus

atque libertatem suam gratificari.

[15] _Hac tempestate_, the same as _hoc tempore_. Sallust frequently uses

_tempestas_ in this sense, though certainly the time which he paints

in such dark colours--namely, the period after the murder of Caesar,

in B.C. 44--was an agitated and stormy one.

[16] 'Who have obtained by fraud an honour or honourable office,'

_quibus honos contigit_.

[17] _Honestus_, 'honoured,' or 'honourable;' for _honestus_ (from

_honor_) is both the one who is intrusted with an honourable office,

and in general he who is worthy of an honour. The persons here spoken

of were _honesti_ in the first, but not in the second sense.

[18] It might seem doubtful as to whether _parentes_ here means 'obeying

persons'--that is, subjects of the Roman state--or 'kinsmen,'

'relatives.' We believe the latter to be the case, because to control

subjects by force was not deemed improper by the ancients. Sallust

elsewhere also combines _patria et parentes_ (_Catil._ 6, _Jug._ 87),

thereby expressing the idea of a free and equal _civitas_, which is

to be convinced, not forced, and to be governed by magistrates chosen

by itself, and not by a despotic ruler. The word _importunus_

properly characterises the rudeness and unbearableness of a despot or

tyrant.

[19] 'Even if you have the power, and intend to punish actual crimes

in the state'--whereby Sallust intimates that a tyrannical government

may actually introduce improvements, as history proves to have been

the case at all times. The subjunctive is used with _quamquam_,

because the author speaks only of a possibility, and also because an

indefinite person is addressed by the second person singular. Compare

Zumpt, S 831, 3.

[20] _Portendere_ is here the same as 'to bring with one's self,' or 'to

be followed by.' It is a very sound remark, that by violent changes

in a constitution, improvements may indeed be effected, but that at

the same time these are accompanied or followed by many acts of

injustice and crime.

[21] _Frustra niti_, 'to strive in vain (namely, to effect improvements),

if, after all, nothing but hatred is incurred by it, is extreme

folly.'

[22] _Nisi forte_, 'unless perhaps'--which surely cannot be the case

with any sensible man. Respecting this use of _nisi forte_,

expressing an improbable supposition, see Zumpt, S 526.

[23] _Libido--gratificari_, 'the inclination to gratify;' for _libido

tenet_ is only a paraphrase for _libet_. This statement is striking,

and but too true, for there are men who think it an honour to

sacrifice their own conviction and independence for the purpose of

pleasing persons in power.

4. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno

usui est memoria rerum gestarum:[24] cujus de virtute quia multi dixere,

praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam[25] quis existimet memet

studium meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, quia decrevi

procul a re publica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen

inertiae imponant: certe, quibus[26] maxima industria videtur salutare

plebem et conviviis gratiam quaerere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego

temporibus magistratum adeptus sim, et quales viri idem assequi

nequiverint,[27] et postea quae genera hominum in senatum pervenerint,

profecto existimabunt me magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei

mutavisse, majusque commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei

publicae venturum. Nam saepe ego audivi, Q. Maximum,[28] P. Scipionem,

praeterea civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quum

majorum imagines[29] intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem

accendi. Scilicet[30] non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese

habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis viris in pectore

crescere neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam

adaequaverit.[31] At contra, quis est omnium his moribus,[32] quin

divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque[33] industria cum majoribus

suis contendat? Etiam homines novi,[34] qui antea per virtutem soliti

erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis

artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur; proinde quasi[35] praetura et

consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica

sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est.

Verum ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis morum piget

taedetque; nunc ad inceptum redeo.

[24] _Memoria rerum gestarum_, 'the recording of events ;' that is, the

writing of history, the usefulness (_virtus_) of which is

acknowledged.

[25] The words _per insolentiam_ belong to _laudando extollere_,

and the meaning is, 'that no one may believe me to extol my own

occupation with excessive praise.' _Per insolentiam_ is the same as

_insolenter_, _per_ expressing manner.

[26] 'At least _those_ to whom it appears to be a lofty occupation,' &c.

Respecting the omission of the demonstrative pronoun before the

relative, even when they are in different cases, see Zumpt, S 765.

[27] 'And what distinguished men were unable to attain such a

distinction.' Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the

senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of

difficulty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain

either. But at the same time he adds the remark, that afterwards many

undeserving persons were introduced into the senate, to

co-operate with whom was no honour. _Quae genera hominum_ refers to

the filling up of the senate with persons from the lower classes, and

even with such as were not free-born. This connivance at ambitious

upstarts, or rather this recklessness in filling up the vacancies in

the supreme council of Rome, was shown not only by the dictator J.

Caesar, but by his successors in power, M. Antony and Octavianus. In

consequence of such things, Sallust adds, it will be evident that he

was justified in withdrawing from public life.

[28] That is, the celebrated Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, who

distinguished himself by his prudence in the second Punic War.

P. Scipio is the elder Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal.

We might indeed imagine that Sallust is speaking of Scipio Africanus

the younger, but his being mentioned along with Fabius Maximus must

lead every reader to think of the elder Scipio.

[29] The images (_imagines_) of ancestors might indeed be statues, but

from the mention of wax in the next sentence, it is evident that we

have to understand the wax masks which constituted the greatest

ornament in the vestibule of the house of a noble family. The busts

(portraits) of those ancestors who had been invested with a curule

office were made of wax, and their descendants used these wax

portraits to dress up persons representing in public processions the

illustrious deceased, adorned with all the insignia of the offices

with which they had been invested. Such processions, especially at

public funerals (a real kind of masquerade), were intended to keep

alive in the memory of the Romans not only the names and exploits

of their illustrious statesmen and warriors, but even their bodily

appearance.

[30] _Scilicet_, in this passage, is not a conjunction as usual, but, as

in the earlier Latinity of Plautus and Terence, it is used for _scire

licet_, 'one may perceive,' or 'it is self-evident,' and is

accordingly followed by the accusative with the infinitive.

[31] 'The flame of their noble ambition did not become extinguished until

their merit had obtained the fame and glory' (namely, of those

ancestors).

[32] _His moribus_, 'in the present state of morality;' an ablative

absolute.

[33] Instead of _neque_, the author might have used _aut_, for both

particles are used to continue a negative statement. See Zumpt,

S 337.

[34] _Homines novi_, 'new men,' so called by the Romans, were those

persons who were the first of their family to rise to curule offices,

as Cato Censorius, and at a later time Cicero. In former times,

Sallust says, such _homines novi_ distinguished themselves by their

ability, while now they rise by base means, especially by party

strife and party interest, which he contemptuously calls

_latrocinium_.

[35] _Proinde quasi_, 'just as if,' and afterwards _perinde habentur ut_,

'they are considered as of equal value.' Compare Zumpt, SS 282 and

340.

5. Bellum scripturus sum,[36] quod populus Romanus cum Jugurtha rege

Numidarum gessit; primum quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit,

dein quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est; quae

contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit eoque vecordiae processit,

uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. Sed

priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad

cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint.[37] Bello

Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post magnitudinem

nominis Romani[38] Italiae opes maxime attriverat, Masinissa rex

Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano[39]

cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa ei praeclara[40] rei militaris facinora

fecerat; ob quae victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in

Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit,[41] populus Romanus quascunque

urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae

bona atque honesta nobis permansit. Sed imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem

fuit. Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa

fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese genuit,

Jugurthamque, filium Mastanabalis fratris, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex

concubina erat, privatum dereliquerat,[42] eodem cultu quo liberos suos

domi habuit.

[36] Respecting the special meaning of this periphrastic conjugation,

see Zumpt, S 498. Sallust states that he wishes to describe this

war separately, because during its progress there was kindled at

Rome that struggle between the populares and the optimates, which

was in the end carried on with such senseless vehemence, that only

the devastation of Italy put a stop to the civil discord (_studiis

civilibus_), and that only a military despotism (first of Caesar, and

afterwards of the triumvirs) was able to restore peace. This part of

the description of the Jugurthine war, accordingly, is of the

greatest importance, in forming a correct idea of the history of Rome

at that time.

[37] The same meaning might have been expressed by _ut omnia ad

cognoscendum illustriora et apertiora sint_. See Zumpt, S 106.

[38] That is, 'after the Roman name had become great;' for in earlier

times the Roman people had suffered still greater reverses,

especially when the Gauls took and burned the city of Rome itself.

But the author purposely avoids speaking of those early periods.

[39] _Africano_. See Zumpt, S 421.

[40] About _et_ after _multa_, see Zumpt, S 756.

[41] _Magnum atque late_, the connection of an adjective and adverb is

somewhat singular--'the dominion of Syphax existed as a large one,

and had a wide extent;' for he possessed the whole of western

Numidia, being the hereditary king of the people of the Massaesyli,

while Masinissa had only the smaller, eastern, part, and the tribe

of the Massyli.

[42] 'He had left him behind in a private station;' that is, he had not

appointed him in his will ruler of any portion of his dominions. But

his uncle Micipsa gave him that which his grandfather Masinissa

had refused to him; namely, he recognised him as a prince of the

royal family.

6. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora facie, sed multo

maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu[43] neque inertiae corrumpendum

dedit, sed, uti mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum

aequalibus certare, et quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus

esse; ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras

primus aut in primis ferire, plurimum facere, minimum ipse de se loqui.

Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem

Jugurthae regno suo gloriae fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem

exacta sua aetate et parvis liberis magis magisque crescere intellegit,

vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat

eum natura mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam animi

cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suae liberorumque aetatis,[44] quae

etiam mediocres viros spe praedae transversos agit;[45] ad hoc studia

Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum dolis

interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat.

[43] _Luxu_ for _luxui_. See Zumpt, S 81.

[44] 'The favourable opportunity of his advanced age, and of the tender

age of his children.'

[45] Opportunities are apt to lead ordinary persons (not endowed with

great mental powers) away from the right path. _Transversus_, 'that

which turns away to one side.'

7. His difficultatibus circumventus ubi videt neque per vim neque

insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat

Jugurtha manu promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum

objectare periculis et eo modo fortunam temptare. Igitur bello

Numantino[46] Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum auxilia

mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum

occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res

longe aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque

acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tum Romanis imperator

erat,[47] et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore multaque cura,

praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis in tantam

claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis

maximo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primis[48] est, et

proelio strenuus erat et bonus consilio; quorum alterum[49] ex

providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem affere plerumque

solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, in

amicis habere, magis magisque eum in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque

consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat.[50] Huc accedebat

munificentia animi et ingenii sollertia, quis rebus sibi multos ex

Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat.

[46] 'In the war against Numantia.' Numantia was the capital of the

Arevaci, a tribe of the Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated

on the upper Durius (now Duero), in the mountainous district whence

the Durius and Tagus flow westward, and other rivers eastward,

into the Iberus (Ebro), and southward into the Mediterranean. This

city carried on a desperate war against Rome to defend its own

independence. After a brave resistance of many years, it was taken

and destroyed, B. C. 133, by Scipio the younger, the destroyer of

Carthage. Its ruins are believed to be in the neighbourhood of the

modern Soria.

[47] _Qui tum erat_--that is, _quem tum Romani imperatorem habebant_.

[48] _Difficillimum in primis_, like _difficillimum omnium_; that is, the

most difficult among those that were the first or foremost in

difficulty.

[49] The one--namely, to be good in council--usually produces

timidity; the other--namely, to be bold in battle--rashness.

_Alterum--alterum_, takes up the things mentioned before, but in an

inverse order; respecting which, see Zumpt, S 700, note.

[50] _Erat_ for the usual subjunctive _esset_.

8. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures novi atque nobiles,

quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant,[51] factiosi domi,

potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non

mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset,

fore, uti solus imperio Numidiae potiretur, in ipso maximam virtutem,

Romae omnia venalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P. Scipio

dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum

magnifice pro contione[52] Jugurtham in praetorium abduxit ibique secreto

monuit, uti potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Romani coleret

neu quibus[53] largiri insuesceret; periculose a paucis emi, quod

multorum esset: si permanere vellet in suis artibus,[54] ultro illi et

gloriam et regnum venturum, sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum

pecunia praecipitem casurum.

[51] 'To whom wealth was of more importance than that which is good and

noble.'

[52] For the meaning of _pro_ in this and similar expressions, see

Zumpt, S 311.

[53] Not to make presents to individuals, _quibus_ being used for

_aliquibus_. Scipio must have seen with displeasure the intimacy

between Jugurtha and certain young ambitious Romans of an equivocal

character.

[54] 'In his own mode of acting,' must be understood here of his

honourable mode of acting; though there are also _malae artes_, such

as faithlessness, cunning, flattery, and the like.

9. Sic locutus cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum

sententia haec erat: 'Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus

fuit, qnam rem tibi certo[55] scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus

est; ut idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem

pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En habes virum dignum te atque avo suo

Masinissa.' Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris

imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute tum gratia viri permotus

flexit animum suum et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est,

statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem

instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos morbo atque aetate confectus quum

sibi finem vitae adesse intellegeret, coram amicis et cognatis itemque

Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha

habuisse:[56]

[55] _Certo scio_; we also find _certe scio_. See Zumpt, S 266, note.

[56] _Verba habere_ is sometimes used in the sense of _orationem habere_.

10. 'Parvum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spe, sine opibus, in

meum regnum accepi, existimans non minus me tibi, quam si genuissem, ob

beneficia carum fore; neque ea res falsum me habuit.[57] Nam, ut alia

magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime rediens Numantia meque regnumque

meum gloria honoravisti tuaque virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis

amicissimos[58] fecisti; in Hispania nomen familiae renovatum est,

postremo, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti.

Nunc, quoniam mihi natura finem vitae facit, per hanc dexteram, per regni

fidem[59] moneo obtestorque, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui,

beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros habeas, neu malis alienos adjungere[60]

quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque thesauri praesidia

regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas;

officio et fide pariuntur.[61] Quis autem amicior quam frater fratri? aut

quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equidem ego vobis

regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia

parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos[62]

te, Jugurtha, qui aetate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat,

providere decet. Nam in omni certamine qui opulentior est, etiamsi

accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. Vos autem,

Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, observate[63] talem hunc virum, imitamini

virtutem et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam

genuisse.'

[57] _Me falsum habuit_ for _me fefellit_. We remarked before (Cat. 51)

[note 253 above] that Sallust is fond of using _habere_ in certain

phrases.

[58] _Amicissimos._ See Zumpt, S 410.

[59] _Per regni fidem_, 'by the conscientiousness which is observed in

governing, and must be observed;' so that it is almost the same as

_per regiam fidem_, or _per fidem regum_, which kings owe to one

another.

[60] _Adjungere_; supply _tibi_, 'connect yourself with strangers,' as

opposed to supporting and maintaining friendly relations with his

friends and kinsmen.

[61] Sallust here changes his expression. He might have said _parantur_,

but _parere_ also occurs in other authors in the sense of _parare_,

or 'to acquire.'

[62] _Ante hos_, 'in preference to these.'

[63] _Observare_ has a sense similar to that of _colere_, 'to honour' and

refers to the observance of all the duties of devotedness, especially

in the external relations of social life.

11. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat et ipse

longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa

paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice

fecerant, reguli[64] in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis

disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura ferox et

jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurthae, quia materno genere impar erat,

despiciens, dextera Adherbalem assedit,[65] ne medius ex tribus, quod

apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen ut aetati

concederet fatigatus[66] a fratre, vix in partem alteram transductus est.

Ibi quum mulla de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias

res jacit oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam

per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. Tum idem

Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam ipsum illum tribus proximis

annis[67] adoptatione in regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus

Jugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo

tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare atque ea modo cum animo

habere,[68] quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius

procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum

perficere.

[64] _Reguli_ may be petty kings with small dominions as well as young

kings--that is, princes. We here take the latter to be the meaning.

[65] _Adherbalem assedit_, or _Adherbali assedit_, 'he sat himself down

at the right-hand side of Adherbal.' See Zumpt, S 386, note. There

accordingly remained for Jugurtha only the place on the left of

Adherbal--that is, the least honourable of the three places.

[66] _Fatigatus_ is commonly construed with an ablative, which is here to

be supplied (_precibus_); but without such an addition, _fatigare_

signifies 'to importune a person with prayers and requests.'

[67] 'Within the last three years;' but as the author is here speaking

of the time at which something happened, it is used instead of

_ante triennium_, or _triennio ante_.

[68] _Cum animo habere_, the same as _cum_, or _in animo agitare_,

_volvere_, _reputare_. Here, again, we must attend to the use of

_habere_.

12. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, propter

dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finesque imperii singulis

constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad

pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris alius

alio[69] concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo

utebatur, qui proximus lictor[70] Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper

fuerat; quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat impellitque,

uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas[71] paret

(nam verae ad Hiempsalem referebantur); ceterum, ubi res postularet, se

ipsum cum magna manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti

doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. Qui postquam in aedes

irrupere, diversi regem quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes

interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu

omnia miscere; quum[72] interim Hiempsal reperitur occultans sese tugurio

mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae

caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt.

[69] _Alius alio_, 'one in one direction, and the other in another.' See

Zumpt, S 289.

[70] _Proximus lictor_ is the one of the lictors who, when they precede

the praetors or consuls, walks last, and is therefore nearest to his

commander; and this lictor, according to Roman custom, had the

highest rank among his fellow-lictors. The customs of the Romans were

imitated at the courts of allied princes.

[71] _Claves adulterinae_, 'imitation keys.'

[72] Respecting the _quum_ in descriptions, where it is commonly preceded

by _interea_, or _interim_, see Zumpt, S 580.

13. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur;

Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit; in

duas partes discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illum

alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat,

urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae

imperare parat.[73] Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum

docerent de caede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine

militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, victus

ex proelio profugit in provinciam[74] ac deinde Romam contendit. Tum

Jugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio

facinus suum cum animo reputans, timere populum Romanum neque adversus

iram ejus usquam nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere.

Itaque paucis diebus[75] cum auro et argento multo legatos Romam mittit,

quis praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde

novos acquirant, postremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare ne

cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus

aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna

munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in

gratiam et favorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret; quorum pars spe, alii

praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiundo[76] nitebantur, ne gravius

in eum consuleretur.[77] Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die

constituto senatus utrisque datur. Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum

accepimus:

[73] _Parat_, in the sense of _se parat_, 'he prepares himself,' or 'sets

about;' and thus _parare_ is not unfrequently used by Sallust

absolutely in the sense of _statuere_ and _instituere_.

[74] _Provincia_ here is the Roman province of Africa, consisting of the

territory of Carthage which had been destroyed, and containing the

towns of Leptis, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Carthage, which was

gradually rising again as a Roman town. That territory now belongs

to the dey of Tunis, a vassal prince of the Turkish sultan. Numidia,

in the west of the Roman province, was bounded in the west by the

kingdom of Mauretania, and comprised the modern Algeria which is

possessed by the French.

[75] _Paucis diebus_, 'within a few days;' that is, a few days after.

See Zumpt, S 480.

[76] _Singulos ambire_, 'to go about addressing individual persons,' has

at the same time the meaning of 'attempting to gain them over by

intreaties or promises.'

[77] 'That no severe decree might be passed against him,' _ne gravius

consilium in eum caperetur_.

14. 'Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens mihi praecepit, uti

regni Numidiae tantummodo procurationem[78] existimarem meam, ceterum jus

et imperium ejus penes vos esse; simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam

maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium[79]

loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias,

munimenta regni me habiturum. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem,

Jugurtha, homo omnium, quos terra sustinet,[80] sceleratissimus contempto

imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem et jam ab stirpe socium atque

amicum populi Romani regno fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres

conscripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram,[81] vellem potius ob mea

quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxime

deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum ea, si

desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer.[82] Sed quoniam parum tuta per se

ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit,[83] Jugurtha qualis foret, ad

vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi misserimum est, cogor

prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a

vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram

appetiverunt; familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi

amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda

erat.[84] Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me nepotem

Masinissae[85] frustra a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil

causae haberem praeter miserandam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere,

fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes

expecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi[86] prohibere injuriam neque

pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. Verum ego iis finibus ejectus

sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus meus

una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi

erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu

me miserum! Hucine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere,[87] ut, quem tu

parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis

tuae extinctor sit? Nunquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit![88] semperne

in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere,

jure omnia saeva patiebamur; hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes

omnis in armis erat. Postquam illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti

pacem agitabamus, quippe quis hostis nullus erat, nisi forte quem vos

jussissetis.[89] Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha, intoleranda audacia,

scelere atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo

suo[90] interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit, post,

ubi me iisdem dolis non quit[91] capere, nihil minus quam vim aut bellum

expectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrem patria,[92] domo,

inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius[93] quam in meo

regno essem. Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, uti praedicantem

audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam diligenter colerent, eos

multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos[94] esse. Quod

in familia nostra fuit,[95] praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset

vobis; nos uti per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres

conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Jugurtham,

beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est,

alterius ipse ego manus impias vix effugi. Quid agam? aut quo potissimum

infelix accedam? Generis praesidia omnia extincta sunt; pater, uti

necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quem minime decuit,[96]

propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros

alium alia clades oppressit; capti ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars

bestiis objecti sunt;[97] pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in

tenebris cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt.[98] Si

omnia, quae aut amisi aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt,[99]

incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos

implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperii jus et

injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero exul patria, domo, solus atque

omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?[100]

nationesne an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram amicitiam

infesti sunt?[101] An quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum

hostilia monumenta plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui

aliquando vobis hostis fuit? Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres

conscripti, ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne

foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia

fore; si huic imperio[102] fortuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse.

Virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti; omnia secunda[103] et

obedientia sunt; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. Tantum

illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurthae parum cognita

transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare[104]

vos singulos, ne quid de absente incognita causa statuatis, fingere me

verba et fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere. Quodutinam[105]

illum cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem haec

simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos aut apud deos immortales

rerum humanarum cura oriatur; nae ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox

atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus impietatis in parentem

nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas

reddat.[106] Jamjam frater, animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo

et unde minime decuit vita erepta est,[107] tamen laetandum magis quam

dolendum puto casum tuum;[108] non enim regnum, sed fugam, exilium,

egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul

amisisti. At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno,

rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias

persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque

potestas ex opibus alienis[109] pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis

honestus exitus esset! neu vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis

injuriae concessissem.[110] Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet

sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos liberos[111] atque parentes

vestros, per majestatem populi Romani subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam

injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et

sanguinem familiae nostrae tabescere.'[112]

[78] Adherbal says that only the administration of Numidia belongs to

him, but that the legal title and supremacy belong to Rome--the

language of abject servility, by which he wishes to recommend himself

to the protection of the senate.

[79] _Affines_ are those connected with one another by marriage, whereas

_cognati_ are relations by blood.

[80] _Sustinere_ is here the same as _ferre_.

[81] 'As I was to come to such misery;' that is, as it had been ordained

by fate that I should come to such misery. See Zumpt, S 498.

[82] Adherbal wishes to be able to solicit the aid of the Romans, in

consequence of his own services, rather than those of his ancestors;

he then again divides that wish, considering it as most desirable

that the Roman people should owe him services without his being in

want of them, and next in desirableness that the services which he

requires should be performed as services due to him. By this latter

sentiment he returns to the point from which he set out--namely, his

wish to have done good services (_beneficia_) to the Romans. _Vellem_

in this sentence is followed twice by the accusative with the

infinitive (_posse_, to which _me_ is to be supplied, and _beneficia

deberi_), and then by a clause with _ut_ (_uti;_ that is,

_ut--uterer_). _Secundum ea_, 'next to,' or 'next after this,'

according to the etymology of _secundum_ from _sequor_.

[83] _In manu fuit_, an expression not uncommon in the comic poets; _in

manu alicujus est_, 'it is in a person's power.'

[84] 'At a time when the good fortune of the Romans did not render it so

desirable to enter into connection with them as their fidelity and

trustworthiness.'

[85] 'Do not allow me in vain to pray for your assistance.' _Me_ in this

sentence is accompanied by two accusatives in apposition, first

_progeniem_, and then _nepotem Masinissae_.

[86] Observe the unusual combination _Romani populi_ for _populi Romani_,

which is to be explained by the fact, that here _Romani_ is the more

emphatic word, placing the Roman people in contrast with other

nations.

[87] 'O I, unfortunate man! to what result, father Micipsa, have thy good

services led!' For the accusative _me miserum_, see Zumpt, S 402; and

for the double suffix in _hucine_, S 132.

[88] 'Never, then, will our family be at peace!' an exclamation to which

afterwards an interrogative sentence with _ne_ is appended. The

former also might have been expressed by _numquamne ergo_, &c.

[89] The subjunctive _jussissetis_ indicates a repeated action. See

Zumpt, S 569. The senate and people of Rome had the right to make war

and peace throughout the extent of the Roman dominion, so that the

allied nations and kings were obliged to regard those against whom

the Romans declared war as their own enemies; as, for example, not

long since, the Numantines.

[90] 'Who being a brother, was at the same time a relation.' Respecting

this use of the pronoun _idem_, when the two predicates are added to

one subject, see Zumpt, S 697.

[91] _Non queo_; that is, _nequeo_, or _non possum_.

[92] _Extorris_ (from _terra_), as _exsul_ from _solum_, 'homeless.'

Respecting the ablative denoting separation or privation, see Zumpt,

S 468.

[93] _Tutius_; the adjective _tutior_ also might have been used.

Respecting the use of adverbs with esse, see Zumpt, S 365.

[94] _Maxime tutos_; that is, _omnium tutissimos_.

[95] 'Whatever was in the power of our family;' _quod per familiam

nostram stetit_.

[96] This inserted clause belongs to the following _propinquus_. The

demonstrative _id_ (or _is_) is omitted, and the relative clause

precedes the word to which it refers. See Zumpt, SS 765, 813.

[97] _Pars--pars_; that is, _alii--alii_; whence the verb is in the

plural.

[98] _Exigere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, but implying a long and sorrowful

life.

[99] 'Which out of friendly things (circumstances), have become hostile.'

The neuter _necessaria_ also comprises the persons who are termed

_necessarii_, 'persons connected by ties of relationship or

friendship;' such as in particular Jugurtha, the adoptive brother of

the speaker.

[100] 'Whither shall I turn myself? whom shall I call to my assistance?'

Donatus, an ancient grammarian, in his commentary on Terence, quotes

from Sallust _quo accidam?_ 'whither shall I turn myself for

assistance?' but none of the manuscripts has that reading in this

passage.

[101] He alludes to the nations and kings who were still independent and

had not yet been incorporated with the Roman empire, especially

the kings of Syria and Egypt, and perhaps also the king of

Mauritania.

[102] Sallust might have said _hujus imperii_, but he prefers the dative,

which is a dativus incommodi.

[103] _Secundus_, 'favourable,' according to its derivation from

_sequor_, is especially used of a favourable wind, but also in the

general sense of 'assisting,' or 'devoted to.'

[104] _Fatigare_, 'to importune a person with prayers.' See note chap. 3.

[105] _Quodutinam_ connects this sentence in an animated manner with the

preceding, otherwise _utinam_ alone might be used. 'Yes, would that I

could but see Jugurtha feigning these very things.'

[106] _Nae ille--reddat_; as far as the sense is concerned, this sentence

forms the apodosis to the preceding wish: 'would that I could see

him in like circumstances, and would that at length the gods opened

their eyes; then he would surely have to pay a heavy penalty for

his impiety, for the death of my brother and for my sufferings.'

The present subjunctive in the apodosis corresponds with the same

tense in the protasis, and differs very little from the future

indicative. See Zumpt, S 524, note.

[107] 'Although life has been taken from thee before the age of maturity,

and by a person who should have done it least of all.' _Unde_,

the more general relative, is here used for _a quo homine_. In like

manner the Romans, in legal phraseology, called the defendant

_unde petitur_; that is, the person of whom payment is demanded.

[108] _Doleo_, 'I grieve at,' is construed with _de_, as _de casu tuo_,

with the ablative alone, _casu tuo_, and also as a transitive verb

with the accusative, _doleo casum tuum_. _Laetari_ here follows the

construction of _doleo_, for it is generally followed by _de_, or the

ablative alone. See Zumpt, S 383.

[109] Namely, the life and death of the persecuted Adherbal depends

upon the power of Jugurtha.

[110] Adherbal wishes two things: first, that a speedy death may

terminate his misfortunes; and second, not to be obliged to live in

contempt, if he should yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these

things, says he, can be done. Jugurtha will continue to lay snares

for him, and if he yields, and gives up to him his kingdom, he must

live despised. These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts

of the senators, expressed as they are by a king.

[111] _Per vos liberos atque parentes vestros_. The words _per liberos_

belong together; to _vos_ supply _oro_. See Zumpt, S 794. Adherbal

intreats the senators by their children and parents, because Jugurtha

has so criminally trampled on the sacred rights of the family. Others

read _per vos per liberos vestros_; but this is wrong, and the

repetition of _per_ is bad: we never intreat persons by themselves,

but by something that is dear to them.

[112] _Tabescere_, 'to waste away,' 'perish;' the proper meaning is, 'to

be consumed by some disease.'

15. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthae, largitione magis

quam causa freti, paucis respondent: 'Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab

Numidis interfectum; Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquara

superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: Jugurtham ab

senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu

verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.'[113] Deinde utrique curia

egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur: fautores legatorum, praeterea

magna pars gratia depravata,[114] Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae

virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro

alieno scelere et flagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra

pauci, quibus bonum et aequum divitiis carius erat, subveniundum

Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam censebant; sed ex

omnibus maxime Aemelius Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus

potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is

postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in

tali re solet, ne polluta licentia[115] invidiam accenderet, animum a

consueta libidine continuit.

[113] _Ante facta_, &c. It would have been more common to say _factis

suis anteponerent_. In Cicero, _ante_ is not used to denote

preference as in Sallust, _Cat._ 53: _Graeci ante Romanos fuere_ for

_Graeci Romanis praestabant_.

[114] According to Sallust's mode of speaking, we should have expected

_depravati_, _pars_ being only another form for _alii_. But nothing

can be said against the grammatical agreement _pars depravata_, it

being that form which, according to grammar, should be used.

[115] Scaurus dreaded the stained audacity of those who accepted bribes

from Jugurtha without any scruple or shame, and would have liked to

stir up against them the hatred and envy of others. _Licentia_ is the

conduct of a man who thinks he is allowed to do anything, and

accordingly here signifies to accept bribes by which statesmen

disgrace themselves. The adjective which properly refers to men

(_pollutus_) is here transferred to _licentia_. Sallust describes

Aemelius Scaurus, one of the most eminent men of his age (he was

twice consul and princeps senatus), as a prudent aristocrat, anxious

to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspicion as much

as possible; although in secret he, too, had recourse to unfair means

to obtain influence and wealth. The events which Sallust has related

hitherto, the murder of Hiempsal, the expulsion of Adherbal by

Jugurtha, and Adherbal's flight to Rome, belong to the year B.C. 116,

a time when, if we except some trifling wars against barbarous tribes

on the frontiers, the Roman Republic was not engaged in any military

undertaking.

16. Vicit tamen in senatu pars illa, quae vero pretium aut gratiam

anteferebat. Decretum fit, uti decem legati regnum, quod Micipsa

obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et Adherbalem dividerent. Cujus legationis

princeps fuit L. Opimius, homo clarus et tum in senatu potens, quia

consul, G. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam

nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat.[116] Eum Jugurtha tametsi Romae in

inimicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime recepit, dando et pollicitando

multa perfecit, uti famae, fide,[117] postremo omnibus suis rebus

commodum regis anteferret. Reliquos legates eadem via aggressus,

plerosque capit; paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In divisione,

quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior,

Jugurthae traditur: illam alteram specie quam usu potiorem, quae

portuosior et aedificiis magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit.[118]

[116] Opimius had been consul in B.C. 121, and in that year he had,

with the authority of the senate, crushed the democratical party of

G. Gracchus by force of arms. In consequence of that victory,

several very harsh measures had been adopted by the aristocracy

to strengthen and increase the power of the senate and the nobility.

Opimius, too, was a statesman of loose principles, as is clear from

the narrative of Sallust.

[117] _Fide_ for _fidei_. See Zumpt, S 85, note 3.

[118] _Possedit_, 'he took possession of.' The present _possideo_ only

means 'to possess;' but the past tenses, _possedi_, _possessum_, at

the same time have the meaning of 'taking possession,' as if they

were formed from a present _possido_, _possidere_. Compare the

similarly-formed compounds of _sido_, _sidere_, in Zumpt, S 189.

17. Res postulare videtur Africae siturn paucis exponere et eas gentes,

quibuscum nobis bellum aut amicitia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca

et nationes ob calorem aut asperitatem, item solitudines minus

frequentata[119] sunt, de iis haud facile compertum narraverim; cetera

quam paucissimis absolvam. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in parte

tertia[120] Africam posuere, pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sed

Africam in Europa.[121]Ea fines habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et

Oceani,[122] ab ortu solis declivem latitudinem,[123] quem locum

Katabathmon incolae appellant. Mare saevum, importuosum, ager frugum

fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore infecundus, coelo terraque penuria

aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum; plerosque

senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis interiere; nam morbus haud

saepe quemquam superat; ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed qui

mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo

inter se permixti sint, quamquam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet,

diversum est, tamen uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis

dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores ejus

terrae putant, quam paucissimis dicam.[124] Ceterum fides ejus rei penes

auctores erit.

[119] _Frequentata sunt_, 'they have been frequented.' The participle is

in the neuter, the subjects being both animate and inanimate.

_Asperitas_ refers to the inaccessible nature of mountainous

districts.

[120] Other editions have _in partem tertiam_, and this deviation from

the common mode of speaking (which is to use _pono_ with _in_ and the

ablative) commentators explain by the remark, that the division was

not yet made, but only supposed. But the Latin language knows of no

such distinction.

[121] In the earliest times, before the earth was divided into three

parts, it was rather customary to consider Africa, especially Egypt

and the countries about the Nile, as belonging to Asia. To connect

Africa with Europe could only have been an idea of those who divided

the earth into an eastern and a western half, and did not know the

vast extent of Africa to the south.

[122] _Fretum_, &c.; that is, the Fretum Herculeum, or the Straits of

Gibraltar. It is clear that Sallust wants to state only the northern

frontier of Africa on the Mediterranean, and the frontiers in the

east and west. The extent of Africa southward was too little known to

him to speak about it.

[123] 'The inclined plain,' or, as the geographer Mela says, 'the valley

which inclines towards Egypt.' The length of this valley extends from

south to north as far as the Mediterranean, and in the upper part it

separates the immense desert in the west from the oasis in the east,

which is considered as a part of Egypt. The easternmost country in

Africa on the Mediterranean was Cyrenaica. It is therefore quite

clear that Sallust does not include Egypt in Africa.

[124] Sallust wants to give a short account of the original inhabitants

of Africa, and their amalgamation with new immigrants, such as it

was translated for him from the Punic books of King Hiempsal. This

Hiempsal is not the same as the one already mentioned, who had been

murdered by Jugurtha, but a later descendant of Masinissa, who ruled

after Jugurtha, and was still alive in the days of Cicero, about

B. C. 60. _Interpretatum est_, in a passive sense. See Zumpt, S 632.

18. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, asperi incultique, quis

cibus erat caro ferina atque humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque

moribus neque lege aut imperio cujusquam regebantur; vagi, palantes, qua

nox coegerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti

Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus,

amisso duce ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus,[125] brevi

dilabitur. Ex eo numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in Africam

transvecti, proximos nostro mari[126] locos occupavere. Sed Persae intra

Oceanum magis; hique alveos navium inverses pro tuguriis habuere, quia

neque materia in agris neque ab Hispanis emundi aut mutandi copia erat;

mare magnum et ignara[127] lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi paulatim per

connubia Gaetulos secum miscuere, et quia saepe temptantes agros[128]

alia, deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere.

Ceterum adhuc aedificia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia illi vocant,

oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinae sunt. Medi autem

et Armenii accessere Libyes[129] (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant,

Gaetuli sub sole magis, haud procul ab ardoribus) hique mature oppida

habuere; nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se instituerant.

Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro

Medis[130] appellantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea nomine

Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca,

quae proxime Carthaginem Numidia appellatur. Deinde utrique[131] alteris

freti finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coegere, nomen

gloriamque sibi addidere; magis ii, qui ad nostrum mare processerant,

quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africae pars inferior

pleraque ab Numidis possessa est; victi omnes in gentem nomenque

imperantium concessere.

[125] Within the clause expressed by the ablative absolute

(_multis--petentibus_) there is inserted another stating that each

did so for himself, and that in the nominative case, because _multis

petentibus_ is, after all, only a different form for _quum multi

peterent_. Grammatically speaking, it ought to be _sibi quoque_; but

no Latin would have understood this, since he would have taken

_quoque_ as an adverb. See Zumpt, S 710. _Passim_, 'in different

places,' 'scattered everywhere,' but not 'here and there.' The

tradition of the immense conquests extending to the western

extremities of the known earth, which are ascribed to Hercules

(Heracles), who occurs in the traditions of various nations, runs

through the whole of ancient history.

[126] _Nostrum mare_ is the Mediterranean, the African coast of which

was occupied by the parts of Hercules' army here mentioned; and

the Persae, it is farther stated, occupied that coast which is more

within (that is, 'on this side,' as a person writing at Rome would

say) the ocean.

[127] _Gnarus_ and _ignarus_ have most commonly an active meaning,

denoting 'one who does know,' or 'one does not know;' but sometimes,

and especially in Sallust and Tacitus, they have a passive meaning,

'he who is known,' and 'he who is not known.' So here _ignara lingua_

is the same as _ignota lingua_.

[128] 'They tried the fields;' that is, 'the soil,' as to whether it was

fruitful, and in this manner they sometimes inhabited one place,

and sometimes another. _Alia, deinde alia_, is the same as _alia

atque alia_, as in chap. 26. Hence they were called in Greek [Greek:

Nomades], and the Greek accusative of this word, _Nomadas_ for

_Nomades_, is used by Sallust in the next sentence. See Zumpt, S 74.

[129] The Medes and Armenians in the army of Hercules joined the

Libyans, the ancient inhabitants of Africa. _Libyes_ is the

accusative, for _accedere_ is joined with the accusative as well as

the dative of the person whom one joins. See Zumpt, S 386, note.

[130] This derivation of the name _Mauri_ is very improbable. The Mauri

are the inhabitants of the western part of the African coast of the

Mediterranean. They lived to the west of the mouth of the river

Mulucha (which separated them from the Numidians), opposite Malaga

and Cadiz, and also on the coast of the ocean extending southward as

far as those countries were known to the ancients. The modern name of

Moors is derived from the ancient Mauri.

[131] _Utrique_ refers to _parentes_ and their descendants, the Numidae.

One part of the nation trusted to the other (_alteris freti_), and

was supported by it.

19. Postea Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars

imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis,[132]

Hipponem, Hadrumetum, Leptim[133] aliasque urbes in ora maritima

condidere, eaeque brevi multum auctae, pars originibus suis[134]

praesidio, aliae decori fuere. Nam[135] de Carthagine silere melius puto

quam parum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur ad

Katabathmon, qui locus Aegyptum ab Africa dividit, secundo mari[136]

prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac deinceps duae Syrtes,[137]

interque eas Leptis; deinde Philaenon arae,[138] quem locum Aegyptum

versus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses, post aliae Punicae urbes.

Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent; proxime Hispaniam Mauri

sunt. Super Numidiam[139] Gaetulos accepimus partim in tuguriis, alios

incultius vagos agitare, post eos Aethiopas esse, dein loca exusta solis

ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines

Carthaginiensium, quos novissime[140] habuerant, populus Romanus

permagistratus administrabat, Gaetulorum magna pars et Numidae usque ad

flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant, Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus

imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus[141] populi Romani, itemque

nobis neque bello neque pace antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad

necessitudinem rei satis dictum.

[132] To _aliis--avidis_ supply _sollicitatis_.

[133] All three are cities in the territory of Carthage, which afterwards

became the province of Africa. Hippo with the surname of Diarrhytus,

(there being another town, Hippo Regius, on the coast of Numidia,) is

said to be the modern Bizerta; Hadrumetum, southeast of Carthage, and

Leptis, surnamed minor (there being another town, Leptis magna, more

to the east), are now in ruins.

[134] 'To their origin;' that is, to their mother country Phoenicia,

whence the settlers had come.

[135] The transition to Carthage by the conjunction _nam_ presupposes

the ellipsis of some such sentiment as--'I only meant to mention

these Phoenician settlements on the African coast, _for_ it is well

known that Carthage also was a settlement of the Phoenicians.'

[136] _Secundo mari_, 'along the sea,' is said according to the analogy

of _secundo flumine_ (see Caes. _Bell. Gall._ vii. 58) _secundo

flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit_. The sea has indeed no

current like a river, but the direction is determined by the person

travelling on the coast, and in this case it is the direction from

east to west. _Theraei_ are the inhabitants of the island of Thera,

in the Greek Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus, whence the first

Greek settlers at Cyrene proceeded in B. C. 631, under the leadership

of Battus. Respecting the Greek genitive _on_, instead of _orum_, see

Zumpt, S 52, 1.

[137] _Syrtis major_ and _Syrtis minor_ are two large sandbanks near the

coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage. They were very

dangerous to navigation, and between them lay the route to Leptis

magna, a city of considerable importance. Compare chap. 78, where

Sallust describes these sandbanks and the bays named after them.

[138] The origin of the name of this place is stated by Sallust, chap.

79. As it was situated above the great, that is, the eastern Syrtis,

it is clear that _deinde_ is used somewhat vaguely, since only the

great Syrtis, but not the town of Leptis and the small Syrtis,

precede the place Arae Philaenon in the order of succession.

[139] 'Above Numidia;' that is, southward, towards the inland, the

coast being always, or at least being always conceived to be, lower

than the inland districts.

[140] _Novissime_, 'latterly;' that is, at the beginning of the third

Punic war, the result of which was, that Carthage and its territory

became a Roman province.

[141] _Cetera ignarus_, 'otherwise unknown.' Compare p. 87, note 4 [note

127]; and on _cetera_, Zumpt, S 459.

20. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, et Jugurtha contra

timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex

amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et

illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat,

in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus; at is, quem

petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens

magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu

invadit; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia

incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu accedit, deinde cum omni

multitudine in regnum suum convertit, existimans dolore permotum

Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem belli causam fore.

At ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat et amicitia populi Romani

magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis

questum[142] misit; qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius

tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia temptatum antea

secus[143] cesserat. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur, quippe

qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non uti antea cum

praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum gerere coepit et

aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceterum qua pergebat urbes, agros

vastare, praedas agere, suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere.

[142] _Questum_, the supine, 'in order to complain'

[143] 'The war previously undertaken had turned out unsuccessfully.'

About _secus_, see Zumpt, S 283.

21. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti regnum aut relinquendum

esset aut armis retinendum, necessario copias parat et Jugurthae obvius

procedit. Interim haud longe a mari prope Cirtam oppidum[144] utriusque

exercitus consedit, et quia diei extremum erat, proelium non inceptum.

Sed ubi plerumque[145] noctis processit, obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites

Jugurthini signo dato castra hostium invadunt; semisomnos partim,[146]

alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque; Adherbal cum paucis equitibus

Cirtam profugit, et ni multitudo togatorum[147] fuisset, quae Numidas

insequentes moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque

patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis

turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggreditur, maxime

festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos ante proelium factum ab

Adherbale Romam missos audiverat. Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum

accepit, tres adolescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant,

senatus populique Romani verbis nuntient: 'Velle et censere eos ab armis

discedere, de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare; ita

seque illisque[148] dignum esse.'

[144] _Cirta_, the capital of Numidia, situated in that part of the

country nearest to Carthage, or the Roman province. It is said to be

'not far from the sea,' only in consideration of the vast extent of

Numidia to the south. Cirta is the modern Constantina, which name it

received in honour of the Emperor Constantine, and is situated at a

distance of four days' march from Bona, the ancient Hippo Regius.

[145] _Plerumque_ for the more common _plurimum_, 'the greater part.'

See Zumpt, S 103.

[146] As Sallust in other passages connects _pars_ and _alii_, so here

_partim_ and _alios_, _partim_ being the same as _partem_.

[147] _Togati_ are Roman citizens, for they alone wore the peculiar and

privileged dress called _toga_. But it may be that other Italians

also are comprised under the name; for Romans and Italians resided in

great numbers in all the towns subject to the Roman dominion, for

the sake of commerce, and in them they formed a distinct _conventus_.

_Moenibus prohibere_. See Zumpt, S 468.

[148] It would be more in accordance with the ordinary usage to say,

_et se et illis_. See Zumpt, S 338.

22. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum

proficisci parant, de proelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur;

sed is rumor clemens erat.[149] Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione

respondit: 'Sibi neque majus quiequam neque carius auctoritate senatus

esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, ut ab optimo quoque probaretur;

virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse; ob easdem artes

ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum quo

plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus

tolerare: Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ubi comperisset,

sceleri ejus obviam isse; populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono

facturum,[150] si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit; postremo de omnibus

rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum.' Ita utrique[151] digrediuntur.

Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit.

[149] Literally, 'but this report was mild;' that is, it spoke of the

battle and siege as if they had been mild or moderate; which was not

the case, as Jugurtha carried them on with all his energy.

[150] _Pro bono facere_; literally, 'to act in accordance with what is

good,' and hence 'to act well,' _bene agere_.

[151] _Utrique_ refers to both parties--the Roman ambassadors on the one

hand, and Jugurtha on the other. The ambassadors were not allowed to

speak with Adherbal.

23. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, neque propter loci

naturam Cirtam armis expugnare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia

circumdat, turres extruit easque praesidiis firmat, praeterea dies

noctesque aut per vim aut dolis temptare, defensoribus moenium praemia

modo, modo formidinem ostentare, suos hortando ad virtutem arrigere,[152]

prorsus intentus cuncta parare. Adherbal, ubi intellegit omnes suas

fortunas in extremo sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria

rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex iis, qui una Cirtam

profugerant, duos maxime impigros delegit; eos multa pollicendo ac

miserando casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad

proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent. Numidae paucis diebus jussa

efficiunt; litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia haec

fuit:

[152] _Arrigere_, the same as _excitare_; hence frequently _animum

arrigere_, 'to rouse courage.'

24. 'Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres conscripti, sed vis

Jugurthae subigit, quem tanta libido extinguendi me invasit, ut neque vos

neque deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam omnia malit.

Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus

teneor, neque mihi Micipsae patris mei beneficia neque vestra decreta

auxiliantur; ferro an fame acrius urguear incertus sum. Plura de Jugurtha

scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea; et jam antea expertus sum parum fidei

miseris esse. Nisi tamen intellego[153] illum supra quam ego sum petere,

neque simul amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare. Utrum gravius

existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam, initio occidit Hiempsalem, fratrem

meum, dein patrio regno me expulit; quae sane fuerint nostrae injuriae,

nihil ad vos.[154] Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos

imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet; legatorum verba quanti

fecerit, pericula mea declarant. Quid reliquum nisi vestra vis, quo

moveri possit? Nam ego quidem vellem et haec, quae scribo, et illa, quae

antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem

verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui

essem,[155] non jam mortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium et

crutiatus corporis deprecor.[156] Regno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti

libet consulite; me ex manibus impiis eripite per majestatem imperii, per

amicitiae fidem, si ulla apud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae.'

[153] _Nisi tamen intellego_ refers to the preceding _plura scribere

nolo_, and expresses an exception, as is always the case with _nisi_

after a negative: he will write nothing else, but still add the

remark that Jugurtha aimed at something beyond the kingdom of

Adherbal; namely, that he intended afterwards to attack the Romans

themselves, because he saw that the acquisition of the kingdom of

Adherbal was irreconcilable with the friendship of Rome. _Plura non

scribam nisi hoc intellego_ is an elliptical expression, equivalent

to _plura non scribam, nisi hoc scribam, me intellegere_.

[154] 'Whatever may have been our mutual acts of injustice, it is no

concern of yours;' that is, they must be indifferent to you. Consider

only the fact, that he has taken possession of the kingdom of your

ally.

[155] Adherbal, for the purpose of exciting the sympathy of the senate,

represents it as a fact that he is born only to exhibit (endure) the

crimes of Jugurtha. Respecting the dative _ostentui_, see Zumpt,

SS 90 and 422.

[156] Adherbal prays the senate to _prevent (deprecor)_ his enemy from

acquiring the sole sovereignty, and from killing him amid tortures.

25. His litteris recitatis fuere, qui exercitum in Africam mittendum

censerent et quam primum Adherbali subveniundum; de Jugurtha interim uti

consuleretur,[157] quoniam legatis non paruisset. Sed ab iisdem illis

regis fautoribus summa ope enisum,[158] ne tale decretum fieret. Ita

bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum.

Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi; in

quis fuit M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis et tum in

senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis

obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere, dein brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad

Jugurtham mittunt, quam ocissime[159] ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum

ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit homines claros, quorum auctoritatem

Romae pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus,

metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur. Timebat iram senatus, ni

paruisset legatis; porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus

rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur exercita

circumdato summa vi Cirtam irrumpere[160] nititur, maxime sperans,

diducta manu hostium[161] aut vi aut dolis sese casum victoriae

inventurum. Quod ubi secus procedit neque quod intenderat efficere

potest, ut prius quam legates conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur; ne

amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis

equitibus in provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minae

nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen oratione

consumpta legati frustra discessere.

[157] _Consuleretur_; supply _senatus_; 'that the subject of the

disobedience shown by Jugurtha should be brought for decision before

the senate.'

[158] _Enisum est_, 'it was carried.' Observe the passive meaning of the

deponent verb.

[159] _Quam ocissime_, 'as speedily as possible.' The positive of

_ocissime_ is not in use in Latin. Zumpt, S 293, note.

[160] _Cirtam irrumpere_ is a peculiarity in the style of Sallust, the

common expression being, _in urbem irrumpere_. See Zumpt, S 386,

note.

[161] By engaging the enemy's troops in different places, and thus

dividing them. This is the meaning of the inseparable particle _dis_

or _di_.

26. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute moenia

defensabantur, confisi deditione facta propter magnitudinem populi Romani

inviolatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae

tradat, tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore. At

ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur,[162] tamen quia penes

eosdem, si adversaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant

Italici, deditionem facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum

necat, deinde omnes puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti

quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interficit.

[162] 'Although he considered everything else to be of more weight than

the faithfulness (promise) of Jugurtha.' The conquest of Cirta, and

the putting to death of Adherbal, belong to the year B. C. 112.

27. Quod postquam Romae cognitum est, et res in senatu agitari coepta,

iidem illi ministri regis interpellando[163] ac saepe gratia, interdum

jurgiis trahendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni G. Memmius,

tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis,

populum Romanum edocuisset id agi, ut per paucos factiosos Jugurthae

scelus condonaretur, profecto omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus

dilapsa foret: tanta vis gratiae atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi

senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia[164] provinciae

futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae; consules declarati P.

Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius; Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia

obvenit;[165] deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur;

stipendium aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur.

[163] _Interpellando_, 'by interrupting the speakers, and introducing