POTTERY OF THE UNITED STATES
In Volume 1, of this work, on page 26, is presented the classification
of the Nomenclature Committee with reference to pottery, which covers,
as a matter of course, all the specimens illustrated in this chapter.
[Illustration:
FIG. 637. (S. varying.) Outlines showing range of form of vases.
Middle Mississippi Valley Group.
]
While it is true that a great deal of pottery has been taken from
mounds, graves, cliff-houses and ruined pueblos by expeditions under my
direction, yet I have never made a detailed study of ceramic art in
America, although in a certain sense familiar with the forms found
throughout this country.
It would be presumptuous for one to write of a certain phase of
archæology that has been more ably and exhaustively treated by some one
who is a recognized authority. And in pottery we have two scholars,
whose explorations and studies place them first, Professor W. H. Holmes
and Mr. Clarence B. Moore. Professor Holmes’s “Aboriginal Pottery of the
Eastern United States”[29] will be taken as the last word on the
subject. And Mr. Moore’s eighteen reports of explorations in Florida,
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi illustrate all the forms in clay found
in that extensive region.
There is in the United States no collection of Southern mound pottery
equal in extent to that obtained by Mr. Moore. His explorations have
been of great benefit to science, and it is no exaggeration to state
that his works shed very great light on prehistoric art as well in
pottery as in other materials.
Therefore, I have quoted by permission from both Professor Holmes and
Mr. Moore, and made use of numerous illustrations from their reports,
including the outlines of types prepared by the former.
[Illustration:
FIG. 638. Outlines showing range of form of vases. Middle Mississippi
Valley Group.
]
Pottery may be said to be the barometer indicating the culture stage of
any people. In the far North there is no pottery. In the St. Lawrence
basin pottery is insignificant. In New England the few artistic
specimens of decorative pottery have been made much of by observers, but
these rare examples of the ceramic art indicate progress on the part of
a few individuals. There was no real potters’ art north of the Ohio
River or east of the Wabash. True, there are some good examples of fine
pottery from the Ohio mounds, but the ancient Northern peoples made but
little progress in ceramic art save on the part of a few individuals
living in the Scioto Valley, southern Ohio. In the Iroquois country it
appears that the natives were on the verge of developing art in pottery,
and had they remained in their barbaric splendor two centuries longer,
it is quite likely that they would have made remarkable advance in the
potters’ art. Much of their pottery is decorated, but it is crudely so.
Their pipes of pottery were highly developed, ornate, and interesting.
But these have been considered under the chapter devoted to pipes and
smoking customs.
[Illustration:
FIG. 639. Vases of compound form. Middle Mississippi Valley Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 640. Vases of compound form. Middle Mississippi Valley Group.
]
So far as I am aware, the Wabash River in Indiana marks the farthest
north, of Southern types of pottery. There may be a few strays now and
then, but the cemetery explored by Mr. Anderson for Mr. Peabody, at that
place, brought to light more than one hundred jars, bowls, and effigies,
all of distinct types. (A few are shown in Fig. 681.) Elsewhere north of
the Ohio and east of the Wabash, I have not known of effigy pottery
being found.[30] Throughout the Ohio Valley there are some fine
specimens of ceramic art found in the mounds. But the pottery, as a
rule, between the Wabash and the Alleghenies is of the Fort Ancient
culture. Some of it is shown in Figs. 648, 649.
[Illustration:
FIG. 641. (S. ABOUT 1–10.)
_Collection of pottery, from mounds and graves in southeastern
Missouri. From F. P. Graves’s collection, Doe Run, Missouri._
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 642. Outlines showing various features of vase elaboration.
Middle Mississippi Valley Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 643. Outlines showing various features of vase elaboration.
Middle Mississippi Valley Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 644. Vases from a mound on Perdido Bay. Gulf Coast Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 645. Vases from a mound on Perdido Bay. Gulf Coast Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 646. (S. 1–4.) Wisconsin bowls. S. D. Mitchell’s collection,
Ripon, Wisconsin.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 647. (S. 1–4.) Urn of pottery. From mound in western Ontario.
Collection of Henry Montgomery.
]
At the great cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, the pottery does not
exhibit skill in modeling or high finish. All the pottery of this great
region appears to be crudely made, of inferior materials, tempered with
pulverized unio shells or sand. In Indiana and Illinois there are
occasional effigies found in the mounds, but one must pass to the
Cumberland and Tennessee valleys, and to the St. Francis basin of
Arkansas, to southeastern Missouri, and to the region about Memphis and
Nashville for the highest ceramic art of the Southern Mound-Builders.
These people were peculiarly skilled in the potter’s art, and all the
museums of the country are filled with their handiwork. Professor Holmes
has commented on it at great length in the publication cited. The
potters’ art was highly developed in regions explored by Mr. Moore, as
is attested by the specimens presented in Figs. 678, 670–673. But effigy
pottery in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama is rarer than in Arkansas and
Missouri. On the contrary, there is more decorative pottery (with
incised lines, tracings of snakes and birds) in the region explored by
Mr. Moore than in the middle Mississippi Valley.
[Illustration:
FIG. 648. (S. about 1–6.) The two central ones in the upper row and
the left-hand specimen in the lower row are corrugated; from
northeastern Kentucky. The others are from southern Kentucky.
Collection of Bennett H. Young, Louisville, Kentucky.
]
Through the Great Plains there is a dearth of pottery. The buffalo
hunters had little need of it. The cemeteries and mounds of the Indian
Territory and Oklahoma, and of that long stretch of country flanking the
Arkansas River, produce good pottery, but not comparable with that of
the stone graves and mounds of the central South.
Northwestern California, the entire Rocky Mountains present an anomaly
in archæology in that no pottery—save here and there a stray—is found.
The Cliff-Dweller country, by which I mean the Colorado River Valley,
including its tributaries, abounds in pottery of the highest type found
on the American continent.
But while admitting that the Cliff-Dweller pottery was superior in
finish, material, and form of bowls, bottles, and dishes, yet the
effigies of the South and the middle Mississippi Valley are superior to
effigies found in the Cliff-Dweller country.
[Illustration:
FIG. 649. (S. 1–2.) Perfect pottery found with a skeleton, Gartner
Mound, Ohio. W. C. Mills’s collection, Columbus, Ohio.
]
The uses of pottery are primarily domestic. Whether bowls, jars, and
other forms were used as receptacles in which to boil or stew or bake
matters not. Man invented pottery because it was more convenient for him
to make a receptacle out of clay and bake the clay than to hollow a bowl
out of stone. He moved in the line of least resistance, and it was
easier to make a bowl or a dish from clay than to carve such a utensil
from stone. While Indians roasted much of their meat on the end of
sticks, or baked the food in the ashes, yet they preferred to boil and
stew their foods. This is especially true of the established villages
where a profusion of pottery fragments abounds. It is natural to suppose
that as the ceramic art developed, to the variety of forms in clay, man
added the dish, the waterbottle, the effigy, and more or less
complicated forms of the jar or the bowl. And because nothing but true
cooking-pots are found in the Lake Superior region, New England, the
Delaware and Susquehanna valleys, I claim that the pottery art was not
developed in those regions beyond the manufacture of rough utensils to
be used about the fire. And although there is some mound pottery in Ohio
of such finish and character as to designate it as above, and pottery
was made use of in the culinary arts, yet these examples are rare and
denote rather a high culture in a certain locality than proficiency in
ceramic art. It is only in the central and southern portions of the
Mississippi Valley and in the Cliff-Dweller country that pottery-making
became an art.
[Illustration:
FIG. 650. (_S. about 1–10._)
_Various jars, bottles, and bowls, from graves and mounds in
southeastern Missouri. Collection of F. P. Graves, Doe Run,
Missouri._
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 651. (S. about 1–5.) The small vessel is just the size of a
teacup. The restored vessel has a diameter of eleven inches at the
top. Found at Two Rivers, Wisconsin. Collection of H. P. Hamilton,
Two Rivers, Wisconsin.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 652. (S. about 1–5.) This pottery has been carefully restored. It
was found in Warehouse Point, Connecticut, and is thirty-eight and
one half inches in circumference and fifteen inches high. Collection
of A. E. Kilbourne, East Hartford, Connecticut.
]
Indeed in the Tennessee stone graves, and at the village at the mouth of
the Wabash River in Indiana, there have been found numerous clay rattles
and clay toys. The latter take the form of small bowls and dishes. With
them are frequently small clay pebbles. These little clay toys are
buried with skeletons of children ranging from two to six years of age.
It is remarkable that these people, whom we have considered as in the
middle stage of barbarism, should have invented the toy. It is quite
probable that the women who made these clay dishes were not influenced
by knowledge of similar things in use among Europeans, for the Tennessee
graves and the Wabash cemetery appear to be prehistoric. Such
discoveries as the presence of these dishes alongside of little children
suggest that we should go slowly in our statements that most of the time
of the aborigines was given up to warfare and barbaric ceremonies. We
know not the whole story of their daily life, but every year there are
additions to the sum of human knowledge, and such finds as I have
enumerated emphasize the human side of these people.
[Illustration:
FIG. 653. University of Vermont collection.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 654. (S. 1–3.) University of Vermont collection.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 655. (S. 1–3.) University of Vermont collection.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 656. (S. 1–2.) Broken pottery from Ohio and Pennsylvania sites.
Andover collection.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 657. (S. 1–5.) Bowls from Kentucky graves and mounds. B. H.
Young’s collection.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 658. (S. 1–4.) Florida pottery. Andover collection.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 659. (S. 1–3.) Vessel, from Arkansas. Davenport Academy
collection. Middle Mississippi Valley Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 660. (S. 1–2.) Vase with incised design. From Louisiana.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 661. (S. 1–4.) Florida pottery. Phillips Academy collection.
]
The ceramic arts among the aborigines embrace not only clay forms used
in cooking and ollas for cooling, rather common in hot countries; but
also effigies were made of clay, there were clay spindle-whorls, also
clay rings, discs, and objects we know not the use of. Clay beads have
been found in a number of places. Illustrations, with brief
descriptions, are presented of all these clay things. It is quite likely
that on the large village-sites in the Tennessee and Cumberland valleys,
extending from central Kentucky to central Tennessee and northern
Alabama, many sun-dried clay objects, or objects imperfectly burned,
have disappeared through climatic agencies. I have remarked on the
importance of comparing historic sites with prehistoric sites and have
insisted that this should be done. I shall show, in the chapter cited
above, that the prehistoric as well as the modern Indians selected the
most favorable localities for villages; therefore modern villages were
often built on the site occupied by a prehistoric building. The presence
of stone, clay, bone, and shell objects on these sites indicates that
the population was greater in prehistoric times than in modern. The
fabrics and the wooden objects of ancient times have long since
disappeared, as have most such things of even two centuries ago. It is
observed on many sites that there are no shell objects even in the
ash-pits, and few bone objects.
[Illustration:
FIG. 662. (S. 1–3.) Vase from Madisonville, Ohio. Ohio Valley Group.
]
I take this to mean that such sites are the oldest of all. The things
that are preserved are only those of such substances as resist
atmospheric agencies. If one will study a village-site, walking back and
forth across the ploughed field for hours,—as I have done,—one will
observe that there are pieces of pottery of firm texture. There are
other pieces of pottery ready to disintegrate. The same is true of
shells. While one’s conclusions as to pottery are based upon the
specimens he finds, yet I do not consider it at all visionary to assume
that forms in clay, other than pottery, were in use among the Indians.
I, myself, have picked up fragments of pottery in such disintegrated
condition that they could be crumbled up between the thumb and index
finger.
[Illustration:
FIG. 663. (S. 1–4.) Vase from a mound at Madisonville, Ohio. Ohio
Valley Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 664. (S. 1–2.) Vase from a mound at Madisonville, Ohio Valley.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 665. (S. a little over 1–3.) Vessel, from Arkansas. Middle
Mississippi Valley Group.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 667. (S. 1–3.) Vessel, from Arkansas. Davenport Academy
collection.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 666. (S. 1–3.) Vase with incised design. Lower Mississippi
Valley.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 668. (S. 1–3.) From a mound near West Bay P. O. “Certain
Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast,” p. 131, Fig. 1.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 669. (S. 1–2.) Clay vessels from Iroquoian sites, New York.
Collection of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New
York.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 670. (S. 2–3.) Peculiar jar found during C. B. Moore’s
explorations. A vase, probably unique, of compound form,
representing a short-necked bottle imposed upon a vessel of
eccentric shape, having a series of four projecting lobes, above and
below. The ware is most inferior. The decoration, faintly and rudely
executed, consists partly of the scroll and partly of parallel lines
and punctate markings.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 671. (S. 2–3.) Mound place. A bottle of gray ware, having a flat
base and a most unusual shape of body—possibly a compound form. The
decoration consists of series of curved trailed lines above the
spaces in the lower part of the body.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 672. (S. 1–1.) Mound below Hare’s Landing. “Mounds; Moundville
Revisited; Mounds of Chattahoochee and Flint River.” Moore, p. 431,
Fig. 3.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 673. (S. 3–4.) This jar was badly crushed, and lay apart from
human remains. Put together, it proved to be a beautiful jar of
highly polished ware. The decoration is made of scrolls,
depressions, and incised encircling lines.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 674. (S. 2–9.) Three fine decorated jars from graves in
southwestern Kentucky. B. H. Young’s collection, Louisville.
]
The range of pottery in America both north and south is from the rudest,
thick, clumsy bowl, such as has been found in Kansas or Nebraska or in
certain parts of New England, to the highest art of the ancient
Cliff-Dwellers. I do not say highest art of the Pueblo people, for the
modern Pueblo art does not equal that of the ancient Pueblos or
Cliff-Dwellers. It must be remembered, when studying American pottery,
that although a bowl from Arkansas, a bottle from Mississippi, a dish
from Tennessee, or a pitcher from New Mexico may be of similar form and
like pottery found in Greece, Egypt, or Europe, yet this American
pottery has such an individuality of its own that the museum curator can
at once distinguish the one from the other. Truly American pottery is
different from that found elsewhere in the world. It may seem a paradox
and yet it is true that while the bowl from Missouri and the bowl from
ancient Rome may be of the same form and size, there is a peculiarity
observed in the American specimen that enables one to set it aside as
distinct and peculiar to the American aborigines. One could assemble and
mingle in a museum a thousand vessels, jars, and bowls from all over the
world, remove all the labels, and yet the students of American ceramics
would at once pick out those that represent American art.
[Illustration:
FIG. 675. (S. 1–3.) Vase with incised design. From Mississippi.
Davenport Academy collection.
]
Professor Holmes, in his publication previously cited, divides the
pottery of the United States into seven groups:—
Middle Mississippi Valley Group.
Upper Mississippi Valley, or Northwest Group.
Ohio Valley Group.
Iroquoian Group.
Atlantic Algonquin Group.
South Appalachian Group.
Gulf Coast Group.
About the pottery of New England he states:—
“The vessels were mere pots, and the pipes, although sometimes
ornamented with incised lines and indentations, are mainly the simple
bent trumpet of the more southern areas. The clay is tempered usually
with a large percentage of coarse sand, the finish is comparatively
rude, and the ornament, though varied, is always elementary. The
surfaces have, in many cases, been textured with cord-covered paddles,
and over these, or on spaces smoothed down for the purpose, are various
crude patterns made with cords, bits of fabric, roulettes, and pointed
tools of many varieties. The use of the roulette would seem to link the
art of this Abnaki region very closely with that of the middle Atlantic
States and portions of the upper Mississippi region.”
[Illustration:
FIG. 676. (S. 1–3.) Vessel imitating animal form; from Arkansas.
Middle Mississippi Valley Group. Davenport Academy collection.
]
In New Jersey, in the Chesapeake region, the pottery-ware is to a large
extent of Algonquin type, although some Iroquoian wares are found.
As in the case of New England, the forms are simple, the pottery crudely
made. But of course there are found fragments exhibiting considerable
skill in manufacture. These may be exotic types, and their presence due
to knowledge of the art of more advanced tribes, or to barter or
exchange.
The lower Mississippi mounds furnish some very superior pottery, though
many of the bowls, dishes, and jars taken from the mounds of that region
are no more skillfully made than those of the St. Francis and Cumberland
valleys. There are some examples of black pottery, very highly finished,
found along the Red River. Professor Holmes says of these:—
“The most striking characteristics of the better examples of this ware
are the black color and the mechanical perfection of construction,
surface finish, and decoration. The forms are varied and symmetric. The
black surface is highly polished and is usually decorated with incised
patterns. The scroll was the favorite decorative design, and it will be
difficult to find in any part of the world a more chaste and elaborate
treatment of this motive.”
[Illustration:
FIG. 677. (S. 1–3.) Vessel imitating animal form; from Arkansas.
]
Professor Holmes devotes special attention to the southern Appalachian
stamped ware. Most of the specimens in the Smithsonian came from the
Savannah River Valley. Mr. Moore has dug up a great deal of this pottery
along the Atlantic seaboard. The designs are stamped by means of a
paddle. Professor Holmes gives us the following description:—
“Although some of the peculiar designs with which the paddle stamps were
embellished may have come, as has been suggested, from neighboring
Antillean peoples, it is probable that the implement is of Continental
origin. It is easy to see how the use of figured modeling-tools could
arise with any people out of the simple primitive processes of
vessel-modeling. As the walls were built up by means of flattish strips
of clay, added one upon another, the fingers and hand were used to weld
the parts together and to smooth down the uneven surfaces. In time
various improvised implements would come into use—shells for scraping,
smooth stones for rubbing, and paddle-like tools for malleating. Some of
the latter, having textured surfaces, would leave figured imprints on
the plastic surface, and these, producing a pleasing effect on the
primitive mind, would lead to extension of use, and, finally, to the
invention of special tools and the adding of elaborate designs. But the
use of figured surfaces seems to have had other than purely decorative
functions, and, indeed, in most cases, the decorative idea may have been
secondary.
[Illustration:
FIG. 678. (S. 1–2.) Effigy bottle. Collection of E. E. Baird, Poplar
Bluff, Missouri.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 679. (S. 1–4.) Effigy pottery from southwestern Kentucky. B. H.
Young’s collection, Louisville.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 680. (_S. about 1–8._)
_Decorated and painted bowls and jars typical of the best pottery,
from the Middle Mississippi Valley. Taken from mounds and graves of
Arkansas and Missouri. From the collection of F. P. Graves, Doe Run,
Missouri._
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 681. (S. 1–5.) Three effigy bowls. From the Wabash Cemetery.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 682. (S. 1–2.) Remarkable effigy bowl in clay. Supposed to be a
life-mask. Found near Blythesville, Mississippi County, Arkansas.
From burial-site which was being washed away by river. Side view.
Collection of H. M. Braun, East St. Louis, Illinois.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 683. (S. 1–2.) Front view of Fig. 682.
]
“It will be observed by one who attempts the manipulation of clay that
striking or paddling with a smooth surface has often the tendency to
extend flaws and to start new ones, thus weakening the wall of the
vessel, but a ribbed or deeply figured surface properly applied has the
effect of welding the clay together, of kneading the plastic surface,
producing numberless minute dovetailings of the clay which connect
across weak lines and incipient cracks, adding greatly to the strength
of the vessel.
“That the figured stamp had a dual function, a technic and an esthetic
one, is fully apparent. When it was applied to the surface it removed
unevenness and welded the plastic clay into a firm, tenacious mass.
Scarifying with a rude comb-like tool was employed in some sections for
the same purpose, and was so used more generally on the inner surface,
where a paddle or stamp could not be employed. That this was recognized
as one of the functions of the stamp is shown by the fact that in many
neatly finished vessels, where certain portions received a smooth
finish, the paddle had first been used over the entire vessel, the
pattern being afterward worked down with a polishing-stone. However, the
beauty of the designs employed and the care and taste with which they
were applied to the vases bear ample testimony to the fact that the
function of the stamp as used in this province was largely esthetic.”
[Illustration:
FIG. 684. (S. 1–3.) Three typical bowls from the Chaco Group of ruins,
New Mexico. Dug up from debris in a lower room, Pueblo Bonito, in
1897, by W. K. Moorehead.
]
Of the life element in decoration on pottery, Professor Holmes writes at
some length. He assembled a number of vessels on which were various
decorations representing man, quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, batrachians,
and fishes. “The conclusion reached is that there is at least a large
degree of consistency, and that particular forms of creatures may be
recognized far down the scale toward the geometric. Exceptions were
noted, however. The symbols are occasionally intermingled, as if the
significance of the particular forms had been lost sight of, the potter
using them as symbols of the life idea in general, or as mere
decorations.
[Illustration:
FIG. 685. (S. about 1–4.) Four typical Chaco pitchers. Andover
collection.
]
“As a rule, the incised designs are more highly conventional than the
plastic, the eagle and the serpent being the only incised forms, so far
as has been observed, realistically treated; but it was possible to
recognize others through their association with the modeled forms. In
vessels furnished with the head of a bird in relief, for example, the
same kind of incised figures were generally found around the vessel, and
these are recognized as being more or less fully conventionalized
representations of wings. The same is true of the fish and its gills,
fins, and tail; of the serpent and its spots and rattles, and of the
frog and its legs. The relieved figures, realistically treated, become
thus a key to the formal incised designs, enabling us to identify them
when separately used. It will be seen, however, that since all forms
shade off into the purely geometric, there comes a stage when all must
be practically alike; and in independent positions, since we have no
key, we fail to distinguish them, and can only say that whatever they
represented to the potter they cannot be to us more than mere
suggestions of the life idea. To the native potter the life concept was
probably an essential association with every vessel.”
[Illustration:
FIG. 686. (S. 1–4.) Double jar from the Chaco Group. Found in a lower
room in Pueblo Bonito.
]
All writers on pottery observe a great difference between the ware of
the North and that of the South. Professor Holmes points to this in more
than one place in his writings, and he asks this question: “Is it due to
differences in race? Were the Southern tribes as a body more highly
endowed than the Northern, or did the currents of migration,
representing distinct centres of culture, come from opposite quarters to
meet along this line. Or does the difference result from the unlike
environments of the two sections, the one fertile and salubrious,
encouraging progress in art, and the other rigorous and exacting,
checking tendencies in that direction? Or does the weakening art impulse
indicate increasing distance from the great art centres in the far
South, in Mexico, and Yucatan?”
[Illustration:
FIG. 687. (S. 1–8.) A beautiful collection of ceramics from
cliff-houses in Utah and New Mexico. M. C. Long’s collection, Kansas
City, Missouri.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 688. (_S. indicated._)
_A jar of “coiled ware,” from a cliff-house in New Mexico. Collection
of M. C. Long, Kansas City, Missouri._
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 689. (S. 1–3.) Stones used in smoothing pottery, kneading clay,
etc.
]
The antiquity of pottery in this country is a question of absorbing
interest. Perhaps the shell mounds of Florida shed more light on this
question than do other remains. Mr. Clarence B. Moore, who has explored
for several seasons, and thoroughly opened numbers of shell mounds,
states that sometimes there was no pottery in the lower layers of some
of these mounds. This would indicate that some of the shell mounds are
very old, and had been in use before the discovery and utilization of
pottery by our aborigines. I regret that I have not space to quote Mr.
Moore’s remarks at length, but must refer readers to his reports, which
take up this important question in detail.
Mr. Brown reports on the pottery of his region as follows:—
“About thirty-five specimens of the earthenware vessels of the Wisconsin
Indians are now in existence. Most of these have been described and
figured in the _Wisconsin Archeologist_. The largest of these vessels in
the J. P. Schumacher collection at Green Bay is twenty inches in height
and twenty-two inches in diameter at the widest part. It has the great
capacity of two and one fourth bushels. The smallest specimen is in the
H. P. Hamilton collection and is of about the size of an ordinary cup.
“Other pottery objects found in Wisconsin include pipes, a few beads,
and perforated discs made of potsherds.”
I am indebted to Professor Holmes for Figures 637 to 646, 659, 660, 662
to 667, 675, 677, and to Mr. Moore for Figures 668 to 674.