See p. 123.

Footnote 367:

See chap. lxxiv.

Footnote 368:

The Stockholm translation of the Saga has “in Vigr,” instead of “in

the Islands.”

Footnote 369:

In the Saga of Hakon Hakonson it is stated that Kolbein Hruga’s castle

was on the island of Vigr, now Weir. It was to this stronghold that

Snækoll Gunnason fled when he had slain Earl John (son of Harald

Maddadson), the last of the Norse Earls of Orkney, in A.D. 1232; and

the Saga states that the castle was so strong that it resisted all the

efforts of the Earl’s friends to take it. In 1529 we learn from Jo.

Ben that the ruins were still visible. Barry describes it as a small

square tower, 15 feet square inside, and the walls 7 feet thick,

strongly built with large stones, well cemented with lime. It is now a

green mound, like the older Pictish towers; but to this day among the

peasantry of the locality the mound bears the name of _Cobbie Row’s_

(Kolbein Hruga’s) Castle.

Footnote 370:

See note on p. 84.

Footnote 371:

Probably in the body-guard of the Greek Emperor, which, the Byzantine

historians of the period inform us, was composed of natives of the

remote north, whom they call Varangians. The name Varangi first

appears with them in the year 935, but they are said to have served of

old in the body-guard, and to have come partly from Thule and partly

from England. In the Saga of Harald Hardradi his exploits during his

sojourn in the East are minutely detailed, and it is recorded that he

became chief of the Værings, who were at that time in the Imperial

service. For several centuries these mercenaries in the pay of the

Emperors were renowned for their bravery, discipline, and fidelity.

After the Norman conquest of England, a body of Anglo-Saxon youth,

under Siward of Gloucester, choosing exile rather than the ignominy of

submission to the conquerors, went to Constantinople, and enrolled

themselves among the Værings. So many followed them that a mixture of

Danish and Saxon became the official language of the guards of the

Imperial Palace. Hoards of Eastern coins and ornaments are almost

annually discovered in Norway and Sweden, and occasionally in Orkney

and the North of Scotland. The museum of Stockholm possesses a

collection of more than 20,000 Cufic coins found in Sweden, dating

from the close of the 8th to the end of the 10th century, and vast

quantities of those silver ornaments of peculiar forms and style of

workmanship, which are also believed to have been brought from the

East, partly by trade and partly by the returning Værings.

Footnote 372:

The scene of the shipwreck seems to have been near Gulberwick.

Footnote 373:

The MS. translation at Stockholm reads “two Icelanders.”

Footnote 374:

Having studied probably at the University of Paris. Schröder gives the

names of several Swedish students at the University of Paris as early

as 1275. (De Universitate Parisiensi: Joh. Hen. Schröder.)

Footnote 375:

Valland, probably for Gaul-land, the Norse name for the west coast of

France.

Footnote 376:

Verbon has not been identified.

Footnote 377:

Galicialand, the modern Galicia, the north-west corner of Spain.

Footnote 378:

Heathen Spainland must refer to the provinces then in possession of

the Moors. The Saga of Sigurd the Jorsala-farer says that when he

visited Lisbon, four years after the fall of King Magnus Barelegs

(circa A.D. 1107), “there lies the division between Christian Spain

and heathen Spain, and all the districts that lie west of the city are

occupied by heathens”—meaning Moslems.

Footnote 379:

Njörfasund, the Straits of Gibraltar.

Footnote 380:

Serkland, or Saracen land—the north coast of Africa.

Footnote 381:

_Dromones_, originally used for long and swift ships, was in later

times applied to the larger ships of war (Du Cange _sub voce_). In the

early French romances it appears as “Dromons,” and “Dromont.” Matthew

Paris, in his account of the crusading expedition of Richard I. of

England (A.D. 1191) notices the capture of a Saracen ship—“navis

permaxima quam Drómundam appellant.”—_Hist. Angl._ vol. ii. p. 23,

Rolls Ed.

Footnote 382:

The tying of knots at the Jordan is also alluded to in the saga of

Sigurd the Jorsala-farer. King Sigurd and his brother Eystein are

“comparing each other’s exploits,” and Sigurd says:—“I went to

Palestine, and I came to Apulia, but I did not see you there, brother.

I went all the way to Jordan, where our Lord was baptized, and swam

across the river; but I did not see thee there. On the edge of the

river-bank there was a bush of willows, and there I twisted a knot of

willows, which is waiting thee there; for I said this knot thou

shouldst untie, and fulfil the vow, brother, that is bound up in it.”

The tying of knots seems also to have had another meaning covertly

alluded to in the stanzas.—(See the story of Gunnhild and Hrut in the

Njáls Saga, p. 18.)

Footnote 383:

This seems to be no place-name, but a name formed, as the Turks formed

the name Istambol, from hearing the Greeks constantly talking of going

“εις την πολιν”—“to the city,” meaning Constantinople.

Footnote 384:

Probably the promontory of Sigeum, at the mouth of the Dardanelles. It

might be called Ægisness, from its being at the entrance to the Ægean

Sea. It is called Engilsness in the saga of “King Sigurd the

Jorsala-farer,” and it is stated that Sigurd’s fleet also lay here for

a fortnight waiting a side-wind, that they might show off their sails

(which they had stitched over with silks) as they passed up to

Constantinople. There was, however, a town called Ægos, at the mouth

of a stream of the same name, near the northern end of the

Dardanelles, a little below the modern Gallipoli.

Footnote 385:

See note at p. 127.

Footnote 386:

Manuel I., successor of John Comnenus, who reigned from 1143 to 1180.

Footnote 387:

Dýraksborg must be Durazzo, the ancient Dyrachium, a seaport in

Albania, on the Adriatic, opposite to Brundusium in Italy.

Footnote 388:

Pull, the ancient Apulia or Puglia, in Italy, on the opposite shore of

the Adriatic from Dyrachium. Apulia had been under the dominion of its

Norman dukes from the middle of the eleventh century, and this may

have been the reason why the route homewards through Apulia was chosen

both by Sigurd the Jorsala-farer and Earl Rögnvald.

Footnote 389:

Hákon Herdabreid (the broad-shouldered) became King in 1161. (For an

account of his death, and that of King Ingi and Gregorius Dagson, see

the sagas of the sons of Harald Gilli and Hákon Herdabreid, in the

Heimskringla.)

Footnote 390:

Near Bergen.

Footnote 391:

Viken, in the south of Norway.

Footnote 392:

Bishop’s-tongues, a district lying between three rivers in the south

of Iceland, also mentioned in the Njáls Saga.

Footnote 393:

See note on p. 21.

Footnote 394:

One of the MS. copies of the saga has “Rögnvaldzeyiar.”

Footnote 395:

Harald Hardradi, son of Sigurd Syr, who was slain in the battle of

Stamford Bridge. See p. 47.

Footnote 396:

See the account of her elopement with Earl Erlend Ungi in chap. xcii.,

and of her relations with Gunni, Olaf’s son, chap. lxxxvii.

Footnote 397:

This was Malcolm the Maiden, the grandson, and not the son, of King

David I.

Footnote 398:

Malcolm the Maiden.

Footnote 399:

Malcolm the Maiden was twelve years old when he came to the throne.

Perhaps the Saga-writer meant that he had then been nine winters king.

Footnote 400:

The Mull of Deerness, or Moulhead of Deerness, as it is called in the

maps, in the north-east of the Mainland, Orkney.

Footnote 401:

Skeggbjarnarstad was probably a homestead on Skebro Head, in Rousay.

The old form of Skebro Head might be Skeggbjarnarhöfdi.

Footnote 402:

Hofsness, probably Huipness, the most northerly point of Stronsay.

Footnote 403:

Kjarekstad.—Munch identifies this place with the modern Karston or

Careston, which lies on the inlet leading to the Loch of Stennis, a

little to the north-east of Stromness. But this would make Arni,

Rafn’s son, run a good ten miles without once remembering that he had

his shield on his shoulder until it stuck in the door at Kirkwall. If

this Kjarekstad be not the same with Knarrarstad at Scapa, which was

Earl Rögnvald’s homestead (see p. 113), and might be the castle here

spoken of, there is a Carness near Kirkwall (in old maps Carisness)

which may be more readily supposed to be the Kjarekstad from which

Arni ran than Careston near Stromness.

Footnote 404:

Munch says of this passage that the text reads, very improperly,

“Gáreksey” for “Grimsey.” Hafnarvag he identifies with the Medalland’s

hofn of Hakon Hakonson’s saga, which is the “Midland Harbour” lying

between the Holm of Houston and the Mainland on the south side of

Orphir. The name Hafnarvag, however, simply signifies a landing-place

in a voe or inlet, and might more appropriately be applied to some

place near the head of the inlet immediately opposite Grimsey, which

goes up to the Loch of Stennis. If Harald and his men landed at

“Midland Harbour,” they took the longest land route to walk to Firth;

if they landed near the head of the inlet above mentioned, they chose

the shortest land route.

Footnote 405:

The word Orkahaug is only known to occur twice—once here, and once in

one of the Runic inscriptions on the walls of the chamber of Maeshow.

Here it is given merely as the name of the place where Earl Harald and

his men had a Yule-tide carouse, which disabled two of them from

proceeding on their journey, so that they failed in surprising Earl

Erlend at his Yule feast. In the inscription in the chamber of Maeshow

it appears as the name of the burial-mound which was broken into by

the Jorsala-farers in search of treasure. There seems to be little

doubt that this name “Orkahaug” was the name by which the Maeshow was

then known. The Orkahaug of the text must either mean the actual “how”

itself, or a homestead near it which was named from it. There is an

Orkhill (Orquill) not very far from Maeshow, and there was another

Orkhill near Knarstane, Scapa, which is called Orquile in “the coppie

of my Lord Sinclairis Rentale that deit at Flowdin.” No other

Orkahaug, however, is known. (See under Maeshow in the Introduction.)

Footnote 406:

The castle at Freswick, elsewhere called Lambaborg (see p. 122).

Footnote 407:

The mouth of the burn of Freswick.

Footnote 408:

Moseyjar-borg, the burg or castle on the little island of Mousa, in

Shetland. This curious structure is the best preserved example of the

old Celtic strongholds, or “Pictish towers,” which were so thickly

planted over the northern and western districts of Scotland, and

specially in those districts exposed to the ravages of the Northmen.

We learn from the Saga of Egill Skalagrimson that fully two centuries

before the event here narrated Mousa had been occupied in a precisely

similar manner by a couple who fled from Norway, and after celebrating

their marriage in the deserted burg, lived in it for a whole winter.

(See under Mousa in the Introduction.)

Footnote 409:

The Moray Firth.

Footnote 410:

Bly-holmar (lead islands) must refer to a group of islands not far to

the south of Berwick, probably the Fern Islands.

Footnote 411:

Mosey, the Isle of May.

Footnote 412:

Off Sumburgh Head, now called Sumburgh Roost.

Footnote 413:

Beruvik, probably the inlet at the mouth of the Berriedale water, on

the north side of the Ord of Caithness, where there is an old tower

called Berriedale Castle. (See note at p. 18.)

Footnote 414:

This was probably the castle which was destroyed by King William the

Lion in the end of the twelfth century, when he sent his troops

against Earl Harald “to Turseha,” and destroyed the Earl’s residence

there.

Footnote 415:

This is evidently a mistake in the text for Rögnvaldsey, or South

Ronaldsay. In the MS. the contraction R.ey is used both for Rínarsey

and Rögnvaldsey.

Footnote 416:

Vidivag, the voe or creek of the beacon; now Widewall, in South

Ronaldsay.

Footnote 417:

Bardvik, the bay beside Barth Head; now Burswick, in South Ronaldsay.

Footnote 418:

Strandhögg, strand-hewing, or victualling the ships of a viking

squadron, by driving cattle to the shore, and killing them there.

Footnote 419:

Ru Stoer in Assynt, on the west coast of Sutherlandshire.

Footnote 420:

Walls, in the Island of Hoy, Orkney.

Footnote 421:

Knarston, at Scapa, in the Mainland of Orkney. (See note at p. 113.)

Footnote 422:

Paplay, in Mainland, where Hákon Karl, the brother of Earl Magnus the

Holy, had his residence. (See p. 96.)

Footnote 423:

Sandwick, in Deerness.

Footnote 424:

The Iceland Annals place the fall of Earl Erlend in A.D. 1154.

Footnote 425:

See p. 74.

Footnote 426:

None of these men are again mentioned in the Saga.

Footnote 427:

In the “Coppie of my Lord Sinclaire’s Rentale, that deit at Flowdin,”

dating between 1497 and 1503, there is a Tyngwale in Rendale, set to

John Selatter. The name still remains, but there is no other trace of

an Orkney thing-stead in the Islands. (See p. 61.)

Footnote 428:

Mackaile and Sir Robert Sibbald both notice the existence of white

hares in the hill of Hoy. Low, in his “Fauna Orcadensis,” states that

they did not exist in his day; and he adds, “nor is there a hare of

any kind to be found in the Orkneys.”

Footnote 429:

Cave Isle—now Eller Holm, a small island between Shapinsay and the

Mainland of Orkney.

Footnote 430:

This seems to indicate that there was an ecclesiastical settlement on

Eller Holm. Possibly it may have been the “isle Elon” referred to in

the stanza made by Earl Rögnvald on the occasion of the singular

apparition of the sixteen shaven crowns described in chap. lxvi. It is

suggestive of this that Fordun gives the name of this island as

Helene-holm instead of Eller Holm. (See note, chap. lxvi.)

Footnote 431:

Völuness has not been identified.

Footnote 432:

This must be Barswick, near Barthhead, in South Ronaldsay, as it is

afterwards stated that from this headland Rögnvald and Swein saw Earl

Harald’s ship coming across the Firth from Caithness to Walls.

Footnote 433:

In the text it is “Hrólfsey to R(inans)ey”—Rousay to North Ronaldsay,

but Munch’s reading of the passage seems to be the true one. (See the

next chapter.)

Footnote 434:

The Mainland of Orkney. This shows that in all likelihood it is

Hrossey that is meant where the text has Hrólfsey at the beginning of

the previous chapter.

Footnote 435:

Probably Rapness, in the south-east of the island of Westray.

Footnote 436:

It does not appear whether this is the Hákon Karl who lived at Papuli

or not.

Footnote 437:

St. Mary’s, the largest of the Scilly Isles, called Syllingar in the

Sagas.

Footnote 438:

This was the famous Somerled, styled by the Chronicle of Man “Regulus

Herergaidel”—ruler of Argyle. This chronicle also adds the information

that his marriage with Ragnhild was the cause of the ruin of the

monarchy of the Isles. Although the Saga here makes Swein, Asleif’s

son, kill Somerled about the year A.D. 1159, we learn from the more

trustworthy sources of Fordun and the Chron. de Mailros that Somerled

was killed at Renfrew on the 1st January 1164, having landed there

with a fleet of 160 galleys in the attempt to make a conquest of

Scotland. He had given his sister in marriage to Wimund, ex-bishop,

_alias_ Malcolm M’Heth, whom the Saga calls Earl of Moray. After the

unsuccessful termination of Malcolm M’Heth’s attempt to gain

possession of the crown of Scotland, his brother-in-law, Somerled,

seems to have continued the hostilities against King David, and to

have joined the party against Malcolm IV. when the attempt was made to

place the “Boy of Egremont” on the throne. (See Fordun Skene’s ed.)

II. 250, and Munch, _Chron. Man._ p. 80.

Footnote 439:

Dugald, Reginald, and Angus; from Reginald sprang the Macrories,

Macdougalls, and Macdonalds of the Isles.

Footnote 440:

This is the Firth of Forth in chapter lxxvii. Here it evidently refers

to one of the sea-lochs on the west coast, and may probably be Loch

Gleann Dubh, the inner portion of Kyle Scow. At least the Norse name

“Dark Fiord,” and the Gaelic “Loch of the Dark Glen,” are suggestively

similar, and both equally descriptive of the upper part of the Kyle.

Footnote 441:

In reference to this passage, Jonæus, in his edition of the Saga

(Hafniæ, 1780), says, that what is of the greatest moment is the fact

which it points out, that at this date (circa 1158) there were

reindeer in Scotland. In his Latin version of the original he

translates the phrase “_at veida rauddyri edr hreina_” as “_feras

rubras et rangiferos venari_,” and has no doubt or hesitancy about the

matter. It is established by geological evidence that the reindeer was

widely distributed in Great Britain in post-glacial times, although

the instances of its occurrence within the human period, and in

association with the remains of man, have been comparatively rare.

Recently, however, evidence has been supplied by excavations in the

ruins of the brochs, or “Pictish towers,” of the north of Scotland,

which fully corroborates the statement of the Saga that the reindeer

was actually hunted and eaten by the later occupants of these

structures, their latest occupation on record being an occasional one

by the Norsemen. In the refuse-heaps of several of these towers, the

horns of the reindeer have been found, in some instances cut and sawn

as if to be utilised for artificial purposes; while in other cases it

is evident that the animals must have been killed when the horns were

in the velvet. It is also significant that the reindeer moss

(_Cladonia rangiferina_) still grows abundantly in Caithness. The

question is very fully and ably discussed in a paper on “The Reindeer

in Scotland,” by Dr. J. A. Smith, in the eighth volume of the

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Footnote 442:

It is plain from the original that some words are here omitted from

the text. One of the MS. copies of the Saga has had the additional

words, which are thus rendered in the Danish translation preserved at

Stockholm, “_Der som vaar noget_ erg, _det kalde vi setter_,” etc.

“There were there some shielings (erg), which we call setter; and

there they took up their quarters for the night.” What is remarkable

about this passage is that the Gaelic word for a shieling, _Airidh_,

given phonetically by the old Norse saga-writer as “erg,” is glossed

in the Danish translation by the word “setter”—summer pasturing-place,

where rude huts were erected for temporary occupation. The word

setter, which is common in the place-names of Caithness and the

Northern Isles, is to this day understood by the inhabitants in the

same sense, although the custom of sending the cattle to the

hill-pastures in summer, and living in “shielings,” has now ceased, on

the mainland at least. (See also the note on “Asgrim’s ærgin,” p.

187.)

Footnote 443:

A Norwegian ell is half a yard. The leap was thus four yards and a

half.

Footnote 444:

Kalfadalsá, the Kalfadal’s stream, is the Burn of Calder, which,

issuing from the Loch of Calder, falls into the Thurso water. The

situation of Kalfadal, a valley running up from the valley of the

Thurso water towards Forss, is exactly that of the valley of Calder.

Footnote 445:

The word _ærgin_ is not Norse. It is, however, a Norse corruption of

the Gaelic word for a shieling—_airidh_, plur. _aridhean_, which

enters into the composition of many of the place-names in

Caithness—_e.g._ Halsary, Dorrery, Shurrery, Blingery, etc. Asgrim’s

_ærgin_ is still recognisable in the modern Askary or Assary, near the

north end of the Loch of Calder. It is curious to find thus

incidentally in the Saga an indication of the blending of the

folk-speech of the time, and to find also in the modern names of Norn

Calder and Scotscalder a record (preserved on the spot) of the time

when one portion of the dale was possessed by the Norsemen and another

by the natives. Passing from Calder towards the coast the place-names

are mostly Norse; and passing from Calder in the opposite direction

towards the uplands, the place-names are almost entirely Gaelic.

Footnote 446:

The feast of the Assumption of St. Mary, or the 15th August. The

Iceland Annals give 1158 as the year of Rögnvald’s death.

Footnote 447:

Earl Rögnvald was canonised A.D. 1192.

Footnote 448:

Skrud, a general term for fine cloth and costly stuffs.

Footnote 449:

After the divorce of his first wife Afreka. (See chap. cix.)

Footnote 450:

The Celtic form of her name is Gormlath.

Footnote 451:

This “Malcolm, Earl of Moray,” has a curious history. He appears first

as Wimund, a monk of Savigny, and priest in the Isle of Skye.

Afterwards he became Bishop of Man, and subsequently appeared in the

character of a pretender to the Scottish crown, giving himself out to

be Malcolm MacHeth, son of that Angus MacHeth who was defeated by King

David, and slain at Strickathro A.D. 1130. Assisted by Somerled of

Argyle and by this alliance with the Earl of Orkney, he ravaged the

western coasts of Scotland, until he was captured by King David, and

confined in the Castle of Roxburgh in 1134. He was released by Malcolm

the Maiden after the death of King David, and received from the young

king the sovereignty of a portion of the ancient kingdom of Cumbria.

His tyranny was such that his subjects revolted, took him prisoner,

put out his eyes, and confined him in the monastery of Bellaland

(Byland), in Yorkshire. (Munch, _Chron. Man._ p. 80.)

Footnote 452:

Thorfinn, the son of Earl Harald, appears on record about the year

A.D. 1165. In the Chartulary of Scone there is a document by “Harald,

Earl of Orkney, Hetland, and Cataness,” granting to the monks of Scone

a mark of silver to be paid annually by himself, his son Turphin, and

their heirs.—_Lib. Eccles. de Scone_, p. 37. Thorfinn died in prison

in Roxburgh Castle, after being mutilated by King William the Lion, to

whom he had been given as a hostage for his father.

Footnote 453:

William the Lion.

Footnote 454:

The “Fagrskinna” has (p. 148) “er fell i Vik”—he fell at Wick; but

there is nothing to fix the locality of this battle more definitely.

The tradition of the district points to Clairdon Hill, between Murkle

and Thurso, as the scene of the encounter. The church which is here

said to have been erected on the spot where Harald fell, and which is

spoken of as standing there when the Saga was written, is not now in

existence. The ruins of a chapel, which was traditionally believed to

mark the spot, were removed when the ground was brought under

cultivation by the late Sir John Sinclair. A remonstrance by the late

Rev. Mr. Pope, of Reay, seems to have had the effect of causing the

erection of an edifice (now used as the tomb of the Sinclair family)

over the place where an old chapel stood. It is now known locally as

“Harold’s Tower.” Large quantities of human bones, and several of the

peculiarly-shaped Norse swords which Mr. Pope describes as “odd

machines resembling ploughshares, all iron,” have been dug up in the

neighbourhood.

Footnote 455:

The Bishop advised the people to allow him first to speak with the

Earl, in the hope that he would be able to mollify him.

Footnote 456:

This seems to imply that it was at the grave of the holy Tröllhæna

that the Bishop received his sight. Tröllhæna seems to be the Celtic

St. Triduana or St. Tredwell, who, according to her legendary history,

came from Achaia with St. Regulus in the fourth century. Being of

extraordinary beauty, she was solicited by a Gallic prince, and to put

an end to his solicitations she cut out both her eyes, and sent them

to him skewered on a twig. Sir David Lindsay alludes to this:—

“Sanct Tredwall, als, there may be sene,

Quhilk on ane prick hes baith her ene.”

She died at Restalrig, near Edinburgh, and her tomb there continued,

so late as Lindsay’s time, to be a resort of pilgrims who came to

“mend their ene.” There is a chapel dedicated to St. Tredwell in the

island of Papa Westray, which Munch considers likely to have been

erected by Celtic ecclesiastics previous to the Norse invasion. There

was another chapel dedicated to her at Kintradwell, in

Sutherlandshire, where she is known as St. Trullen; but there is now

no trace of a St. Tredwell’s chapel in Caithness.

Footnote 457:

The letter of Pope Innocent to the Bishop of Orkney, prescribing the

penance to be performed by the man Lomberd, who cut out the Bishop’s

tongue, gives the additional information that when the Earl’s men took

the “borg” they killed almost all that were in it. (See the

Introduction.) The “borg,” or castle, at Scrabster, may have been an

earlier building on the site of the “Bishop’s Castle,” an old

fortalice on the cliff near the present hamlet of Scrabster, or it may

have been the ruins of one of the still older Pictish towers, not far

off, which the Caithnessmen may have occupied for the occasion as a

defensible position.

Footnote 458:

Eysteinsdal is not now represented in the topography of the district.

Footnote 459:

The battle of Floruvogar took place in 1194, according to the Iceland

Annals appended to the Flateyjarbók.

Footnote 460:

Shetland then passed into the immediate possession of the Crown of

Norway. Its revenues were granted by King Hakon Magnusson, in 1312-19,

to the Mary-kirk in Osloe (Christiania) for the completion of the

fabric, with the proviso that then they should revert to the crown.

Footnote 461:

According to the Iceland Annals of the Flateyjarbók, King Ingi Bardson

“took the kingdom” in 1204, and Harald Maddadson died in 1206.

Footnote 462:

The death of Hakon Galinn took place in the year 1214, according to

the Annals appended to the Flateyjarbók.

Footnote 463:

A spann = 24 marks, or 12 lbs. Scottish.—_Balfour’s Odal Rights_, p.

99.

Footnote 464:

Halkirk, in the Thurso valley.

Footnote 465:

The Icelandic Annals place the burning of Bishop Adam in the year

1222, and add that the King of Scots caused the hands and feet to be

hewn off eighty men who had been concerned in the Bishop’s burning.

Among the documents found in the King’s treasury at Edinburgh in 1282

(and subsequently lost) was one entitled: “A quit-claiming of the

lands of the Bondi of Caithness for the slaughter of the Bishop.” A

bull of Pope Honorius, dated 23d January 1223, and addressed to the

Bishops of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Dunkeld, and Dunblane, speaks in

terms of high commendation of King Alexander’s zealous desire to

avenge such an unheard-of crime as the burning of a bishop, and

thoroughly corroborates the Saga account of the manner of Adam’s

death, stating that these “wolves” and “demons,” having stripped their

Bishop of his garments, stoned him, mortally wounded him with an axe,

and finally burned him in his own kitchen. (Theiner’s _Vetera

Monumenta_, p. 21.)

Footnote 466:

See note at p. 107.

Footnote 467:

The Mainland of Orkney.

Footnote 468:

Haugaheith, now Hoxa, a peninsula on the north-west side of South

Ronaldsay, on which there are still several ancient grave-mounds, and

one mound larger than the rest, which has been ascertained to cover

the ruins of a Pictish tower. The grave-mound of Earl Thorfinn has not

been identified, but Low mentions that in his time there was a

tradition that the son of a King of Norway had been buried in the How

(_haug_) of Hoxa (_Haugs-heith_).

Footnote 469:

Steinsness, in Hrossey, is the “ness” or promontory at the Loch of

Stennis on the Mainland of Orkney, now so well known as the site of

the “standing stones of Stennis.” The Norsemen evidently named it

Steinsness from the stone circles and monoliths which stood on it when

they first knew it. (See the Introduction, under “Stennis.”)

Footnote 470:

There is a place at Stennis called Havard’s-teigr by the country

people to the present day; _teigr_ meaning an individual’s share of

the tún-land.

Footnote 471:

Nithing—cowardly miscreant.

Footnote 472:

The name Magbiód is suggestive of Macbeth, but the date is too early

for Macbeth Mac-Finlay.

Footnote 473:

Audna is probably the Irish name _Eithne_. Kiarval, her father, is the

Cearbhal or Carrol of the Irish Annals, who was King of Dublin

872-887. He is mentioned in the opening chapter of the Landnamabók as

King of Dublin when Harald Harfagri ruled in Norway and Sigurd was

Earl of the Orkneys. The two branches of the Hy Ivar, Kings of Dublin

and Limerick, were the descendants of Ivar the Boneless, son of Ragnar

Lodbrok. (See War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, App. pp. 271, 299.)

-------

THE END.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

88 PRINCES STREET,

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------------------------------------------------------------------------

● Transcriber’s Notes:

○ The Errata was applied to the text. The corrections made are as

follows:

▪ Page lxxix.—For “Há Kirkiu”, read “Há Kirkia”.

▪ Page 44.—For “She was married to Kolbein Hruga, read “She was

the mother of Hakon Barn and of Herborg, who was married to

Kolbein Hruga.”

▪ Page 135.—After “Verbon”, read “(Nerbon).”

▪ Page Footnote 1 on p. 157 (footnote 403).—For “Corness”, read

“Carness”.

▪ Page Footnote 1 on p. 192 (footnote 449).—For “death”, in Note

1, read “divorce”.

○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.

○ Typographical errors were silently corrected.

○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only

when a predominant form was found in this book.

○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_);

text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=).

The Orkneyinga Saga · 第 77 / 77 章