THE BURNING OF BISHOP ADAM.
WHEN Bishop Jón, he who was maimed by the order of Earl Harald, died in
Caithness, a man who was called Adam was made Bishop in his stead. None
knew his family, because when a child he was found at the door of a
certain church. The Caithnessmen found him rather exacting in his
office, and blamed a certain monk who was with him chiefly for that. It
was an ancient custom that the Bishop should receive a spann[463] of
butter of every twenty cows. Every Bondi in Caithness had to pay this—he
more who had more cows, and he who had fewer less, and so in proportion.
Bishop Adam wished to increase the impost, and demanded a spann of every
fifteen cows; and when that was obtained, he demanded it of twelve; and
when this too was conceded, he demanded it of ten. But this was thought
by all men most unreasonable.
Then the Caithnessmen went to see Earl Jón, who was then in Caithness,
and they complained of this before the Earl. He said he would have
nothing to do with it, adding that the case was not a difficult one.
There were two alternatives: this was not to be endured, yet he would
not say what the other might be.
Bishop Adam was at Há Kirkia,[464] in Thorsdal, and Earl Jón was a short
distance off. The Caithnessmen held a meeting on a hill above the
village where the Bishop was. Lawman Rafn was with the Bishop, and
begged him to spare the inhabitants, saying that otherwise he feared the
consequences. The Bishop asked him to be of good cheer, saying that the
Bœndr (farmers) would become quiet of their own accord. Then a man was
sent to Earl Jón, requesting him to make peace between them and the
Bishop. But the Earl would not meddle with the matter at all. Then the
Bœndr ran down from the hill in great excitement, and when Lawman Rafn
saw it he warned the Bishop to take care of himself. The Bishop and his
friends were drinking in a loft there, and when the Bœndr arrived the
monk went to the door, and he was immediately hewn across the face, and
fell back into the room dead. When the Bishop heard it, he said: “This
did not happen sooner than might have been expected, for his
interference in our transactions has generally been unfortunate.” Then
Rafn asked the Bishop to tell the Bœndr that he was willing to come to
an agreement with them; and when they heard it, all the wiser men among
them were very glad. Then the Bishop went out to make an arrangement
with them; but when he was seen by the more wicked ones, who were most
furious, they seized the Bishop, brought him into a small house, and set
fire to it, and the house burnt so quickly that those who wished to save
the Bishop could not do anything. Bishop Adam perished there.[465] His
body was not much burnt when it was found. Then the body was buried
suitably and honourably; but those who had been the best friends of the
Bishop sent men to the King of Scots. Alexander, son of the holy King
William, was then King of Scotland. When he heard the tidings, he became
so enraged that the punishments inflicted by him for the burning of the
Bishop, by mutilation and death, confiscation and outlawry from the
land, are still in fresh memory.
And now we cannot relate more distinctly than we have here done the
events concerning the Earls of Orkney.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX.
-------
SAGA OF OLAF, TRYGGVI’S SON.
(_From the Flateyjarbók._)
THE DOMINIONS OF KING HARALD AND EARL RÖGNVALD.
179. Earl Rögnvald assisted Harald Harfagri (fair-haired) to conquer the
country (Norway), and he gave him the revenues of both Mœri and
Raumsdal. Rögnvald had married Ragnhild, the daughter of Hrólf Nefia
(nose). They had a son named Hrólf, who conquered Normandy. Hrólf was so
big that no horse could carry him, and he was therefore called
Gönguhrólf (Hrólf the walker). From him the Earls of Rúda (Rouen) and
the Kings of England are descended. They had two other sons, Ivar and
Earl Thórir Thegiandi (the silent). Rögnvald had also sons by his
concubines. They were Hallad, Hrollaug, and Einar, who was the youngest.
One summer Harald Harfagri went to the west across the sea to punish the
Vikings, as he was weary of their devastations. They plundered in Norway
during the summer, and spent the winters in Hjaltland or the Orkneys.
Harald subdued Hjaltland, the Orkneys, and the Sudreyar (Hebrides). He
went west as far as the Isle of Man, and destroyed all the dwellings in
Man. He fought many battles there, and extended his dominion so far to
the west that none of the Kings of Norway since his time has had wider
dominions. In one of these battles, Ivar, the son of Earl Rögnvald,
fell. So when King Harald sailed from the west he gave Hjaltland and the
Orkneys to Earl Rögnvald as a compensation for [the loss of] his son;
but Earl Rögnvald gave the Islands to his brother Sigurd, who was King
Harald’s forecastleman; and the King gave him the title of Earl before
he left the west. Sigurd remained out in the west.
EARL MELBRIGD SLAIN BY SIGURD.
180. Earl Sigurd became a great chief. He formed an alliance with
Thorstein the Red, son of Olaf the White, and Aud Djúpaudga (the very
wealthy), and together they conquered all Caithness and much more of
Scotland—Mærhæfui (Moray) and Ross. He built a borg on the southern
border of Mærhæfui. Melbrigd Tönn (tooth), an Earl of the Scots, and
Earl Sigurd, made an arrangement to meet in a certain place, with forty
men each, in order to come to an agreement concerning their differences.
When the appointed day arrived Earl Sigurd was suspicious of treachery
on the part of the Scots. He therefore caused eighty men to be mounted
on forty horses. When Earl Melbrigd saw this, he said to his men:—“Now
we have been treacherously dealt with by Earl Sigurd, for I see two
men’s legs on one side of each horse, and the men, I believe, are thus
twice as many as the beasts. But let us be brave, and kill each his man
before we die.” Then they made themselves ready. When Sigurd saw it, he
also decided on his plan, and said to his men:—“Now, let one-half of our
number dismount and attack them from behind, when the troops meet, while
we shall ride at them with all our speed to break their battle array.”
There was hard fighting immediately, and it was not long till Earl
Melbrigd fell, and all his men with him. Earl Sigurd and his men
fastened the heads [of the slain] to their saddle-straps, in bravado,
and so they rode home triumphing in their victory. As they were
proceeding, Earl Sigurd, intending to kick at his horse with his foot,
struck the calf of his leg against a tooth protruding from Earl
Melbrigd’s head, which scratched him slightly; but it soon became
swollen and painful, and he died of it. Sigurd the powerful was buried
in a mound at Ekkialsbakki.[466]
Sigurd’s son was named Guthorm. He reigned one winter, and died
childless.
When Earl Rögnvald heard of the death of Earl Sigurd and his son, he
sent his son Hallad out to the west, and King Harald gave him the title
of Earl. Hallad came out to the west, and took up his residence in
Hrossey,[467] but Vikings went prowling about the islands and outlying
headlands, slaying men and seizing booty. The Bœndr complained of their
losses to Earl Hallad, but they thought he did not get them much redress
for their wrongs. Then Hallad grew tired of the dignity, and resigned
the earldom, took up his odal rights, and returned to Norway, and his
journey was regarded as a very ignominious one.
EINAR COMES TO THE ISLANDS.
181. Two Danish Vikings took up their quarters in the Islands; one of
them was called Thórir Tréskegg (wooden beard), the other Kálf Skurfa
(scurf). When Earl Rögnvald heard this he became very angry, and called
his sons Thórir and Hrollaug. Hrólf was at that time on a war
expedition. Rögnvald asked which of them would go to the Islands. Thórir
said he would follow his advice.
The Earl replied: “I foresee that your power will be greatest here; and
your ways do not lead from home.”
Hrollaug said: “Father, would you like me to go?”
The Earl replied: “It will never be your fortune to become an Earl. Your
way lies towards Iceland. There you will increase your family, and it
will be a noble one.”
Then Einar, his youngest son, came forward and said: “Would you like me
to go to the Islands? One thing I will promise, which will be very
acceptable to you—viz. that I shall never more come into your presence;
little honour do I enjoy at home, and it is hardly likely that my
success will be less elsewhere than it is here.”
The Earl said: “You are not likely to become a chief, on account of your
birth, for all your kin on the mother’s side are thrall-born; but it is
true that the sooner you go and the longer you stay the more agreeable
it will be to me.” Earl Rögnvald gave him a fully-equipped vessel, with
twenty benches, and King Harald gave him the title of Earl.
THE VIKINGS SLAIN.
182. Einar sailed to Hjaltland, and there many men gathered round him.
Then he went to the Orkneys to meet Kálf Skurfa and Thórir Tréskegg.
There was a great battle, and both the Vikings were killed. This was
said about it:
Tré-skegg gave he to the Trows:
Skurfa fell before Torf-Einar.
Then Einar took possession of the lands, and soon became a great chief.
He was the man who first cut turf (peat) from the ground for fuel at
Torfnes in Scotland, for fuel was scarce in the Islands. Einar was a
tall man, ugly, and with one eye, yet he was very keen-sighted.
BATTLE BETWEEN EARL EINAR AND PRINCE HALFDAN.
183. When the sons of Harald Harfagri grew up they became men of great
violence and turbulence, as has been told before. The sons of Snæfríd,
Hálfdán Hálegg (high legs) and Gudröd Liomi (splendour) killed Rögnvald,
Earl of Mœri. King Harald became very angry at this, and Hálfdán had to
flee over seas to the west, but Gudröd became reconciled to his father.
When Hálfdán Hálegg came to the Orkneys, Earl Einar fled from the
Islands to Scotland, and Hálfdán became King over the Islands. Earl
Einar came back during the same year, and when they met there was a
great battle, in which Einar had the victory, and Hálfdán fled away.
Einar sang this song:
Why are not the spear-shafts flying,
From the hands of Hrólf and Hrollaug,
Thickly ’gainst the press of warriors?
Now, my father! I avenge thee.
While we here are closed in battle,
Sits Earl Thórir all the evening,
Silent o’er his cheerless drink.
Next morning they found Hálfdán Hálegg on Rinar’s Hill. The Earl made a
blood eagle be cut on his back with the sword, and had his ribs severed
from the back-bone, and his lungs pulled out. Thus he gave him to Odinn
as an offering for victory, and sang this song:
Oft it is that bearded men
Are guilty deemed for taking sheep;
But my offence is that I slew
The young son of the Islands’ king.
Men may say that danger waits me
From the great king’s speedy vengeance;
But his wrath shall never daunt me,
In whose shield I’ve made a dint.
Then he had a cairn raised over him, and sang this song:
Vengeance for my father’s death
I have ta’en for my fourth share.
In him the people’s champion fell;
But it was the Norns’ decree.
Heap we now a cairn o’er High-leg,
Thus the hard skatt we shall pay him
Which as victors we are due him.
Let the wise to me now listen.
When this was heard in Norway his brothers became greatly enraged, and
threatened an expedition to the Islands to avenge him, but Harald
delayed their journey. When Earl Einar heard of their threats, he sang:
Men of no ignoble birth
Are they who, from my native land,
Seek my life for vengeance’ sake;
But the truth is, that they know not,
Till their swords have surely slain me,
Whom the eagles’ claws shall rend.
Some time afterwards King Harald set out for the western seas, and came
to the Islands. Einar fled from the Islands to Caithness. Then men went
between them, and they made peace. King Harald imposed a fine upon the
Islands, adjudging them to pay sixty marks of gold. Earl Einar offered
[to the Bœndr] to pay the money himself, on condition that he should
become proprietor of all their freeholds. The Bœndr accepted this,
because the wealthy men thought they might redeem their freeholds, and
the poorer men had no money. Einar paid the whole sum, and for a long
time afterwards the Earls held all the odal lands, until Earl Sigurd
gave back their odal possessions to the Orkneymen. King Harald went back
to Norway, but Earl Einar ruled over the Orkneys a long time, and died
on a sick-bed. He had three sons: one was named Arnkell, the second
Erlend, and the third Thorfinn Hausakliuf (skull-splitter).
When Harald Harfagri died, Eirík Blódöx (bloody-axe) was King for two
winters. Then Hakon, Athelstan’s foster son, came to the land, and Eirík
fled. Arnkell and Erlend, the sons of Torf Einar, fell with Eirík Blódöx
in England. Gunnhild and her sons then went to the Orkneys, and took
possession of them, and stayed there for a time. From thence they went
to Denmark, but before they went away they married Ragnhild, the
daughter of Gunnhild and Eirík, to Arnfinn, the son of Earl Thorfinn
[Hausakliuf], and Earl Thorfinn took up his residence in the Islands: he
was a great and warlike chief. He died on a sick-bed, and was buried in
a mound on Hauga Heath,[468] in Rögnvaldsey, and was considered to have
been a great man.
THE MURDER OF HAVARD.
184. Thorfinn had five sons. One was named Hávard Arsæli (blessed with
good seasons), the second Hlödver, the third Liót, the fourth Skúli, and
the fifth Arnfinn. Ragnhild, the daughter of Eirík, killed her husband
Arnfinn at Myrkhol (Murkle), in Caithness, and then she married Hávard
Arsæli, his brother. He became Earl, and was a good chief, and blessed
with good seasons. There was a man named Einar Klíning (buttered bread),
the son of Hávard’s sister. He was a great chief, and had many men, and
went usually on war expeditions during the summer. He accepted an
invitation from Hávard, and at that feast he and Ragnhild talked much
together. She said that it was more suitable that such a man as he
should be chief and Earl than Hávard his kinsman, adding that the woman
was well married who had him for a husband. Einar told her not to speak
of such things, saying that Hávard was the noblest man in the Islands,
and that she was well matched. Ragnhild replied: “Hávard and I shall not
be long together after this. But it is true that men will be found in
the Islands who will not stick at trifles if you grudge me the dignity.”
By her persuasion Einar was moved to covetousness and treachery against
his kinsman. They agreed that he should kill the Earl, and that she
should marry him. Some time after Einar prepared to take out his men,
but a certain spaeman who was with him said: “Do not engage in this
business to-day; wait till to-morrow, or else family murders will be
frequent in your family.” Einar pretended not to hear this. At this time
Hávard was at Steinsness,[469] in Hrossey. There they met, and there was
hard fighting, and it was not long till the Earl fell. The place is now
called Hávard’s teigar.[470] When this became known, Einar was
considered a great nithing[471] for the deed. Ragnhild would have
nothing to do with him, saying it was a mere lie that she had given him
any promises. Then she sent for Einar Hardkiöpt (hard mouth), who was
the son of another sister of Hávard. And when they met, she said it was
a great shame to Hávard’s kinsmen that they did not avenge him, adding
that she would do anything that the Earl might be avenged. “It is
evident,” she said, “that he who avenges the Earl will be most esteemed
by good people, and will most deserve his dominions.” Einar replied: “It
is said that you sometimes speak differently from what you think. But he
who does this deed will expect in return that you will help him to the
dominions, as well as to other things which he will consider not less
important.” This was the end of their talk. After this Einar Hardkiöpt
went to Einar Klíning and killed him. But Ragnhild sent for their
brother Liót, and married him. Liót became Earl, and was a great chief.
Now Einar Hardkiöpt had killed his kinsman, and was not any nearer the
earldom than before. He was highly dissatisfied, and wished to collect
men together and subdue the Islands by force. He had great difficulty in
getting men, for the Orkneymen wished to serve the sons of Thorfinn
Hausakliuf. Some time afterwards the Earl had Einar Hardkiöpt slain.
BATTLE BETWEEN LIOT AND SKULI.
185. Skúli, the brother of Liót, went to Scotland, and had an Earl’s
title given him by the King of Scots. Then he went down to Caithness,
and collected forces together; from thence he went to the Islands, and
fought with his brother for the dominion of them. Liót collected a
numerous army, and went against Skúli. When they met, Skúli would
nothing but fight. There was a severely contested battle. Liót gained
the victory, and Skúli fled over to Ness (Caithness). Liót pursued him,
stayed there for a while, and got many men together. Then Skúli came
down from Scotland with a large army, and met Liót at Dalir (Dale), in
Caithness, and a great battle ensued. Skúli had a large army given him
by the King of Scots and Earl Magbiód.[472] In the beginning of the
battle the Scots fought hotly. Earl Liót told his men to act on the
defensive, and to stand firm; and when the Scots could not make any
impression on them, Liót incited his men, and fought very fiercely
himself. When this had been going on for some time, the array of the
Scots was broken, and then they fled; but Skúli continued the battle,
and was ultimately killed. Liót took possession of Caithness, and he and
the Scots were at war, because they were vexed at their defeat. When
Earl Liót was in Caithness, Earl Magbiód came down from Scotland with a
large army, and they met at Skida-mire (Skitten), in Caithness. Although
Earl Liót’s forces were not equal to those of the Scots, he fought so
bravely that the Scots gave way, and the battle had not continued long
when those of the Scots who were left alive fled, and many of them were
wounded. Liót returned from the pursuit victorious, but with many men
wounded, and he himself had received wounds, of which he died.
BATTLE.
186. Hlödver was Earl after Liót, and became a great chief. He married
Audna, the daughter of Kiarval, the King of the Ivar.[473] Their son was
Sigurd the stout. Hlödver died on a sick-bed, and was buried at Hofn
(Huna), in Caithness. His son Sigurd succeeded him, and became a great
chief, with extensive possessions. He kept Caithness by main force from
the Scots, and went every summer on war expeditions to the Sudreyar
(Hebrides), Scotland, and Ireland. One summer Finnleik, an Earl of the
Scots, challenged Sigurd to meet him at Skida-mire on a certain day; but
Sigurd went to consult his mother, who was a wise woman. The Earl told
her that the difference in numbers would not be less than seven to one.
She replied: “I should have reared thee up long in my wool-bag if I had
known that thou wouldst wish to live for ever. It is fate that rules
life, and not the place where a man may go. It is better to die with
honour than live with shame. Take thou here this banner which I have
made with all my skill, and I ween that it will bring victory to him
before whom it is borne, but death to its bearer.” The banner was
wrought with cunningly executed handiwork and elaborate art. It was made
in the shape of a raven, and when floating in the wind it resembled the
raven flying. Earl Sigurd was very wroth at his mother’s words. He
restored their odal rights to the Orkneymen to induce them to assist
him, and went to meet Earl Finnleik at Skida-mire, where they both
placed their men in battle array. When the forces met, Earl Sigurd’s
standard-bearer was killed by an arrow. The Earl ordered another to bear
the banner, and when they had fought for a while he also fell. Three
standard-bearers were killed, but the Earl gained the victory, and the
Orkneymen regained their freeholds.
MEETING BETWEEN OLAF (TRYGGVI’S SON) AND THE EARL.
187. Olaf, Tryggvi’s son, sailed west to the Orkneys, as has been
mentioned before. But as the Pentland Firth was not to be passed at the
time, he moored his ships in Asmundarvag (Osmondwall) opposite
Rögnvaldsey. Earl Sigurd, Hlödver’s son, was there before him with three
ships, for he was going on a war expedition. When King Olaf became aware
that the Earl was there, he called him into his presence. But when the
Earl came to the King’s ship, the King spoke as follows:—
“You know, Earl Sigurd, that Harald Harfagri came here to the west with
an army when he had obtained possession of all Norway. King Harald
conquered the Orkneys and Hjaltland, and many other lands here in the
west. The King gave the Islands to Rögnvald the Powerful as a
compensation for his son, but Rögnvald gave them to his brother Sigurd,
and he became the Earl of King Harald. King Harald went a second time
against Earl Einar with a large army; but well-disposed men mediated
between them, and they agreed to the following terms:—The King claimed
all the Orkneys and Hjaltland as his own; and the result of their
negotiations was that the Earl paid the King sixty marks of gold for the
murder of his son, Halfdan Hálegg, and Earl Einar then held the lands
from King Harald. Shortly afterwards, King Eirík, Harald’s son, came
from Norway. Then also the Earls, the sons of Torfeinar, were his
vassals. This appears from the fact that they gave him many men for his
war expeditions. When King Eirík came to the Islands a second time, he
took away with him the two Earls, Arnkell and Erlend, and appointed
their brother Thorfinn to rule over the land. They were both killed in
England with King Eirík. Then the sons of Eirík came from England and
ruled over the Islands, and when they departed they appointed Arnfinn,
their brother-in-law, ruler of the Islands. Havard first succeeded his
brother (Arnfinn), then Liót, and lastly your father, Hlödver. Now you,
Sigurd, are Earl over these lands which I claim as my possessions, with
all other lands possessed by Harald Harfagri and his kinsmen, and
descending from them to me by inheritance from generation to generation.
You know that most of the sons of Eirík and Gunnhild have now been
killed. And although their sister Ragnhild is still alive, it seems to
me that she has been guilty of such wickedness in the Orkneys that she
ought not to have dignity or power anywhere; indeed, my view is that she
has completely forfeited both property and life if it be true that she
has done all the shameful deeds that are reported of her, and generally
believed. Now, since it has so happened, Earl Sigurd, that you have come
into my power, you have to choose between two very unequal alternatives.
One is, that you embrace the true faith, become my man, and be baptized
with all your subjects. In that case you may have certain hope of honour
from me. You shall hold in full liberty as my subject, and with the
dignity of an Earl, all the dominions which you have had before. And
besides, you will gain what is much more important—namely, to reign in
eternal joy in the kingdom of Heaven with the Almighty God. Of this you
may be sure if you keep his commandments. The other alternative is a
very hard one, and quite unlike the former—viz. that you shall be slain
on the spot, and after your death I will send fire and sword throughout
the Orkneys, burning homesteads and men, unless this people is willing
to accept immunity by believing in the true God. And if you and your
subjects choose the latter alternative, you and they, who put your trust
in idols, shall speedily die, and shall thereafter be tormented in
hell-fire, with wicked devils, without end.”
When Earl Sigurd had listened to King Olaf’s long and eloquent harangue,
he hardened his mind against him, and said: “I will tell you, King Olaf,
that I have absolutely resolved that I will not, and I dare not,
renounce the faith which my kinsmen and forefathers had before me,
because I do not know better counsels than they, and I do not know that
the faith which you preach is better than that which we have had and
have held all our lives.”
When the King saw that the Earl persisted obstinately in his error, he
caught hold of his young son, who was with him, and who had been brought
up in the Islands. The King carried this son of the Earl to the forepart
of the ship. There he drew his sword, and made ready to hew the boy
down, saying at the same time: “Now I will show you, Earl Sigurd, that I
shall spare no man who will not serve Almighty God, or listen to my
preaching of the blessed message. Therefore I shall kill your son before
your eyes this instant, with the sword now in my hand, unless you and
your men will serve my God. For I shall not leave these Islands until I
have completely fulfilled his blessed commission, and you have been
baptized along with this son of yours whom I now hold.”
And because the Earl was situated as he was, he chose the better
alternative of doing as the King desired, and so he embraced the true
faith. Then the Earl was baptized, and so were all the people of the
Orkneys. Then Earl Sigurd became the Earl of King Olaf according to this
world’s dignity, and held from him lands and dominions, and gave him as
a hostage his son who has already been mentioned. His name was Hvelp or
Hundi (whelp or hound). King Olaf had him baptized by the name of
Hlödver, and took him with him to Norway. Earl Sigurd confirmed all
their agreement with oaths. After this King Olaf sailed from the
Orkneys, leaving priests to instruct the people in the holy faith. King
Olaf and Earl Sigurd parted friends. Hlödver lived but a short time, and
after his death Earl Sigurd paid no homage to King Olaf. Then he married
the daughter of Melkolf, the King of Scots, and their son was Thorfinn.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX.
Aberbrothock, liv.
Aberdeen (Apardion), 155.
Acre (Akursborg), 147.
Adalbert, Archbishop, lxxii.
" Bishop, lxxii.
Adalbrekt, Priest, 70.
Adam, Bishop of Caithness, xliv, lxxxi, lxxxiii.
Adam of Bremen, lxxii.
Adamnan, x, xiii.
Adriatic, 150.
Aedan, King, xi.
Ægean Sea, 149.
Ægisness, 149.
Ægos, 149.
Afreka, xlii, 188.
Agdir, in Norway, 57, 58, 75, 82, 97, 140.
Akursborg (Acre), 147.
Alaborg (Aalborg in Jutland), 43.
Alan, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxiv, lxxxvi.
Alasund (Yell Sound, Shetland), 86.
Albania, 150.
Aldeigiuborg (Ladoga), 24.
Alexander I., King of Scots, 108.
" II., King of Scots, 201.
" Bishop of Caithness, lxxxvii.
Alvidra, 78.
Amundi, 5, 6.
" son of Knefi, 176.
Anakol, 154, 156, 160, 162.
Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxv.
Andreas, Swein’s son, 155, 191.
Anglesea Sound, 54, 58.
Angus, Earls of, xlvi.
Anselm, Archbishop, lxxiii.
Apardion (Aberdeen), 155.
Archibald, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxiii.
Apulia (Pull, Puglia), 150.
Ard, Alexander de, lix.
" Matilda de, lvii.
" Wayland de, lvii.
Ari Frodi, xiii, xx.
Argyle, xi.
Armagh, xxi.
Armod, Skald, 130, 131, 134, 146.
Arnfinn, 211.
Arni, Rafn’s son, 157.
" Spítulegg, 133, 134.
Arnkell, Einar’s son, Earl, xxv, 2, 207, 211.
" of Scapa, 92.
Arnor Jarlaskald, 17, 19, 20, 22, 28, 30, 33-35, 44, 107.
Arran, xlviii.
Asbiörn, son of Grim of Swiney, 74, 91, 92.
" Skerablesi, xxii.
Asgrim’s ærgin, 187.
Ask, 84, 85.
Askary, in Caithness, 187.
Aslak, Erlend’s son, 98, 105, 128, 134, 139, 144.
" Kolbein Hruga’s son, 126.
Asleif, 91.
Asmund the White, xxix.
Asmundarvag (Osmondwall), xxvii, 3, 8, 210.
Asolf, 183, 184.
Assary; _see_ Askary.
Assynt, Sutherlandshire, 167.
Athole (Atjöklar), 86, 105, 107, 113, 115.
Atjoklsbakki, 107.
Aud the Wealthy, xxii, 203.
Audfinn, Bishop of Bergen, li, liii, lxxvii.
Audna, Kiarval’s daughter, xxvi, xxix, 209.
Audun Raudi, 144, 146.
Aulver Illteit, xlvi.
Aurridafiord (Bay of Frith, Orkney), 92, 95.
Austragdir, 75.
Baefiord, xxxi, 21.
Baldwin, Abbot, 124.
Balliol, Edward, lvii.
Bardsvík, 166, 175.
Barthhead, 175.
Beaufort Castle, 21.
Beauly Firth, 21.
Beaumont, Henry de, lvii.
Bellaland, 192.
Benedict, 159, 160.
Beorhtric, King, xxi.
Berg, Borgar, 47, 74, 110.
Bergen (Biörgvin), 57, 76, 77, 85, 98, 127, 131.
Bergliót, 47.
Beruvik (Berriedale in Caithness), xxx, 18, 165.
" (Berwick-on-Tweed), 161, 162.
Bharruick, Caistal a, 18.
Biadmonia, 57, 58.
Birgishérad (Birsay), 43, 44, 68, 178.
Birsay, Brough of, church at, xcviii.
Bishops of Caithness, list of, lxxix.
" of Orkney, " lxxi.
Bjarni, Grímkell’s son, 131.
" Skald, Bishop of Orkney, xxxix, lxxv, lxxx, 126, 188, 191, 193,
199.
Björn Brynjúlfson, cxi.
Blan, Thorstein’s son, 74, 92.
Blingery, in Caithness, 187.
Bly-holmar, 162.
Bolgaraland, 150.
Borgar, 47, 74, 110.
Borgarfiord, 60, 115.
Botolf Begla, 167, 168.
Boyamund de Vitia, lxxxiv.
Bracadale, Loch, 27.
Breidafiord (Moray Firth), 20, 21, 107, 125, 161.
Brekasettr, 60.
Brekkur, 74, 105.
Bressay (Brusey), xv.
" sculptured stone at, xv, xvi, xvii.
" Sound, xlvii.
Bretland (Wales), 7, 54, 56, 117.
Brian Borumha, King, xxviii, 4, 57.
Brian’s battle (Clontarf), xxviii, 4.
Britons, 30, 113.
Brogar, standing stones of, cvi.
Bruce, Isabel, li.
" Robert, li, lii, liv.
Bruide Mac Bile, King, xi.
" Mac Meilcon, x.
Brúsi, Thorfinn’s son, Earl, xxix, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 16, 23, 26, 34.
Brynjúlf, Paul’s son, 46.
" Sigurd’s son, 46, 73, 110.
" Ulfaldi, 46.
Brynjúlf, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 99.
Bucholly Castle, 122.
Burghead, 115.
Burial customs of the Northmen, cxvii.
Burra Firth (Borgar Fiord) in Shetland, 60.
Burrian, in N. Ronaldsay, xiv, xv.
Burswick, 166.
Bute (Bót), xlviii.
Cæsar, 113.
Caithness (Nes, Katanes), 2, 4, 8, 16, 18, 21, 23, 28, 29, 31-33, 35,
37, 70, 72, 73, 86, 87, 91, 116, 121, 122, 134, 152, 154, 155, 158,
160, 161, 164, 166, 169, 176, 180, 182, 193, 195, 196-200, 204, 206,
207, 209.
Calder (Kalfadal) in Caithness, 182, 187.
" Burn of, 187.
" Loch of, 187.
Canisbay (Conansbæ), 3.
Canterbury, lxxii, lxxiii.
Canute (Knut) the Great, King, 16.
Careston, 157.
Carisness, Carness, 157.
Cecilia, Erlend’s daughter, 47.
Chester, Hugh, Earl of, 54.
Cholmogori (Hólmgard, Novgorod), 24.
Christ’s Kirk in Birsay, xxxiii, lxxi, xciii, xcv, 43, 44, 67, 112.
Churches, ancient, of Orkney, lxxxvii.
" round, of Britain, xciii.
" towered, of Shetland, ci.
Cleveland (Klifland), 47.
Clontarf, battle of, xxvii, xxviii, xciii, 4.
Cobbie Row (Holbein Hruga), lxxv, 126.
Conchobhar (Konufogr), King, xxx, 7.
Connaught (Kunnaktir), 57, 58.
Constantinople (Mikligard), 24, 127, 148, 149, 150, 163.
Cormac, x, xiii.
Cornwall, xv.
Cragy, James of, lxiii.
Crete (Krit), 146, 147.
Cufic coins, 127.
Culbinsbrugh, Shetland, xv.
Culen Induffson, King, 17.
Cullen, in Banffshire, lv.
Cumbria, 192.
Cyder Hall (Siwardhoch), Sutherlandshire, 107.
Dag, Elif’s son, 54.
Dagfinn, Hlödver’s son, 74, 97, 100.
Dal, in Caithness, 69.
Dalir, in Caithness, 209.
" (Argyle), 176, 181.
Dalriad Scots, xi.
Dalverja family, 181.
Daminsey, Damisey (Damsay), Orkney, 92, 95, 169, 171.
Dardanelles, 149.
David I., King of Scots, lxxx, 70, 80, 108, 124, 125, 153.
" II., lx.
" son of Harald Maddadson, Earl, xliv, 192, 199.
David, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxvi.
Deer, Book of, lxxx.
Deerness (Dyrnes), Orkney, 5, 9, 19, 88, 156.
" Brough of, and chapel at, xcix.
" Parish Church of, c.
Denmark, 29, 40, 42, 85, 98, 150.
Dicuil, xi.
Dolgfinn, Bishop of Orkney, lxxvi.
Doll’s Cave, 77.
Donald Bane, xxxiii, 56.
Dornoch, lxxix, lxxxii, lxxxiii.
Dornoch Firth, 21, 107.
Dorrery, in Caithness, 187.
Doune Castle, lxxi.
Drómund, 142-146.
Drontheim (Nidaros), 25, 57.
Drummond, John de, lxvii.
Dublin (Dýflin), xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 44, 189, 190, 199.
Dúfeyrar (Duffus, Morayshire), 114, 123.
Dufgall (Dugald) of the Isles, 181.
Dufniall, 73.
" Havard’s son, 120, 122.
Duncan (Dungal), Earl of Duncansbæ, xxiii, 2.
" Earl of Fife, xlii.
" Crinan’s son, King of Scots, 17.
" son of Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots, xxxiii, 46.
Duncansbay (Dungalsbæ), xxiii, xxvi, 2, 18, 73, 91, 92, 116, 121, 122.
Dunfermline, lxxx.
Dungad, Dungal; _see_ Duncan.
Dunkeld, lxxx.
Dunnet Head, 33.
Dunrossness, xiv.
Durazzo, 150.
Durness (Dyrness), Sutherlandshire, xlviii, lxxxiii.
Dýflin; _see_ Dublin.
Dynröst, 164.
Dyrness (Deerness), in Orkney, 5, 9, 19, 88, 156.
Dyrachium (Dýraksborg), 150.
Eadburh, xxi.
Ebissa, x.
Edgar, King of Scots, xxxiv, 56.
Edinburgh (Eidinaborg), xli, 163.
Edward I., King of England, lxxxiv.
Efjusund (Evie Sound), Orkney, 106.
Egill Skalagrimson, cxi.
Egilsey, 61, 63, 109, 113.
" church of, xci, xciii, 63.
Eilif, Archbishop of Nidaros (Drontheim), lxxvii.
Einar of Gulberwick, 130.
" Hardkiöpt, 208.
" Klining, xxv, 207.
" Rögnvald’s son, Earl; _see_ Torf Einar.
" Skeif, 162, 163.
" Thorfinn’s son (Rangmuth), Earl, xxix, 3, 4, 7, 9, 30, 31.
" Thambarskelfir, 24.
" Vorsakrák, 46.
Eindridi Ungi, xxxvi, 126, 127, 133, 134, 137, 142, 157.
Eirik Blodöxe, King, xxv, 2, 11, 207, 211.
" Eymuni, King, 49, 85.
" the Icelander, 116.
" Slagbrellir, xxxviii, 70, 73, 164, 167, 179, 193.
" Spaki, King, 49.
" Stræta, 70.
Ekkial (Oikel river), 21, 22, 107.
Ekkialsbakki, xxiii, lxxix, cxii, cxvii, 21, 107, 115, 204.
Elgin, chanonry church of, lxxxvi.
Eller Holm (Hellisey), 103, 173, 174.
Elon, Isle, 103.
Ellisif, Queen, 47.
Elwick Bay, xlvii.
England, 28, 47, 56, 75, 98, 134, 135, 189.
Engull (Angus of the Isles), 181.
Enhallow (Eyin Helga), Orkney, xx, 177.
Erlend, Einar’s son, Earl, xxv, 2, 207, 211.
Erlend, Harald’s son (Ungi), Earl, xxxvii, cxi, 106, 151, 154, 156,
158-160, 164, 166-168, 170, 171.
" Thorfinn’s son, Earl, xxxiii, 30, 43, 47, 52, 54.
Erling Erkidiákn, 47.
" Erlend’s son, 47, 48, 54, 58.
" Kyrpinga Orm’s son, 80, 127.
" Skakki, 134, 139, 144, 145, 149-151, 163, 193.
" Vidkunnson, lv.
Erngisl Suneson, Earl of Orkney, lviii, lxii.
Evie Sound (Efjusund), Orkney, 106.
Eyarskeggiar, xxxix, 199.
Eyin Helga; _see_ Enhallow.
Eyrar Thing, 25.
Eystein Glumra, 1.
" Harald Gilli’s son, 126, 151-153, 157, 158.
" Magnus’, son, King, xxxvii, lxxiii, 58, 59, 66.
" Orri, 47, 48.
Eysteinsdal, xliv, 198.
Eyvind, Maelbrigdi’s son, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95.
" Olnbogi, 54.
" Urarhorn, 7, 14, 26.
Fair Isle (Fridarey), xxxv, 74, 91, 97, 99-101, 164.
Faroe Isles, xii, cxiii.
Ferquhard, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxvi.
Ferne, Abbey of, lxxxvi.
Fifa, 128, 129.
Fife (Fifi), 22.
Finn Arnason, 30.
Finnleik, Earl, xxv, 210.
Frith (Fiord), in Orkney, 92, 159.
Flettuness (Glettuness), in Orkney, 74, 131.
Floruvagar, in Norway, 85, 199.
Fluguness, in Orkney, 74, 92.
Flydruness, in Orkney, 74, 92.
Foula, cxiii.
Frákork, Moddan’s daughter, xxxv, 69-72, 85-88, 106, 110, 114-116, 156.
Freswick (Thraswick), in Caithness, 154, 160.
Frida, Kolbein Hruga’s daughter, 126, 191.
Fridarey; _see_ Fair Isle.
Frisic sea, x.
Fugl, Liotolf’s son, 154, 155, 156.
Fyrileif, in Norway, 84, 85.
Gaddgedlar, 28.
Gairsay (Gáreksey), 73, 119, 134, 158, 159, 172, 179, 188, 189, 191.
Galicialand, 136, 140.
Gallgael, 28.
Gallipoli, 149.
Galloway, 28.
Gardariki (Russia), 24.
Gáreksey; _see_ Gairsay.
Gatnip, near Scapa, Orkney, 74, 110.
Gauti of Skeggbjarnarstadir, 156.
Gautland, 58.
Gefsisness, in Orkney, 74.
Geirbiörn, 135.
Geitaberg, 74, 100.
Gerard, Archbishop of York, lxxiii.
Gibraltar, Straits of (Njörfasund), 141.
Gigha (Gudey), island of, xlviii.
Gilbert, Bishop of Hamar, xlviii.
" Bishop of Caithness, lxxxii.
Gilbride, Earl of Angus, xlvi.
" Earl of Orkney, xlvii.
Gillaodran, 180, 181.
Gilli, Earl, xxviii.
Gillichrist, 75, 76.
Glaitness (Glettuness), 74, 131.
Glumdrapa, 2.
Goi, 98.
Gorm the Old, King, cv.
Gormlath (Hvarflod), xxxviii, xlii, 192.
Graemsay (Grimsey), 107, 159.
Gregorius Dagson, 151.
Grelaug, xxiv, xxv, 2.
Grim Kamban, xii.
Grim of Swiney, 91, 92.
" Ormson, lxxvii.
Grímkell of Glettuness, 74, 131.
Grimsby (Grimsbæ), 75, 76.
Grimsey; _see_ Graemsay.
Groa, xxiv, 2.
Groeningiasund, 78.
Gudifrey, 138, 142.
Gudröd, King of Man and the Isles, 54.
Gudrun, Frákork’s daughter, 69, 114.
Gulberwick in Shetland (Gulberuvik), xxxvi, 127.
Gullbeinir, 199.
Gunhild, Erlend’s daughter, 57, 58, 83.
" wife of Eirik Blodöxe, 207, 211.
Gunnar Lambi’s son, xxviii.
Gunni, Olaf’s son, 73, 91, 153, 154.
Guthrod, son of Harald Harfagri, xxiv, 205.
Guttorm, Sigurd’s son, Earl, xxiv, 1, 204.
" Mol, 128.
" Sperra, lix, lxv, lxvi.
Gyrid, Dag’s daughter, 46.
Hæretha-land, xxi.
Haey; _see_ Hoy.
Haflidi, Thorkel’s son, 105, 120, 122.
" Steinson, priest, liv.
Hafnarvag, 159.
Hafursfiord, xxi.
Hákirkia (Halkirk in Caithness), xliv, lxxix, 200.
Hakon Athelstan’s foster-son, 207.
" Barn, 126.
" Brynjúlfson, 46.
" Gallin, 200.
" Hakonson, King, xlvii, xc.
" Harald’s son, 188, 189.
" Herdabreid, 151.
" Ivar’s son, 46, 48, 50.
" Karl, 59, 73, 95, 111, 170, 177.
" Klo, 47, 70, 73, 110.
Hakon Magnusson, King, xl, li.
" the Norwegian, 49.
" Paul’s son, Earl, xxxiii, xxxv, lxxiii, xcv, 46, 48, 50-54, 58-60.
" Pik, 46, 73.
Haldór Brynjúlfson, 46.
Halfdan Hálegg, xxiv, 1, 205, 206, 211.
Haliburton, Janet, lxiii.
" Walter, lxiii.
Halkel Huk, 84.
Halkirk, in Caithness, xliv, lxxix, 200.
Hall of Sida, 47.
" Thórarinn’s son, 119.
Hallad, Earl, xxiv, 203, 204.
Halland, 85, 124.
Hallvard, 9, 79, 80, 81.
" Dúfa’s son, 182.
Hálogaland, 55.
Halsary, in Caithness, 187.
Hanef Ungi, xlv.
Harald of Borgarfiord, 60.
" Gillichrist, King, 75, 83-85, 98, 126.
" Godwinson, King, xxxiii, 47, 48.
" Harfagri, xiii, xxi, 1, 2, 11, 53, 112, 203, 205, 207, 210, 211.
" son of Earl John, xlv.
" Maddadson, Earl, xxxv-lxvi, lxxx, cxi, 108, 134, 151, 153, 154,
157-159, 163-165, 168, 170-179, 182-199.
" Sigurdson (Hardradi), King, xxxii, 23, 40, 43, 44, 47, 48, 153.
" Slettmali, Earl, xxxv, 49, 53, 69, 71, 72.
" Ungi, Earl, xlii, 188, 193-195, 198.
Hardicanute, xxxi, 29.
Hauga Thing, 83.
Hauga Heath in Rögnvaldsey, 207.
Havard, 77-79.
" Earl, xxv, cvi, cviii, 2, 207, 208, 211.
" Gunnarson, 47, 49, 62, 73, 120, 131.
Havardsteigar, 208.
Hebrides (Sudreyar), 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 44, 53, 56, 64, 75,
86, 95, 97, 105, 115, 120, 121, 153, 166, 177, 179, 189, 190, 195,
196.
Hebrista, Holm of, Shetland, 60.
Hedin, cxiii.
Heinrek, Emperor, 43.
Helga, Harek’s daughter, 69, 71, 72.
Helgi of Westrey, 74, 192.
Helene Holm, Orkney, 103.
Hellisey, 173.
Helmsdale (Hjalmundal), 115.
Henry, Bishop of Orkney, xlviii, lxxvi.
" II., Bishop of Orkney, lxxxviii.
" of Nottingan in Caithness, lxxxiv.
Herbiörg, Paul’s daughter, 46, 73, 126.
" Sigrid’s daughter, 46, 126.
Herdis, Thorvald’s daughter, lxvi.
Hernur, 98.
Hiluge, cxiv.
Hildina, cxiv.
Hjalp, 128, 129.
Hjalmundal; _see_ Helmsdale.
Hjaltland; _see_ Shetland.
Hjaltlanders, 99, 100, 130.
Hlifolf, 65.
" Alli, 196.
Hlödver, Thorfinn’s son, Earl, xxvi, 2, 3, 209, 211.
Hofn, in Westray (Pierowall), 102.
" in Caithness (Huna), xxvi, 209.
Hofsness, 156.
Hogboy (Haugbui), ci.
Hogni, cxiii.
Holdbodi, Hundi’s son, 64, 95, 96, 116, 118, 120, 121.
Holderness (Hallarness), 47.
Holm of Houston, 159.
Hólmgard (Novgorod), 24, 25.
Hördaland (Hæretha-land), xxi, 48, 80, 151.
Höskuld, 183, 184.
Hoy (Haey), cxiii, 3, 74, 91, 105, 107.
Hoxa, How of, in S. Ronaldsay, 207.
Hrafn the Red, xxix.
Hrafnseyri (Ravensere), 48.
Hreppisness (Rapness) in Westray, 177.
Hróald, 122.
Hródbjart, 116.
Hrólf, priest, 113.
" Nefia, 203.
" Rögnvald’s son (Gönguhrolf), 203, 205, 206.
Hrólfsey (Rousay), 73, 88, 105, 106, 107, 171, 177.
Hrollaug, 203, 205, 206.
Hrossey (the Mainland), Orkney, xxviii, 5, 36, 49, 60, 67, 74, 89, 102,
104, 105, 106, 107, 159, 164, 175, 178.
Hugh the Bold, Earl of Montgomery, xxxiv, 54.
" the Stout, Earl of Chester, xxxiv, 54.
" Earl of Ross, lvi.
Huipness, 156.
Hundi, Earl, xxvi.
" Sigurd’s son, 3, 212.
Hvarflod (Gormlath), xxxviii, xlii, 192.
Hvera (the Wear), 134.
Ibn Fozlan’s narrative, cxviii.
Iceland, xii.
Icelander, 117.
Il; _see_ Isla.
Imbolum, 148, 149.
Inganess, Orkney, xlvii.
Ingelram, Archbishop of Dunkeld, lxxxvi.
Ingi, Bard’s son, King, 199.
" Harold, Gilli’s son, King, 126, 127, 151.
" Steinkel’s son, King, 49, 50, 52.
Ingibiorg, Benedikt’s daughter, 46.
" Earl’s mother, xxxi, xxxiii, 30, 43, 45, 48.
" Erling’s daughter, li, liii.
" Eirik’s daughter, cv.
" Hakon’s daughter, 195.
" Moddan’s daughter, 69.
" Ragna, 46, 70, 73.
Ingigerd, Queen, 25.
" Harald’s daughter, 47.
" Olaf’s daughter, 73, 156.
" Rögnvald’s daughter, cv, 188.
Ingilbert Lyning, lxxvii.
Ingimar, Swein’s son, 83, 84.
Ingirid, Kol’s daughter, 58, 83.
" Olaf’s daughter, 114, 121.
" Paul’s daughter, 46.
" Thorkel’s daughter, 155.
Ingulf, xii.
Inispatrick, xxi.
Invernairn, xli.
Iona, xiii, xxi.
Ireland (Irland), 4, 7, 21, 27, 29, 44, 53, 107, 189, 195, 210.
Isla, xxxviii
Islendingabók, xiii.
Istambol, 148.
Ivar Galli, 193.
" son of Rögnvald, Earl of Moeri, xxii.
Ivist (Uist), xxxiv.
Jala (Yell), in Shetland, 86.
James I., King of Scotland, lxi.
" II., " " lxi.
" III., " " lxx.
Jamtaland, 23, 25.
Jarizleif, King, 24, 25.
Jatvor, 47, 74, 110.
Jellinge in Denmark, cv.
Jerusalem (Jórsalaheim), 59, 68, 71, 128, 130, 134, 147, 154.
Jofreyr, Bishop of Orkney, lxxv.
John, Bishop of Athole, 113.
" " of Caithness, xliii, lxxx, 196, 197, 200.
" " of Orkney, lxxviii.
" Earl of Orkney, xlix, lv.
" of Courcy, xlii.
John Comnenus, Emperor, 150.
" Hallkell’s son, 199.
" son of Harald Maddadson, Earl, xliv, 199.
" Earl of Sutherland, lxxxiii.
" Pétrsson (Fót), 76-83, 98, 105, 128, 131, 139, 144, 149.
" Vœng, 74, 105, 170, 174, 176, 177.
Jórfiara; _see_ Orfjara.
Jordan, 68, 147, 148.
Jorsala-farers, xxxvi, ciii, cv.
Jórsalaheim; _see_ Jerusalem.
Jorsalaland (Palestine), 147, 148.
Jutland, 40.
Kalf Arnason, 24, 30, 32, 33, 34, 42.
" Skurfa, 204, 205.
Kalfadal in Caithness (Calder), 182, 183.
Kalfadalsá (Calder Water), 187.
Kali, Kol’s son (Earl Rögnvald II.), xxxv, 58, 75-79, 83.
" Hundason; _see_ Karl.
" Snæbiorn’s son, 54, 55, 57.
Kari, xxviii.
Karl Hundason, xxx, 17, 18.
Karston, 157.
Katanes; _see_ Caithness.
Katharina, Countess of Caithness, lv.
Ketil Flatnef, xxii.
Kiarval, King of Dublin, xxvi, 209.
Kintradwell, Sutherlandshire, 197.
Kintyre (Satiri), xxxiv, cxii, 21, 56, 195.
Kirkiboll, Sutherlandshire, 18.
Kirkiuvag; _see_ Kirkwall.
Kirk o’ Taing, Caithness, 33.
Kirkwall (Kirkiuvag), lxxxvii, lxxxix, 37, 39, 41, 99, 110, 155, 157,
158, 163, 170, 171, 179.
Kjárekstadir, 157, 160.
Kjölen Mountains, 23, 25.
Klifland, 47.
Kol of Halland, 128.
" Isak’s son, 47.
" Kali’s son, xxxv, lxxxviii, 57, 58, 75, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 90, 98,
100, 111.
Kolbein Hruga, lxxv, xcvii, cxxiii, 46, 126, 177.
" Karl, 126.
Konufogr (Conchobhar), King, 7.
Kormak, Archdeacon of Sudreyar, lxxvi.
Knut (Canute) the Great, King, 16.
" the Wealthy, 161.
Kristín, Sigurd’s daughter, 151.
Kugi of Westrey, 73, 91, 96, 101, 102-104.
Kunnaktir (Connaught), 57, 58.
Kyle Scow, Sutherlandshire, 182.
" of Sutherland (Ekkialsbakki), xxiii, lxxix, cxii, 21, 107, 115.
" of Tongue, 18.
Kyrpinga Orm, 80.
Ladoga (Aldeigiuborg), 24.
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, lxxii.
Largs, battle of, xlviii.
Larne, Lough (Ulfreksfiord), 7.
Lambaborg, 122, 125, 155, 159, 160.
Laufandaness, 5.
Laurentius, priest, xlii.
" Bishop of Hole, lxxvii.
Leif, xii.
Lewis (Liodhus), xxxiv, 54, 118, 154, 155, 177.
Lifolf Skalli, 193, 194.
Liodhus; _see_ Lewis.
Liot, Earl, xxv, 209, 211.
" Níding, 69, 70.
Liotolf, 106, 154, 159.
Lingrow, 74.
Linlithgow, palace of, lxxi.
Lisbon, 140.
Lochloy, xli.
Lodbrok, cvi.
Logierait, xxxvi.
Lögman Gudrodson, 54.
Lödver; _see_ Hlödver.
Lomberd, xliii.
Lopness, in Sanday, 5.
Lubeck, lii.
Lundy island, 117, 118.
Lybster, in Caithness, 91.
" in Reay, Caithness, church of, xcvii.
Macbeth, xxv, 43, 209.
Macgarvey, battle of, xxxix.
Maddad, Earl of Athole, xxxvi, cxi, 86, 105, 108, 113, 115, 153.
Moddan, 69.
" Eindridi, 69.
Maeshow, ci, cv, 159.
Maeyar (Isle of May), 123.
Magbiód, xxv, 209.
Magnus Barelegs, King, xxxiii, 52-55, 58, 66, 75.
" Erlend’s son, Earl (St. Magnus), xxiv, 47, 48, 52, 54, 55, 58,
59-66, 71, 83, 95, 99, 105.
" Erlingson, King, xxxix, 151, 193, 199.
" Eyvind’s son, 95.
" Gilbride’s son, Earl, xlvi, xlvii, xlix.
" Harald’s son, King, 48.
" Havard’s son, 47, 73, 91, 131, 134, 185.
" John’s son, Earl, liv.
" Magnusson, Earl, xlix.
" Mangi, 188, 193.
" Olaf’s son, King (the Good), xxxi, 24-26, 30-32, 34-36, 39-41, 43,
48.
" Orfi, 72.
" Orm, 69.
" Sigurd’s son, King (the Blind), 83, 84.
Mainland (Meginland) of Orkney (Hrossey), xxviii, 5, 36, 49, 60, 67,
74, 89, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 159, 164, 175, 178.
Malbrigd, xxiii, 107, 203, 204.
Malcolm, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxvi.
" Scottish Earl, xxvii.
" II. (Melkolf), King of Scots, xxix, xxxiii, 3, 16, 44, 212.
" Canmore (Langhals), 46, 55, 71, 86.
" the Maiden, 108, 153, 154, 155, 180, 181, 192.
" M’Heth, Earl of Moray, xxxviii, xlii, 181, 192.
Malise, Earl of Stratherne, lv.
" the Younger, lvi.
" Sperra, lx.
Malvoisin, Bishop of St. Andrews, lxxxi.
Man, Isle of, 116, 118, 203.
Mani, Olaf’s son, 196.
Manuel I., Emperor, 150.
Margad, Grim’s son, 74, 91, 92, 122, 124, 125, 169, 170.
Margaret, Hakon’s daughter, xxxvii, cxi, 72, 86, 105, 108, 109, 153,
154, 161.
" Moddan’s daughter, 69.
" the Maiden of Norway, xlix, l, xci.
" the false Maiden of Norway, l, lii.
Maria, Harald’s daughter, 47.
Mariuhofn, 179.
Marseilles (Marselia), 142.
Maurice de Moravia, lvii.
May, Isle of, 123, 124, 163.
" Monastery of, 124.
Medalland’s hofn (Midland harbour), in Orkney, 159.
Melbrigd; _see_ Malbrigd.
Melkolf; _see_ Malcolm.
Melsnati, xxvi.
Menelaus, Emperor, 150.
Menteith, Johanna de, lvii.
" Sir John de, lvii.
Menzies, Sir David, lxviii.
Mikligard (Constantinople), 24, 127, 148-150, 163.
Moddan, 17, 20.
Montgomery, Hugh, Earl of, 54.
Moors, 140.
Moravia, Maurice de, lvii.
" Sir John de, lvii.
Moray (Mærhæfi), 21, 204.
" Firth (Breidafiord), 20, 21.
Morukari (Morkere), 47.
Moseyarborg; _see_ Mousa.
Moslems, 141.
Moulhead of Deerness, 88, 156.
Mousa, Borg of (Moseyarborg), cix, cxi, 113, 161.
Mowat of Bucholly, 122.
Murcadh, son of Brian Borumha, xxviii.
Muirceartach, xxxiv.
Murdoch, Duke of Albany, lxx.
Munkalif, monastery of, lxxv.
Myrkhol (Murkle), in Caithness, xxv, 195, 207.
Mýrkiartan, 56.
Myrkvifiörd, 124, 181.
Navidale, xiv.
Nennius, x.
Ness (Caithness), 8, 37, 87, 116, 121, 122, 155, 158, 160, 164, 166,
169, 180, 195, 209.
" river, x.
Nicolas, Abbot of Scone, lxxxiii.
Bishop of Caithness, lxxxvi.
Nidaros (Drontheim), 25, 57.
Njal’s burning, xxviii.
Njörfasund (Straits of Gibraltar), 141, 142.
Norfolk, round-towered churches of, xciii.
Normandy, lxxxix, 203.
Northumberland (Nordymbraland), 134.
Norway, 2, 3, 8, 12, 16, 26, 32, 35, 42, 47-49, 52, 54, 58, 75, 85, 86,
90, 105, 126, 127, 131, 133, 150-152, 161, 164.
Novgorod (Hólmgard), 24, 25.
Nottingan, in Caithness, lxxxiv.
Ochtha, x.
Oddi Litli, 130, 131, 147.
Odin, xiii, cxiv, cxvii, 206.
Offa, King, 21.
Ogmund Dreng, 151.
Ogmund, Kyrpinga, Orm’s son, 80, 127.
" Thorfinn’s son, 151.
Olaf Bitling, King of Sudreyar, 181.
" Haraldson, King (the Holy), xxx, 8, 11, 14-16, 26, 38.
" Kyrri, King, 48, 49, 93.
" Magnusson, King, 58.
" the Stout, 50.
" Rolf’s son, 74, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94.
" Swein’s son, 177, 192.
" Tryggvi’s son, King, xxvii, xcii, 3, 4, 11, 117, 210, 211, 212.
" the White, xxi, xxiii, 203.
Olvir Rosta, 69, 72, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 110, 114-116.
Onund, King, 23.
Ord of Caithness, 115, 165.
Orfjara (Orphir), 71, 92, 95, 159, 167, 168.
Orkahaug, ci, cv, 159.
Orkhill, 159.
Orkneys (Orkneyar), 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14-16, 23, 26, 28, 29, 32, 36,
42, 47, 48, 52, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 72, 75, 85, 86, 98-100,
105, 106, 109, 114, 116, 121, 125, 126, 131, 132, 134, 140, 147,
151, 152, 156, 157, 163, 164, 178, 188, 189, 196, 203, 205, 207,
210.
Orkneymen (Orkneyingar), 2, 69, 112, 124, 132, 133, 134, 139, 191, 207.
Orm, 170.
Orphir (Orfjara, Jórfiara), 71, 92, 95, 159, 167, 168.
Osloe (now Christiania), 83.
Osmondwall (Asmundarvag), xxvii, 3, 8.
Ottar, Earl, 72, 106, 153, 157.
" Svarti, 16.
Papas, xii.
Papey, xii, xx, 96.
Meiri (Papa Westray), 38, 39.
Papey Minni (Papa Stronsay), xxxii, 38.
Papuli (Papley), xii, xx, 38, 58, 59, 73, 95, 167.
Patrick, Bishop of Orkney, lxxviii.
Paris, University of, 131.
Paul Hakonsson (Umálgi) Earl, xxxv, xcv, 69, 71-73, 83, 85-98, 104-111,
183.
" Thorfinnson, Earl, xxxiii, lxxii, 30, 43, 44, 52, 54.
Pentland Firth (Petlandsfiord), 18, 33, 34, 74, 86, 88, 92, 106, 113,
152, 155, 165, 193, 194, 196.
" Skerries (Petlandsker), lv.
Peter, Bishop of Orkney, lxxvi.
Pictish Towers, cix, cxxii, cxxiii, 33, 113, 161.
Pierowall (Hofn), in Westray, cxxii, 102.
Pull, Puglia (Apulia), 150.
Rafn, Lawman, 196, 200, 201.
Ragna of Rinansey, 73, 96, 97, 119, 120.
Ragnhild, Eirik’s daughter, xxv, 193, 207, 208, 211.
" Hrólf’s daughter, 203.
" Ingimar’s daughter, 154.
" Paul’s daughter, 46.
" Simon’s daughter, 60.
Ralph, Bishop of Orkney, lxxii.
Rapness, 74, 177.
Rattar Brough (Raudabiorg), 33.
" Burn of, 33.
Raudabiorg, xxxi, 33, 45.
Ravenscraig, lxxi.
Ravensere (Hrafnseyri), 48.
Reginald, Bishop of Rosemarkie, xlii, lxxx.
" of the Isles, xlii, xliv.
Reindeer in Scotland, 182.
Scalpeid, 69.
Renfrew, 181.
Rendale (Rennadal), 170, 171.
Reppisness, 74.
Restalrig, 197.
Richard I., King, 142.
Rikgard of Brekkur, 74, 105.
" priest, 78.
" Thorleif’s son, 120.
Rinansey, Rínarsey (N. Ronaldsay), xv, cxvii, 1, 73, 91, 96, 97, 100,
119, 152, 165.
Rinar’s Hill, 206.
Robert, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxvii.
Roger, Bishop of St. Andrews, xliii.
" Bishop of Orkney, lxxiii.
Rögnvald Brúsi’s son, Earl, xxxi, lxxiv, 7, 11, 15, 23, 24-26, 28, 30,
31-39, 44.
" Eirikson, 183.
" (Kali) Kol’s son, Earl, xxxv-xxxvii, lxxxviii, xc, 58, 75-79,
83-91, 96, 97, 100, 102, 104, 105, 108-114, 118-154, 158, 163,
165-172, 175-184, 188, 192, 193, 199.
" Earl of Moeri, xxiv, 1, 203, 204, 210.
" (Reginald) of the Isles, xlii, xliv, lxxx, 181, 195.
Rögnvaldsey (S. Ronaldsay), 89, 91, 165, 166, 175, 176, 194.
Ronaldsay, North; _see_ Rinansey.
Rögnvaldsvoe, xlvii.
Rome (Rómaborg), xxxii, xxxv, xxxvii, lxxi, 43, 63, 68, 150.
Rorvag, 3.
Ross, 18, 21, 199.
" Hugh de, lxi.
" Hugh, Earl of, lvi, lxi.
" John of, lxx.
" William, Earl of, lvi, lxi.
Rouen (Ruda), 203.
Rousay (Hrólfsey), 73, 88, 91, 105, 106, 107, 171, 177.
Roxburgh Castle, xliv, 192.
Runic inscriptions, ciii, cxv, cxvi.
Rurik, King, 24.
Russia (Gardariki), 24.
St. Adamnan, xx.
St. Anschar, lxxiii.
St. Brigid, xiv.
St. Columba, x, xiii, xiv, 82.
St. Clair, Alexander, lxi.
" David, lxvii.
" Elisabeth, lxvii.
" Henry, ballivus of King Robert Bruce, lv, lxi.
" Henry, Earl, xl, lx.
" Isabella, lxii, lxvii.
" John, lxviii.
" Lucia, lxi.
" Thomas, lxi.
" William, Earl, lxi, lxix.
St. Kilda, cxxi.
St. Lawrence, xv.
St. Magnus, xv, lxxii, lxxxix, xc, xciii, xcv, cxv, 99.
" church of, xxxv, lxxiv, lxxxviii, 112, 173, 178, 188.
St. Mary’s, in the Scilly Isles, 179.
St. Ninian, xiv, xx.
St. Olaf, xv.
" church of, Kirkwall, lxxxix.
St. Oran’s chapel, Iona, xxxiv.
St. Patrick’s church, Down, xxxiv.
St. Peter, xv.
St. Peter’s church, S. Ronaldsay, xviii.
" Brough of Birsay, xcviii.
" Weir, xcvii.
St. Regulus, 197.
St. Sunniva, lxxvii.
St. Triduana (Tredwell), xiv, 197.
St. Vigeans, xx.
Sanday, 5, 104, 174.
Sandwick (Sandvik), in Deerness, Orkney, xxx, 5, 9, 169.
Saracens, 144.
Sardinia, 142.
Satiri (Kintyre), 21, 56, 195.
Saxi, 81.
Saxland, 43.
Saverough, xiv.
Savigny, 192.
Scapa (Scalpeid), xlviii, 74, 92, 110, 155, 166, 180.
Scarborough (Skardaborg), 47.
Scrabster (Skarabolstadr), xliii, lxxxiii, 196.
Scilly Islands (Syllingar), 117, 179.
Scone, lxxii, 108, 192.
Scotland (Skotland), 2, 17, 21-23, 28-31, 53, 60, 64, 70, 72, 75, 86,
105, 109, 114, 118, 152, 161, 210.
Scotland’s Firth (Skotlandsfiord), 27, 56, 115, 180.
Sculptured stones of Scotland, symbols of, xix.
Scytheboll (Skibo), 107.
Sekkr, 151.
Seley, 40.
Sepulchre, church of the Holy, xciii.
Serk, 54, 76.
Serkland, 142, 146.
Serlo, monk of Newbottle, xliv, lxxxi.
Setr, 76.
Shetland (Hjaltland), 14, 16, 22, 32, 35, 36, 47, 60, 67, 86-89, 91,
97, 99, 102, 130, 133, 155, 161, 164, 176, 178, 203, 205, 210.
Shurrery, in Caithness, 187.
Siddera, Sutherlandshire, 107.
Sigæum, promontory of, 149.
Sigmund Brestisson, 88, 89.
" Ongul, 139, 147, 148.
Sigtrygg, King, xxvii.
Sigurd, Andrew’s son, 116.
" Archbishop of Drontheim, lxxvi.
" Arnkell’s son, 92.
" Eystein’s son, Earl, xxiii, cxvii, 1, 107, 199, 204.
" Harald Gilli’s son, 151.
" Havard Hold’s son, 151.
" Hlödver’s son, Earl, xxv, xxvi, 3, 4, 11, 112, 209, 210, 211, 212.
" Hrani’s son, 54.
" Klaufi, 155.
" Magnusson (the Jorsala-farer), King, xxxiv, lxxiii,
Sigurd Murt, xli, 193, 194.
" Slembir, 70, 71.
" Sneis, 57, 75.
" Syr, King, 5.
" of Gloucester, 127.
" of Papuli, 59, 73.
" of Westness, 46, 70, 87, 91, 109, 110, 111.
Sigurdhaug (Siwardhoch), cxvii, 107.
Sinclair; _see_ St. Clair.
Skaill, 33.
Skálpeid (Scapa), xlviii, 74, 92, 110, 155, 166, 180.
Skaney, 42.
Skapti, 54.
Skarabolstadr (Scrabster), near Thurso, xliii, lxxxiii, 196.
Skebro Head, 156.
Skeggbjarnarhöfdi, 156.
Skeggbjarnarstadir, 156.
Skida Myre (Skitten), in Caithness, xxvi, 112, 209, 210.
Skinnet, church, of, in Caithness, lxxxii.
Skuli, Earl, xxv, 2, 209, 211.
Skye (Skidh), xxxiv, 27, 28, 192.
Snæfrida, 205.
Snækoll Gunnason, xlvi, 126.
Snorri Sturluson, 58.
Sogn, 54, 76, 80.
Sölmund, 75, 77-82, 84, 86, 98, 105, 140.
Spain (Spánland), 140, 141.
Stamford Bridge, xxxiii, 40.
Staur (Ru Stœr), 167.
Stefán Radgafi, 180.
Steigar Thórir, 98.
Steinsnes (Stennis), in Orkney, xxv, cvii, cviii, 61, 157, 159, 208.
Steinvor the Stout, 69, 72.
Stewart, Alan, lxi.
" David, lx.
" Walter, lxi.
Stiklestadir, 23, 38, 118.
Stratherne, Elizabeth de, lxiii.
Stratherne, Euphemia de, lxi.
" Malise, Earl of, lv-lx.
" Marjory de, lviii.
" Matilda de, lviii.
Strickathro, 192.
Stroma (Straumsey), 91, 96, 176.
Stromness, 157.
Stronsay (Stiórnsey), 156.
Studla, 80, 81.
Sudreyar (Hebrides), xxii, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 44, 53, 56, 64,
75, 86, 95, 97, 105, 115, 120, 121, 153, 166, 177, 179, 189, 190,
195, 196, 203, 210.
Sudreyarmen, 116, 118.
Sumarlidi Hold, 176, 180, 181, 192.
" Kolbein Hruga’s son, 126.
" Thorfinn’s son, Earl, xxix, 3, 4.
Sumburgh, 74.
" Head, 164.
" Roost (Dynröst), 164.
Sutherland (Sudrland), 4, 17, 18, 21, 70, 115, 116, 123, 164.
Svelgr; _see_ Swelkie.
Sverrir, King, xxxix, xli, 199.
Svöldr, 4.
Swefney; _see_ Swona.
Swein Asleifson, xxxvi, xc, 5, 73, 91-95, 97, 105, 106, 108-110,
113-125, 133, 151, 155, 156, 158, 164-166, 168-181, 188-190.
" Blakari’s son, 172.
" Brióstreip, 87, 89, 93-95, 97, 111.
" Harald’s son, 119.
" Hróald’s son, 131, 134, 186.
" Ulf’s son, King, xxxii, 39, 42, 43.
Swelkie of Stroma (Svelgr), xlviii, 107.
Sweden, 23, 49.
Swona (Swefney, Swiney), 74, 91, 92.
Swynbrocht, 74.
Syllingar (Scilly Isles), 117, 179.
Sytheraw, 107.
Tankerness (Tannskarunes), 88.
Tarbatness (Torfnes), 21.
Thiálbi, King, 57.
Thing, 6, 61, 73, 83, 110, 112, 135, 158.
Thingstead, Thingavöll, 61, 171.
Thiostolf, Ali’s son, 83, 84, 85.
Thomas, Archbishop of York, lxxiii.
" de Fingask, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxvi.
" Tulloch, Bishop of Orkney, xlvi, lxviii, lxxviii.
Thony, Robert de, lviii.
Thora, Paul’s daughter, 46.
" Sumarlidi’s daughter, 47, 73.
Thórarinn Breidmagi, 119.
" Killinef, 179.
Thorberg Svarti, 131.
Thorbiörn of Borgarfiord, 60.
" Hornklofi, 2.
" Klerk, xxxviii, 69, 72, 114, 118, 119, 120-123, 125, 156, 159, 165,
167-180, 183-185.
" Svarti, 147.
Thordis, Hall’s daughter, 47.
Thore Hakonson, li, liii.
Thórir Thegiandi (the Silent), 203, 206.
" Tréskegg, 204, 205.
Thorfinn Bessason, 156, 157.
" Harald’s son, xliv, 192, 198.
" Hausakliuf, Earl, xxiv, xxv, 2, 3, 207, 208.
" Sigurd’s son, Earl, xxix-xxxiii, lxxii, xciii, xcv, 4-9, 12, 14,
15, 18, 19, 26, 28, 29-45, 67, 179, 212.
Thorgeir Skotakoll, 131.
Thórhall, Asgrim’s son, 152.
Thorkel Flettir, 74, 88, 96, 120.
" Fóstri, Amundi’s son, xxx, 5-9, 13, 18, 19, 20, 22, 38.
" Sumarlidi’s son, 71.
Thorleif; _see_ Frákork.
" Spaki, 54.
Thorliót, 69.
Thorolf, Bishop, lxxii.
Thorsa, Thórsey; _see_ Thurso.
Thorsdal, 182.
Thorstein of Fluguness, 74, 92.
" Havard’s son, 47, 73, 91, 104, 186.
" Hold, 69, 72, 114, 118, 126.
" Krokauga, 74, 131.
" Ragna’s son, 73, 100, 101, 104, 119, 160.
" son of Hall of Sida, xxix.
" the Red, xxiii, 2, 203.
Thorvald Thoresson, 60.
Thrasness, 136.
Thraswick (Freswick), in Caithness, 154.
Thule, xi.
Thurso (Thorsa), 20, 73, 106, 152, 153, 159, 164, 165, 183, 194.
Thussasker, 44.
Tingwall, in Rendal, 61.
Tiree (Tyrvist), xxxiv, 95.
Torf Einar, Earl, xxiv, cxvii, 1, 2, 112, 203, 205, 207, 211.
Torfness, 21, 22, 152, 205.
Tröllhæna, 197.
Tunsberg, 75, 83, 84.
Turgot, Bishop of St. Andrews, lxxiii.
Tyrvist; _see_ Tiree.
Uist (Ivist), xxxiv.
Uladstir; _see_ Ulster.
Ulfreksfiord, xxx, 7.
Ulli, Strath, 115.
Ulbster, in Caithness, xx.
Ulster (Uladstir), xxxiv, 58.
Uni, 80, 81, 99-102.
Unn, 76, 77.
Uppland, in Hoy, 74, 105.
Upsala, 120.
Værings, 127, 150.
Vagaland (Walls), in Hoy, 167, 169, 176.
Valdimar, King, 151.
Valland, 135.
Valkyriar, xxvii.
Valthióf, Earl, 47, 125, 126.
" Olafson, 73, 91, 93, 96, 114.
Varangians, 127, 150.
Veradal, 25.
Verbon (Nerbon), 135, 145.
Vidivag (Widewall), 166.
Vidkunn Jonsson, 54.
Vigr (Weir), island of, 126.
Vik, in Norway, 40, 78, 85, 151.
in Caithness (Wick), 118, 122, 154, 155.
Vikings, xxii, xxiv, xxxvi, cxxi, 1, 25, 29, 33, 35, 59, 113.
Volga, cxviii, cxxiii.
Völuness, 174.
Walls (Vagaland), in Hoy, 167, 169, 176.
Walter, Bishop of Caithness, lxxxiii.
Wales (Bretland), xv, 7, 54, 56, 117.
Warrenne, John de, Earl of Surrey, lvi.
Wear (Hvera), river, 134.
Weir (Vigr), island of, 126.
Weir, church of, xcvi.
" castle of, cxxiii, 126.
Westness, in Rousay, 46, 70, 73, 91, 101, 109.
Westray, cxvii, cxxii, 74, 91, 96, 102, 177.
Wick (Vik), in Caithness, 118, 122, 154, 155.
William the Old, Bishop of Orkney, xxxvi, lxxii, lxxiv, lxxxix, xcv,
68, 95-97, 105, 109, 111, 113, 131, 134, 137, 143, 144, 150.
" II., Bishop of Orkney, lxxv, 193.
" III., Bishop of Orkney, lxxvi.
" IV., Bishop of Orkney, lxxvii.
" V., Bishop of Orkney, lxxviii.
" Tulloch, lxxix.
" Bishop of Caithness, lxxxiii.
" Earl of Ross, lvi.
" Fitz Duncan, 46.
" Freskyn, xlvi.
" of Egremont, xxxviii, 46, 181.
" the Lion, King of Scots, xxxix, xl, lxxx, 193, 195.
Wimund, Bishop, xxxvii, 181, 192.
Wulstan, Bishop, lxxii.
York (Yorvik), 47.
Yell (Jala), 86.
Yell Sound (Alasund), 86.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Footnotes
-----
Footnote 1:
Writing of the barrows and cairns of Orkney, Captain Thomas states
that at least 2000 might still be numbered. We have no estimate of the
number in Shetland, but there also they are very numerous. Not less
remarkable is the number of the early “dwellings of strength,” of
which Mousa is the type—huge edifices, constructed with amazing labour
and wonderful skill. (See under Maeshow and Mousa.)
Footnote 2:
The Frisic Sea is supposed to mean the Firth of Forth.
Footnote 3:
The “Historia Britonum” of Nennius (whoever he may have been) is
believed, on what seems reliable evidence, to have been written about
A.D. 858. (See the Irish Nennius, Irish Archæological Society, p. 18.)
Footnote 4:
Ireland was then called Scotia.
Footnote 5:
St. Ninian was commemorated at Dunrossness in Shetland (Sibbald’s
Description, 1711, p. 15); at Stove in South Ronaldsay, Orkney
(Peterkin’s Rentals, No. III.); at the north head of the bay of Wick
in Caithness; and at Navidale in Sutherland. St. Columba’s three
chapels in South Ronaldsay were at Grymness, Hopay, and Loch of
Burwick (Peterkin’s Rentals, No. III. p. 86). There were also
dedications to St. Columba in the islands of Sanday and Hoy in Orkney,
at Olrig and Dirlet in Caithness, on Island Comb, at Tongue, and at
Kilcalmkill in Sutherlandshire (Bishop Forbes’s Calendar of Scottish
Saints). St. Triduana, whose name has been corrupted into St. Tredwell
and St. Trudlin (the Tröllhæna of the Saga), had dedications in Papa
Westray in Orkney (Martin’s and Brand’s Descriptions), and at
Kintradwell in Sutherlandshire. It seems also, from the narrative of
Bishop John’s mutilation in the Saga, that there was a dedication to
her near Thurso. St. Brigid had chapels in Stronsay and Papa Stronsay
in Orkney. But it is impossible to tell how many of these early
religious sites had similar dedications, as scarcely a tithe of those
that are known have preserved their names. Brand and Sibbald both
mention the fact that in their time there were still recognisable the
sites of 24 chapels in the island of Unst, 21 in the island of Yell,
10 or 11 in the island of Fetlar: 55 religious foundations in the
three most northerly islands of the Shetland group. The Christian
period of the Norse occupation is marked by dedications showing the
influence of the Crusades or of the national religious feeling. The
dedications to the Holy Cross, St. Mary, St. Peter, St. Lawrence, St.
Olaf, and St. Magnus, are probably all of this period.
Footnote 6:
Unfortunately, the readings of these inscriptions which have been
attempted are far from satisfactory. The Shetland and Orkney specimens
are in different styles of the Ogham writing, and the whole subject of
the reading and interpretation of the inscriptions in this character
is beset with difficulties of no ordinary kind. One rendering of the
Bressay inscription makes it “the cross of Natdod’s daughter here,”
and on the other edge of the stone, “Benres of the sons of the Druids
here;” while the language is supposed to be a mixture of Celtic and
Icelandic. (Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. p. 30.)
Footnote 7:
Sculptured Stones of Scotland (Spalding Club), by John Stuart, LL.D.,
_passim_.
Footnote 8:
Sir James Simpson’s reading of the inscription, given in the
Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 71.
Footnote 9:
In Orkney we have the islands of Papa Westray and Papa Stronsay (the
_Papey meiri_ and _Papey minni_, or greater and lesser Papa of the
Saga), Paplay in South Ronaldsay, Paplay in the parish of Holm, and
Papdale, near Kirkwall, in the Mainland. In Shetland we have the isles
of Papa—Papa Stour (_Papey stora_) and Papa Little (_Papey litla_),
and Papill in the islands of Unst and Yell. Papa Stronsay, Papa
Westray, and Paplay, in the Mainland of Orkney, are mentioned in the
Saga. Papa Stour occurs in a deed of A.D. 1229 (Diplom. Norveg. i.
89), Papill in Unst in a deed of A.D. 1360 (Ibid. iii. 310), and a
“Sigurdr of Pappley” is mentioned in the agreement between Bishop
William of Orkney and Hakon Jonson, May 25, 1369 (Ibid. i. 404).
Footnote 10:
There is a cairn in Sanday called Ivar’s Knowe, which may be his
burial mound.
Footnote 11:
Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga, Flateyjarbók, chap. 180, in the Appendix; and
Ynglinga Saga, Heimskringla, chap. 22. Earl Sigurd’s grave-mound, on
the estuary of the Oykel (Ekkialsbakki), was known in the 12th century
as _Siwardhoch_, or Sigurd’s How, and is still identifiable in the
modern Cyderhall. (See the note on Ekkialsbakki, p. 107 of the Saga.)
Footnote 12:
Landnamabók, chap. ii.
Footnote 13:
Laxdæla Saga, chap. iv.
Footnote 14:
Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga, Flateyjarbók, chap. 180, in Appendix.
Footnote 15:
This was done by hewing the ribs from the backbone, and tearing out
the heart and lungs.
Footnote 16:
Bœndr, the odal landholders. (See note on this word, chap. i. of the
Saga.)
Footnote 17:
Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga, Flateyjarbók, chap. 183, in Appendix.
Footnote 18:
Finnleik has been conjectured to be Finlay, the father of Macbeth.
Footnote 19:
Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga, Flateyjarbók, chap. 184, in Appendix.
Footnote 20:
Ibid. chap. 185.
Footnote 21:
This is probably the Celtic name Maelbrigd. Though it is suggestive of
Macbeth, the date is too early for Macbeth MacFinlay.
Footnote 22:
The locality of Skida Myre has been identified by Munch with the Loch
of Scister, in the parish of Canisbay. It seems rather to be indicated
by the modern Skitten, as the name formerly applied to the great tract
of moorland in the north-west corner of the parish of Wick, now
generally known as the Moss of Kilmster.
Footnote 23:
Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga, Flateyjarbók, chap. 186, in Appendix.
Footnote 24:
“He kept Caithness by main force from the Scots.” (See Appendix, p.
209.)
Footnote 25:
Njal Saga, chap. lxxxvii.
Footnote 26:
Njal Saga, _loc. cit._ This Hundi should be the father of the Kali
Hundason of the subsequent narrative.
Footnote 27:
Njal Saga, chap. clvi.
Footnote 28:
War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, p. 191.
Footnote 29: