[1] Works especially devoted to these facsimiles are:--Berjeau's
_Early Dutch, German and English Printers' Marks_ (London, 1866); W.
Roberts's _Printers' Marks_ (London, 1893); Silvestre's _Marques
typographiques_ (French; Paris, 1853-1867); _Die Buchermarken oder
Buchdrucker und Verlegerzeichen_ (Strassburg, 1892-1898), the
successive parts containing the devices used in Alsace, Italy, Basel,
Frankfort, Mainz and Cologne; and _Marques typographiques des
imprimeurs et libraires qui ont exerce dans les Pays-Bas_ (Gand,
1894). Numerous devices are also reproduced in histories of printing
and in volumes of facsimiles of early types.
[2] An edition of a bull of Pope Pius II. in the John Rylands
library, Manchester, in types used by Fust and Schoeffer at Mainz,
bears printed on the top of the first page the words "Dis ist die bul
zu dutsch die unser allerheiligster vatter der bapst Pius herusgesant
hait widder die snoden ungleubigen turcken." This is attributed to
the year 1463, and is claimed as the first book with a printed
title-page.