HISTORICAL SKETCH
Though this volume does not profess to be in any sense a guide-book to
the Island of Madeira, yet it seems as though even those visitors to
the island, who may only wish to study its flora and sylva, will more
fully appreciate their wanderings by learning something of its history.
Very little is known of the early history of Madeira. Though some
historians assert that even the early Phœnicians found their way there
during some of their adventurous voyages, there seems to be little
foundation for such assertions. Others at a later date claim for
Madeira the honour of being Pliny’s Purpuria, or Purple Land, an honour
to which the Canaries also lay claim, though it seems probable that
Madeira has more right to the distinction, as Humboldt gave new life
to the theory by describing in glowing terms the beauties of its hazy
mountains, shrouded in purple and violet clouds. A less romantic reason
for the name of Purple Land is also given, and merely relates to the
fact that King Juba in the days of Pliny contemplated the possibility
of extracting a purple dye, called “gætulian purple,” from the juice
of one of the numerous trees or plants which grew on the island. This
theory is supported by its upholders by the fact that Ptolemy mentions
an island in this part of the Atlantic Ocean called Erythea, or Red
Island, which again may possibly have reference to the dye. After these
early days there is no trace of the island in history for hundreds of
years, so it is more than problematical as to whether the Purple Lands
had any connection with Madeira.
There seems to be no end to the number of legends and vague theories
as to the discovery of the group of islands. An Arab historian relates
the discovery of an island (possibly Madeira) by an expedition of his
people in the eleventh century, who gave it the name of El Ghanam.
These travellers, known as the “Almagrarin adventurers,” set sail from
Lisbon with the intention of discovering something. Their name, meaning
the “finders of mares’ nests,” is suggestive of fabulous tales. After
being driven across unknown seas they came to a district of “stinking
and turbid waters,” which at first frightened them back; and it
is suggested that, as the soil of Madeira shows traces of volcanic
disturbances--as, indeed, does the whole formation of the island--these
disturbed waters might well have been in its neighbourhood.
In the fourteenth century both the French and Spaniards claim to have
touched at the islands; but if such were the case, it seems unlikely
that their discovery would have been relegated to oblivion, though in
the Medici map in Florence the group of islands now known as Porto
Santo, Madeira, and the Desertas appear, under the names of “Porto
Sto,” “Ila Legname,” and “I. Deserta.” If these names were inserted
when the chart was made (A.D. 1351), the Genoese might claim to
have been the true discoverers; but as the names are merely Italian
translations of the Portuguese, it is more likely that they were added
after their present owners had taken possession of them.
It is through the medium of another legend, as some still call the
romantic story of Machim and his lady-love, Anna Arget, or Harbord,
that we appear to arrive at the true history of the discovery of
Madeira. The story, though it is more suggestive of fabulous romance
than history, has been accepted as being the medium of the tales
of the unsurpassed beauty of the island coming to the ears of the
enterprising Portuguese navigator Joao Gonsalvez Zargo. The tale
relates how one Robert à Machin, in the reign of Edward III., fell in
love with a beautiful young lady of noble family named Anna d’Arget.
Being endowed with great wealth as well as beauty, her parents destined
her for a greater match, which was accordingly arranged. Though the
lady returned her young lover’s affection, she was compelled, in an age
when the daughters of a great house had little voice in the choice of
their husbands, to marry the nobleman chosen by her parents. In order
to insure that their plans should not be frustrated, the lady’s parents
went so far as to arrange that her lover Robert should be imprisoned
until after the marriage. When he was liberated he heard from a friend
of the fate of his lady-love, and lost no time in following her to
her new home and arranging for their elopement. This took place by
sea, the adventurous couple embarking at Bristol, hoping to make the
coast of France. Contrary winds arose, and we are told that, after
enduring great perils and hardships for thirteen days, Robert and Anna,
accompanied by a few faithful followers, came to “a pleasant but
uninhabited land, diversified by hills and vales, intersected by clear
rivulets, and shaded with pine-trees.”
Dr. Gaspar Fructuoso, in his work entitled “As Saudades da Terra,”
written in 1590, tells of the lovers’ great joy when, “on the morning
of the fourteenth day, when they had been hourly expecting destruction,
and were in a hopeless and exhausted condition, they saw a dark object
before them, which they imagined might be land, and when the sun
rose they perceived that their surmises were correct and their hopes
fulfilled. As they drew near, they saw that the mountains rose, as it
were, almost directly from the water’s edge in many places. The almost
perpendicular cliffs seemed to preclude any landing, except where the
grand ravines opened right down to the sea. It was into one of these
openings of enchanting loveliness that Machim directed his vessel to be
steered, and, casting anchor, a boat was most eagerly launched. Machim
and some companions hurried on shore, and they soon returned with such
an encouraging account that he took his beloved Anna from off the
vessel where such terrible and anxious days had been passed, and landed
on a shore where he hoped he should, with such comforts as still
remained to him, procure for her, for a time at least, some repose,
refreshment, and security.”
For some time the party devoted their time to exploring their immediate
surroundings, in a land which appeared to them a haven of rest and of
surpassing loveliness. They penetrated into forests of great extent, to
points on the mountain-tops from whence a succession of wooded ravines
and steep mountain-sides, clothed with a luxuriant and ever-verdant
vegetation, delighted their eyes; the mountain streams giving life to
a scene where, except only for the songs of countless birds and the
hum of insect life, all was still. No four-legged animals or reptiles
were to be seen. Fruits in abundance seemed as if awaiting them, and
in the crannies of the rocks they found honey possessing the odour of
violets. An opening in the extensive woods, which was encircled by
laurels and flowering shrubs, presented an inviting retreat, and a
tree of dense shade, the probable growth of ages, offered a verdant
canopy of impenetrable foliage. In this spot they determined to form a
residence from the abundant materials with which Nature supplied them.
This state of innocent happiness was not destined to last long, as,
though apparently serenely contented with their surroundings as long
as the vessel anchored close at hand suggested a possible retreat and
return to the outer world, disaster befell them, for one night a storm
arose and their ship was driven out to sea. This calamity so greatly
distressed the fair lady that she became completely prostrated by the
shock, and in a few days she died in her lover’s arms. Machim, in his
turn, died of grief a few days after, having spent the intervening time
in erecting a memorial to his much-loved Anna. The dying man dictated
an inscription recording their sad story, concluding with a request
that if any Christians should at any future time form a settlement in
that island, they would erect a church over their graves and dedicate
it to the Redeemer of Mankind, a request which, it will be seen, was
afterwards carried out, when “Machim’s tree” was supposed to have
furnished sufficient material for the building of the whole chapel.
Their survivors not unnaturally set about building a boat in which to
escape from the land which by now was filled with sad associations for
them, and eventually they succeeded in reaching the coast of Morocco.
Here a worse fate awaited them, as they fell into the hands of the
Moors and became slaves. They are said to have joined some of their
fellow-comrades who had been on the ship when she was driven out to
sea. Their past and present adventures, and the descriptions they
gave of the beauty of this fairy island, attracted the attention of a
fellow-slave, a Spaniard named Juan Morales, an experienced pilot.
Morales treasured all this information, and was eventually ransomed
through the intervention of his Sovereign. On his return to Spain he
was taken prisoner by the Portuguese, and carried off to Lisbon by
Joao Gonsalvez Zargo, the celebrated navigator, who lost no time in
informing his patron Prince Henry of the tales he had heard from his
prisoner of the fertility and beauty of the undiscovered island.
Prince Henry was the son of John I. of Portugal, and a nephew of our
Henry IV. He was called “O Conquisador,” and the Portuguese are justly
proud of him, as through his love of exploration and adventure he
added largely to their dominions, and lent a ready ear to rumours of
undiscovered lands. Zargo had no difficulty in persuading his patron to
fit out an expedition, which he himself was appointed to command. On
June 1, 1419, he set sail for Porto Santo, which had been discovered
two years previously by the Portuguese. The colonists on the island
related how, in one particular direction, there hung perpetually over
the sea a thick, impenetrable darkness, which was guarded by a strange
noise which occasionally made itself heard. With the usual superstition
of the age, various reasons were ascribed to these mysterious signs.
We are told “by some the place was deemed an abyss, from which whoso
ventured thither would never return; by others it was called the Mouth
of Hell. Certain persons declared it to be that ancient island Cipango,
kept by Providence under a mysterious veil, where resided the Spanish
and Portuguese Christians who had escaped from the slavery of the Moors
and Saracens. It was considered, however, a great crime to dive into
the secret, since it had pleased God to signify His intention to reveal
it by any of the signs which were mentioned by the ancient prophets who
spoke of this marvel.”
Being less superstitious and more adventurous than these benighted
colonists, Zargo determined to fathom the mystery of this so-called
impenetrable darkness. Setting sail one morning with a fair wind, by
noon his hopes were fully realized, and he found the mysterious veil
to be nothing more than heavy clouds hanging over the densely wooded
mountains on the north of the island--a state of things very commonly
seen to this day when approaching the island from the north. Like the
unfortunate couple Machim and Anna, he was filled with joy and delight
when he saw the grand mass of mountains rising abruptly from the sea.
The party soon found themselves sailing along a glorious coast, with
grand cliffs, cut by deep densely wooded ravines, coming down to the
sea.
On the morning of June 14, 1419, having anchored for the night in a
sheltered bay, which exactly corresponded with the description given
by Morales, who accompanied the expedition, of Machim and Anna’s
resting-place, Zargo and some of his followers landed--and this is the
first authentic account of the discovery of Madeira.
The party spent some days exploring this rich and fertile acquisition
to the Crown of Portugal, and on July 2 Zargo, accompanied by two
priests who formed part of the expedition, held a ceremonious service
of thanksgiving for the discovery of the island, taking formal
possession of it in the name of the King of Portugal. Mass was
celebrated and a service was held on the spot which was supposed to be
the grave of the two lovers. The final ceremony consisted in the laying
of the foundation-stone of a chapel dedicated, in accordance with
Machim’s request, to the Redeemer of Mankind.
Before returning to Portugal to announce the joyful news of his
discovery, Zargo explored the coast, and named various points and
bays with the names they still bear at the present day. Machim’s bay
was named Machico, and may claim to be the oldest settlement. The
most eastern point of the island had already been named Ponta de Sao
Lourenso when the travellers rounded it--some say because Zargo,
calling for the aid of St. Lourenso, after whom his ship was named,
jumped into the sea at this point and landed; others assert that the
point was merely named after one of his companions who bore the saint’s
names.
Santa Cruz was so named because at this spot the party found some
large trees lying on the shore, torn up by the elements, out of which
they formed a large wooden cross. Porto do Seixo owes its name to the
freshness and purity of its spring water, for which it is still famous;
and the explorers were so struck by the great springs of pure water
which gush out of a grand mass of rock, that they took back with them
to Portugal a bottle of the water as an offering to Prince Henry.
Rounding a prominent headland which was then clothed with numerous
dragon-trees, and remained famous for them for many hundreds of years,
though now only one or two of the trees are left, flocks of tern were
startled from their resting-place by the strange and unknown noise of
oars, and flew all round the boats, even alighting on their occupants.
The headland therefore received the name of Capo do Garajao, or Cape of
the Tern, though at the present time it is better known to the English
under the name of the Brazen Head.
From this point they saw a fine expanse of country, and at once settled
that this would be the best spot on which to build the future city. As
the district was remarkable for the thick growth of fennel, which in
Portuguese is called _funcho_, the site of the new town received the
name of Funchal.
Ribeiro des Soccoridos (river of the rescued) was the name given to
a place where two of the party lost their footing whilst attempting
to cross a river, and would have been swept into the sea if their
companions had not come to their rescue. Praya Formoso was aptly named
“beautiful shore.” The extent of their wanderings on this occasion
seems to have led them to the great cliff which towers some 2,000
feet above the sea, so they named the cape Cabo Girao. Having been
startled by seeing some seals leaping out of caves in a bay before they
approached the great cliff, they named the spot Camara do Lobos, or
Wolves’ Lair, which is the site of the picturesque village which was
afterwards built in the sheltered situation.
From this time the history of the island is no longer wrapt in mythical
legends, and it seems certain that in the following year (1419) Zargo
and one Tristao Teixeira were permitted to return. They divided the
island into two _comarcas_, each taking command of one: Zargo became
the _Capitao_, and Teizeira the _Donatorio_, and they portioned out
the land among their followers. Zargo founded the town of Funchal,
and the two Captains had complete jurisdiction granted to them by the
Crown, though they had to appeal to their monarch in cases of life and
death. Zargo lived to enjoy his command for forty-seven years, and his
tomb is still to be seen in the church of the Convent of Sta. Clara,
which was founded by his granddaughter, Donna Constanca de Norouka,
in 1492. Fructuoso gives an account of some of the first inhabitants
of the island, and tells us that the first children who were born in
the island were the son and daughter of Gonzalo Ayres Fereira, one of
Zargo’s companions, and they were christened Adam and Eve. Adam, the
first man, founded the Church of Nossa Senhora at the Mount.
The wife of Christopher Columbus being the daughter of Perestrello, the
Governor of the neighbouring island of Porto Santo, possibly led to
Christopher Columbus visiting Madeira. The house which he was said to
have occupied during these visits, the property of Jean d’Esmenault,
was ruthlessly destroyed in the year 1877 to make room for new shops.
The American Consul of that date, evidently sharing the love of the
rest of his country-people for souvenirs, carried away to America
many of the architectural treasures of the house, such as the carved
window-frames and ornamental stonework. Thus Funchal lost one of her
most interesting relics of the past.
In the year 1566 Funchal suffered at the hands of a French naval
expedition which had been fitted out by Peyrot de Montluc, son of
the Marshal, for the purposes of exploring unknown lands and seas,
according to the spirit of adventure which was the fashion of that
age. Meeting with storms, which probably diminished the number of his
crew, Montluc put into Madeira, with the intention, it is said, of
recruiting his force; but being eyed with suspicion, as belonging to
the navy of a foreign country, he professed to have been insulted,
and attacked the town. The city appears to have been feebly defended,
although Montluc must have met with some resistance, as over 200 of the
inhabitants lost their lives. Very little is known as to the strength
of the invading force, but it is certain that great damage was done to
the town by the Huguenot invaders, as they were, of course, described
by the Catholics. The churches seem to have suffered severely, as the
plunderers no doubt expected to find treasure in their vaults. Having
thoroughly ransacked the town and terrified the inhabitants, who
mostly fled to the country, the expedition departed before assistance
came from Lisbon, but not before the leader Montluc had been mortally
wounded. In 1580 the island, being a Portuguese possession, fell with
its mother-country under the rule of Spain--a state of affairs which
lasted some eighty years. Madeira seems to have been little affected
by the Spanish yoke, the most important alteration in its government
being the abolition of the office of Captains and the appointment of a
Governor of the island--an office which the Portuguese confirmed when
it again came under their sole power, and is continued to this day.
The eighteenth century appears to have been a more peaceful epoch in
the history of the island, though it is recorded that Captain Cook,
when starting on his voyage round the world in the _Endeavour_,
bombarded the fort on the Loo Rock as a protest against an affront
which he said had been offered to the British flag.
During the seventeenth century many English families settled in
Madeira, as, in consequence of the marriage of Charles II. with
Catharine of Braganza, British residents were afforded special favours
and privileges, which enabled them to develop the wine trade. Dr.
Azevado says that a document exists in the municipal archives of
Funchal showing that during the negotiations for the royal marriage,
there being some delay in the final decision of King Charles, the Queen
Regent of Portugal was willing to cede the island of Madeira as part
of her daughter’s dowry. Other more important possessions having been
ceded, Madeira remained a Portuguese colony, and only came under the
protection of the English when, in 1801, in order to protect their
allies from the aggressions of the French, the island was garrisoned
by English troops. The Peace of Amiens saw the withdrawal of the
British forces; but when war broke out between England and France, in
1807, Madeira again came under British protection, when Admiral Hood
occupied the island with a force of 4,000 men. Mr. Yate Johnson, in his
“Handbook on Madeira,” tells us how he himself had seen the original
signatures of the principal inhabitants taken on this occasion, by
which they individually swore “to bear true allegiance and fealty to
His Majesty King George III. and to his heirs and successors, as the
island should be held by his said Majesty or his heirs, in conformity
to the terms of the capitulation made and signed on the 26th December,
1807, whereby the island and dependencies were delivered over to his
said Majesty.” The island, though garrisoned by the English until the
restoration of general peace in 1814, was restored to her rightful
owners four months after the above oath of allegiance was signed.
The year 1826 was a troublous time for Madeira, as the island did not
escape the civil war which raged in Portugal in consequence of the
Miguelite insurrection. Property was confiscated, the owners being
thankful if they escaped with their lives; and even after the country
had resumed the monarchy, it took some years before the island returned
to its former tranquillity and prosperity.
THE END
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