gave way but slowly. It was confirmed by the experiment of transfusing
blood, tried on dogs, at the instance of Sir Christopher Wren, in
1657, and repeated by Lower in 1661.[1118] Malpighi in 1661, and
Leeuwenhoek in 1690, by means of their microscopes, demonstrated the
circulation of the blood in the smaller vessels, and rendered visible
the anastomoses of the arteries and veins, upon which the theory
depended.[1119] From this time it seems to have been out of doubt.
Pecquet’s discovery of the thoracic duct, or rather of its uses, as a
reservoir of the chyle from which the blood is elaborated, for the
canal itself had been known to Eustachius, stands next to that of
Harvey, which would have thrown less light on physiology without it,
and like his, was perseveringly opposed.[1120]
[1118] Sprengel, Hist. de la Médecine, vol. iv., p. 120.
[1119] Id. p. 126, 142.
[1120] Portal. Sprengel.
|Willis-Vieussens.|
36. Willis, a physician at Oxford, is called by Portal, who thinks all
mankind inferior to anatomists, one of the greatest geniuses that ever
lived; his bold systems have given him a distinguished place among
physiologers.[1121] His Anatomy of the Brain, in which, however, as in
his other works, he was much assisted by an intimate friend, and
anatomist of the first character, Lower, is, according to the same
writer, a masterpiece of imagination and labour. He made many
discoveries in the structure of the brain, and has traced the nerves
from it far better than his predecessors, who had in general very
obscure ideas of their course. Sprengel says that Willis is the first
who has assigned a peculiar mental function to each of the different
parts of the brain; forgetting, as it seems, that this hypothesis, the
basis of modern phrenology, had been generally received, as I
understand his own account, in the sixteenth century.[1122] Vieussens
of Montpelier carried on the discoveries in the anatomy of the nerves,
in his Neurographia Universalis, 1684; tracing those arising from the
spinal marrow which Willis had not done, and following the minute
ramifications of those that are spread over the skin.[1123]
[1121] P. 88. Biogr. Univ.
[1122] Sprengel, p. 250. See vol. iii., p. 204.
[1123] Portal, vol. iv., p. 5. Sprengel, p. 256, Biogr. Univ.
|Malpighi.|
|Other anatomists.|
37. Malpighi was the first who employed good microscopes in anatomy,
and thus revealed the secrets, we may say, of an invisible world,
which Leeuwenhoek afterwards, probably using still better instruments,
explored with surprising success. To Malpighi anatomists owe their
knowledge of the structure of the lungs.[1124] Graaf has overthrown
many errors, and suggested many truths in the economy of
generation.[1125] Malpighi prosecuted this inquiry with his
microscope, and first traced the progress of the egg during
incubation. But the theory of evolution, as it is called, proposed by
Harvey, and supported by Malpighi, received a shock by Leeuwenhoek’s
or Hartsoeker’s discovery of spermatic animalcules, which apparently
opened a new view of reproduction. The hypothesis they suggested
became very prevalent for the rest of the seventeenth century, though
it is said to have been shaken early in the next.[1126] Borelli
applied mathematical principles to muscular movements in his treatise
De Motu Animalium. Though he is a better mathematician than anatomist,
he produces many interesting facts, the mechanical laws are rightly
applied, and his method is clear and consequent.[1127] Duverney, in
his Treatise on Hearing, in 1683, his only work, obtained a
considerable reputation; it threw light on many parts of a delicate
organ, which, by their minuteness, had long baffled the
anatomist.[1128] In Mayow’s Treatise on Respiration, published in
London, 1668, we find the necessity of oxygen to that function laid
down; but this portion of the atmosphere had been discovered by
Bathurst and Henshaw in 1654, and Hooke had shown by experiment that
animals die when the air is deprived of it.[1129] Ruysch, a Dutch
physician, perfected the art of injecting anatomical preparations,
hardly known before, and thus conferred an inestimable benefit on the
science. He possessed a celebrated cabinet of natural history.[1130]
[1124] Portal, iii., 120. Sprengel, p. 578.
[1125] Portal, iii., 219. Sprengel, p. 303.
[1126] Sprengel, p. 309.
[1127] Portal, iii., 246. Biogr. Univ.
[1128] Portal, p. 464. Sprengel, p. 288.
[1129] Portal, p. 176, 181.
[1130] Id. p. 259. Biogr. Univ.
|Medical theories.|
38. The chemical theory of medicine which had descended from
Paracelsus through Van Helmont, was propagated chiefly by Sylvius, a
physician of Holland, who is reckoned the founder of what was called
the chemiatric school. His works were printed at Amsterdam, in 1679,
but he had promulgated his theory from the middle of the century. His
leading principle was that a perpetual fermentation goes on in the
human body, from the deranged action of which diseases proceed; most
of them from excess of acidity, though a few are of alkaline origin.
“He degraded the physician,” says Sprengel, “to the level of a
distiller or a brewer.”[1131] This writer is very severe on the
chemiatric school, one of their offences in his eyes being their
recommendation of tea; “the cupidity of Dutch merchants conspiring
with their medical theories.” It must be owned that when we find them
prescribing also a copious use of tobacco, it looks as if the trade of
the doctor went hand-in-hand with those of his patients. Willis, in
England, was a partisan of the chemiatrics,[1132] and they had a great
influence in Germany; though in France the attachment of most
physicians to the Hippocratic and Galenic methods, which brought upon
them so many imputations of pedantry, was little abated. A second
school of medicine, which superseded this, is called the
iatro-mathematical. This seems to have arisen in Italy. Borelli’s
application of mechanical principles to the muscles has been mentioned
above. These physicians sought to explain everything by statical and
hydraulic laws; they were, therefore, led to study anatomy, since it
was only by an accurate knowledge of all the parts that they could
apply their mathematics. John Bernouilli even taught them to employ
the differential calculus in explaining the bodily functions.[1133]
But this school seems to have had the same leading defect as the
chemiatric; it forgot the peculiarity of the laws of organisation and
life which often render those of inert matter inapplicable. Pitcairn
and Boerhaave were leaders of the iatro-mathematicians; and Mead was
reckoned the last of its distinguished patrons.[1134] Meantime, a
third school of medicine grew up, denominated the empirical; a name to
be used in a good sense, as denoting their regard to observation and
experience, or the Baconian principles of philosophy. Sydenham was the
first of these in England; but they gradually prevailed to the
exclusion of all systematic theory. The discovery of several
medicines, especially the Peruvian bark, which was first used in Spain
about 1640, and in England about 1654, contributed to the success of
the empirical physicians, since the efficacy of some of these could
not be explained on the hypotheses hitherto prevalent.[1135]
[1131] Vol. v., p. 59. Biogr. Univ.
[1132] Sprengel, p. 73.
[1133] Sprengel, p. 159.
[1134] Id. p. 182. See Biographie Universelle, art. Boerhaave,
for a general criticism of the iatro-mathematicians.
[1135] Sprengel, p. 413.
SECT. IV.
ON ORIENTAL LITERATURE.
|Polyglott of Walton.|
39. The famous Polyglott of Brian Walton was published in 1657; but
few copies appear to have been sold before the restoration of
Charles II., in 1660, since those are very scarce which contain in the
preface the praise of Cromwell for having facilitated and patronised
the undertaking; praise replaced in the change of times by a loyal
eulogy on the king. This Polyglott is in nine languages; though no one
book of the Bible is printed in so many. Walton’s Prolegomena are in
sixteen chapters or dissertations. His learning, perhaps, was greater
than his critical acuteness or good sense; such, at least, is the
opinion of Simon and Le Long. The former, in a long examination of
Walton’s Prolegomena, treats him with all the superiority of a man who
possessed both. Walton was assailed by some bigots at home for
acknowledging various readings in the Scriptures, and for denying the
authority of the vowel punctuation. His Polyglott is not reckoned so
magnificent as the Parisian edition of Le Long; but it is fuller and
more convenient.[1136] Edmund Castell, the coadjutor of Walton in this
work, published his Lexicon Heptaglotton in 1669, upon which he had
consumed eighteen years and the whole of his substance. This is
frequently sold together with the Polyglott.
[1136] Simon, Hist. Critique du Vieux Testament, p. 541.
Chalmers. Biogr. Britan. Biogr. Univ. Brunet. Man. du Libraire.
|Hottinger.|
|Spencer.|
|Bochart.|
40. Hottinger of Zurich, by a number of works on the Eastern
languages, and especially by the Bibliotheca Orientalis, in 1658,
established a reputation which these books no longer retain since the
whole field of Oriental literature has been more fully explored.
Spencer, in a treatise of great erudition, De Legibus Hebræorum, 1685,
gave some offence by the suggestion that several of the Mosaic
institutions were borrowed from the Egyptian, though the general scope
of the Jewish law was in opposition to the idolatrous practices of the
neighbouring nations. The vast learning of Bochart expanded itself
over Oriental antiquity, especially that of which the Hebrew nation
and language is the central point; but his etymological conjectures
have long since been set aside, and he has not, in other respects,
escaped the fate of the older Orientalists.
|Pococke.|
|D’Herbelot.|
41. The great services of Pococke to Arabic literature, which had
commenced in the earlier part of the century, were extended to the
present. His edition and translation of the Annals of Eutychius in
1658, that of the History of Abulfaragius in 1663, with many other
works of a similar nature, bear witness to his industry; no
Englishman, probably, has ever contributed so much to that province of
learning.[1137] A fine edition of the Koran, and still esteemed the
best, was due to Marracci, professor of Arabic in the Sapienza or
university of Rome, and published at the expense of Cardinal
Barbadigo, in 1698.[1138] But France had an Orientalist of the most
extensive learning, in D’Herbelot, whose Bibliothèque Orientale must
be considered as making an epoch in this literature. It was published
in 1697, after his death, by Galland, who had also some share in
arranging the materials. This work, it has been said, is for the
seventeenth century what the History of the Huns, by De Guignes, is
for the eighteenth; with this difference, that D’Herbelot opened the
road, and has often been copied by his successor.[1139]
[1137] Chalmers. Biogr. Univ.
[1138] Tiraboschi, xi., 398.
[1139] Biographie Universelle.
|Hyde.|
42. Hyde, in his Religionis Persarum Historia, published in 1700, was
the first who illustrated in a systematic manner the religion of
Zoroaster, which he always represents in a favourable manner. The
variety and novelty of its contents gave this book a credit which, in
some degree, it preserves; but Hyde was ignorant of the ancient
language of Persia, and is said to have been often misled by
Mohammedan authorities.[1140] The vast increase of Oriental
information in modern times, as has been intimated above, renders it
difficult for any work of the seventeenth century to keep its ground.
In their own times, the writings of Kircher on China, and still more
those of Ludolph on Abyssinia, which were founded on his own knowledge
of the country, claimed a respectable place in Oriental learning. It
is remarkable that very little was yet known of the Indian languages,
though grammars existed of the Tamul, and perhaps some others, before
the close of the seventeenth century.[1141]
[1140] Id.
[1141] Eichhorn, Gesch. der Cultur, v., 269.
SECT. V.
ON GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
|Maps of the Sansons.|
43. The progress of geographical science long continued to be slow. If
we compare the map of the world in 1651, by Nicholas Sanson, esteemed
on all sides the best geographer of his age, with one by his son in
1692, the variances will not appear, perhaps, so considerable as we
might have expected. Yet some improvement may be detected by
the eye. Thus, the Caspian sea has assumed its longer diameter from
north to south, contrary to the old map. But the sea of Aral is still
wanting. The coasts of New Holland, except to the east, are tolerably
laid down, and Corea is a peninsula, instead of an island. Cambalu,
the imaginary capital of Tartary, has disappeared;[1142] but a vast
lake is placed in the centre of that region; the Altai range is
carried far too much to the north, and the name of Siberia seems
unknown. Africa and America have nearly the same outline as before; in
the former, the empire of Monomotopa stretches to join that of
Abyssinia in about the 12th degree of south latitude; and the Nile
still issues, as in all the old maps, from a lake Zayre, in nearly the
same parallel. The coasts of Europe, and especially of Scandinavia,
are a little more accurate. The Sanson family, of whom several were
publishers of maps, did not take pains enough to improve what their
father had executed, though they might have had material helps from
the astronomical observations which were now continually made in
different parts of the world.
[1142] The Cambalu of Marco Polo is probably Pekin; but the
geographers frequently placed this capital of Cathay north of the
wall of China.
|De Lisle’s map of the world.|
44. Such was the state of geography when, in 1699, De Lisle, the real
founder of the science, at the age of twenty-four, published his map
of the world. He had been guided by the observations, and worked under
the directions of Cassini, whose tables of the emersion of Jupiter’s
satellites, calculated for the meridian of Bologna in 1668, and, with
much improvement, for that of Paris in 1693, had prepared the way for
the perfection of geography. The latitudes of different regions had
been tolerably ascertained by observation; but no good method of
determining the longitude had been known before this application of
Galileo’s great discovery. It is evident that the appearance of one of
those satellites at Paris being determined by the tables to a precise
instant, the means were given to find the longitudinal distance of
other places by observing the difference of time; and thus a great
number of observations having gradually been made, a basis was laid
for an accurate delineation of the surface of the globe. The previous
state of geography and the imperfect knowledge which the mere
experience of navigators could furnish, may be judged by the fact that
the Mediterranean sea was set with an excess of 300 leagues in length,
being more than one third of the whole. De Lisle reduced it within its
bounds, and cut off at the same time 500 leagues from the longitude of
Eastern Asia. This was the commencement of the geographical labours of
De Lisle, which reformed, in the first part of the eighteenth century,
not only the general outline of the world, but the minuter relations
of various countries. His maps amount to more than one hundred
sheets.[1143]
[1143] Eloge de De Lisle, in Œuvres de Fontenelle, vol. vi.,
p. 253. Eloge de Cassini, in vol. v., p. 328. Biogr. Universelle.
|Voyages and travels.|
45. The books of travels, in the last fifty years of the seventeenth
century, were far more numerous and more valuable than in any earlier
period, but we have no space for more than a few names. Gemelli
Carreri, a Neapolitan, is the first who claims to have written an
account of his own travels round the world, describing Asia and
America with much detail. His Giro del Mondo was published in 1699.
Carreri has been strongly suspected of fabrication, and even of having
never seen the countries which he describes; but his character, I know
not with what justice, has been latterly vindicated.[1144] The French
justly boast the excellent travels of Chardin, Bernier, Thevenot, and
Tavernier in the East; the account of the Indian archipelago and of
China by Nieuhoff, employed in a Dutch embassy to the latter empire,
is said to have been interpolated by the editors, though he was an
accurate and faithful observer.[1145] Several other relations of
voyages were published in Holland, some of which can only be had in
the native language. In English there were not many of high
reputation: Dampier’s Voyage round the World, the first edition of
which was in 1697, is better known than any which I can call to mind.
[1144] Tiraboschi, xi., 86. Selfi, ix., 442.
[1145] Biogr. Univ.
|Historians.|
|De Solis.|
46. The general characteristics of historians in this period are
neither a luminous philosophy, nor a rigorous examination of evidence.
But, as before, we mention only a few names in this extensive province
of literature. The History of the Conquest of Mexico by Antonio De
Solis, is “the last good work,” says Sismondi, perhaps too severely,
“that Spain has produced; the last where purity of taste, simplicity,
and truth are preserved; the imagination, of which the author had
given so many proofs, does not appear.”[1146] Bouterwek is not less
favourable; but Robertson, who holds De Solis rather cheap as an
historian, does not fail to censure even his style.
[1146] Littérature du Midi, iv., 101.
|Memoirs of De Retz.|
47. The French have some authors of history who, by their elegance and
perspicuity, might deserve notice; such as St. Real, Father D’Orleans,
and even Varillas, proverbially discredited as he is for want of
veracity. The Memoirs of Cardinal De Retz rise above these; their
animated style, their excellent portraitures of character, their acute
and brilliant remarks, distinguish their pages, as much as the similar
qualities did their author. “They are written,” says Voltaire, “with
an air of greatness, an impetuosity and an inequality which are the
image of his life; his expression, sometimes incorrect, often
negligent, but almost always original, recalls continually to his
readers what has been so frequently said of Cæsar’s Commentaries, that
he wrote with the same spirit that he carried on his wars.”[1147] The
Memoirs of Grammont, by Antony Hamilton, scarcely challenge a place as
historical, but we are now looking more at the style than the
intrinsic importance of books. Every one is aware of the peculiar
felicity and fascinating gaiety which they display.
[1147] Biogr. Univ., whence I take the quotation.
|Bossuet on universal history.|
48. The Discourse of Bossuet on Universal History is perhaps the
greatest effort of his wonderful genius. Every preceding abridgment of
so immense a subject had been superficial and dry. He first irradiated
the entire annals of antiquity down to the age of Charlemagne with
flashes of light that reveal an unity and coherence which had been
lost in their magnitude and obscurity. It is not perhaps an unfair
objection that, in a history calling itself that of all mankind, the
Jewish people have obtained a disproportionate regard; and it might be
almost as reasonable, on religious grounds, to give Palestine a larger
space in the map of the world, as, on a like pretext, to make the
scale of the Jewish history so much larger than that of the rest of
the human race. The plan of Bossuet has at least divided his book into
two rather heterogeneous portions. But his conceptions of Greek, and
still more of Roman history, are generally magnificent; profound in
philosophy, with an outline firm and sufficiently exact, never
condescending to trivial remarks or petty details; above all, written
in that close and nervous style which no one certainly in the French
language has ever surpassed. It is evident that Montesquieu in all his
writings, but especially in the Grandeur and Decadence des Romains,
had the Discourse of Bossuet before his eyes; he is more acute,
sometimes, and ingenious, and has reflected longer on particular
topics of inquiry, but he wants the simple majesty, the comprehensive
eagle-like glance of the illustrious prelate.
|English historical works.|
|Burnet.|
49. Though we fell short in England of the historical reputation which
the first part of the century might entitle us to claim, this period
may be reckoned that in which a critical attention to truth, sometimes
rather too minute, but always praiseworthy, began to be characteristic
of our researches into fact. The only book that I shall mention is
Burnet’s History of the Reformation, written in a better style than
those who know Burnet by his later and more negligent work are apt to
conceive, and which has the signal merit of having been the first, as
far as I remember, which is fortified by a large appendix of
documents. This, though frequent in Latin, had not been usual in the
modern languages. It became gradually very frequent and almost
indispensable in historical writings, where the materials had any
peculiar originality.
* * * * *
|General character of 17th century.|
50. The change in the spirit of literature and of the public mind in
general, which had with gradual and never receding steps been coming
forward in the seventeenth century, but especially in the latter part
of it, has been so frequently pointed out to the readers of this and
the last volume, that I shall only quote an observation of Bayle. “I
believe,” he says, “that the sixteenth century produced a greater
number of learned men than the seventeenth; and yet the former of
these ages was far from being as enlightened as the latter. During the
reign of criticism and philology, we saw in all Europe many prodigies
of erudition. Since the study of the new philosophy and that of living
languages has introduced a different taste, we have ceased to behold
this vast and deep learning. But in return there is diffused through
the republic of letters a more subtle understanding and a more
exquisite discernment; men are now less learned but more able.”[1148]
The volumes which are now submitted to the public contain sufficient
evidence of this intellectual progress both in philosophy and in
polite literature.
[1148] Dictionnaire de Bayle, art. Aconce, note D.
|Conclusion.|
51. I here terminate a work, which, it is hardly necessary to say, has
furnished the occupation of not very few years, and which, for several
reasons, it is not my intention to prosecute any farther. The length
of these volumes is already greater than I had anticipated; yet I do
not perceive much that could have been retrenched without loss to a
part, at least, of the literary world. For the approbation which the
first of them has received I am grateful; for the few corrections that
have been communicated to me I am not less so; the errors and
deficiencies of which I am not specially aware may be numerous; yet I
cannot affect to doubt that I have contributed something to the
general literature of my country, something to the honourable
estimation of my own name, and to the inheritance of those, if it is
for me still to cherish that hope, to whom I have to bequeath it.
THE END.
_S. Cowan & Co., Strathmore Printing Works, Perth._
INDEX.
Page
Aberlard, Poetry of, 17
Academies, Italian Literary, 229
Academy del Cimento, The, 831
---- French, Established, 630
---- Neapolitan, 112
Afra Behn, Plays of, 808
Agricola, The first Mineralogist, 227
---- Works of, 103
Agrippa, Cornelius, 192
Augustine, Antonio, 201
Alamanni, 202
Alciati, Andrew, 201
Aldine Editions, The, 109
Aldus, Press of, 125
Algebra, Descartes on, 650
---- Earliest Work on, 118
Alchemy, Study of, 58
Amadis de Gaul, The, 66, 152
Aminto, Passo’s, 351
Amyot, His Translations, 371
Ana, The, 820
Anatomy, Fallopius on, 397
---- Leaders in studying, 842
Andreæ, John Valentine, 532, _and note_
Anglo-Saxon, Change of, to English, 22
Antiquaries, Society of, founded, 405
Apianus, Cosmography of, 228
Apology, Jewell’s, 272
Arabic, Rise of Study of, 399
Arcadia, Sir Philip Sydney’s, 383
---- Character of, 383
---- Walpole on, 383
Aretin, Leonard, 44
---- Plays of, 211
Argensola, The Brothers, 570
Arianism in Italy, 181
Ariosto, Satires of, 203
Aristotle countenanced by Melancthon, 189
---- Veneration shown for, 189
Arithmetic of Sacro Bosco, 56
Arnauld on true and false ideas, 725
Art of Rhetoric, Cox’s, 219
Ascham, His Character of Cambridge, 168
---- Writings of, 372
Astronomy in Middle Ages, 58
Augsburg, Confession of, 173
---- Diet of, 259
Averroes on the Soul, 93
Avis aux Refugiéz, 772
Ayala, Balthazar, on War, 315
Bacon, Lord, 468
---- Conception of his Philosophy, 469
---- Essays of, 293, 529
---- his fame on the Continent, 489
---- his Instauratio Magna, 469
---- ---- ---- ---- Analysis of, 469
---- ignorant of Mathematics, 488
---- Nature of his Philosophy, 472
---- Novum Organum, 478
---- Plan of Philosophy, 469
Bacon, Roger, 57
Balbi, Catholicon of, 40
Baldi, Sonnets of, 319
Ballads, Early Spanish, 59
Balzac, Letters of, 628
Bandello, Novels of, 380
Barbarism, A relapse into, 38
Barbarus, Hermolaus, 111
Barclay, his works, 642
Barlæus, Gaspar, 589
Barrow, Sermons of, 703
Basson, Sebastian, 463
Bath, Adelard of, 56
Bayle on the Comet, 819
---- his Dictionary, 819
---- Philosophical Commentary of, 700
Beaumont, Fletcher and, 611
Bellarmin, Works of, 273
Bellenden, de Statu, 534
Bello Francesco, 113
Belon, Zoology of, 394
Belphegor, Machiavel’s, 215
Bembo, Care of, 159
---- Life of, 217
---- Works of, 159, 201
Berigard, Claude, 463
Benserade, Poems of, 781
Bentley, Richard, the Critic, 682
Berchonius, 59
Beza, Works of, 27
Bible, Cranmer’s, 187
---- First printed, 76
---- Latin Versions of the, 137
---- Mazarin, 77
---- The Authorised Version, 457
Bibles, Early English, 187
Block-books, 75
Blood, Circulation of the, discovered, 665
Boccalini, Trajan, 624
Bodin, compared with Aristotle and Machiavel, 310
Bodleian, Foundation of the, 674
Boehm, Jacob, 464
Boethius, his Consolation of Philosophy, 1
---- Poem on, 13
Boiardo, Works of, 112
Boileau, Works of, 780
Bookselling, Rise of, 121
---- The Universities and, 123
Books, Early, price and form of, 122
---- Number of, printed at close of the Fourteenth Century, 120
---- Price of in Middle Ages, 52
---- Sold by printers, 121
Bossu on Epic Poems, 816
Bossuet, Exposition of Faith, 688
---- other Works, 689
---- Sermons of, 702
Botany, Turner’s, 395
Botero, Giovanni, 301
Boucher, Treatise of, 299
Bouhours, Works by, 813
Bourdalone, Style of, 701
Boyle, Works of, 833
Brahé, Tycho, 387
---- System of, 387
Brandt, Sebastian, 117
Browne, Thomas, 531
---- his Religio Medici, 531
---- William, 581
Bruno, characteristics of his system, 285
Buchanan, de Jure Regni, 296
---- Poetry of, 349
Buda, Royal Library at, 81
Budæus, Budé on, 115
---- his Commentaries, 161
---- Style of, 162
Bunyan, John, 828
Burnet, his Theory of Earth, 841
Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, 637
Bury, Richard of, 39
Butler, Hudibras of, 783
Byzantine Literature, 48
Cabbala, The Jewishp, 100
Calderon, his Comedies, 593
----- his Tragedies, 595
Calendar, Gregorian, 390
Calisto and Melibœa, Drama of, 128
Calvin, John, 177
---- Institutes of, 177
Camoenss, The Lusiad of, 330
Cancionero General, The, 61
Cardan, Jerome, 193
---- Discoveries of, 221
Carew, Poetry of, 584
Cartesian Theory, The, 655
Casa, Poems of, 318
Casaubon, Isaac, 248, 410
---- Wavering of, 428, 430, _note_
Cassander, Consultation of, 265
Castalio, Sebastian, 270
Castelvetro, Ludovico, 377
Castile, Rhymes in Language of, 60
---- The Language of, 21
Castillejo, 329
Casuistry, Schemes of, 523
Casuists, English, 527
---- Literature of the, 521
Cathani, Labours of, 276
Catholicon, Balbi’s, 40
Cats, Father, 577
Caxton, First Works of, 79
Celio Magno, Odes of, 319
Celso Minop, 271
Cena de li Ceneri, The, 282
Century, Twelfth, Progress during, 6
Cervantes, his Don Quixote, 638
---- Minor Novels, 640
Cesalpin, System of, 280
Ceva, Poems of, 791
Chapman, his Translation of Homer, 341
Charlemagne, Few schools before, 4
---- Greeks under, 45
---- Work effected by, 4
Charron, Pierre, 529
---- on Wisdom, 529
Chaucer, Gower and, 24
Chaulieu, Poems of, 781
Cheke, Teaching of, 168
Chiabrera, Poems of, 569
---- Style of, 569
Chillingworth, his Religion of Protestants, 436
China, Jesuits in, 401
Chivalry, Effects of, on Poetry, 64
---- Romances of, 215
Christianismi Restitutio, The, 268, _note_
Christianity, Vindicators of, 699
Chronicle, The Saxon, 23
Chronology, Lydiat’s, 420
---- Scaliger’s, 258
Chrysoloras, Disciples of, 49
Chrysostom, Saville’s, 412
Church, Early Learning in the, 2
---- High, Rise of in England, 427, 435
Cicero, Editions of, 160
Ciceronianus, The, 159
---- Scaliger on the, 160
Cid, The, 597
Citizens, Privileges of, 303
Clarendon, History of, 636
Classics, First Editions of, 231
Clergy, Discipline of the, 261
---- Prejudices of, against profane learning, 2
---- Use of their prejudices, 3
Codex, Chartaceus, 30
Colleges at Alcala and Louvain, 134
---- not derived from Saracens, 9
Colonna, Vittoriap, 202
Columbus, the Anatomist, 398
Columns, Double, use of, 241
Comedies of the Restoration, 807
Comedy, First English, 214
Comenius, Popularity of, 409
Commès, Philip de, 118
Commentators, English, about 1600, 453
Commonwealths, Origin of, 303
Concord, Form of, 267
Congreve, Plays of, 807, 808
Conti, Account of the East by, 72
Controversy raised by Baius, 267
Copernican Theory, The, 386
Copernicus, Labours of, 222
Corneille, Pierre, Plays of, 597
---- Style of, 598
Corneille, Thomas, 799
Cortesius, Paulus, 89
Costanzo, Poems of, 319
Cowley, Johnson’s Character of, 580
Crashaw and Donne, 580
Crellius, Ruanus and, 440
Cremonini, 281
Criticism in the Sixteenth Century, 375
Critics about 1600, 414
Cruquius of Ypres, 236
Cudworth, Ralph, 707
Cumberland, Richard, 747
Daillé on the Fathers, 435
Dalgarno, George, 735
Daniel, his History of England, 635
Dante, Petrarch and, 22
De Bergerac, Novels of, 827
De Gongora, Luis, 572
---- Style of, 572
---- Works of, 572
De Leon, Luis, 328
De Lisle, Map of the World by, 845
De Retz, Memoirs of, 846
De Sevigné, Madame, 812
De Vega, Lope, 353
---- Fertility of, 353
---- Popularity of, 354
---- Style of, 354
---- Versification of, 354
De Villegas, Manuel Estevan, 571
Dead, Dialogues of the, 811
Decline of German Poetry, 20
Defensio Fidei Nicenæ, The, 695
Deistical Writers, 277
Delineation, Arts of, 93
Della Causa, The, 282
Delphin Editions, 680
Denham, Sir John, 579
Descartes, René, 491
---- Attacked by Gassendi, 497
---- Charged with Plagiarism, 505
---- Early Life, 491
---- his Meditations, 495
---- his Mental Labours, 492
---- his Paradoxes, 499
---- his Publications, 492
---- his Superiority, 497
---- Merits of his Writings, 503
---- on Free will, 503
---- on Intuitive Truth, 501
Desportes, Poems of, 335
Deventes, College at, 54
Devotional Works in 1600, 454
Dictionary, Della Crusca, 625
Dodorus, Clusius and, 396
D’Oliva, Perez, 195
Don Quixote, 638
Don Sancho Ortiz, Analysis of, 355
Donne, Crashaw and Cowley, 580
Dramatic Mysteries, Origin of, 105
Drayton, Michael, 581
---- His Polyolbion, 591
Dryden, Early Poems, 787
---- Fables, 789
---- Odes, 790
---- Style of, 821
---- Tragedies, 805
---- Translations, 790
Ductor Dubitantium, Taylor’s, 745
Dunbar, Poems of, 130
Dupin on Ancient Discipline, 686
Du Vair, Works of, 371
Earle, John, Works of, 637
Eastern Languages, Early Study of, 128
Ecclesiastical Polity, The, 289
Elizabeth, Learning under, 249
Encomium Moræ, The, 143
Encyclopædias of Middle Ages, 58
England, Reformed Tenets in, 178
England, Revival of Learning in, 3
English, Use of, 22
Equations, Cubic, Invention of, 220
Episcopius, Works of, 440
Erasmus, Adages of, 139
---- Character of, 139
---- Epistles of, 175
---- First Visit to England, 116
---- His Controversy with Luther, 174
---- Jealousy of, 139
---- Quotations from, 140
---- Testament of, 142
---- Zeal of, 114
Erastianism, Disputes on, 444
Ercilla, The Araucana of, 329
Erpenius, Works of, 671
Essays, Bacon’s, 293
---- Montaigne’s, 290
---- Sir W. Temple’s, 824
Essex, Earl of, 633
Etherege, Plays of, 808
Euclid, Early Translations of, 56
Europe, Language in, in 1400, 25
Eustachius on Anatomy, 397
Evelyn, Works of, 821
Faber of Savoy, 313
Fabricius on the Language of Brutes, 663
Faery Queen, The, 343
---- Style of, 344
---- Superiority of First Volume, 343
Fallopius on Anatomy, 397
Fanaticism, Growth of, 172
Farces, First Real, 107
Farquhar, Plays of, 809
Fenelon on Female Education, 761
---- Works of, 696
Fermat, the Geometer, 651
Fernel, Works of, 220
Ferreira, 331
Ficinus, Works of, 98
Fiction, Popular Moral, 66
Figures in MSS. of Boethius, 55
Filacaja, Vincenzo, 777
Filli di Sciro, The, 592
Fléchier, Style of, 703
Fletcher, Beaumont and, 611
---- Phineas and Giles, 577
Fleury, Ecclesiastical History, 687
Florence, Academy of, 229
---- History of, 199
Fontenelle, Character of, 810, 817
---- Poems of, 782
Ford, John, 621
France, Troubadours of, 21
Francesca of Rimini, 26
Franco-Gallia, The, 295
Free will, Molina on, 268
France, Classical Study in, 53
French, Diffusion of, 19
---- During Eleventh Century, 14
---- Early, 13
---- in England, Disuse of, 24
---- Whence it came, 13
Friars, Mendicant, The, 9
Fuchs, Leonard, 226
Fur Prædestinatus, Sancroft’s, 693
Galileo, compared with, Bacon, 486
---- Discoveries of, 653
Gallantry, Effects of on Poetry, 64
---- Probable Origin of, 64
Garnier, 357
Gascoyne, George, 337
Gasparin, Style of, 43
---- Works of, 42, 43
Gassendi, Syntagma Philosophicum of, 710
---- Bernier on, 713
---- Works of, 467, 468
Gemalis Dies, The, 160
Genius, Want of, in Dark Ages, 5
Gentilis, Albenius, 316
---- De Jure Belli, 377
Geology, Rise of the Science, 840
Gerard, Herbal of, 397
German Poetry, Decline of, 20
---- ---- of Swabian Period, 19
Germany, Schools in, 89
Gesner, Conrad, 241, 392
---- His Zoology, 392
---- Quadrupeds discovered by, 393
Gilbert, his Treatise on the Magnet, 392
Glanvil, his Scepsis Scientifica, 733
---- the Plus Ultra, 735
Glosa, Nature of the, 61
Glosses, Meaning of, 31
---- Use of, 31
Gloucester, Library of Duke of, 54
Godefroy, James, 775
Gomberville, 641
Gorboduc, Sackville’s, 359
Governor, Sir T. Elyot’s, 195
Gower, Chaucer and, 24
Grammars of the Sixteenth Century, 239 _note_.
---- Provençal, 14
Greek, better known after 1580, 251
---- Corruption of Language, 47
---- Dawn of in England, 115
---- Early Grammars and Lexicons, 112
---- Latin Translations of, 50
---- Learned by Petrarch, 48
---- Learning in Middle Ages, 45
---- Printing, Early, 84
---- Revival of Study of, 44
---- Study of at Paris, 91
---- Taught by Chrysoloras, 49
---- Taught to Boys, 167
Greeks, Emigration of, to Italy, 52
Grew, Discoveries of, 839
Grocyn, Linaire and, 135
Groot, Gerard, College of, 54
Grotius, De Imperio Circa Sacra, 444
---- De Jure Belli, 544 _et seq._
---- his Arrangement, 565
---- his Defects, 565
---- Objections to, 561
---- Religious Doubts of, 428
---- Vindicated against Rousseau, 565
---- Works of, 414
Gruchius, Works of, 255
Gruter, his Collection of Inscriptions, 419
---- his Suspicions, 413
Grymæus, Geography of, 228
Guevara, Treatise of, 194
Guiciardini, History of, 402
Guidi, Poems of, 777
Gymnasium, Roman, 131
Habington, 585
Hales on Schism, 438
Hardy, Plays of, 596
Harmonia Apostolica, Bull’s, 694
Harriott, Works of, 649
Harvey, his Anatomical Discoveries, 665
Havelok the Dane, 18
Hawes, Stephen, 153
Hebraists of the Fifteenth Century, 227
Hebrew, First Printed, 95
---- in the Sixteenth Century, 670
Heinsius, Daniel, 413
Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 456, 465
Herrera, Works of, 329
Herrick, Robert, 586
Heterodoxy, Italian, 179
Heywood, Plays of, 622
---- Thomas, 363
Hippocrates, Study of, 224
History, Natural, from 1600-1650, 662
Hobbes, Political Works of, 538
---- The Leviathan of, 506
---- Analysis of, 506 _et seq._
Hooft, Peter, 577
Hooke, Works of, 834
Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, 289
---- his Theory of Natural Law, 290
Horace, Lambinus’s, 235
Hottoman, Francis, 295
Hudibras, Butler’s, 783
Huet, The Censura of, 715
Hymns, German, 206
Icon Basilice, The, 636
Immutable Morality, Cudworth’s, 745
Index Expurgatorius, The, 407
Ingulfus, History of, 15
Instauratio Magna, The, 469
Irnerius, Works of, 31
Italian, Early, 22
---- Language, Origin of, 10
Italy, Printing in, 83
Jansenism, Rise of, 441
Jansenius, Tenets of, 691
Jesuits, Colleges of the, 262
---- Patronized by Popes, 263
---- Rise of the, 181
---- Rising Influence of the, 261
---- their Popularity, 181
Jewell, Apology of, 272
Joachim, Rhæticus, 388
Jodelle, Father of the French Theatre, 357
John II., Poetry under, 62
---- of Ravenna, 41
---- of Salisbury, 36
Jonson, Ben, 585
---- his Every Man in his Humour, 369
---- Plays of, 609
Journal des Sçavans, The, 817
Julian Period, Invention of the, 258
Jurisprudence, Golden Ages of, 311
---- in 1500, 200
Jurists, Decline of, after Accursius, 32
---- Early, 32
---- Scholastic, 33
Kempis, Thomas à, Works of, 68
Kepler, Discoveries of, 652
King’s Quair, The, 63
Knolles, his History of the Turks, 634
Knowledge, Limited by Sense, 481
La Bruyere, Characters of, 758
La Fayette, Madame, 826
La Fontaine, Fables of, 779
La Forge, Regis and, 714
La Motte le Vayer, 632
La Noue, Works of, 301
Labbe, Philip, 411
Lacteals, Discoveries of the, 668
Land, Views of, 427
Lanfrance and his Schools, 35
Language, A New, formed from Latin, 12
Language, Early Imperfections of, 6
---- Modern, Metres of, 15
Languet, Vindicæ of, 295
Latin becomes a New Language, 12
---- Colloquial Corruption of, 11
---- in the Lower Empire, 11
---- in the Seventh Century, 12
---- Origin of Rhyme in, 16
---- Poems, Mediæval, 210
Latinists, Apology for the, 217
---- in 1600, 415
Laws, Abridgments of, 31
Layamon, Works of, 23
Leaguers, Tenets of the, 298
Learned, Persecution of the, 81
Learning, Decline of in Sixth Century, 2
---- Encouraged by a Pope, 51
---- General, Rise of, 26
---- in England, Revival of, 3
---- in England under Edward VI., 249
Lebrixa, Character of, 86
Legal Study, Importance of, 30
Leibnitz on Roman Law, 775
---- The Protogæa of, 841
Leipsic Acts, The, 819
Leo X., a Patron of Letters, 131
Letters, The Paston, 82
Lexicon, Constantin’s, 237
---- Feirari’s, 672
---- Scapula’s, 238, _note_.
Libraries, New Public, 230
---- Public, Want of, 169
Library, Bodleian, Founded, 674
---- of Charles V., 39
---- Vatican, Founded, 230
Lilly, his Euphues, 373
---- Popularity of, 373
Lipsius, and other antiquaries, 256
Lister, Studies of, 836
Literature, Checks upon, 407
---- Theological, of Sixteenth Century, 183
Loci Communes, The, 275
Locke on Education, 759
---- on Government, 768
---- on Human Understanding, 736
---- on the Coin, 773
---- on Toleration, 700
Logarithms, Invention of, 645
Logic, Aconcio’s, 286
---- Campanella on, 460
---- Inductive, 481 _et seq._
---- Ramus’s, Success of, 288
Lombard, Peter, 7
London, First Theatre in, 360
Lotichius, 347
Love songs, Abelard’s, 17
---- Spanish, 61
Lucan, May’s supplement to, 591
Lully, Raymond, 155
---- his method, 155
Lusiad, The, 330
---- Defects of, 330
---- Excellencies of, 330
Luther, Character of, 182
---- Dangerous tenets of, 148
---- Differences from Zwingle, 172
---- Theses of, 146
Lutrin, The, 780
Lydgate, Works of, 63
Lyndsay, Poems of, 207
Lyrics, Portuguese, early, 117
Machiavel, Nicolas, 196, 211
---- Motives of, 197
---- some of his rules not immoral, 197
---- The Prince, of, 197
---- Works of, 198
Malebranche, Theory of, 717
Malherbe, Poems of, 573
---- Style of, 573
Malpighi, Discoveries of, 840
Manana, de Rege, 299
Mantuan, Works of, 111
Manuscripts, Copying of, 36
Manutius, de Civitate, 253
---- Epistles of, 245
Maps, Early, 94
Maranta on gardening, 395
Margarita, Antoniana, The, 287
Marlowe, Plays of, 360
Marot, Poems of, 206
Marsham, Sir John, 685
Massinger, Philip, 618
Matthiola, System of, 226
Medici, Lorenzo de, 80
Medicine, Early Study of, 58
---- Revival of Greek methods of, 223
Meigret, Orthography of, 219
Melancthon, Early Studies of, 127
---- Tenets of, 266
Melville, Andrew, 253
Memoirs, Political, 301
Mendicant Friars, The, 9
Mendoza, Works of, 208, 673
Mercator, Gerard, 402
Metre, Romances in, 18
Metres of Modern Languages, 15
---- Spanish, 60
Microscope, first used in Anatomy, 842
Milton, John, 586
---- Allegro, 587
---- Compared with Dante, 784
---- Comus, 586
---- Il Penseroso, 587
---- Lycidas, 587
---- Paradise Lost, 783
---- Paradise Regained, 787
---- Samson Agonistes, 787
---- Sonnets, 588
Minot, Lawrence, 24
Mirandola, Picus of, 101
---- Credulity of, 101
---- Literary Works of, 102
Miscellanies of Politian, 95
Moliére, Plays of, 799
Montaigne, Essays of, 290
---- Characteristics of, 291
Montesquieu, Bodin compared with, 310
Moralities, Early, 107
Morals, Italian writers on, 292
More, Henry, 709
More, Utopia of, 137
Morgante Maggiore, The, 97
Morison, Robert, 837
Motion, Laws of, 658
Mun, Thomas, on Foreign Trade, 773
Muretus, Marc Antony, 233
Mysteries, Desire to explore, 99
---- Early English, 105
Naudé, Gabriel, 534
Napier, Works of, 645
Nizolius, Marius, 286
Norris, Essay of, 725
Northern Seas, Discoveries in, 401
Nosce Teipsum, The, 340
Novum Organum, The, 478
Numencia, The, of Cervantes, 356
Numerals, Arabic, 55
Numismatics, Works on, 257
Oceana, Harrington’s, 766
Opinion, Religious, in Fifteenth Century, 67
Opitz, Martin, 575
---- Followers of, 576
Optics, Discoveries in, 660
Opus Magnus, Bacon’s, 57
Oracles, The History of, 811
Orientalists, Celebrated, 844
Orlando Furioso, The, 150
---- a continuation of Boiardo, 150
---- its popularity, 150
---- its want of seriousness, 150
---- Style of, 151
Orlando Innamorata, The, 112
Ortelius, Works of, 401
Otway, Plays of, 806
Oxford, University of, founded, 8
Paley, Compared with Puffendorf, 707
Pallavicino, Ferrante, 625
Pantheism, Bruno and, 283
Papal Power, Decline of, 425
Papal Power, Discussion of, 274
Paper, Cotton, First use of, 28
---- Invention of, 28
---- Linen, as old as 1100, 29
---- ---- First use of, 28
---- ---- Known to Peter of Clugni, 29
---- of mixed materials, 29
Papias, Vocabulary of, 36
Papyrus, Use of the, 28
Paracelsus, Theophrastus, 191, 463
---- his extravagances, 192
---- his impostures, 192
Paradise Lost, Milton’s, 783
Parchment, Use of, 28
Paris, University of, founded, 6
---- ---- increase of, 8
Paruta, Paolo, 302
Pascal, Malebranche and, 724
---- Provincial letters of, 744
---- Thoughts of, 697, 725
Pastor Fido, Guarini’s, 351
Pastourelles, Early, 18
Patrizzi, 281
Pearson on the Creed, 704
Peele, Greene and, 362
Pelletier, Algebra of, 385
Pellican, 227
Perkins, his Cases of Conscience, 527
Perrault, Charles, 816
Petavius, the Jesuit, 421
Peter Martyr, Epistles of, 156
Petrarch, Dante and, 22
---- Latin Poems of, 41
---- Restoration of Letters by, 40
---- Style of, 41
Philology, Stephens’s Works on, 243
Philosophy, Consolation of, 1
---- Scholastic, Defeat of, 188
---- Scholastic, Origin of, 7
---- Speculative, 188
---- Stanley’s History of, 707
Pibrac, 335
Pilgrim’s Progress, The, 828
Pinelli, Occupations of, 404
Platonists, Aristotelians and, 74
Poem, Early, on Boethius, 13
Poetry, Early English, 62
---- German, Decline of, 20
---- German, of Swabian Period, 19
---- Provençal, 16
Poets, Early Spanish, 203
---- Elizabethan, 342
---- Minor, from 1650-1700, 790
Poggio, Bracciolini, 42
---- on the Views of Rome, 72
Politian, Works of, 95, 105
Political Philosophy in the Sixteenth Century, 294
Polyglott, Walton’s, 843
Pontanus, Works of, 111
Popery, Taylor’s Dissuasive from, 690
Port-Royal Writers, 679
Poynet on Politique Power, 296
Prerogative Argument, 485, _note_.
Press, The, of Aldus, 125
Printing, Effects of, on Reformation, 124
---- Invention of, 75
---- Progress of, 79
---- Restraint of, 124
Progress in the Tenth Century, 4
Prophesying, Taylor’s Liberty of, 449
Prose-writers under Elizabeth, 373
Protestantism Extinguished in Italy, 260
---- ---- ---- ---- And Spain, 261
Protestants, use of the Term, 173
---- The Religion of, 426
Provençal Grammar, 14
Psalter, Early Printed, 77
Publications, Early European, 85
Puffendorf, his Theory of Politics, 762
---- The Law of Nature, 753
Pulci, Works of, 97
Purbach, Discoveries of, 78
Quevedo, Satires of, 571
---- Visions of, 825
Rabelais, 216
Racine, Plays of, 793, 802
---- Style of, 798
Raleigh, his History of the World, 635
Ramus, Peter, mentioned by Bacon, 191
---- Peter, New Logic of, 190
Ramusio, Voyages of, 400
Rapin, René, on Gardens, 792
---- Critical Works of, 815
Ray, Works of, 835, 838
Reading and Writing, Ignorance of, 25
Réflexions sur l’Eloquence, Les, 815
Reformation, Burnet’s History of the, 846
---- Origin of the, 146
Regiomontanus, 93
Regnard, Plays of, 802
Regnier, Statues of, 574
Religion, Differences of, Effects of, on Poetry, 66
Republic, Analysis of the, 302
Reuchlin,, 104
---- The Monks and, 145
Reviews, Early, 817
Rhetoric, Cox’s Art of, 219
Rhetorique, Wilson’s Art of, 379
Rhyme, Origin of in Latin, 16
Ribeyro, Works of, 205
Richard of Bury, 39
Richelieu, his Care for Liberty, 426
Rienzi, The Story of, 52
Rivinus, System of, 838
Rochefoucault, 757
Roger Bacon, Works of, 57
Roman Laws, never wholly unknown, 31
Romances, Metrical, 18
---- of Chivalry, The, 65
Rome, Loss of Learning on Fall of, 1
---- Conversions to, 263
---- Supremacy of, 422
Ronsard, Poems of, 333
Roscelin, Story of, 7
Rose, Bishop of Senlis, 298
Rosmunda, The, 132
Rota, Bernardino, 320
Rowley, Thomas, 83
Royal Society, Origin of the, 832
Ruanus, Crellius and, 440
Rueda, Lope de, 212
Ruel, Studies of, 226
Rymer on Tragedy, 823
Sachs, Hans, Dramas of, 213
Sackville, Works of, 336
St. Evremond, 812
Salmasius, Works of, 412, 415
Salvator, Rosa, Satires of, 778
Sanchez, Minerva of, 244
---- Sceptical Theory of, 285
Sansons, Maps of the, 844
Santeul, Latin Poems, 793
Sarpi, Fra Paolo, 423
Saville on Roman Militia, 257
Saxon Chronicle, The, 23
Scaliger, Joseph, 247
---- as a Critic, 375
Scaliger assists Gruter, 419
Scarron, Roman Comique of, 826
Schools, Early teaching in, 136
---- Greek Taught in, 251
Science in Sixteenth Century, 645
Sciences, Academy of, at Paris, 832
---- of Middle Ages, 55
Scioppius, Work of, 416
Scot, Reginald, 278
Scotland, Learning in about 1550, 253
Scotus, 91
---- Reasonings of, 92
Scripture, Early Translation of, 85
Sebonde, Raymond de, 69
---- Real Objects of, 70
Secchia Rapita, The, 568
Secular Variation, Law of, 176
Segrais, Novels of, 827
Seicentisti, Opinions on the, 566
Selden, De Jure Naturali, 528
Semi-Pelagian School, The, 439
Sermons, Donne’s and Taylor’s, 454
---- Latimer’s, 184
Serra, Antonio, 537
Servetus, Labours of, 180
---- Life of, 269
Servitude, Domestic, 303
Shadwell, Plays of, 808
Shakspeare, William, 364, 602
---- As You Like it, 369
---- Comedy of Errors, 365
---- First Writings, 364
---- Historical Plays, 368
---- Love’s Labours Lost, 365
---- Lear, 604
---- Lucrece, 340
---- Measure for Measure, 603
---- Merry Wives of Windsor, 603
---- Midsummer Night’s Dream, 365
---- Pericles, 605
---- Poems, 340
---- Roman Tragedies, 606
---- Romeo and Juliet, 366
---- Sonnets, 582
---- Twelfth Night, 602
---- Two Gentlemen of Verona, 365
---- Venus and Adonis, 340
Shirley, Plays of, 621
Skelton, Works of, 154
Smith, Teaching of, 167
Societies, German Literary, 575
Socinianism, Rise of, 181
Sonnets, Shakspeare’s, 583
Soto, Dominic, 289
South, Sermons of, 704
Southern, Plays of, 807
Spain, Pastoral Romances of, 117
Spanish Language, Origin of, 10
Spenser, his Sense of Beauty, 344
---- Resembles Ariosto, 344
---- Shepherd’s Kalendar of, 337
---- Style of, 345
Spregel, the Dutch Ennius, 576
Spinosa, Ethics of, 726, 746
---- Politics of, 764
Stampa, Gaspara, 321
---- her Love for Collalto, 321
---- her Second Love, 322
---- her Style, 322
Statics, Galileo’s, 657
Stephens, Thesaurus of, 163, 237
---- Works of, 236
Stevinus, Statics of, 391
Strada, his Prolusiones, 627
Sturm on German Schools, 165
Suarez, of Granada, 524
---- on Laws, 544
---- Works of, 525
Surrey, Wyatt and, 207
Surville, Clotilde de, 83
Swift, his Tale of a Tub, 831
Sydney, Algernon, on Government, 767
---- Sir Philip, his Defence of Poesie, 338
---- his Poetry, 339
Syriac, New Testament in, 399
Table Talk, Selden’s, 532
Tacitus of Lipsius, The, 235
Tale of a Tub, The, 831
Talent, Deficiency of Poetical, in Tenth Century, 5
Tasso, Bernardo, The Amadigi of, 323
---- Torquato, 324
---- compared with others, 326
---- his Jerusalem, 324
---- ---- ---- Characters of, 325
---- ---- ---- Faults in, 325
---- his Styles, 324
---- Virgil and, 326
Tassoni, Alessandro, 568
Taste, Prevalence of Bad, 5
Tauler, John, 25
Taylor, Bishop Jeromy, 447
Telemaque, Fenelon’s, 828
Telesio, System of, 281
Theatre, English, Revival of, 804
---- First French, 107
Theosophists, Paracelsists, and, 463
Thesauri of Grævius and Gronovius, 683
Thesaurus Criticus, Gruter’s, 234
Thomas À Kempis, School of, 55
Tillotson, Sermons of, 704
Toleration, Arguments for, 446
Tournebœuf, or Turnebus, 233
Tournefort, System of, 838
Tractate, Milton’s, 758
Tracts, Statistical, 775
Treatise de Imitatione Christi, 68
Trent, Council of, 182
---- ---- Efforts of, 264
Trinitarian Controversy, The, 268
Turkish Spy, The, 829
Tyndale, Bible of, 187
Tyrannicide, Poynet and, 297
Universities, Rise of, 8
Usher, Chronology of, 684
Usury, Noodt on, 776
Utopia, More’s, 137
Valla, Laurentius, 72
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---- Heeren’s Praise of it, 73
---- Testament, Annotations on New, 73
Valors, Henry, 681
Van Helmont, 669
Vanbrugh, Plays of, 809
Vanini, Writings of, 455
Vatican Library, The, 230
Vesalius, Works of, 224
Victa, Francis, 385
Victoria, Learning of, 44
Vincent of Beauvais, 59
Vinci, Leonardo de, 108
Vocabulary of Papias, 36
Voiture, Poems of, 574
Vondel, 577
Vossius, Gerard, 417
Vulgar Errors, Browne’s, 677
Vulgate, The, 187
---- Authenticity of, 278
Waller, Poetry of, 782
Walton, the Complete Angler, 824
Webster, Plays of, 622
White, Thomas, 706
Wilkins, Bishop, 736
Wit, Whetstone of, The, 385
Witchcraft, Scot on, 278
Writers, Romish, 183
Writing, Rise of Knowledge of, 27
Wyatt, Surrey and, 207
Wycherley, Plays of, 803
Ximenes, Cardinal, 134
Zerbi, Anatomy of, 130
Zwingle, Work of, 147
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Transcriber’s Notes:
Volume 1 contains the Table of Contents for both Volumes 1 and 2; it
has been duplicated and added to this volume for the convenience of
users.
Sidenotes were moved to precede the paragraph to which they pertain
and are surrounded by pipes (|).
Transliterations of words and phrases in Greek were added in brackets.
Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the
numbered paragraph in which the related anchors occur.
Superscript text is noted with a caret and brackets, thus: ^{mo}.
The author/editor usually omitted quotation marks around cited text;
this was not changed. All other punctuation and accents marks were
standardized.
Words with missing or partially printed letters were completed. This
edition contains many spelling/typographical errors; obvious errors
were corrected. Capitalization of words was corrected, where
appropriate. Obsolete, archaic, and consistently misspelled words were
retained. Other corrections:
Ch. 18, §8, ‘waved’ to ‘waived’ ... which had imprudently waived.
Footnote 67, ὁημεραι [hoêmerai] to ὁσημεραι [hosêmerai]
and τελευτνᾶν [teleutnan] to τελευτᾶν [teleutan]
Ch. 20, §35, ‘give’ to ‘gave’ ... since he gave to the world ...
Footnote 194, ’words’ to ‘word’ The word ... is perhaps unhappy ...
Footnote 212, added anchor missing in the original.
Footnote 290, In the original, where ‘A - Y’ is part of a
formula, it is annotated with a bar that extends above all three
characters. In this e-book, brackets were used instead: [A - Y].
Footnote 290, duplicate ‘in’ removed ... in the conclusion ...
Ch. 21, §29, ‘their’ to ‘there’ ... there will frequently be ...
Ch. 21, §111, ‘treatises’ to ‘treaties’ ... relates to treaties ...
Ch. 21, §137, ‘notions’ to ‘nations’ ... law of nations permit ...
Ch. 23, §52, ‘then’ to ‘than’ ... in his time than they are at ...
Ch. 24, §33, duplicate ‘and’ removed ... and his facility ...
Ch. 24, §60, ‘lyes’ to ‘lays’ ... veracious tone of his lays....
Ch. 29, §25 and Footnote 777, ‘Degerando’ and ‘Degenerando‘
to ‘de Gérando‘
Ch. 29, §45 duplicate ‘the’ removed ... the depth, and
the clearness ...
Ch. 30, §1 duplicate ‘the’ removed ... the propositions condemned ...
Ch. 33, §32, ‘their’ to ‘theirs’ ... theirs is what defaces the ...
Ch. 33, §58, ‘1862’ to ‘1682 ... above forty years, from 1635 to 1682.
Footnote 1079, reference is to ‘xi.’ in other editions.
In the index, ‘Bengard’ was changed to ‘Berigard’; for the entry
‘Calendar, Gregorian,’ the page number was changed from 388 to 390;
and for the entry under Rome, ‘Perversions’ was changed to
‘Conversions.’