Zinder Caravan--Negress playing "Boree"--Curious Scene--Objects
of Barter--Fresh Annoyances--Remarks on our Reception in
Aheer--En-Noor--Asoudee--Better News--Fresh Extortions--En-Noor
disappoints us--Europeans taken for Spies--Things in demand at
Aheer--Exercise--Overweg's Patients--Wild Animals in Aheer--Kailouees in
dry Weather--Robbing a Prince--Ghaseb and Ghafouley--Aheer
Cheese--Mokhlah Bou Yeldee--Our Wealth noised abroad--Alarm at Night--A
fresh Attack--Saïd's Gallantry--Disorderly Protectors--Thirteen
Robbers--Amankee--Loss of my Tea--Country of Thieves.
_10th Sept. continued._--Yusuf has been to the town, but has come back
without any authentic news of the departure of the caravans for Zinder.
He says, however, that En-Noor is better; and that it is reported that
the first caravan will go in fifteen or twenty days, and the second and
largest, with which En-Noor himself talks of setting out, about twenty
days afterwards.
I was disturbed this evening from my repose on the dry sand under the
pale moonlight by the most unearthly noises, coming from a group of our
black servants. On getting up to see what it was, I found that one of
our negresses, a wife of one of the servants, was performing _Boree_,
the "Devil," and working herself up into the belief that his Satanic
majesty had possession of her. She threw herself upon the ground in all
directions, and imitated the cries of various animals. Her actions were,
however, somewhat regulated by a man tapping upon a kettle with a piece
of wood, beating time to her wild manoeuvres. After some delay,
believing herself now possessed, and capable of performing her work, she
went forward to half-a-dozen, of our servants, who were squatting down,
on their hams, ready to receive her. She then took each by the head and
neck, and pressed their heads between her legs--they sitting, she
standing--not in the most decent way, and made over them, with her whole
body, certain inelegant motions, not to be mentioned. She then put their
hands and arms behind their backs, and after several other wild cries
and jumps, and having for a moment thrown herself flat upon the ground,
she declared to each and all _their future_--their fortune, good or bad.
I did not stop to see the result of the ceremony. The slaves carry these
mysteries with them in their servitude, and the practice of such
indecent and profane things tolerated by the Muslims of the coast. The
Moors and Arabs, indeed, have great faith in these mysteries, and resort
to them to know _their future_.
I made this day a list of objects of barter:--A looking-glass in a tin
case, value, in Tripoli, thirty paras, purchases here two sahs of
ghaseb. A common print handkerchief, value fourpence English money, only
purchases three or four sahs of ghaseb.
Eight drâa of fine white calico are equal to one metagal; three of which
metagals is a large dollar. (This does not sell at much advantage.)
I this day finished my dispatch, dated from Esalan, respecting the
disputes and disagreements I had with the Tuaricks of Ghât; but since
then these Haghars have, indeed, appeared very moderate people to us.
Thermometer at half-past twelve P.M., under tent, 92° Fahr.
Instead of much rain, we have had a squall of wind this afternoon,
attended by a slight shower.
In the afternoon, Yusuf came, with a menacing tone, from En-Noor,
saying, we must pay ten metagals (of this country) for finding each of
the lost camels; or if not, this sum would be taken from us by force.
Yusuf added, also, that En-Noor was dissatisfied with his present; that
the Sultan had remarked to him,--"It was a present for servants, and he
had given it all away to the people." Moreover, that yesterday came
several persons, marabouts, from Tintaghoda, who mentioned their
displeasure to En-Noor because they had not yet received anything.
I was just rejoicing at the finding of three lost camels; but it seems
we are not to have a moment of repose or enjoyment in Aheer. It may be,
hereafter, "sweet to remember these things," but it is now a sad trial
of patience to bear them. I abused En-Noor and our servants in turn. As
to the forty metagals, there was not a question ventured about that; but
the present of En-Noor was the largest we had ever made, and it would
have been better to have brought with us letters of recommendation for
robbers than such people. All this comes after it had been noised abroad
through the whole village that En-Noor was greatly rejoiced at the
present, and all the people were happy and content. Such, however, is
the dependence to be placed on reports in the African kingdom of Aheer!
However, I am determined to give way to no more vain fears, but to
preserve as much as possible of the property of Government. I am sorry
to say that I receive no assistance in my efforts to save the money with
which I have been entrusted.
I am now writing to Mr. Gagliuffi on the subject of the great losses and
shameless extortion to which we were subjected on our arrival in this
country. In reviewing the whole affair, setting apart the personal
devotion exhibited towards myself, I have no cause to be pleased with
our escort and servants. They gave way too easily to fear, and, seem to
have been too willing to allow us to buy ourselves off. I have omitted
to mention that they wished us to write a document, to the effect that
if we came to harm it was not through their fault! This singular idea
was, of course, rejected. I must observe, that not only we, but all our
caravan, were prodigiously disappointed by the reception we met with.
The Haghars were expected to be troublesome, and their alleged pursuit
of us was sufficiently probable; but no one admitted that there was any
danger from the people of Aheer. On the contrary, all professed delight
at the prospect of entering the inhabited districts, where it was
thought and boldly proclaimed we should all have the most cordial
welcome. Yet the Haghars did not come, and the borderers of Aheer
treated us as badly as the wildest Tuaricks could have done, behaving
like veritable brigands. I entertain some faint hopes of obtaining
redress; but have been so often deceived, that I shall say nothing for
the present on the subject.
_Friday, 13th Sept._--I rose early; a fine morning. Thermometer at a
quarter to seven P.M. under tent, 78°. We had a visit early from the
son-in-law of En-Noor and his two friends, who had found the camels.
They were extremely polite, and much pleased when I sent them to the
Sfaxee to receive forty metagals for the recovery of the four lost
camels (one is not yet come up). Then I had a visit from one of the
slaves of En-Noor's brother. This man gave a good account of En-Noor,
and said he would certainly go with us. He observed, also, respecting
the Sultan's authority, "En-Noor governs everywhere--all Aheer, and even
Damerghou and Zinder." This must be taken to signify, En-Noor has great
influence in all these countries.
Asoudee is said by some to be a city, walled, and of considerable
extent, with many people; others represent it as being in ruins. I think
its ruins are mentioned in my Ghadamez itinerary. Unlike Tintalous, a
great quantity of provisions is stored up in that place.
Yusuf and the Sfaxee came this morning from En-Noor, and brought more
tranquillising news; but we have been obliged to give ten douros each
for finding the lost camels--almost as much as my white maharee is
worth. However, I remained in tolerably good spirits all day, cheered by
the favourable account given me of the Sultan. But woe to the man who
hugs himself in a feeling of security in Aheer!
Late in the evening Yusuf and the Sfaxee came from En-Noor with a most
threatening message. The Sheikh says, in substance, that "Everybody
wishes to attack us, and take away our property. To protect us,
therefore, and conduct us to Zinder, he must have, at least, seven
hundred dollars." At first he demanded one thousand, and then came down
to seven hundred. Such is the man to whom we are recommended as a friend
and protector. None of the robbers have yet taken so large a sum, so
that this is the greatest, grandest of the brigands! I went to bed
disquieted by the enormity of En-Noor's demands.
_14th._--As may be imagined, I passed an unquiet night, disturbed by the
most gloomy forebodings. It now appeared to me that all the amenity of
the Sultan had been assumed, in order that he might first get all he
could out of us by gentle means, previous to resorting to threats and
bullying. As to resistance, it is, of course, impossible, if imperative
demands be made. In the morning En-Noor sent a message, to the effect
that he could not see us unless we had made up our minds to give him the
seven hundred dollars. He is getting more and more bold and impertinent.
I deputed Mahommed Tunisee and the Sfaxee to him as negotiators. They
are to offer a present of five hundred dollars; that is to say, three
hundred for the escort to Zinder, and the remaining two hundred after
the signing of the treaty. With some difficulty the matter was for the
present arranged, by the sacrifice of another hundred dollars as a
present to the courtiers of the great man, in order that they might
induce him to be so kind as to accept of the remaining five hundred! My
agents were greatly assisted by the Wakeel of Makersee of Mourzuk. I
consented to the arrangement on En-Noor's writing a letter to her
Majesty's Government, promising protection to British travellers for the
future; and thus ended this new, and I may say, flagrant series of
exactions. Possibly, had I been alone, I might have been able to hold
out longer and more successfully; but it is somewhat embarrassing to act
with persons who share in your councils without sharing in your
responsibility, and who naturally seek the shortest and easiest method
of getting over all difficulties. The conclusion of the arrangement had
a tranquillising effect upon our encampment, especially on my worthy
German colleagues.
The people have complained to En-Noor that we are "writing the country."
This is an old complaint, and pervades all Northern Africa and the
Desert, "that the Christians come first to write a country, and
afterwards invade or capture it." Travellers, therefore, especially when
they venture to use the pen in public, are looked upon as spies, which
may in part account for the rough treatment they sometimes receive.
Every place has certain things especially in demand. Here nothing goes
down but white calico and very small looking-glasses, which shut up in
boxes. With these we purchase the greater part of our provisions. There
is a little cotton-money about. Our encampment sometimes resembles a
market. The people are curious to observe every action which differs
from theirs. When I promenade a little for exercise, they immediately
turn their eyes upon me with astonishment, and some come to ask what I
do that for. I reply by signs,[17] feeling my legs and stretching them.
This proves satisfactory, for the Kailouees are apparently an active
people, at least in this season; but they moved about little while the
rain lasted, and in the middle of the day they rarely visit us--always
in the morning and in the afternoon. Dr. Overweg has got some patients;
but people generally seem to enjoy very good health in this place. We
have now a great deal of wind instead of rain: it always blows hard in
the latter part of the day. I find this weather very bracing, though the
thermometer at nine P.M. sometimes stands at 83°. The rainy season may
be considered nearly at an end.
[17] It is astonishing how few of the Kailouees speak Arabic. The
few terms and expressions they are acquainted with are only
those of commerce.
The valleys and rocks of Aheer abound with several kinds of wild
animals, both the inoffensive and the ferocious; viz. the gazelle, the
wadan, the wild ox, the ostrich, the wild boar, the jackal, the wolf,
the hyæna, and the lion. Numerous birds haunt the trees. Amongst others
we noticed a very beautiful species of dove, with a very distinct black
ring round its neck; the hippoo; the wood-pecker; linnets; and over us
flew the little black-and-white bird with the long feathers in its tail.
_15th._--We had a fine morning; the wind has quite dried our encampment.
There will be little more wet weather, they tell us; and the rain has
some time quite ceased in Soudan. This is fortunate, as already several
of our things have been spoiled. The Kailouees are taking advantage of
the dry weather, and may be seen riding about in all directions. The
members of the great families, like our European aristocrats, seem to
have no other occupation. God has created the earth for this class to
gallop about over. It was very warm and fine all day; thermometer at
noon, in tent, 95° Fahr.: there was little wind.
The secret of En-Noor's authority is this: in all his great gains, and
lucky enterprises, and pieces of good fortune--as our arrival here has
proved--he gives his principal people and courtiers a share of the
profit or the spoil; and when nothing particular is going on, he feeds
them from the granary of his house, or clothes them from his heaped-up
merchandise. All this, however does not save the prince from being
occasionally robbed--if we are to believe report, which says that the
other evening some black cotton turbans were taken from his house. The
news from the town is, that En-Noor and his courtiers have received the
amount of their extortion in goods. We have now given at Tintalous to
the value of nearly a thousand dollars, and yet we have not received the
smallest present in return--not a supper the day of our arrival, not a
little butter or fruit; nothing, absolutely nothing!
Our servants have nearly procured all the ghaseb which they require for
the journey from this to Zinder, viz. one hundred sahs. This they have
purchased with various little wares, principally knives and
looking-glasses. The ghaseb is always mixed with ghafouley, a species of
grain about a third the size of a small pea. Ghafouley is called _koula_
in Soudanese. The Aheer cheese has appeared for the first time amongst
us to-day. It is made in little squares, three by two inches broad, and
a quarter of an inch thick. It is eaten fresh, but has a poor flavour.
The people prefer pounding it into dust when dry, and drinking it with
ghaseb-water, which is white as milk, and very cool. The paste thus made
is very white, and becomes as hard as a stone when dry. I have also made
acquaintance with _doua doua_, round black balls of a vegetable
composition, eaten with various dishes as seasoning. It is very abundant
in Soudan. There is also a species of ghaseb-paste, called
_dābóă_, not unlike macaroni in very small pieces. This is very
much esteemed. It swells exceedingly when boiled, like paste. We begin
to get into regions where the preparation of food is greatly changing.
Yesterday my servants purchased me a fowl, and I learned for the first
time that this delicacy was to be procured.
I have studied but little since I left Tripoli. Our affairs have always
been worse and worse, and we have had a continual battle to preserve our
existence. Such is the beginning of this expedition: God only knows what
may be its _end_. There is left for us but a firm reliance in His
goodness and protecting providence.
_16th._--This was a warm, hazy day, and we were troubled with
considerable languor. I have slept but little these three nights, and
feel somewhat indisposed for want of rest. I read a good deal of
Clapperton's "Journey to Sakkatou," besides beginning a vocabulary of
the Kailouee language, with the assistance of Mokhlah Bou Yeldee, who is
a very clever young man. He gets his living by writing charms, and sells
a good number for the cure of disease. People pour water on the ink or
writing of the charm, and then drink the magic liquid. The remedy is
doubtless as effectual as many patent medicines in Europe. As is well
known, this superstition of drinking the Koran is of old date.
En-Noor sent a message this morning by the slave of Makersee, that we
were not to say a single word to any one, not even to our servants,
about the money, or its amount, which we have paid him for our escort to
Zinder. He says, "If the people hear of this money, they will all come
down upon me for a portion; and if I do not comply with their wishes
they will abandon us, and not go with us to Zinder, and I want as many
of them to go with me as possible."
Our wealth is still noised abroad! The people believe all our boxes to
be full of gold and silver. Even En-Noor sought for secret information
respecting the amount of dollars which he supposed to be concealed
amongst our baggage.
I was again restless when night came on, and was still awake when the
moon was near setting, about three A.M., under tent, at which time
suddenly I heard the wife of Saïd begin to squall, with the sound of the
trampling of feet around my tent. I conjectured immediately what was up,
"Another attack!" I repeated mechanically to myself, and getting up,
began to dress myself. At first I thought our assailants were at some
distance off, but when the boxes began to be drawn from around my tent I
exclaimed, "Oh, oh, they are upon me, and are carrying off the things."
Still I had become so accustomed to these attacks, or attempted attacks,
by night and by day, that I felt quite indifferent, and began to dress
myself as if nothing was the matter, or simply as if some one had called
me up suddenly to breakfast, or that we were to start off early on our
way.
I found my clothes, however, with some difficulty, and tore them a
little in putting them on. At last I went out. All our people were up,
as well as the Germans. On inquiring the news, I learned that a band of
robbers had attacked us; from six to ten had been counted. My servants
had all decamped, with the exception of Saïd. Some of them had been
struck by the robbers, and others had been threatened, and had ran away.
My servant Saïd, as soon as he sallied out and saw what was going on,
seized his matchlock, and pointed it at the assailants, especially those
who were removing the saharees (large square boxes). Upon this they
began to quake, and, parleying with Saïd, begged for mercy, and said
they would go immediately if the powder was not used against them. Saïd
took them at their word, and they ran off. They had already, however,
carried away about nine pounds of tea, packed in tin boxes. It is
probable they mistook these boxes of tin for silver, or considered their
contents to be money, gold and silver, although their lightness should
have undeceived them. As the Arabic Bibles and Testaments were packed up
with the tea, they carried off a Bible with them. But this they
afterwards dropped on the road, and it was picked up by a shepherdess,
and brought to me. They also took away a pewter dish and two bags of
grounded ghaseb, besides ripping open the bags of the blacks. This
appears to be the amount of the robbery and devastation; very fortunate
are we it was not worse. We had watched many nights, and had often
loaded our guns; but this night, when the thieves came, we were
miserably unprepared to receive them. The Germans had been cleaning
their guns, and all were unloaded. Overweg had his fowling-piece charged
with small shot. At length we got two or three guns in trim, and our
servants followed the robbers, but nothing of them was to be seen. The
cowards had fled at the first show of resistance. In the morning, on
searching through the small valley up which they had come, we were
surprised to find marks of no less than thirteen camels--enough to carry
away all our goods. So that it is probable there were some thirteen
robbers, a part of whom remained with the camels whilst the others
attacked us. Amankee, on being knocked down with a shield, got up again,
and ran off to the town, giving the alarm everywhere.
En-Noor, as soon as the news of this aggression reached him, sent off a
_posse_ of people, and then called in the inhabitants of a neighbouring
village; so that, when all was over, our encampment was surrounded by a
disorderly multitude of protectors till day-light.
To my tent came the confidential servant of En-Noor, and everybody was
talking, drinking coffee, and making merry. After all, it was well to
have these people, for if the thirteen robbers had shown ordinary
courage, in our unprepared state we should have had a good deal of work
to do, and might some of us have got bad sword-cuts or spear-thrusts.
En-Noor, they say, is exceedingly angry about this attack, and has sent
eleven mounted men after the robbers to seize their camels, which if he
gets hold of he intends to confiscate. On Amankee calling on him he
observed, "You, Amankee, being a native of Soudan, and not a Muslim of
Tripoli, are like the Kailouees. You can fire on these Kailouee robbers.
Get your gun loaded, ready for any other occasion."
At daylight, after lecturing my servants for not giving the alarm
(for, with the exception of Saïd's wife, they were all so
terror-stricken--literally struck dumb with terror--that they could not
speak, much-less cry out), I sent Amankee off at the heels of the
robbers. In all such emergencies I have found no one like Amankee; he is
a complete bloodhound, and can scent his way through all the desert, and
follow the steps of the most agile and quick-witted fugitive. I knew
Amankee would pick up some of the tea and bring news of the robbers. He
returned, and fulfilled my expectations: he picked up about six ounces
of tea scattered on the road, and brought the news that the robbers were
from Tidek and Taghajeet. They had come some days' journey to plunder
us. I learned, also, that the rascals, just before they attacked us, had
been feasting at a wedding in Tintalous.
I grieved very much for the loss of my tea, and employed six or seven
hours in picking the stones out of what Amankee recovered. I had greatly
coveted this luxury, and set my heart upon it; and now my idol was
ruthlessly torn from me by a band of robbers! Amankee, knowing my
feelings, had offered a reward for the rest, telling the people he saw
on the road that the tea could only be drank by Christians, and was
poison for Muslims! This fib drew from the astonished Kailouees a woful
ejaculation--"Allah! Allah!" Many funny scenes were enacted during the
few minutes of the attack of the robbers. The other negress, a wife of
another of the servants, was quite dumb; but Saïd's wife crept around
the tent like a dog, on her hands and feet, giving the alarm, but
fearing to rise up lest she should be felled down by the robbers. The
servants of the Germans hearing the squalling thought it was Saïd
"beating his wife"--a thing common in these countries. Dr. Barth heard
all sorts of noises, but imagined they were all from the celebration of
the wedding. It is always well to examine suspicious circumstances. A
strange camel had been seen straying at sunset near our tent, which
excited the suspicions of myself and Dr. Barth. If we had obeyed our
presentiments, we might have discovered the intended attack, or, at
least, have made some preparations.
A few robbers have often visited us before this. When I had an interview
with En-Noor I asked for a couple of guards, but he refused them, on the
plea that they were unnecessary. Although he knew well the country is
now full of thieves, and told us so, he never expected this audacious
attack of thirteen maharees! Soudan abounds with thieves, and we must
now always keep watch. May we, however, in our further progress, have
nothing more to fear than petty larceny; and we shall have reason indeed
to be thankful!