The division of their territory and the _Books and their makers during the Middle Ages（#72282）

placed the Germans, however, under serious disadvantages in other

ways. While, in France, a royal privilege covered the territory

of the entire kingdom,[186] the German privilege was issued for a

principality, an electorate, a duchy, or a city. The book protected

for Electoral Saxony, was open to appropriation in Prussia or the

Palatinate, or, indeed, in the adjoining Duchy of Saxony. It was

also the case that the German publishers were powerless to protect

themselves against the piratical competition of Basel and Geneva on the

one hand, and of Antwerp and Amsterdam on the other. I do not forget

that, in addition to the local privileges, imperial privileges were

from time to time secured from the Chancellor at Vienna, which, in

form at least, protected a book throughout the entire realm of “the

Holy Roman Empire,” but authorities like Pütter and Kapp are at one in

the conclusion that these privileges were entirely disregarded by the

reprinters and gave practically no property protection for literary

productions. An exception to this should be made for the imperial

cities (_Reichsstädte_), in which an imperial privilege did carry with

it some authority.[187]

In fact, it occasionally happened that the reprinters who planned

to invade with an unauthorised edition the markets of Frankfort or

Nuremberg, were able to secure an imperial privilege, and by means of

this to give some legal colour to their undertaking. The difficulty was

not that the imperial Chancellor desired to interfere with legitimate

publishing undertakings, but that it was considered desirable to

emphasise the control of the imperial authority over the work of the

printing-press, and the contention was not infrequently maintained

in Vienna that no books should be placed in the market without the

approval and the permit of the Emperor. It was further the case that

no trustworthy registry appears to have been preserved in Vienna

during the first century of printing, so that it was quite possible

for duplicate privileges to be issued to competing printers for the

same book and for the same term. No attempt was made to keep a record

in Vienna of the privileges issued in the different German States,

and as a result there was, of course, nothing to prevent conflicting

claims of ownership concerning a literary production, and conflicts

between the imperial and local authorities as to their respective

powers in the business. The lack of any system for the interchange of

registers of any one State was also the cause of frequent conflicts and

difficulties between the publishers of different cities, difficulties

which usually came to a head when the competing editions, each duly

privileged by some authority, came to be offered for sale at the

semi-annual Fair.

With this utter confusion as to the law of copyright (if such a term as

law can properly be applied to this medley of conflicting regulations),

and with no central authority to apply to from which any adequate help

could be secured, the printer-publishers of Germany were obliged to

take the matter into their own hands. No agreements or regulations

that they might frame could serve to protect their books against the

unauthorised competition of Lyons, Basel, Antwerp, or Amsterdam.

They were even not in a position to enforce enactments against the

piratically inclined members of the trade within the territory of

Germany. They could, however, frame such a compact as should guide

the business policy and practice of the leading members of their own

fraternity, while it also proved possible, through the influence

of the business pressure that these leading publishers were in a

position to bring to bear, to compel the majority of the printers and

traders to respect and conform to the regulations decided upon by the

organisation of the whole trade. The fact that the German book-trade

was the first in Europe to bring about an effective organisation of

its own business, an organisation which, with the modifications and

developments called for by the changing conditions of trade, is in 1896

still more complete, comprehensive, and effective than it was in 1503,

was doubtless largely due to the peculiar disadvantages under which

the work of the German printer-publishers had been begun. If there was

to be in Germany any property in literary production, if there was to

be any assured return for literary labour and for publishing risk and

outlay, it was necessary that some authority should be constituted

which should act for the entire German realm and which should make up

for the absence in that realm of any uniform or consistent system of

law. This authority was constituted, and this requirement was met by

the organisation of the German book-trade. This organisation was by

no means strong enough altogether to prevent unauthorised reprinting.

Such reprinting went on in various parts of Germany until the close

of the eighteenth century, and caused no little friction, irritation,

and contention between the different book-making centres; and to the

extent to which it prevailed, it lessened also, of necessity, the

prospect of profitable returns from publishing ventures, and lessened

also the amount of the remuneration that it was possible to secure for

authors and for editors for their contribution to such undertakings.

When, however, the leading publishers throughout the empire had arrived

at an agreement to respect each other’s publishing undertakings,

the seriousness of unauthorised competition and the risk of the

appropriation by reprinters of texts the cost of the reproduction

of which had been borne by others, were very much lessened. It

proved also practicable through the machinery of the Guild, which

originated with the Frankfort Fair and which was brought to its final

organisation in Leipzig, to bring pressure to bear upon such of the

publishers, printers, and booksellers as had in the first place not

been disposed to accept the regulations of the Guild. When it was made

impracticable to sell at the book-fairs or through the central channels

of distribution in Frankfort or in Leipzig, editions which had been

classed as “unauthorised” or “piratical,” the possibility of securing

profit in the production of such editions was very much diminished, so

that their number decreased from year to year.

This satisfactory result, to be sure, belongs to a later period than

that considered in the present study. No such final organisation of the

book-trade had been completed or perfected before the beginning of the

eighteenth century, but in the institution of the Fair at Frankfort

and in regulations and arrangements arrived at between the leading

printer-publishers who twice a year came together at this Fair, the

later organisation was foreshadowed and the preliminary steps towards

it were taken.

The immediate effect of the Thirty Years’ War was, of necessity, to

undermine and almost put a stop to literary production and publishing

undertakings in Germany. Cities like Magdeburg, Wittenberg, Leipzig,

Münster, and others where the production of books by the Protestant

leaders had been active, found themselves the centres of the campaigns

between the Swedes and the Imperialists. Frankfort, which, in certain

respects, suffered much less directly from the operations of war,

was, during considerable portions of the time, so far isolated by the

contesting armies, that its connection with the usual channels of book

distribution could not be kept open. When the means of transportation

were still available and the publishers were able to reach Frankfort

with their samples, the booksellers were so far discouraged as to the

prospect of making sales in their home towns that many of them did not

think the journey to Frankfort worth the risk and the outlay. During

the whole thirty years of the war, the Fair was continued, at least in

form, but in not a few of those years it was merely a form.

As one result, therefore, of the deplorable condition of Germany,

the printer-publishers of Holland secured a much larger proportion

of the book-trade of Europe. Amsterdam, Leyden, and Utrecht were

all outside of the campaigning operations and were also favourably

situated for reaching the markets of Europe. In addition to these

favourable political and physical conditions, the Dutch printers had

made very noteworthy advances in the art of typography, and the Dutch

and Belgian illustrators had from the beginning done much better work

than was as yet known in Germany. The high standard of the scholarship

of the Universities of Leyden and of Amsterdam, the fact that Holland

was, during the first half of the seventeenth century, outside of the

contests that were absorbing many of the European States, and the

further fact that the Protestant Republic had freed itself altogether

from the trammels of the censorship of Rome and had refused to replace

these with the equally burdensome censorship of Geneva, had the effect

of attracting to Holland scholarly thinkers and writers from various

parts of Europe.

With scholarly writers and material thus provided, with the most fully

developed typographical facilities that Europe had as yet known, and

with the widest possible commercial connections, the printer-publishers

of Holland had at their command during the larger portion of this

century, all the factors requisite for the building up of great

publishing interests. They utilised these facilities to good purpose,

and by the close of the Thirty Years’ War they had definitely taken

from Italy, France, and Germany the leadership in the enterprise,

importance, and high standard of their publishing undertakings.

The chapter on the Elzevirs, who can be accepted as types of the

publishers of Holland during this period of the supremacy of Dutch

publishing, will have shown that the Republic did not during this

period make any important contributions to, or precedents for, any

system for the protection of literary property. The territory of the

Republic was limited and the number of cities in which important books

were produced were but few. While there does not seem to have been

any formal compact, the leading publishers had, however, evidently

arrived at some understanding between themselves to respect each

other’s undertakings. Privileges were secured from the governments of

the individual States, or sometimes from the central authority of the

Republic, but there was evidently no uniformity of system in regard to

these and they do not appear to have been depended upon to any material

extent for the protection of the books. The purpose in securing them

seems to have been rather to give evidence that the undertaking had

received the sanction or approval of the representatives selected by

the States for the purpose, representatives who were usually scholars

from the universities.

I have not been able to examine in detail the records of the Dutch

publishers of the period; but I have not found in the history of the

Elzevirs, whose undertakings were more considerable for a time than

those of all their contemporaries together, any reference to the

enforcement of a Dutch privilege against a Dutch reprinter charged

with the infringement of the same. The records of the Elzevirs give,

however, very considerable evidence concerning the extent to which the

Dutch publishers appropriated, according to their own convenience,

the undertakings of their competitors in Germany, Italy, and France.

Of these appropriators, the Elzevirs were, as pointed out, the chief

offenders, and they were, during the larger portion of the period in

question, the only Dutch publishers who were in a position through

their widespread connections to reach with their unauthorised reprints

the markets of the world. To the extent to which they made sales

outside of Holland, the value of the property rights of the original

publishers of Nuremberg, Basel, Venice, or Paris, was diminished.

While the Elzevirs had, therefore, to an extent previously unknown in

the history of publishing, made of piracy a fine art and a pursuit

of world-wide commercial importance, it seems probable, as before

suggested, that, in giving tangible evidence that literary distribution

could not be limited by political boundaries, and that literary

producers were addressing themselves to the readers, not of their

own State, smaller or greater, but of the civilised world, they were

preparing the way for a European recognition of the nature of literary

production and of the equity and necessity of protecting literary

producers. The Elzevirs were able in this manner to render an important

service in preparing Europe for the system of European copyright which

was to take the place of limited local privileges and state enactments.

One circumstance in connection with literary work and book-production

of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries furthered very largely

the facility for unauthorised competition and the work of piratical

reprinters. This was the fact that, as far as literature and learning

were concerned, there was but one language for Europe. In the

Universities, in the workroom of the scholar, in the composing-room of

the printing-office, we find that, for nineteen-twentieths of the books

that were being put into shape, the text was Latin. The universality

of the language in which literature was preserved and learning was

maintained, a universality that was the essential characteristic of

the manuscript period and of the work of the earlier universities

during the same period, was in large part maintained during the

first two centuries of printing. In the department of theology, to

which belong probably the larger proportion of the books of the

earlier publishers, all the works were in Latin. The division next in

importance, and possibly even greater in extent, comprised the series

of reproductions of the texts of the authors of classic times. For

these authors, both Latin and Greek, the notes and the commentaries

were, as a rule, given in Latin. The works in jurisprudence, works

which were in the main expositions of the old Roman law, were, with

hardly an exception, printed in Latin text, and the same was the case

with works of medicine and natural science.

The fact that in all the great universities of Europe, during these

same two centuries, the larger proportion of the lectures in these

several departments were given in Latin, served, of course, to maintain

and to extend this universality of learning, of literature, and of

science, and to build up a body of scholars who belonged not to any

one State, least of all possibly to the “country of origin,” but to

Europe as a whole, to the world of literature and of learning. The

detail of smallest importance that occurs in thinking of the career

of a Casaubon, a Scaliger, or an Erasmus, is the place of his birth.

Even the places selected by such a scholar for a sojourn of greater

or less length, are of much smaller moment in fixing his place or

his influence in the history of his generation or of the world, than

the particular school of thought with which he associated himself,

or the special undertakings to which he gave his coöperation. It

is interesting to note, particularly in connection with the many

difficulties in the way of transportation, how largely the scholars of

that day lived in their correspondence. Men like Scaliger and Erasmus,

sojourning at times in isolated towns and with but a small immediate

circle, impressed themselves on the thought of Europe through their

letters to their friends. The chapter on Erasmus emphasises the fact

that, apart even from the chief divisions of university work under

which the publications of the times were classified, a writer of the

sixteenth century who had a work of literature, and even of light

literature, to present to the world, was able through the use of Latin

to reach at once all the cultivated communities. Such books as the

_Praise of Folly_ and the _Colloquies_ of Erasmus, or the _Ship of

Fools_ of Brandt, became, within a wonderfully short time after their

publication, the talk of society in all circles and in all cities of

Europe. I do not overlook the fact that during the latter part of the

period now in question, there came to be an increasing proportion of

printing in the vernacular. From the beginning of printing in the Low

Countries, popular romances and legends had been issued in French,

and the same practice was followed by the printers of Lyons, who

gave special attention to what we should call popular publishing.

Various translations appeared shortly after the publication of the

Latin originals of the _Praise of Folly_ and of _The Ship of Fools_.

Works like those of Luther, while issued originally, or at least

simultaneously, in Latin, for the purpose of influencing the opinion

of the scholars of Europe and of his own monastic associates, were put

almost at once into German, because their special purpose was to make

clear to Luther’s own community, and to the less educated portion of

such community, the truths that seemed to him essential, concerning the

relations of man to his Creator and concerning the usurpation of the

Roman Church, which had undertaken to control those relations. These

exceptions do not, however, militate against the substantial accuracy

of the general statement that Latin as the language of literature was

the language of the printing-office and of publishing undertakings as a

whole.

It seems to me probable that if the practice had continued of retaining

one literary language for Europe, the possibility of securing one

system for controlling and protecting literary production throughout

Europe would have been very much furthered, and the date of interstate

European copyright might have been advanced by a century or more.

There seemed at one time to be a possibility that with the decline of

the general use of Latin, the language of France would be accepted by

the writers of Europe as a convenient form for literature which was

international in its character and which was addressed to the whole

civilised world. Such general or international use of French proved,

however, but a passing phase or episode in literary history, a phase

which probably saw its culmination during the reign of Frederic the

Great. The revival of the feeling of nationality which accompanied or

resulted from the completion of the organisation of the great States

of Europe, brought with it a revival of patriotic interest in the

maintenance of the national language for the literature of the nation.

As a result, we find a revival, or rather a development, of German; the

writers of Italy bringing their books before the world no longer in

Latin but in Italian, those of England accepting for their medium their

home language, and those of France finding the use of the literary

language which they had hoped to see adopted by Europe as a whole,

restricted to French territory and to one or two adjoining States.

It is only in countries like Belgium and Switzerland which possess

no national tongue, or like Holland, the home language of which has

too limited a circle of readers, or like Russia, whose language lies

outside of literary civilisation, that we find any continuity in the

practice of bringing books into print in French, or occasionally in

Latin.

With this development of national literature, written in the tongue of

the country of origin, and the direct availability of which is in the

main limited to the readers of such country, there comes, for a time at

least, a retrogression in the tendency which had been gaining strength,

to consider Europe, as far as its literature was concerned, as one

community. The domestic laws for the protection of literary property

begin to take shape, and to secure for such property within the limits

of the State in which it originated a better assured and a more lasting

protection. At the same time, however, that these domestic copyright

laws are being enacted, we find an increase in the impression that the

authors outside of the State have no rights calling for consideration

and that the interests of the home publishers and of the home readers

call for and justify the largest measure of appropriation that seems

convenient of the productions of these foreign authors in the form of

translations.

The development of public opinion to such condition of enlightenment

as assured the recognition of literary production as property,

irrespective of political boundaries and irrespective also of the

particular form of language in which it might appear in print, came but

slowly. This education and development on the part of the community

on the one hand, and on that of authors and their publishers on the

other, belong, of course, to a later period than that here under

consideration. It was not, in fact, until the time of the discussions

in England which resulted from the famous statute of 1710 (discussions

which began in 1769 in connection with the suit of Millar _vs._ Taylor)

that we find any intelligent consideration given to the principles

involved and to the interests at stake in the definition and the

protection of literary property. The first general discussion in France

concerning the rights of literary producers and their relations to the

community, was due to the Convention of 1793.

In Germany, as before indicated, the feebleness of the imperial

authority and the lack of any real unity or harmony of imperial

action, had the result of throwing the consideration of such a matter

as copyright back upon the local legislatures of the State. As a

consequence, the framing of any consistent legislation, giving such

recognition to literary property as had been secured under the monarchy

in England and the revolutionary republic in France, was delayed in

Germany until 1837, when the Act was passed in Prussia which formed

the model for the similar Acts passed shortly thereafter by the

legislatures of a number of the other States of the empire.

If Germany was, in connection with the special difficulties attending

the delay in its reorganisation as a nation, somewhat slow in the

recognition given to the principles of copyright, this delay has, as

far as the interest of literary producers and of copyright owners

are concerned, been more than offset by the admirable service

rendered through the organisation, already referred to, of the German

book-trade. To Germany also belongs the credit of inaugurating the

system of interstate copyright that gave the precedents for the

international copyright conventions, and that served as the suggestion

and the precursor of the European system of recognition and protection

of literary property instituted in 1887 by the Convention of Berne.

It was France, however, that took the initiative in calling this

Convention, and it was the members of the Association of French Authors

and Artists who had the larger share of the responsibility for planning

the policy and shaping the work of the Convention. The result of

these public-spirited labours has been to secure, for the first time

in history, an assured recognition and protection for literary and

artistic property.

It is evident from this brief summary that, by the close of the

seventeenth century, the term fixed for the completion of the present

study, the conception of literary property had not reached any very

advanced stage of development.

The diverse theories which came into discussion in the latter part of

the eighteenth century, in England in 1769 and 1774, in France in 1793,

and in Germany somewhat later, may be briefly summarised as follows:

1st. Property in an intellectual conception or creation is fully

analogous to property in a material creation, and implies as

comprehensive and unlimited a control for the production of the labour

of the mind as that conceded by the community to the production of the

labour of the hand.

2d. Intellectual property depends upon an individual agreement or

convention to which each person enjoying the use of a copy of a

literary (or artistic) production makes himself a party.

3d. Property in an intellectual production depends upon the natural or

personal rights of the author, who through unauthorised appropriations,

would be caused an injury or tort.

4th. Property in an intellectual production is the creation of statute,

and is subject to limitations depending not upon any natural rights of

the producer, but upon the convenience or advantage of the community.

Of these several theories or conceptions, it is the fourth which

represents in substance the survival of the discussions of two

centuries, and which has formed the basis of the copyright legislation

of both Europe and America.

It is probably not yet practicable to determine whether such survival

represents the survival of the fittest. I am inclined to think that

the actual status of an intellectual production and the relation of

its producer to the community would be more accurately expressed by a

combination of the first and fourth of these theories. We may assume

in the first place that the right of the producer to the complete and

unrestricted control of an intellectual production has been accepted as

no less binding upon the community than the rights of the producers of

material property.

Secondly, we may admit that an intellectual production is from its

special character much more exposed to appropriation or invasion

than is material property, and that an adequate protection of the

property-rights of a literary producer can be secured only by means of

a very considerable measure of special legislation, and that even this

legislation would often prove inadequate for the purpose unless it were

seconded or supported by public opinion and by the good will of the

community.

Thirdly, we may assume that as a consideration for this service of

exceptional legislation and for this special coöperation of the

community in aiding in the protection of his very “difficult” property,

the creator of an intellectual production is willing to sacrifice in

favour of the community a portion of his unrestricted ownership.

An application of such an hypothesis of a practical adjustment of the

rights and requirements of the author on the one hand and the interests

of the community on the other, is afforded by the record of copyright

legislation in France. The long series of discussions, which, beginning

in 1793, were continued until 1867, resulted in the conclusion that the

claim of the author to a copyright in perpetuity could in theory not be

refuted. The legislation with which these discussions were terminated,

did not, however, carry this conclusion to its logical result. The

term of copyright was fixed not for perpetuity but for the life of the

author and fifty years thereafter. The author’s property-right in his

creations was, namely, protected for himself, for his children, and for

his grandchildren, but after these natural family interests had been

provided for, consideration was given to the interests of the community

at large, and the literary production was taken into the public domain.

There has been, I contend, in this copyright arrangement arrived at in

France, something in the nature of a compact between the author and the

State, although I do not find such a view presented in the discussions

of the time. It seems to me that such a compact is not only equitable

but logical,--and that it secures a satisfactory solution for the vexed

question concerning copyright in perpetuity. The author asks for a

larger measure of protective service from the State than that required

by the owner of property like a house (or, for that matter, of any

other class of property), and he is willing in return for such special

service, if the results of his labours may, by adequate legislation, be

assured for his immediate descendants, to surrender to the community

the property-right in perpetuity which under his inherent right and at

common law was as fully vested in him as is the title of a house in the

man who has produced it.

The consideration of these several theories or conceptions does

not properly belong to the history of literary production prior to

the beginning of the eighteenth century. I make reference to them

here simply because they represent the conclusions toward which

were gradually developed the more limited conceptions arrived at in

the earlier centuries, the centuries whose literary activities and

conditions I have attempted in these volumes to describe.

[Illustration]

INDEX

Abbon, Saint, i, 56

Abelard, the philosophy of, i, 198; the lectures of, i, 198; the

influence of, upon the theological school of Paris, i, 198;

considered as the actual founder of the University of Paris, i,

197, 198

Academies, literary, of Italy, i, 322 _ff._, 344

Academy, of Venice, the, literary undertakings of, i, 423 _ff._

---- of France, founding of the, ii, 458

_Adagia_, the, of Erasmus, the first edition of, ii, 194; the Aldine

edition of, ii, 199

Adamnanus, life of S. Columba, cited, i, 50

Adolph of Nassau, captures Mayence, i, 371

Adrian VI, ii, 29

Aedh, King, presides over the parliament of Drumceitt, i, 49

Aelfric, _Homilies_ of, i, 101; the canons of, i, 101

Agapetus, Pope, i, 22

Agnien, _libraire_ in Paris in the 13th century, i, 271

Agricola, librarian of Heidelberg in 1485, orders books for the

library, i, 297

Aimoin of Fleury, i, 56

Albert, Abbot of Gembloux, makes collection of manuscripts, i, 231

---- of Brandenburg, ii, 229

Alcuin, training of, by Egbert, i, 107; the library of, at York, i,

62; correspondence of, with Charlemagne, i, 62, 109; the methods

in his _scriptorium_, i, 66; institutes the imperial schools in

Aachen, Tours, and Milan, i, 109; poem of, on the library of York

Cathedral, i, 108; his imperial pupils, i, 109; treatise of, on

orthography, i, 111; his injunction to pious scribes, i, 113; list

of the writings of, i, 114; death of, at Tours, i, 115; describes

the journeys of Aelbert, i, 228; the educational work of, ii, 479

_ff._

Aldersbach, monastery of, i, 40.

Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborn, visits Berthwold in Canterbury, i, 97;

imports books from France, i, 97.

_Aldi Filii_, the name adopted by the son and grandson of the founder

of the firm, i, 438

Aldine classics, the, models for the Elzevirs, ii, 301

---- Press, close of the work of, i, 438; operations of the, in Rome,

i, 441 _ff._

Aldus Manutius, work of, in the printing of Greek texts, i, 243;

relations of, to the book trade of Italy and of Europe, i, 415;

earlier life of, i, 417 _ff._; letter of, stating his aims, i,

418; first publications of, i, 420; literary undertakings of,

i, 419; marriage of, i, 420; Greek classics issued by, i, 420;

institutes the Academy of Venice, i, 423; correspondence of, with

France and with Germany, i, 424 _ff._; reputation of, in Germany,

i, 430; letter of, to Taberio, i, 430; summary of publications of,

i, 432; financial difficulties of, competition of, with piratical

reprinters, i, 432; secures papal privileges, i, 432; initiates

new forms of type, i, 434; attempts to defend his office against

literary loafers, i, 437; death of, i, 438; summary of the career

of, i, 439; ii, 12, 22, 23, 102, 151, 194; privilege given to, for

Greek text, ii, 346; privilege given to, for italic text, ii, 347;

publishes the _Letters of Phalaris_, ii, 351; ii, 487

Aldus Manutius the second, i, 438; business experience of, i, 441;

gives up business as a printer, i, 445

Aleander, Hieronymus, Greek scholar and theologian, i, 422, ii, 12

_ff._

Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, the library of, i, 147

Alfano, the poem of, on monastery life, i, 127

Alfonso, King of Aragon and Sicily, offers rewards for literary

productions, i, 330

Alfred, King, attends school in Oxford, i, 119; service of, to the

literary interests of England, i, 98; makes English version of

Gregory’s _Pastoral Care_, i, 99; complains of the ignorance of

Englishmen, i, 99; prepares English translations of certain famous

books, orders transcripts of the national chronicles, i, 100

Al-hakem, Kahlif, library of, in Cordova, i, 254; pays large sums for

the writing of books, i, 254

Alphonso, King of Naples, the literary circle of, i, 252

Amalasuentha, Queen of the Goths, i, 20

Amandus, Abbot of Salem, i, 85

Ambrose, Saint, _Legenda Aurea_ of, cited, i, 37

Amerbach, Basilius, ii, 238

---- Boniface, ii, 173

---- Johann, editor, printer and publisher of Basel, i, 393, ii, 151;

purchases paper stock with an edition of S. Augustine, i, 348;

relations of, with Koberger, i, 393; relations of, with Froben, i,

393

Andreä, Hieronymus, ii, 410

Andreas, Abbot of Bergen, i, 86

Andrews, Bishop, ii, 97, 99

Angus the Culdee, the _Festilogium_ of, i, 46

Anjou, the Countess of, pays, in 1460, a great price for a copy of

_Homilies_, i, 299

Anna Gray, the monastery of, founded, i, 47

_Annales Ecclesiastici_, ii, 97

Anne, Queen, the Act of, ii, 472

Anselm, Saint, the Peripatetic, cited, i, 39, 197; recommends to his

pupils the study of an expurgated Virgil, i, 62

Anshelm, Thomas, publisher of Tübingen, ii, 165, 172, 231

_Antidotarium_, the, i, 196

Antwerp as a publishing centre, ii, 255 _ff._; losses of, through the

revolt of the Netherlands, ii, 274

_Apologia pro Herodoto_, ii, 72 _ff._

Aquinas, Thomas, the _de Censuris_ of, ii, 386

Arabian writers, bring to Europe the literature of Greece, i, 181;

medical works of, used as text-books, i, 195

_Areopagitica_ of Milton, the, ii, 474 _ff._

Arethas, the scribes of, i, 42

Aretinus, Johannes, _librarius_, i, 234, 246

Ariosto, the _Orlando_ of, ii, 370

Arminius, the doctrines of, ii, 291

Arnest, Archbishop of Prague, i, 44

Arnold, Abbot of Villers, i, 75

Arts and Industries, bureau of, in Venice, ii, 361

Arundel, Archbishop, ii, 130

---- Earl of, ii, 118, 123

Ascensius, _see_ Badius.

Ascham, Roger, ii, 145

Asser, Bishop, organizes education in the kingdom of Alfred, i, 99

Athalaric, King of the Goths, i, 20

Atkyns, Richard, on the introduction of printing into England, ii, 134

Atticus, relations of, to the book-trade of Italy, i, 416

_Auctores Frobeniani_, ii, 185

Augsburg, the early printers of, i, 396

Augustine, Saint, writings of, i, 3; literary work of, i, 32, 33; on

the value of ignorance, i, 121; the library of, i, 147

Augustinians, the regulations of, for the care of books, i, 148

Aungerville, Richard (de Bury), i, 308 _ff._

Aura, Saint, and scholar, i, 51

Aurelian, Saint, the _Rule_ of, i, 123

Aurispa, Johannes, dealer in manuscripts, i, 242; brings to Florence

his collection of manuscripts, i, 251; correspondence of, with

Filelfo, i, 251; publishing undertakings of, i, 251; fate of the

manuscripts of, i, 253

Austria, censorship in, ii, 249

Author, rights of, in literary production, under the laws of Venice,

ii, 399 _ff._

Authors, payments to, by Plantin, ii, 276 _ff._; acting as their own

publishers in Germany, ii, 435; in France, ii, 435

Averrhoes, i, 181; the philosophy of, i, 196

Avicenna, i, 181; the medical treatises of, i, 196

Avitus, the Emperor, i, 8

Azo, i, 183

Bacon, Roger, seeks scribes for the manifolding of his treatises,

i, 84; makes complaint concerning the ignorance of the scribes of

Paris, i, 218

Badius, Jodocus, (Ascensius), ii, 10, 12, 23, 31; commends the work

of Koberger, ii, 155

Balzac, Jean L. G., Sieur de, ii, 310, 333 _ff._

Barbaro, Daniele, ii, 345

---- Hermolao, ii, 345

Barcelona, early manuscript-dealers in, i, 313

Bards, orders of, i, 48

---- Celtic, arraigned before the Parliament of Drumceitt, i, 48;

existence of, preserved by Columba, i, 48,

Barnet, battle of, ii, 128

Baronius, ii, 97

Barrois, ii, 105

Barstch, _Im. anz. d. Germ. Mus._ cited, i, 40 _ff._

Basel, the Council of, i, 85; as a publishing centre, i, 391; ii,

204; the University of, i, 391; ii, 178; the relations of the

magistracy of, to the printing business, i, 392; world-wide

reputation of the printers of, i, 395; University of, in its

relations with the printers, i, 395; regulations of the magistracy

of, concerning literary piracies, ii, 412

Bassa, Domenico, secures an exceptional copyright or monopoly, ii,

379 _ff._

Baudius, ii, 289

Baudoke, Ralph de, Dean of S. Paul’s, i, 105

Bautzen, school regulations of, i, 283

Bayle, the _Dictionary_ of, ii, 444

Beaupré, the manuscripts of, i, 131

Beauvais, Jean de, _librarius_ of Paris in the 14th century, record

of his sales, i, 273

Beccadelli, the _Hermaphroditus_ of, i, 331

Beda, Noel, describes the purchase of books in Rome, i, 227; ii, 262,

444 _ff._

Bede, the venerable, _Chronicles_ of, i, 56; a pupil of Biscop,

writes in Jarrow the _Chronicles_, i, 95

Bedier, Chancellor, ii, 210

Behem, Franz, printer of Mayence, i, 381

---- Martin, ii, 175

Belisarius, captures Ravenna, i, 20

Benaliis, Bernardino de, ii, 348

Benedict, Saint, i, 9, 10; the Order of, instituted, i, 12; the

_Rule_ of, i, 12, 28; the literary interests of, i, 13; his

_scriptorium_, i, 12; relations with Cassiodorus, i, 12; life of,

written by Pope Gregory I., i, 28

Benedictine monasteries in their relations to literature, ii, 480

_ff._

Benedictines, the records by Mabillon and Ziegelbauer of the literary

work of, i, 122

Beowulf, an early text of, i, 92

Berlin, the earlier book-trade of, ii, 424 _ff._; the book-dealers

of, ii, 425

Bernard, Saint, pious fraud upon, i, 76

Berne, the convention of, ii, 339, 506

Berneggerus, Matthew, ii, 309

Berners, Juliana, ii, 138

Berquin, bookseller of Paris, ii, 443

Berri, Duke of, ii, 116

Berthold, Elector of Mayence, ii, 420

Berthold von Henneberg on the _Divine Art of Printing_, i, 368

Berthwold, Archbishop of Canterbury, i, 96

Bertile, the nun, gives lectures at Chelles, i, 51

Bessarion, Cardinal, literary activities of, i, 330, 365

Beza, ii, 54

Bible, terms used for, in middle ages, i, 44; books of, circulated

separately, i, 44; great cost of certain manuscript copies of,

in the national library at Paris, i, 299; first work printed by

Gutenberg, i, 373; the first edition of, sold in Paris, i, 374;

editions of, in various languages, printed in Zurich, i, 396;

printing of the first edition in Hebrew, i, 459; version of, by

Coverdale, ii, 141; version of, by Hollybush, ii, 142; German

versions of, published by Koberger, ii, 158; the Lutheran version

of, i, 223 _ff._; the version of, known as Matthews’s, ii, 141;

Tyndale’s version of, ii, 140; Wyclif’s translation of, ii, 130;

first printed in England, ii, 140

_Bible Polyglotte_, printed by Plantin, ii, 260 _ff._

Bibles, the printing of, in England, ii, 128 _ff._

_Biblia Pauperum_, i, 350 _ff._

_Bibliotheca_, used to denote the Scriptures, i, 44

_Bidelli_ or _Bedelli_, derivation of the term, i, 187; functions of,

i, 187

Biot, J. B., characterises the philosophical work of the

universities, i, 222

Birckmann, Franz, publisher of Cologne and of London, i, 388;

difficulties of, with the censors of Antwerp, i, 390

Biscop, Benedict, founds monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, i,

95; makes journeys to Rome, collects books and pictures, i, 95;

far-reaching influence of his educational work, i, 107; purchases

books in Rome, i, 227

Blades, William, ii, 102 _ff._

Blaubeuern, the monastery of, manuscript work in, i, 86;

printing-presses established in, i, 86

_Blickling Homilies, the_, i, 101

Block-books, i, 350 _ff._; block-printing, i, 350

Blois, library of the Château of, ii, 446

Bobbio, the monastery of, founded, i, 47

Boccaccio, translates the Iliad and the Odyssey into Latin, i, 323,

324; influence of, upon the study of Greek, i, 325; the _Decameron_

of, i, 325; script of, used as a model for italic type, ii, 347

Bohic, Heinrich, manuscript of, i, 40; the commentary of, i, 230

Boleyn, Anne, ii, 140

Bologna, the academies of, i, 345; the earlier scribes in, i, 245;

statutes of the city of, i, 192; University of, i, 181, 183 _ff._

Bolomyer, Henry, ii, 119

Bomberg, printer of Venice, ii, 371

Bonaccorsi, paper maker and publisher, i, 238

Bonhomme, Jean, bookseller to the University, 1486-1490, i, 276

Boniface, Saint, i, 53

Bonus, Abbot of St. Michael in Pisa, i, 138

_Book of Kells_, manuscript, ascribed to Columba, i, 47

Books, the making of, in the monasteries, i, 16 _ff._; the making

of, in the early universities, i, 178 _ff._; the prices of, during

the Middle Ages, i, 135, 297 _ff._; the rental of, in the Italian

Universities, i, 189, 191; secured by chains, i, 141; pledged with

the pawnbrokers of Oxford, i, 310; prices of those first printed,

i, 375 _ff._

Books in manuscript, sold by pedlars, i, 261; sales of, in Paris

in the 14th century under formal contracts, i, 272; sold at the

English fairs, i, 306; prices of, in Venice, in the 15th century,

i, 413-415; importation of, to England, ii, 133; printed in Germany

during the Reformation period, ii, 240; prices of, in Antwerp, in

1576, ii, 279; transportation of, between Holland and Italy, ii, 301

Book-dealers of Paris exempted from taxes, i, 203; terms describing

the, i, 205; regulations for the examination of, i, 206; classed as

members of a profession, i, 213 _ff._; locality occupied by, i, 217

Book-manufacturing, cost of, with the earlier Venetian publishers, i,

413

Book-production in Europe, stages in the history of, i, 10, 11, 12

Bookseller of Venice, the daybook of a, i, 414

Booksellers, location in Paris of early, i, 262; in Venice,

matriculation requirements for, ii, 309

Bookselling in the monasteries, i, 134

Book-trade, the, in Italy during the manuscript period, i, 225;

survival of, after the fall of the Western Empire, i, 225; of

Paris, under the control of the University authorities, i, 199

_ff._; earlier regulations regarding the, i, 201 _ff._; of the

University of Paris, regulations of, for the sale of books, i,

208 _ff._; membership of the, in the 14th and 15th centuries,

i, 210 _ff._; of Paris in the 13th century, i, 257 _ff._; of

Germany, relations of, to the Reformation, ii, 218; in the early

universities, i, 178 _ff._; between Venice and England, i, 242

Bosco, instructor in Paris, i, 221

Bossuet, relations of, to ecclesiastical censorship, ii, 462 _ff._

Bosworth Field, the battle of, ii, 123, 129

Bourchier, Thomas, ii, 135

Boville, Charles, ii, 19

Braccio, ii, 351

Bracciolino, Poggio, i, 333 _ff._

Bracton, Henry of, i, 308

Brandenburg, censorship in, ii, 244; privileges in, ii, 424

Brandis, publisher of Leipzig, i, 400

Brazizza, orator and author, i, 355

Breda, the peace of, ii, 317

Brehons, an order of Celtic bards, i, 48

Bremen, and the writings of Luther, ii, 246

_Brœders van de Penne_, i, 89

Brice, Hugh, ii, 116, 123

Brome, Prior of Gorlestone, initiates the making of indexes, i, 141

Brothers of Common Life, the, i, 88 _ff._; manuscripts produced by,

i, 88, 89; printing-offices established by, i, 90; the work of,

in the production and distribution of manuscripts, i, 282; early

interest of, in printing, i, 282; the manuscript trade of the, i,

291 _ff._; distribute cheap books among the people, i, 368; the

first printing done by the, i, 369; the printing and publishing

undertakings of the, i, 399, ii, 109

Brown, Horatio F., ii, 344

Bruges, ii, 102 _ff._

---- Louis de, i, 105 _ff._

Bruin, Leonardo, on the book-trade of Florence, i, 234

Brute, _Chronicle_ of, ii, 116, 139

Buchanan, George, ii, 65 _ff._

Budæus, scholar and diplomat, ii, 13 _ff._; influence of, with

Francis I., ii, 14 _ff._, 39; work of, printed by Vascosanus, ii, 25

Bulæus, _History of the University of Paris_, by, i, 256

Bull, of Benedict VIII., 1022, i, 44; of Leo X., 1520, ii, 225;

papal, concerning the productions of the printing-press, ii, 359

Burer, Mathias, i, 40

Burgo, Antonio de’, i, 449

Burgundy, the dukes of, patrons of producers of books, i, 268, 294

---- Duke of, ii, 102

Bury, Richard de, i, 44; buys books in Paris, i, 218; buys books

in Rome; i, 228; describes his relations with the booksellers of

Europe, i, 233; makes reference to the wide extent of the business

of the manuscript-dealers, i, 296

Busby, Doctor, ii, 81

Busch, ii, 167

Busleiden, ii, 41

Bussi, Bishop of Aleria, an early patron of printing, i, 405

Bydell, John, ii, 142

Cædmon, the songs of, i, 93; paraphrases of the Scriptures, i, 93;

composes _The Revolt of Satan_, i, 93

Caen, printing in, ii, 257

Cæsaris and Stoll, establish the second press in Paris, ii, 7

Cæsarius of Arles, convent of, i, 51; the _Chronicles_ of, i, 225

Calcar, Abbot Heinrich von, i, 85

Calcedonio, ii, 350

Calvin, ii, 51, 52 _ff._; the _Institutes_ of, ii, 55

Calvinists, held responsible for the destruction of many monasteries,

i, 132

Camaldulensers, of St. Michael, carry on a trade in manuscripts, i,

234

Camaldulensis, Ambrosius, writes to Aretinus, i, 246

Cambrai, the League of, i, 420; ii, 357

Cambridge, the University of, i, 181; ii, 60; first printing in, ii,

138

Campanus, Bishop of Teramo, patron and press-corrector, i, 406

Campeggi, Cardinal, ii, 246

Campensis, (Morrhius), ii, 24

Canonical Law, works in, published by the Kobergers, ii, 160

_Canterbury Tales_, Caxton’s Text for, ii, 114

Capella, Martianus, _The Satyricon_, i, 116

Carpi, the Princess of, loans funds to Aldus, i, 419

Carthusians, literary work in the monasteries of, i, 70; the

regulations of, for the care of books, i, 148

Cartolajo, Francesco, i, 238

Cartularii or Chartularii, i, 44

Casaubon, Arnold, ii, 88

---- Isaac, ii, 27, 67 _ff._, 85 _ff._; 315; ii,; death of, ii, 100

Cassian, the _Institutes_ of, ii, 167

Cassiodorus, i, 10; birth of, i, 14, 17; summary of career, i, 14;

Abbot of Vivaria i, 15; offices held by, i, 17, 18; the _Letters_

of, i, 18; _Variæ_ of, cited, i, 18 _ff._; _Chronicon_ of, i, 19;

_History of the Goths_, of, i, 19; secures a policy of toleration

for the Gothic Kingdom, i, 18; retires to Bruttii, i, 20; character

of, as a minister, i, 20; founds monastery of Mons Castellius, i,

21; writes _De Anima_, i, 22; plans school of Christian literature,

i, 22; describes the work of his _scriptorium_, i, 26; lamps

invented by, i, 26; transcribes Jerome’s version of the Scriptures,

i, 26; writings of, i, 26, 27; death of, i, 27; character of, i,

27; work of, compared with that of Alcuin, i, 110-115; 182

Castellazzo, ii, 370

Castiglione, ii, 376

Castro, Leon de, ii, 262

Catalogue of books published in England, 1666-1680, ii, 148

_Cathac_, or “the Fighter,” name applied to the Psalter of Columba,

i, 47

Catharine, Saint, the monastery of, i, 146

Catharine of Medici, ii, 70

Caxton, Maude, ii, 123

---- William, relations of, with Cologne, i, 388; ii, 101 _ff._, 178,

467

Ceaddæ, Saint, an early manuscript of, i, 231

Cecilia, daughter of William the Conqueror, organises the school in

her convent at Kucaen, i, 52

Cell, John de, Abbot of St. Albans, i, 103

Celtes, Conrad, secures the earliest German privilege, i, 426;

relations of, with Aldus, i, 426, 435; ii, 175, 414, 421

Cennino, goldsmith and printer, i, 457

Censorship, exercised by the theologians of the universities over

the book-trade of Paris, i, 214 _ff._; ecclesiastical, i, 343; ii,

27; in France, ii, 437 _ff._; formal institution of, in France,

ii, 441_ff._; in Germany, ii, 242 _ff._; in Austria, ii, 249; in

Holland, ii, 296 _ff._, 337; literary, establishment of, in Venice,

II., 352 _ff._; 356, 403; in the Low Countries, ii, 266

Censorship, and privileges in Italy, ii, 343 _ff._

Chabanais, of St. Cybar, i, 56

Chantor, the, has charge of the library of the monastery, i, 101

Charlemagne, i, 36; enquires concerning Monastic Orders, i, 31;

listens to reading, i, 69; policy of, in regard to education,

i, 106; entrusts the imperial schools to Alcuin, i, 107; the

_capitular_ of, i, 112; interested in the school of Salerno, i,

182; orders the translation of Greek medical treatises, i, 182;

alleged connection of, with the University of Bologna, i, 183;

name of, associated with a group of the older schools, i, 197;

instructions of, concerning the disposition of his books, i, 230;

relations of, to education and literature, ii, 478 _ff._

Charles II. and printing in England, ii, 135

---- IV., i, 184

---- of Austria, ii, 201

---- V., Emperor, ii, 39, 140, 242; edict of 1521, ii, 266; edict of,

for the regulation of the Press, ii, 442

---- V., of France, letters-patent of, i, 206

---- VI., Emperor, secures the library of S. Giovanni, i, 147;

exempts book-dealers from certain war taxes, i, 207

---- VII., plans to introduce printing into France, ii, 4 _ff._

---- VIII., ii, 357; funeral procession of, ii, 440

---- IX., ii, 70; issues the ordinance of Moulins, ii, 450

_Chartularii_, definition of the term, i, 235

Chaucer, the _Troilus and Cressida_ of, i, 302; _Canterbury Tales_,

i, 305; ii, 114, 126; described by Caxton, ii, 132

Chevillier, on the early book-trade of Paris, i, 200; schedule

prepared by, of manuscripts of the 13th century, i, 259; ii, 60; on

the relations of Francis I. with the reformers, ii, 444

Choir books, produced as manuscripts after the invention of printing,

i, 87

Christina, Queen, ii, 305 _ff._

Christine (or Cristyne), de Pisa, ii, 115, 120

Chrodegang, Archbishop, initiates a reform of the monasteries, i, 128

Chrysoloras, the first professor of Greek in Florence, i, 325; ii, 23

Church and State in Germany, conflicts of, concerning the control of

literature in Germany, ii, 418 _ff._

Church of Rome, the, influence of, on education in the universities,

i, 178

Churches of North Germany, book-trade carried on in the, i, 283

Cicero, _Letters_ of, for sale by all the earlier dealers in

manuscripts, i, 250; early editions of, in Paris, ii, 21 _ff._

Cistercians, regulations of the, for the care of books, i, 148

Clarendon Press of Oxford, ii, 297

Clark, J. W., _Libraries in the Mediæval Period_, cited, i, 29 _ff._;

on the library methods of the Benedictines, i, 148

Classics, Latin, preserved in the monasteries, i, 61

Clement VII., ii, 29

---- VIII. grants an exceptional copyright or monopoly, ii, 379 _ff._

Clemente, printer and illuminator of Lucca, i, 455

_Clementine Index_, the (of Clement VIII.), ii, 377

Clerics, as scribes, i, 36; as officials, i, 36

Clictou, Josse, ii, 19

Clugni, catalogue of the library in the Abbey of, i, 131

_Clugni, the Customs of_, cited, i, 63, 70

Cluniacs, library regulations of, i, 30, 147

Cochläus, ii, 227

Codeca, Matteo de, ii, 349

_Codex Argenteus_, the, ii, 306

Coelfried, Abbot of Jarrow, and later of Wearmouth, sells books to

King Alfred, i, 96

Colet, John, ii, 194

Colines, Simon de, printer of Paris, ii, 21, 26; marries widow of

Henry Estienne (the elder), ii, 21 _ff._, 26, 30

_Colloquies_, the, of Erasmus, ii, 208 _ff._

Cologne, theological interests of the University of, i, 280; as a

commercial centre, i, 386; the library of, i, 387; the University

of, i, 387; the earlier printers of, i, 387; piratical operations

of the early printers of, i, 390

Colonto, prints the first Hebrew Bible, i, 459

Columba, Saint, chief events of his life, i, 45-50

Comester, Peter, the _Historica Scholastica_ of, i, 104

Commelin, ii, 90

Common-law copyright in manuscripts, ii, 484

Compayré, opinions of, concerning the Benedictine schools, i, 197

Compensation of authors in Italy, i, 334

_Concordat_ between Rome and Venice in 1597, ii, 380 _ff._; between

Leo X. and Francis I., ii, 440

Conrad, Abbot, ii, 168

Constantine, a scribe of Erfurt, i, 40

---- the African, comes from Carthage to Monte Cassino, i, 134;

develops the school of Salerno, i, 182

Constantinople, Acts of the Council of, i, 226; Greek scholars of,

migrate to Italy, i, 255

Contract, dated 1346, for the sale of books in Bruges, i, 290

Convention of 1793 in Paris, ii, 505

Cooper’s _Thesaurus Linguæ Romanæ_, ii, 63

Copeland, ii, 126

Copenhagen, relations of the Elzevirs with, ii, 304 _ff._

Copyists of Genoa, petition the Senate for the expulsion of the

printers, i, 413

Copyrights in Venice, ii, 369 _ff._

Cordova, described as the Athens of the West, i, 254; literary

activity in, i, 254; manuscript-trade of, i, 254; library of,

destroyed by the Berbers, i, 255; the _Index_ of, ii, 270

Correctors and Revisers employed by Plantin, ii, 277

Corvinus, Matthias, collects books in Florence, i, 240

Coster, _see_ Koster

Council at Basel, pamphlets concerning the work of, prohibited, i, 296

Council of Ten in Venice, ii, 351; establishes a censorship for the

literature of the Humanities, ii, 356

Coverdale Bible, the, ii, 141

Cranach, Lucas, ii, 168, 233; printer, painter, and apothecary, ii,

430

Cranmer, Archbishop, ii, 142

Crasso, Leonardo, ii, 350

Cratander, ii, 173

Crévier, traces the University of Paris to Alcuin, i, 197

Croatian versions of Luther’s writings, ii, 230

Cromwell, Thomas, ii, 142

Cuspinian, ii, 174

Cuthbert, Saint, i, 94

Cyclops, Doctor, ii, 229

Cynewulf, the Northumbrian poet, i, 93

Cynthio, Alvise, ii, 357

Damian, S. Peter, recommends to the monks the study of pagan writers,

i, 62

Danes and Normans, ravages of, in the Benedictine monasteries, i, 132

Danesius, Petrus, ii, 66

Dante, _The Divine Comedy_ of, i, 318

Darmarius, ii, 88

Daubeney, William, ii, 123

D’Aubigné, the history of, ii, 241

Day, John, ii, 143

Decembrio, author of 127 books, i, 335

_Decor Puellarum_, the first book printed in Venice, i, 407

_Decretals_, the Isidoric, exposed by the critics of the fourteenth

century, i, 83

_Decretals_, published by the Kobergers, ii, 160

Dedications, the sale of, in Germany, ii, 434

De Honate, Brothers, i, 448

Delalain, on the requirements of a skilled scribe, i, 200

Delisle, reference of, to the lending of books by the monasteries, i,

138

Delprat, history of the Brothers of Common Life, cited, i, 88

Denis, on the Council of Basel, i, 285

Denk, _Gesch. des Gallo. Frank. Unterrichts_, etc., cited, i, 32 _ff._

Denmark, relations of the Elzevirs with, ii, 305

Denys, Saint, the _Chronicles_ of, i, 57

De Rancé, treatise of, on the monastic life, i, 119

Derry, monastery of, i, 45

Descartes, ii, 316 _ff._

Desmarets, the Bible of, ii, 317

Deventer, the Brotherhood House at, a place of book-production, i, 88

De Vic, ii, 94 _ff._

De Wailly, monetary tables of, cited, i, 208

De Worde, Wynken, ii, 138

Diarmid, King of Tara, decides a copyright case, i, 46

_Dictare_, use of term, i, 44

Didier, Abbot of Monte Cassino, i, 62, 134

Didot, Firmin, ii, 329

Diemude, or Diemudis, nun of Wessobrunn, works written by, i, 54;

list of works transcribed by, i, 80, 81

Dietrich, Abbot of St. Evroul, his story of the sinful scribe, i, 64

Dietz, Ludwig, publisher for Luther, ii, 231

Dio, Giovanni di, ii, 353

Ditmar, Bishop of Mersebourg, i, 58

Dolet, Étienne, ii, 46, 449

Dominic, Saint, monks of the Brotherhood of, establish a

printing-office, i, 458

_Donaldson vs. Becket_, ii, 472 _ff._

_Donation_, of Constantine, the, ii, 227

Döring, ii, 233 _ff._

Dorpius, on Froben, ii, 189

Dritzehn, the brothers, associates of Gutenberg, i, 357 _ff._

Drumceitt, Parliament of, i, 48

Drummond on _The Praise of Folly_, ii, 193

Dryden, John, makes agreement for his _Virgil_, ii, 148

Du Chastel, ii, 44, 46, 49

Ducret, scribe for Duke of Burgundy, i, 41

Dunstan, Saint, Archbishop of Canterbury, i, 101; institutes

monastery schools, i, 101; orders transcripts to be made in the

vernacular, i, 101

Dürer, Albert, ii, 149 _ff._, 168; _Instruction in Perspective_,

contention concerning the copyright of, ii, 410 _ff._; literary and

art productions of, ii, 409 _ff._

Dutch Republic, establishment of the, ii, 273 _ff._

Ebert, on the division of manuscripts, cited, i, 65

Ecclesiastical Censorship, i, 343

Ecclesiastical schools, i, 36

Eckstein, Heinrich, ii, 423

Eddas, collections of, preserved by the Benedictines, i, 61

Edward IV., King, accounts of, for the binding of books, i, 313; ii,

103, 122

---- VI., ii, 67

Egbert of York, i, 107

Eggestein, Heinrich, i, 381 _ff._

Eichstadt, Abbess of, compiles the _Heldenbuch_, i, 52

Ekkhard, Abbot of Aurach, i, 58

Eligius, Saint, the biography of, i, 128

Ellis, George, _Introduction to Early English Poetry_ of, cited, i,

302

Elton, Charles, ii, 306

Eltville, i, 363

Elzevirs, the, of Leyden and Amsterdam, ii, 18, 286 _ff._; House of,

in Amsterdam, ii, 299 _ff._; publications of the, ii, 319 _ff._;

close of the publishing operations of, ii, 329 _ff._; “piracies”

of, ii, 332; relations of, with authors, ii, 332 _ff._; religious

faith of, ii, 338; relations of, to the book trade of Europe, ii,

500 _ff._

Elzevir, Abraham, ii, 292 _ff._

---- Bonaventure, ii, 290 _ff._

---- Daniel, ii, 293 _ff._; the death of, ii, 329; the widow of, ii,

329

---- Isaac, ii, 292 _ff._; 295 _ff._

---- John, ii, 293 _ff._

---- Louis (the first), ii, 280 _ff._; 286 _ff._; the six sons of,

ii, 289 _ff._

---- Louis (the second), ii, 299 _ff._

---- Matthew, ii, 290 _ff._

Elzevir Classics, the, ii, 292 _ff._; ii, 309 _ff._; 331

Emo, Abbot of Wittewierum, i, 70

Emperor, the Holy Roman, claims the control of the printing-press,

ii, 420 _ff._

England, the literary monks of, i, 90; the Abbey schools in, i, 118;

beginnings of literary property in, ii, 464 _ff._

English Crown, relations of the, to literary property, ii, 465 _ff._

Engraving, relation of, to the work of the early printers, ii, 164

_Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum_, the, i, 223

Erasmus, deprecates the adverse influence of Lutheranism on

literature, i, 224; reference of, to Birckmann, i, 389; relations

of, with Froben, i, 394 _ff._; relations of, with Aldus, i, 423

_ff._; makes his first sojourn in Italy, i, 427; does editorial

work for Aldus, i, 427; publishes the Venetian edition of his

_Adagia_, i, 427; early editions of _The Praise of Folly_, of,

i, 428; complaints of, concerning careless typesetting, i, 428;

friendship of, with Aleander, ii, 12; the _Colloquies_ of, ii,

22, 23; feeling against, in the Sorbonne, ii, 24; criticised by

Lutherans, Calvinists, and Romanists, ii, 25, 39, 41, 176, 179

_ff._; editions of the writings of, ii, 183 _ff._; on the death of

Froben, ii, 189, 210 _ff._; writings of, ii, 192; on Aldus, ii,

198; Spanish editions of the writings of, ii, 210; latest writings

of, ii, 212 _ff._; income of, ii, 214 _ff._, 226; concerning

publishing methods, ii, 429

Erfurt, bookselling in the churches of, i, 283

Erlangen, collection of manuscripts in the University library of, i,

280

Ernest, Elector of Saxony, ii, 233

Ernst, Archbishop, ii, 229

Erpenius, ii, 292, 296

Estaples, d’, ii, 19

Estiennes, the, history of, ii, 15 _ff._

Estienne, House of, ii, 87

---- Antoine, ii, 87

---- Charles, ii, 63 _ff._

---- Florence, ii, 88

Estienne, Francis, ii, 62 _ff._

---- Henry (the elder), begins work as a printer, ii, 18 _ff._

---- Henry (the first), ii, 26

---- Henry (the second), ii, 37, 66 _ff._, 94; rhymed complaint of,

on the difficulties of scholarly work, ii, 78

---- Paul, ii, 87, 95

---- Robert (the first), ii, 25 _ff._; first publications of, ii,

30; motto of, ii, 30; appointed printer in Greek to the King, ii,

33, 42; takes refuge at Court, ii, 34; divides the New Testament

into verses, ii, 48; removes from Paris to Geneva, ii, 50; Geneva

publications of, ii, 53, 54, 55; death of, ii, 55; eulogies on, ii,

56, 254

---- Robert (second), ii, 64 _ff._

Esslingen, early printing in, ii, 439

Eusebius, praises the work of nuns as scribes, i, 53; reference of,

to the chaining of books, i, 141

Evelyn, John, ii, 298

_Exemplatores_, functions of, i, 188

_Exercitationes_ of Casaubon, ii, 98 _ff._

Faber, Johann, ii, 245

Fabri, Felix, the _Historia Suevorum_, of, i, 369

Fairs, in England, utilized by the dealers in manuscripts, i, 306; in

Germany, manuscript-trade in the, i, 287

Falstoffe, Sir John, ii, 116, 123

Faques, William, printer to the King, ii, 467

Fathers of the Church, Dutch editions of the writings of, ii, 331

Felice, Fra, of Prato, ii, 355

Fell, Bishop, memoir by, on the state of printing in Oxford, i, 310

Ferdinand, Emperor, ii, 242 _ff._, 249

Ferreol, Saint, the _Rule_ of, i, 63, 123

Fichet, Wilhelm, letter of, concerning the invention of printing, i,

359; ii, 5; the Rhetoric of, ii, 7

Ficino, the writings of, i, 338 _ff._

Field, Richard, ii, 146

Fileas, the, an order of Celtic Bards, i, 48

Filelfo, Francesco, i, 189; recovers in a book-shop a stolen volume,

i, 234; reference of, to Melchior, i, 249; i, 335 _ff._

Finnian, contention of, with Columba, i, 46

Flach, Martin, i, 383

Flamel, Nicholas, _librarius_ and speculator in real estate, i, 275

Flanders, in its relations to the Protestants, ii, 258

Fleury, describes the Abbey of Gembloux, i, 97; the Abbey schools of,

i, 118

Florence, the University of, i, 183 _ff._; gives special attention to

belles-lettres, i, 184; the Humanists of, i, 184; takes the lead in

the trade in manuscripts, i, 239; the earlier book-dealers of, i,

246; the literary activities of, i, 318; the literary society of,

i, 327 _ff._; the academies of, i, 344; early printers of, i, 457

_Flugschriften_, the, of the Reformation, ii, 162, 241 _ff._

Foligno, early printers of, i, 456

Fontaine, the monastery of, founded, i, 47

Fontainebleau, Royal Library of, ii, 14

Fosbroke, classifies monastic catalogues, i, 142

Foscari, Doge of Venice, ii, 373

Fox, John, _Book of Martyrs_ of, ii, 143

France, the Abbey schools in, i, 118; the manuscript-trade in, i,

255 _ff._; early printers of, ii, 3 _ff._; regulations for the

printing-press in, ii, 437; legislation in, for the encouragement

of literature, ii, 446 _ff._; summary of the privileges in, ii, 491

_ff._; takes the initiative in regard to the Convention of Berne,

ii, 506; summary of copyright legislation in, ii, 508

Francheschi, Pietro, ii, 403

Francis I., relations of the literature and the clergy, ii, 6, 7;

founds Royal Library at Fontainebleau, ii, 14; at issue with the

Doctors of the Sorbonne, ii, 19 _ff._; protects Robert Estienne

against the royal censors, ii, 34; 38, 42, 43, 45, 57, 70, 324;

relations of, with the reformers, ii, 444; edict of, in regard to

privileges, ii, 447 _ff._

Franco, Bishop of Treviso, ii, 372 _ff._

Frankfort, first sale of printed books in the fair of, i, 288;

magistracy of, protects the publishing contracts of Schöffer, i,

377; the book-fair of, ii, 247, 265, 302 _ff._ 365, 416; relations

of the Elzevirs with, ii, 302 _ff._; ordinance of the city of

concerning privileges, ii, 414

---- and the Thirty Years’ War, ii, 498

Frankland, the demoralisation of, before the time of Charlemagne, i,

110

Franz, biographer of Cassiodorus, cited, i, 24

Fredegar, The _Chronicle_ of, i, 128

Frederic, Elector of Saxony, i, 432; orders books for Wittenberg, i,

432

Frederick I., Landgrave of Alsace, ii, 423

---- II., The Emperor, i, 183

---- III. of Germany, institutes the office of imperial supervisor of

literature, ii, 419

Free-thinkers and the Church of Rome, i, 333

_Free Will_, treatise on, by Erasmus, ii, 209

Fregeno, secures in Sweden, Roman manuscripts, i, 229

Freising, Otto von, cited, i, 43

French, as a literary language for Europe, ii, 504

Friese, Ulrich, a bookseller at the Nordlingen fair, i, 283

Frilo, father of Gutenberg, i, 357

Froben, Jerome, son of Johann, ii, 213

---- Johann, i, 393; scholarly attainments of, i, 393; relations with

Erasmus, i, 393 _ff._; ii, 39, 102, 178 _ff._, 244 _ff._, 429;

letter of, to Zwingli, ii, 187; the literary friends of, ii, 188

_ff._; gives up the publishing of the writings of Luther, ii, 221;

the death of, ii, 210

Frodoard, i, 56

Froissart, ii, 117

Fromund of Tegernsee, i, 68

Froschauer, Printer for Zwingli, i, 396; ii, 141

Froude, on the patronage system, ii, 197

Frowin, manuscript of, i, 43

Fryth, John, ii, 140

Fugger, The House of, i, 431; bankers and forwarders, i, 431

----, Huldric, ii, 68 _ff._

----, Joannes Jacobus, ii, 69

Furnivall’s _Captain Cox_, ii, 145

Fust, Johann, first relations of, with Gutenberg, i, 360, 372;

lawsuit of, i, 360 _ff._; relations of, with Schöffer, i, 372;

first journey of, to Paris, i, 373; the earliest pirate of printed

books, i, 375; death of, in 1467, i, 375; sells his Bibles in

Paris, ii, 5

Fust and Schöffer, earliest publications of, i, 373

Gaddesden, John of, i, 308

Gaillard, ii, 40

Galeotti, J., importer of manuscripts, i, 242

Galileo, ii, 309

Garland, Jean de, compiles a directory of the industries of Paris, i,

256

Gasparino, the _Letters_ of, ii, 7

Gaul, literature in, during fifth century, i, 7

Gaza, Theodore, Greek editor for the Aldine Press, i, 420, ii, 23

Geneva, ii, 38, 50; University of, ii, 51; literary interests of, ii,

51; censorship regulations of, ii, 51; pirates of, ii, 51; great

siege of, ii, 88; theology of, ii, 91; literature of, ii, 91 _ff._;

publishing activities of, ii, 93

Gengenbach, dramatist and printer, i, 395

Genoa, contests in, between the copyists and the printers, i, 413;

early printers of, i, 458; the scribes of, protest against the

introduction of printing, i, 459

Gensfleisch, the family of (Gutenberg), i, 356 _ff._

Geoffrey of St. Barbe, letter of, i, 133

George, Duke of Saxony, puts the Protestant printers of Leipzig under

restrictions, i, 401; ii, 232, 250

George, Elector of Saxony, ii, 424

Gerbert, Abbot of Bobbio, cited, i, 38; orders books from a distance,

i, 139, 140; collects books for his libraries, i, 231; ii, 480

Gering, printer of Paris, ii, 5

German, book-trade, organization of the, ii, 497; universities in the

15th century, standard of scholarship in, i, 277

Germany, the monastic schools in, i, 118; manuscript dealers in, i,

276 _ff._; privileges and regulations in, ii, 407 _ff._; summary

of privileges in, ii, 493 _ff._; in its relations to literary

property, ii, 505

Gerson, Johann, Chancellor of University of Paris, i, 54; describes

the literary wealth of Paris, i, 261; ii, 150

Gertrude, Abbess of Nivelle, a buyer of books, i, 51, 53

Gerwold, Abbot of S. Wandrille, i, 67

Gesner, ii, 56, 432

_Gesta Romanorum_, said to have originated in England, i, 304;

edition of the, printed by A. Koberger, ii, 161

Ghent, the Pacification of, ii, 273

Ghisebrecht, ii, 277

Gibbon criticises Caxton, ii, 127, 128

Giesebrecht, treatise of _De litterarum Studiis_, i, 226

Gildas, _Chronicles_ of, i, 55

Giovanni, Saint, the library of, in Naples, i, 146

Giraud, C., cited, i, 55

Gita, a scribe of Schwarzenthau, i, 54

Giunta, the family of, i, 248

----, Phillippo, i, 238

Glaber, Raoul, i, 56

Glanville, i, 308

Glastonbury, Chapel of, i, 106

Godo, purchases books in Rome, i, 227

_Golden Legend, The_, ii, 118

Gosselin, ii, 95

Goths, rule of, in Italy, i, 9

Gourmont, Giles, printer of Paris, ii, 10 _ff._; publications of, ii,

Gower, John, ii, 117, 126

Graevius, on the death of Louis Elzevir (the second), ii, 318

Grafton, printer, ii, 141

Greek, the knowledge of, in the tenth century, i, 127; books,

printing of, limited to a few publishers, i, 244; immigrants, as

instructors in Italy, i, 236; fonts of the _Imprimerie Royale_, ii,

58 _ff._; lecturers in University of Paris, ii, 23; literature,

brought to Europe through Arabian writers, i, 181; literature,

introduction of, into Italy, i, 236; literature, in Paris, ii, 10

_ff._; manuscripts brought from Constantinople to Italy, i, 235

Greek Press in Paris, history of the, ii, 10 _ff._

Greek scholars, relations of, with Venice and with Florence, i,

237; secure compensation in Italy for editorial work, i, 411; as

assistants to publishers, i, 416; in Paris, ii, 23

Greek texts, brought to Venice from the East, i, 411 _ff._; in the

University of Paris, ii, 22

Gregoriis, Gregorius de, ii, 354

Gregoropoulos, Greek proof-reader for Aldus, i, 421

Gregory I., Pope, writings of, i, 34, 35; charges against, i, 34;

opinion of, concerning the Scriptures and grammar, i, 121; as an

author, ii, 478

---- VII., utilises the work of monastic scribes, i, 81-82

---- XIII., ii, 262

---- of Tours, i, 56

Grein, _Anglo-Saxon Library_, by, i, 92

Grimani, the breviary of, i, 294

Grimlaïcus, the _Rule_ of, i, 123

Grimm, Siegmund, publisher for Hutten, ii, 229

Grolier de Servier, ii, 43

Groote, Gerhard, founds in Deventer a Brotherhood House, i, 88

Grotius, ii, 65, 304; the _Mare Liberum_ of, ii, 308

Grunenberg, Johann, publisher for Luther, ii, 222

Grüninger, Hans, of Strasburg, ii, 151, 165

Gruthuyse, of Bruges, a collector of manuscripts, i, 289; ii, 105

Guignes, de, ii, 60

Guild, of printers and publishers, in Milan, i, 450 _ff._; of S.

John in Bruges, ii, 106; of publishers and printers in Paris,

regulations of, ii, 453 _ff._; of printers and book-sellers in

Venice, ii, 364 _ff._; of the Venetian book-trade, organisation of,

ii, 395 _ff._; of the Venetian book-trade, close of the history of,

ii, 398; Hall, for the Venetian book-trade, ii, 395

Guiscard, Robert, i, 182

Guldemund, Hans, ii, 410

Gutenberg, i, 9, 349 _ff._; earlier operations of, i, 358; first

partnerships of, i, 358; lawsuits of, i, 358 _ff._; conditions of

the business of, i, 364; financial difficulties of, i, 364 _ff._;

fonts of type manufactured by, i, 365; early testimony concerning

the invention of, i, 380; ii, 17, 178

Hagen, quotes a rhyming record from a Hagenau manuscript, i, 285

Hagenau, early manuscript-trade of, i, 284; printing introduced into,

i, 284; relations of, with Heidelberg, i, 284 _ff._

Hahn, printer of Ingolstadt and of Rome, i, 406

Hallam, on Saumaise, ii, 315

Hamburg, manuscript-dealers of, i, 283; caution of the Senate of,

concerning dedications, ii, 434

Hans, the brothers, ii, 425

Hardy, Thomas Duffus, on the literary work of the British

monasteries, i, 102

Harlinde, Abbess, skilled as a scribe, i, 53

Harper, the House of, ii, 335

Harsy, Antoine de, ii, 94

Hatzlern, Clara, scribe of Augsburg, i, 41

Hauslik, history of the University of Prague, i, 278

Hedwig, Duchess of Suabia, teaches Greek to Abbot Burckhart, i, 126

Hegel, _Philosophy of History_ of, quoted, i, 367

Heidelberg, the library of, i, 85; books bought for the library of,

i, 232; book-trade in the University of, i, 279

Heilsbrunn, manuscripts from the monastery of, i, 280

Heinsius, Nicholas, ii, 298, 310, 313 _ff._, 317

Helgaud, i, 56

Hellenic Brothers, the, of St. Gall, i, 126

Henry II. of France, ii, 48, 56, 70; letters-patent of, i, 203

---- III., ii, 82 _ff._

---- IV., ii, 95 _ff._

---- VI. of England, death of, ii, 129; interest of, in printing in

England, ii, 135

---- VII., ii, 123

---- VIII., ii, 45, 141

Heresbach, ii, 41

Heresy, the Venetian Commissioners of, ii, 404

Herluca, corresponds with Diemude, i, 54

Hermonymus, a designer of type in Paris, ii, 10, 23

Herneis, publisher of Paris in the thirteenth century, i, 271

Herodotus, History of, ii, 73

Herrad of Landsberg, writings of, i, 52

Herrgott, Johann, ii, 249

Heynlin, ii, 5, 111

Higden, Ralph, the _Polychronicon_ of, i, 56, 307

Hilary, works of, edited by Erasmus, ii, 209

Hilda, Abbess of Whitby, i, 93

Hildesheim, the Brothers of, producers of books, i, 90

Hiltebrand, Johann, ii, 231

Hippocrates and Galen, described as the “Aristotles of Medicine,” i,

195; writings of, used as text-books, i, 195

Hochstraten, ii, 202

Hodgkin, Thomas, _Italy and her Invaders_, cited, i, 3 _ff._;

summarises the services of Cassiodorus, i, 23, 24

Hoeck, Adolph von, Prior of Scheda, i, 86

Holbein, Hans, ii, 10, 180, 181, 200

Holland, the increasing trade of, ii, 290 _ff._; book-trade of,

during the Thirty Years’ War, ii, 498

Hollybushe, John, ii, 142

Honoratus, Saint, founds Monastery of Lerin, i, 32

Honorius, opinion of, concerning the philosophers, i, 129

Hopyll, Wolffgang, printer of Paris, ii, 18

Horn, Conrad, _stadtschreiber_, sells books by contract, i, 288

Hroswitha, daughter of Duke of Saxony, i, 52

---- of Gandersheim, i, 37, 52; the _Chronicon Urspergense_ of, i,

87, 360; the dramas of, ii, 414, 420

Hubmayer, Balthasar, ii, 243

Hugh, Abbot of Flavigny, i, 57

Hugo of Trimberg, schoolmaster and book collector, i, 287

----, Cardinal, ii, 157

---- Bible, the, ii, 154, 157 _ff._, 167

Humanistic Movement, influence of the, on the production of printed

literature, i, 370 _ff._; the leaders of the, ii, 226

Humanists, the influence of the, in the German universities, i, 223;

ii, 172

Humery, Doctor Conrad, of Mayence, i, 292; co-operates with

Gutenberg, i, 361 _ff._

Hummelsburger, letter of, concerning Aldine editions, i, 436

Hungarians, destroy monasteries in the tenth century, i, 132

Hunt, Thomas, ii, 137

Huntington, Henry of, _Chronicles_, i, 56, 307

Huszner, George, i, 383

Hutten, Ulrich von, ii, 176, 182, 227, 239

---- and Luther, ii, 251

Ibo, Bishop of Chartres, treatise of, _De Rebus Ecclesiasticis_, i,

117

Idung, the _Dialogues_ of, i, 54

Illuminators, of manuscripts, i, 241

Illustrated publications, early editions of, issued in Nuremberg, i,

398

Imperial cities, special privileges of, concerning book production,

ii, 422 _ff._

Imperial Commission for the regulation of literature, ii, 421

Ina, King, i, 106

_Index Expurgatorius_ of Louvain, ii, 44

_Index_, the, of 1564, ii, 243

_Index_, the, and the book-trade, ii, 372 _ff._

_Index_, the, issued by the Council of Trent, ii, 375 _ff._

_Indexes_, the, of 1546, 1550, 1551, 1554, 1559, ii, 268 _ff._, 275

Ingolstadt, regulations of the University of, concerning text-books,

i, 281

Ingulphus, _Chronicles_ of, i, 56; record of, concerning the Abbey of

Peterborough, i, 132

Innocent IV., Pope, i, 183

Inquisition, the, and censorship, ii, 267; relations of, with the

printing-press, ii, 371

Iona, the monastery of, founded, i, 47, 90

Irnerius, jurist of Bologna, i, 183

Isidore, Bishop of Seville, writings of, i, 35; treatise of, on

elocution, i, 117

Italian literature, influence of, on Elizabethan authors, ii, 144

Italy, the monastic schools in, i, 118; monasteries in, destroyed

by the Saracens, i, 132; the printer-publishers of, i, 403 _ff._;

privileges and censorship in, ii, 343 _ff._; enactments concerning

literary property in, ii, 406

Jacob of Breslau, volumes written by, i, 86

Jacob, Saint, monastery of, in Liége, i, 114

James I., ii, 96 _ff._

Jehan, Jacques, grocer and book-seller, i, 274

Jenson, Nicholas, first printer in Venice, i, 407; operations of,

in Paris and in Mayence, i, 408; settles in Venice, i, 409; sells

printing plant to Torresano, i, 411; sent to Mayence by Charles

VII., ii, 3; 344

Jerome, Saint, writings of, i, 3, 23, 32; ii, 189; befriends S. Paula

and her daughter, i, 51; injunction of, concerning reading, i, 124;

complains of the untrustworthiness of the work of scribes, i, 229

Jews, forbidden to buy or sell manuscripts in the Italian

universities, i, 194; lend moneys to monasteries on pledges of

books, i, 231

Jewell, John, ii, 53

John, Bishop of Aleria, cites prices of early printed books, i, 375

----, King of France, buys stationery in England, i, 312

---- of Speyer, printer of Venice, i, 407 _ff._; secures a monopoly

for printing in Venice, i, 408

Jordæus, treatise on the Goths, i, 19

Junius, Hadrian, historian of Koster, i, 352

Jusserand, J. J., on the early literature of the Anglo-Saxons, i, 91;

_English Wayfaring Life_, by, cited, i, 302 _ff._

Kalle, Samuel, ii, 425

Kapp, on the selling of dedications, ii, 433

Karoch, instructor in Erfurt, i, 220

Kefer, Heinrich, ii, 150

Kennett, White, ii, 63

Kessler, Nicholas, of Basel, relations of, with Koberger, ii, 409

Kirchhoff, on the selling of dedications, ii, 434

Knight, Charles, _The Old Printer_ of, cited, i, 302 _ff._

Knittel, concerning the work of the _scriptorium_, cited, i, 65

Kobergers, the, of Nuremberg, ii, 149 _ff._; business of, interfered

with by the Reformation, ii, 163

Koberger, Anthoni, i, 384; the publications of, i, 397 _ff._; ii,

76, 149 _ff._; principal publications of, ii, 152, 154; commended

by Badius, Wimpfeling, Leontorius, and the Emperor Maximilian, ii,

155, 156; friendship of, with Amerbach, ii, 156; relations of, with

Celtes, Dürer, and Pirckheimer, ii, 156; editions of the Bible

printed by, ii, 157, 158; conservatism of, ii, 204; relations of,

to the system of privileges in Germany, ii, 409

----, Johannes, ii, 159

----, Melchior, relations of, with Luther, ii, 159

Koelhoff, Johann, printer of Cologne, i, 388

Koepke, _Otton. Studien_, cited, i, 36 _ff._

König, Conrad, agent for Luther’s books, ii, 231

Köpflin, ii, 245

Köster, Laurens, of Harlem, i, 349 _ff._; the statue of, ii, 298

Krantz, printer of Paris, ii, 5, 111

Kyrfoth, Carolus, ii, 137

LaCasa, Papal Nuncio, ii, 373

Lachner, ii, 179, 232

The division of their territory and the lack of central authority