At one o'clock, finding that we could not weather Thule, we tacked and

stood to the north, and at four, Freezeland Peak bore east, distant

three or four leagues. Soon after, it fell little wind, and we were left

to the mercy of a great westerly swell, which set right upon the shore.

We sounded, but a line of two hundred fathoms found no bottom.

At eight o'clock, the weather, which had been very hazy, clearing up, we

saw Cape Bristol bearing E.S.E., and terminating in a point to the

north, beyond which we could see no land. This discovery relieved us

from the fear of being carried by the swell on the most horrible coast

in the world, and we continued to stand to the north all night, with a

light breeze at west.

1775 February

On the 1st of February, at four o'clock in the morning, we got sight of

a new coast, which at six o'clock bore N. 60° east. It proved a high

promontory, which I named Cape Montagu, situated in latitude 58° 27' S.,

longitude 26° 44' west, and seven or eight leagues to the north of Cape

Bristol. We saw land from space to space between them, which made me

conclude that the whole was connected. I was sorry I could not determine

this with greater certainty; but prudence would not permit me to venture

near a coast, subject to thick fogs, on which there was no anchorage;

where every port was blocked or filled up with ice; and the whole

country, from the summits of the mountains, down to the very brink of

the cliffs which terminate the coast, covered, many fathoms thick, with

everlasting snow. The cliffs alone was all which was to be seen like

land.

Several large ice-islands lay upon the coast; one of which attracted my

notice. It had a flat surface, was of considerable extent both in height

and circuit, and had perpendicular sides, on which the waves of the sea

had made no impression; by which I judged that it had not been long from

land, and that it might lately have come out of some bay on the coast,

where it had been formed.

At noon we were east and west of the northern part of Cape Montagu,

distant about five leagues, and Freezeland Peak bore S. 16° east,

distant twelve leagues; latitude observed 58° 25' S. In the morning the

variation was 10° 11' east. At two in the afternoon, as we were standing

to the north, with a light breeze at S.W., we saw land bearing N. 25'

east, distant fourteen leagues. Cape Montagu bore at this time, S. 66°

east; at eight it bore S. 40° east; Cape Bristol, S. by E.; the new land

extending from N. 40° to 52° east; and we thought we saw land still more

to the east, and beyond it.

Continuing to steer to the north all night, at six o'clock the next

morning a new land was seen bearing N. 12° east, about ten leagues

distant. It appeared in two hummocks just peeping above the horizon; but

we soon after lost sight of them; and having got the wind at N.N.E. a

fresh breeze, we stood for the northernmost land we had seen the day

before, which at this time bore E.S.E. We fetched in with it by ten

o'clock, but could not weather it, and were obliged to tack three miles

from the coast, which extended from E. by S. to S.E., and had much the

appearance of being an island of about eight or ten leagues circuit. It

shews a surface of considerable height, whose summit was lost in the

clouds, and, like all the neighbouring lands, covered with a sheet of

snow and ice, except in a projecting point on the north side, and two

hills seen over this point, which probably might be two islands. These

only were clear of snow, and seemed covered with a green turf. Some

large ice islands lay to the N.E., and some others to the south.

We stood off till noon, and then tacked for the land again, in order to

see whether it was an island or no. The weather was now become very

hazy, which soon turning to a thick fog, put a stop to discovery, and

made it unsafe to stand for the shore; so that after having run the same

distance in, as we had run off, we tacked and stood to N.W., for the

land we had seen in the morning, which was yet at a considerable

distance. Thus we were obliged to leave the other, under the supposition

of its being an island, which I named Saunders, after my honourable

friend Sir Charles. It is situated in the latitude of 57° 49' south

longitude, 26° 44' west; and north, distant thirteen leagues, from Cape

Montagu.

At six o'clock in the evening, the wind shifting to the west, we tacked,

and stood to the north; and at eight the fog clearing away, gave us a

sight of Saunders's Isle, extending from S.E. by S. to E.S.E. We were

still in doubt if it was an island; for, at this time, land was seen

bearing E. by S., which might or might not be connected with it; it

might also be the same that we had seen the preceding evening. But, be

this as it may, it was now necessary to take a view of the land to the

north, before we proceeded any farther to the east. With this intention,

we stood to the north, having a light breeze at W. by S., which at two

o'clock in the morning of the 3d, was succeeded by a calm that continued

till eight, when we got the wind at E. by S. attended by hazy weather.

At this time we saw the land we were looking for, and which proved to be

two isles. The day on which they were discovered, was the occasion of

calling them Candlemas Isles; latitude 57° 11' S., longitude 27° 6' W.

They were of no great extent, but of considerable height, and were

covered with snow. A small rock was seen between them, and perhaps there

may be more; for the weather was so hazy that we soon lost sight of the

islands, and did not see them again till noon, at which time they bore

west, distant three or four leagues.

As the wind kept veering to the south, we were obliged to stand to the

N.E., in which route we met with several large ice islands, loose ice,

and many penguins; and at midnight, came at once into water uncommonly

white, which alarmed the officer of the watch so much, that he tacked

the ship instantly. Some thought it was a float of ice; others that it

was shallow water; but, as it proved neither, probably it was a shoal of

fish.

We stood to the south till two o'clock next morning, when we resumed our

course to the east with a faint breeze at S.S.E. which having ended in a

calm, at six, I took the opportunity of putting a boat in the water to

try if there were any current; and the trial proved there was none. Some

whales were playing about us, and abundance of penguins: a few of the

latter were shot, and they proved to be of the same sort that we had

seen among the ice before, and different both from those on Staten Land,

and from those at the isle of Georgia. It is remarkable, that we had not

seen a seal since we left that coast. At noon we were in latitude of 56°

44' S., longitude 25° 33' W. At this time we got a breeze at east, with

which we stood to the south, with a view of gaining the coast we had

left; but at eight o'clock the wind shifted to the south, and made it

necessary to tack and stand to the east; in which course we met with

several ice-islands and some loose ice; the weather continuing hazy with

snow and rain.

No penguins were seen on the 5th, which made me conjecture that we were

leaving the land behind us, and that we had already seen its northern

extremity. At noon we were in the latitude of 57° 8' S., longitude 23°

34' west, which was 3° of longitude to the east of Saunders's Isle. In

the afternoon the wind shifted to the west; this enabled us to stretch

to the south, and to get into the latitude of the land, that, if it took

an east direction, we might again fall in with it.

We continued to steer to the south and S.E. till next day at noon, at

which time we were in the latitude of 58° 15' S., longitude 21° 34'

west, and seeing neither land nor signs of any, I concluded that what we

had seen, which I named Sandwich Land, was either a group of islands, or

else a point of the continent. For I firmly believe that there is a

tract of land near the Pole which is the source of most of the ice that

is spread over this vast southern ocean. I also think it probable that

it extends farthest to the north opposite the southern Atlantic and

Indian oceans; because ice was always found by us farther to the north

in these oceans than any where else, which I judge could not be, if

there were not land to the south; I mean a land of considerable extent.

For if we suppose that no such land exists, and that ice may be formed

without it, it will follow of course that the cold ought to be every

where nearly equal round the Pole, as far as 70° or 60' of latitude, or

so far as to be beyond the influence of any of the known continents;

consequently we ought to see ice every where under the same parallel, or

near it; and yet the contrary has been, found. Very few ships have met

with ice going round Cape Horn: And we saw but little below the sixtieth

degree of latitude, in the Southern Pacific Ocean. Whereas in this

ocean, between the meridian of 40° west and 50° or 60° east, we found

ice as far north as 51°. Bouvet met with, some in 48°, and others have

seen it in a much lower latitude. It is true, however, that the greatest

part of this southern continent (supposing there is one), must lie

within the polar circle, where the sea is so pestered with ice, that the

land is thereby inaccessible. The risque one runs in exploring a coast,

in these unknown and icy seas, is so very great, that I can be bold

enough to say that no man will ever venture farther than I have done;

and that the lands which may lie to the south will never be explored.

Thick fogs, snow storms, intense cold, and every other thing that can

render navigation dangerous, must be encountered, and these difficulties

are greatly heightened by the inexpressibly horrid aspect of the

country; a country doomed by nature never once to feel the warmth of

the sun's rays, but to lie buried in everlasting snow and ice. The ports

which may be on the coast, are, in a manner, wholly filled up with

frozen snow of vast thickness; but if any should be so far open as to

invite a ship into it, she would run a risque of being fixed there for

ever, or of coming out in an ice island. The islands and floats on the

coast, the great falls from the ice-cliffs in the port, or a heavy

snow-storm attended with a sharp frost, would be equally fatal.

After such an explanation as this, the reader must not expect to find me

much farther to the south. It was, however, not for want of inclination,

but for other reasons. It would have been rashness in me to have risqued

all that had been done during the voyage, in discovering and exploring a

coast, which, when discovered and explored, would have answered no end

whatever, or have been of the least use, either to navigation or

geography, or indeed to any other science. Bouvet's discovery was yet

before us, the existence of which was to be cleared up; and, besides all

this, we were not now in a condition to undertake great things; nor

indeed was there time, had we been ever so well provided.

These reasons induced me to alter the course to the east, with a very

strong gale at north, attended with an exceedingly heavy fall of snow.

The quantity which lodged on our sails was so great, that we were

frequently obliged to throw the ship up in the wind to shake it out of

them, otherwise neither they nor the ship could have supported the

weight. In the evening it ceased to snow; the weather cleared up, the

wind backed to the west, and we spent the night in making two short

boards, under close-reefed top-sails and fore-sail.

At day-break on the 7th, we resumed our course to the east, with a very

fresh gale at S.W. by W., attended by a high sea from the same

direction. In the afternoon, being in the latitude of 58° 24' S.,

longitude 16° 19' west, the variation was 1° 52' east. Only three

ice-islands seen this day. At eight o'clock, shortened sail, and hauled

the wind to the S.E. for the night, in which we had several showers of

snow and sleet.

On the 8th at day-light, we resumed our east course with a gentle breeze

and fair weather. After sun-rise, being then in the latitude of 58° 30'

S., longitude 15° 14' west, the variation, by the mean results of two

compasses, was 2° 43' east. These observations were more to be depended

on than those made the night before, there being much less sea now than

then. In the afternoon, we passed three ice-islands. This night was

spent as the preceding.

At six next morning, being in the latitude of 58° 27' S., longitude 13°

4' W., the variation was 26' E.; and in the afternoon, being in the same

latitude, and about a quarter of a degree more to the east, it was 2'

west. Therefore this last situation must be in or near the Line, in

which the compass has no variation. We had a calm the most part of the

day. The weather fair and clear, excepting now and then a snow-shower.

The mercury in the thermometer at noon rose to 40; whereas, for several

days before, it had been no higher than 36 or 38. We had several

ice-islands in sight, but no one thing that could induce us to think

that any land was in our neighbourhood. At eight in the evening a breeze

sprung up at S.E., with which we stood to N.E.

During the night the wind freshened and veered south, which enabled us

to steer east. The wind was attended with showers of sleet and snow till

day-light, when the weather became fair, but piercing cold, so that the

water on deck was frozen, and at noon the mercury in the thermometer was

no higher than 34-1/2. At six o'clock in the morning, the variation was

23' west, being then in the latitude of 58° 15' S., longitude 11° 41' W;

and at six in the evening, being in the same latitude, and in the

longitude of 9° 24' W., it was 1° 51' W. In the evening the wind abated;

and during the night, it was variable between south and west.

Ice-islands continually in sight.

On the 11th, wind westerly, light airs attended with heavy showers of

snow in the morning; but as the day advanced, the weather became fair,

clear, and serene. Still continuing to steer east, at noon we observed

in latitude 58° 11', longitude at the same time 7° 55' west. Thermometer

34-2/3. In the afternoon we had two hours calm; after which we had faint

breezes between the N.E. and S.E.

At six o'clock in the morning of the 12th, being in the latitude of 58°

23' S., longitude 6° 54' W., the variation was 3° 23' west. We had

variable light airs next to a calm all this day, and the weather was

fair and clear till towards the evening, when it became cloudy with

snow-showers, and the air very cold. Ice-islands continually in sight;

most of them small and breaking to pieces.

In the afternoon of the 13th, the wind increased, the sky became

clouded, and soon after we had a very heavy fall of snow, which

continued till eight or nine o'clock in the evening, when the wind

abating and veering to S.E., the sky cleared up, and we had a fair

night, attended with so sharp a frost, that the water in all our vessels

on deck was next morning covered with a sheet of ice. The mercury in the

thermometer was as low as 29°, which is 3° below freezing, or rather 4;

for we generally found the water freeze when the mercury stood at 33°.

Towards noon on the 14th, the wind veering to the south, increased to a

very strong gale, and blew in heavy squalls attended with snow. At

intervals, between the squalls, the weather was fair and clear, but

exceedingly cold. We continued to steer east, inclining a little to the

north, and in, the afternoon crossed the first meridian, or that of

Greenwich, in the latitude of 57° 50' S. At eight in, the evening, we

close-reefed the top-sails, took in the main-sail, and steered east with

a very hard gale at S.S.W., and a high sea from the same direction.

At day-break on the 15th, we set the main-sail, loosed a reef out of

each top-sail, and with a very strong gale at S.W., and fair weather,

steered E.N.E. till noon, at which, time we were in latitude of 50° 37'

S., longitude 4° 11' E., when we pointed to the N.E., in order to get

into the latitude of Cape Circumcision. Some large ice-islands were in

sight, and the air was nearly as cold as on the preceding day. At eight

o'clock in the evening, shortened sail, and at eleven hauled the wind to

the N.W., not daring to stand on in the night, which was foggy, with

snow-showers, and a smart frost.

At day-break on the 16th, we bore away N.E., with a light breeze at

west, which, at noon, was succeeded by a calm and fair weather. Our

latitude at this time was 55° 26' S., longitude 5° 52' E., in which

situation we had a great swell from the southward, but no ice in sight.

At one o'clock in the p.m., a breeze springing up at E.N.E., we stood to

S.E. till six, then tacked, and stood to the north, under double-reefed

top-sails and courses, having a very fresh gale attended with snow and

sleet, which fixed to the masts and rigging as it fell, and coated the

whole with ice.

On the 17th the wind continued veering, by little and little, to the

south, till midnight, when it fixed at S.W. Being at this time in the

latitude of 54° 20' S., longitude 6° 33' east, I steered east, having a

prodigious high sea from the south, which assured us no land was near in

that direction.

In the morning of the 18th, it ceased to snow; the weather became fair

and clear; and we found the variation to be 18° 44' west. At noon we

were in the latitude of 54° 25', longitude 8° 46' east. I thought this a

good latitude to keep in, to look for Cape Circumcision; because, if the

land had ever so little extent in the direction of north and south, we

could not miss seeing it, as the northern point is said to lie in 54°.

We had yet a great swell from the south, so that I was now well assured

it could only be an island, and it was of no consequence which side we

fell in with. In the evening Mr Wales made several observations of the

moon, and stars Regulus and Spica; the mean results, at four o'clock

when the observations were made, for finding the time by the watch, gave

9° 15' 20" east longitude. The watch at the same time gave 9° 36' 45".

Soon after the variation was found to be 13° 10' west. It is nearly in

this situation that Mr Bouvet had 1° east. I cannot suppose that the

variation has altered so much since that time; but rather think he had

made some mistake in his observations. That there could be none in ours

was certain, from the uniformity for some time past. Besides, we found

12° 8' west, variation, nearly under this meridian, in January 1773.

During the night the wind veered round by the N.W. to N.N.E. and blew a

fresh gale.

At eight in the morning of the 19th, we saw the appearance of land in

the direction of E. by S., or that of our course; but it proved a mere

fog-bank, and soon after dispersed. We continued to steer E. by S. and

S.E., till seven o'clock in the evening, when being in the latitude of

54° 42' S., longitude 13° 3' E., and the wind having veered to N.E., we

tacked and stood to N.W. under close-reefed topsails and courses; having

a very strong gale attended with snow-showers.

At four o'clock next morning, being in the latitude of 54° 30' S.,

longitude 12° 33'. east, we tacked and stretched to N.E. with a fresh

gale at S.W., attended with snow-showers and sleet. At noon, being in

the latitude of 54° 8' S., longitude 12° 59' E., with a fresh gale at W.

by N., and tolerably clear weather, we steered east till ten o'clock in

the evening, when we brought-to, lest we might pass any land in the

night, of which we however had not the least signs.

At day-break, having made sail, we bore away E., and at noon observed in

latitude 54° 16' S., longitude 16° 13' east, which is 5° to the east of

the longitude in which Cape Circumcision is said to lie; so that we

began to think there was no such land in existence. I however continued

to steer east, inclining a little to the south, till four o'clock in the

afternoon of the next day, when we were in latitude 54° 24' S.,

longitude 19° 18' east.

We had now run down thirteen degrees of longitude in the very latitude

assigned for Bouvet's Land. I was therefore well assured that what he

had seen could be nothing but an island of ice; for, if it had been

land, it is hardly possible we could have missed it, though it were ever

so small. Besides, from the time of leaving the southern lands, we had

not met with the least signs of any other. But even suppose we had, it

would have been no proof of the existence of Cape Circumcision; for I am

well assured that neither seals nor penguins, nor any of the oceanic

birds, are indubitable signs of the vicinity of land. I will allow that

they are found on the coasts of all these southern lands; but are they

not also to be found in all parts of the southern ocean? There are,

however, some oceanic or aquatic birds which point out the vicinity of

land; especially shags, which seldom go out of sight of it; and gannets,

boobies, and men-of-war birds, I believe, seldom go very far out to sea.

As we were now no more than two degrees of longitude front our route to

the south, when we left the Cape of Good Hope, it was to no purpose to

proceed any farther to the east under this parallel, knowing that no

land could be there. But an opportunity now offering of clearing up some

doubts of our having seen land farther to the south, I steered S.E. to

get into the situation in which it was supposed to lie.

We continued this course till four o'clock the next morning, and then

S.E. by E. and E.S.E., till eight in the evening, at which time we were

in the latitude of 55° 25' S., longitude 23° 22' east, both deduced from

observations made the same day; for, in the morning, the sky was clear

at intervals, and afforded an opportunity to observe several distances

of the sun and moon, which we had not been able to do for some time

past, having had a constant succession of bad weather.

Having now run over the place where the land was supposed to lie,

without seeing the least signs of any, it was no longer to be doubted

but that the ice-islands had deceived us as well as Mr Bouvet. The wind

by this time having veered to the north, and increased to a perfect

storm, attended as usual with snow and sleet, we handed the top-sails

and hauled up E.N.E. under the courses. During the night the wind

abated, and veered to N.W., which enabled us to steer more to the north,

having no business farther south.

CHAPTER VII.

_Heads of what has been done in the Voyage; with some Conjectures

concerning the Formation of Ice-Islands; and an Account of our

Proceedings till our Arrival at the Cape of Good Hope._

1775 February

I had now made the circuit of the southern ocean in a high latitude, and

traversed it in such a manner as to leave not the least room for the

possibility of there being a continent, unless near the Pole, and out of

the reach of navigation. By twice visiting the tropical sea, I had not

only settled the situation of some old discoveries, but made there many

new ones, and left, I conceive, very little more to be done even in that

part. Thus I flatter myself, that the intention of the voyage has, in

every respect, been fully answered; the southern hemisphere sufficiently

explored, and a final end put to the searching after a southern

continent, which has, at times, ingrossed the attention of some of the

maritime powers, for near two centuries past, and been a favourite

theory amongst the geographers of all ages.

That there may be a continent, or large tract of land, near the Pole, I

will not deny; on the contrary I am of opinion there is; and it is

probable that we have seen a part of it. The excessive cold, the many

islands and vast floats of ice, all tend to prove that there must be

land to the south; and for my persuasion that this southern land must

lie, or extend, farthest to the north opposite to the southern Atlantic

and Indian oceans, I have already assigned some reasons; to which I may

add the greater degree of cold experienced by us in these seas, than in

the southern Pacific ocean under the same parallels of latitude.

In this last ocean, the mercury in the thermometer seldom fell so low as

the freezing point, till we were in 60° and upwards; whereas in the

others, it fell as low in the latitude of 54°. This was certainly owing

to there being a greater quantity of ice, and to its extending farther

to the north, in these two seas than in the south Pacific; and if ice be

first formed at, or near land, of which I have no doubt, it will follow

that the land also extends farther north.

The formation or coagulation of ice-islands has not, to my knowledge,

been thoroughly investigated. Some have supposed them to be formed by

the freezing of the water at the mouths of large rivers, or great

cataracts, where they accumulate till they are broken off by their own

weight. My observations will not allow me to acquiesce in this opinion;

because we never found any of the ice which we took up incorporated with

earth, or any of its produce, as I think it must have been, had it been

coagulated in land-waters. It is a doubt with me, whether there be any

rivers in these countries. It is certain, that we saw not a river, or

stream of water, on all the coast of Georgia, nor on any of the southern

lands. Nor did we ever see a stream of water run from any of the

ice-islands. How are we then to suppose that there are large rivers? The

valleys are covered, many fathoms deep, with everlasting snow; and, at

the sea, they terminate in icy cliffs of vast height. It is here where

the ice-islands are formed; not from streams of water, but from

consolidated snow and sleet, which is almost continually falling or

drifting down from the mountains, especially in the winter, when the

frost must be intense. During that season, the ice-cliffs must so

accumulate as to fill up all the bays, be they ever so large. This is a

fact which cannot be doubted, as we have seen it so in summer. These

cliffs accumulate by continual falls of snow, and what drifts from the

mountains, till they are no longer able to support their own weight;

and then large pieces break off, which we call ice-islands. Such as have

a flat even surface, must be of the ice formed in the bays, and before

the flat vallies; the others, which have a tapering unequal surface,

must be formed on, or under, the side of a coast composed of pointed

rocks and precipices, or some such uneven surface. For we cannot suppose

that snow alone, as it falls, can form, on a plain surface, such as the

sea, such a variety of high peaks and hills, as we saw on many of the

ice-isles. It is certainly more reasonable to believe that they are

formed on a coast whose surface is something similar to theirs. I have

observed that all the ice-islands of any extent, and before they begin

to break to pieces, are terminated by perpendicular cliffs of clear ice

or frozen snow, always on one or more sides, but most generally all

round. Many, and those of the largest size, which had a hilly and spiral

surface, shewed a perpendicular cliff, or side, from the summit of the

highest peak down to its base. This to me was a convincing proof, that

these, as well as the flat isles, must have broken off from substances

like themselves, that is, from some large tract of ice.

When I consider the vast quantity of ice we saw, and the vicinity of the

places to the Pole where it is formed, and where the degrees of

longitude are very small, I am led to believe that these ice-cliffs

extend a good way into the sea, in some parts, especially in such as are

sheltered from the violence of the winds. It may even be doubted if ever

the wind is violent in the very high latitudes. And that the sea will

freeze over, or the snow that falls upon it, which amounts to the same

thing, we have instances in the northern hemisphere. The Baltic, the

Gulph of St Laurence, the Straits of Belle-Isle, and many other equally

large seas, are frequently frozen over in winter. Nor is this at all

extraordinary, for we have found the degree of cold at the surface of

the sea, even in summer, to be two degrees below the freezing point;

consequently nothing kept it from freezing but the salt it contains, and

the agitation of its surface. Whenever this last ceaseth in winter, when

the frost is set in, and there comes a fall of snow, it will freeze on

the surface as it falls, and in a few days, or perhaps in one night,

form such a sheet of ice as will not be easily broken up. Thus a

foundation will be laid for it to accumulate to any thickness by falls

of snow, without its being at all necessary for the sea-water to

freeze. It may be by this means these vast floats of low ice we find in

the spring of the year are formed, and which, after they break up, are

carried by the currents to the north. For, from all the observations I

have been able to make, the currents every where, in the high latitudes,

set to the north, or to the N.E. or N.W.; but we have very seldom found

them considerable.

If this imperfect account of the formation of these extraordinary

floating islands of ice, which is written wholly from my own

observations, does not convey some useful hints to an abler pen, it

will, however, convey some idea of the lands where they are formed:

Lands doomed by Nature to perpetual frigidness; never to feel the warmth

of the sun's rays; whose horrible and savage aspect I have not words to

describe. Such are the lands we have discovered; what then may we expect

those to be which lie still farther to the south? For we may reasonably

suppose that we have seen the best, as lying most to the north. If any

one should have resolution and perseverance to clear up this point by

proceeding farther than I have done, I shall not envy him the honour of

the discovery; but I will be bold to say, that the world will not be

benefited by it.

I had, at this time, some thoughts of revisiting the place where the

French discovery is said to lie. But then I considered that, if they had

really made this discovery, the end would be as fully answered as if I

had done it myself. We know it can only be an island; and if we may

judge from the degree of cold we found in that latitude, it cannot be a

fertile one. Besides, this would have kept me two months longer at sea,

and in a tempestuous latitude, which we were not in a condition to

struggle with. Our sails and rigging were so much worn, that something

was giving way every hour; and we had nothing left either to repair or

to replace them. Our provisions were in a state of decay, and

consequently afforded little nourishment, and we had been a long time

without refreshments. My people, indeed, were yet healthy, and would

have cheerfully gone wherever I had thought proper to lead them; but I

dreaded the scurvy laying hold of them at a time when we had nothing

left to remove it. I must say farther, that it would have been cruel in

me to have continued the fatigues and hardships they were continually

exposed to, longer than was absolutely necessary. Their behaviour,

throughout the whole voyage, merited every indulgence which it was in my

power to give them. Animated by the conduct of the officers, they shewed

themselves capable of surmounting every difficulty and danger which came

in their way, and never once looked either upon the one or the other, as

being at all heightened, by our separation from our consort the

Adventure.

All these considerations induced me to lay aside looking for the French

discoveries, and to steer for the Cape of Good Hope; with a resolution,

however, of looking for the isles of Denia and Marseveen, which are laid

down in Dr Halley's variation chart in the latitude of 41° 1/2 S., and

about 4° of longitude to the east of the meridian of the Cape of Good

Hope. With this view I steered N.E., with a hard gale at N.W. and thick

weather; and on the 25th, at noon, we saw the last ice island, being at

this time in the latitude of 52° 52' S., longitude 26° 31' E.

1775 March

The wind abating and veering to the south, on the first of March, we

steered west, in order to get farther from Mr Bouvet's track, which was

but a few degrees to the east of us, being at this time in the latitude

of 46° 44' S., longitude 33° 20' E., in which situation we found the

variation to be 23° 36' W. It is somewhat remarkable, that all the time

we had northerly winds, which were regular and constant for several

days, the weather was always thick and cloudy; but, as soon as they came

south of west, it cleared up, and was fine and pleasant. The barometer

began to rise several days before this change happened; but whether on

account of it, or our coming northward, cannot be determined.

The wind remained not long at south before it veered round by the N.E.

to the N.W., blowing fresh and by squalls, attended, as before, with

rain and thick misty weather. We had some intervals of clear weather in

the afternoon of the 3d, when we found the variation to be 22° 26' W.;

latitude at this time 45° 8' S., longitude 30° 50' E. The following

night was very stormy, the wind blew from S.W. and in excessively heavy

squalls. At short intervals between the squalls the wind would fall

almost to a calm, and then come on again with such fury, that neither

our sails nor rigging could withstand it, several of the sails being

split, and a middle stay-sail being wholly lost. The next morning the

gale abated, and we repaired the damage we had sustained in the best

manner we could.

On the 8th, being in the latitude of 41° 30' S., longitude 26° 51' E.,

the mercury in the thermometer rose to 61, and we found it necessary to

put on lighter clothes. As the wind continued invariably fixed between

N.W. and W., we took every advantage to get to the west, by tacking

whenever it shifted any thing in our favour; but as we had a great swell

against us, our tacks were rather disadvantageous. We daily saw

albatrosses, peterels, and other oceanic birds; but not the least sign

of land.

On the 11th, in the latitude of 40° 40' S., longitude 23° 47' E., the

variation was 20° 48' W. About noon the same day the wind shifted

suddenly from N.W. to S.W., caused the mercury in the thermometer to

fall as suddenly from 62° to 52°; such was the different state of the

air, between a northerly and southerly wind. The next day, having

several hours calm, we put a boat in the water, and shot some

albatrosses and peterels, which, at this time, were highly acceptable.

We were now nearly in the situation where the isles which we were in

search of, are said to lie; however, we saw nothing that could give us

the least hope of finding them.

The calm continued till five o'clock of the next morning, when it was

succeeded by a breeze at W. by S., with which we stood to N.N.W., and at

noon observed in latitude 38° 51' S. This was upwards of thirty miles

more to the north than our log gave us; and the watch shewed that we had

been set to the east also. If these differences did not arise from some

strong current, I know not how to account for them. Very strong currents

have been found on the African coast, between Madagascar and the Cape

of Good Hope, but I never heard of their extending so far from the land;

nor is it probable they do. I rather suppose that this current has no

connection with that on the coast; and that we happened to fall into

some stream which is neither lasting nor regular. But these are points

which require much time to investigate, and must therefore be left to

the industry of future navigators.

We were now two degrees to the north of the parallel in which the isles

of Denia and Marseveen are said to lie. We had seen nothing to encourage

us to persevere in looking after them, and it must have taken up some

time longer to find them, or to prove their non-existence. Every one was

impatient to get into port, and for good reasons: As for a long time we

had had nothing but stale and salt provisions, for which every one on

board had lost all relish. These reasons induced me to yield to the

general wish, and to steer for the Cape of Good Hope, being at this time

in the latitude of 38° 38' S., longitude 23° 37' E.

The next day the observed latitude at noon was only seventeen miles to

the north of that given by the log; so that we had either got out of the

strength of the current, or it had ceased.

On the 15th the observed latitude at noon, together with the watch,

shewed that we had had a strong current setting to the S.W., the

contrary direction to what we had experienced on some of the preceding

days, as hath been mentioned.

At day-light, on the 16th, we saw two sail in the N.W. quarter standing

to the westward, and one of them shewing Dutch colours. At ten o'clock

we tacked and stood to the west also, being at this time in the latitude

of 39° 9' S., longitude 22° 38' E.

I now, in pursuance of my instructions, demanded of the officers and

petty officers, the log-books and journals they had kept; which were

delivered to me accordingly, and sealed up for the inspection of the

Admiralty. I also enjoined them, and the whole crew, not to divulge

where we had been, till they had their lordships' permission so to do.

In the afternoon, the wind veered to the west, and increased to a hard

gale, which was of short duration; for, the next day, it fell, and at

noon veered to S.E. At this time we were in the latitude of 34° 49' S.,

longitude 22° E.; and, on sounding, found fifty-six fathoms water. In

the evening we saw the land in the direction of E.N.E. about six leagues

distant; and, during the fore-part of the night, there was a great fire

or light upon it.

At day-break on the 18th, we saw the land again, bearing N.N.W., six or

seven leagues distant, and the depth of water forty-eight fathoms. At

nine o'clock, having little or no wind, we hoisted out a boat, and sent

on board one of the two ships before-mentioned, which were about two

leagues from us; but we were too impatient after news to regard the

distance. Soon after, a breeze sprung up at west, with which we stood to

the south; and, presently, three sail more appeared in sight to

windward, one of which shewed English colours.

At one, p.m., the boat returned from on board the Bownkerke Polder,

Captain Cornelius Bosch, a Dutch Indiaman from Bengal. Captain Bosch,

very obligingly, offered us sugar, arrack, and whatever he had to spare.

Our people were told by some English seamen on board this ship, that the

Adventure had arrived at the Cape of Good Hope twelve months ago, and

that the crew of one of her boats had been murdered and eaten by the

people of New Zealand; so that the story which we heard in Queen

Charlotte's Sound was now no longer a mystery.

We had light airs next, to a calm till ten o'clock the next morning,

when a breeze sprung up at west, and the English ship, which was to

windward, bore down to us. She proved to be the True Briton, Captain

Broadly, from China. As he did not intend to touch at the Cape, I put a

letter on board him for the secretary of the Admiralty.

The account which we had heard of the Adventure was now confirmed to us

by this ship. We also got, from on board her, a parcel of old

newspapers, which were new to us, and gave us some amusement; but these

were the least favours we received from Captain Broadly. With a

generosity peculiar to the commanders of the India Company's ships, he

sent us fresh provisions, tea, and other articles which were very

acceptable, and deserve from me this public acknowledgment. In the

afternoon we parted company. The True Briton stood out to sea, and we in

for the land, having a very fresh gale at west, which split our fore

top-sail in such a manner, that we were obliged to bring another to the

yard. At six o'clock we tacked within four or five miles of the shore;

and, as we judged, about five or six leagues to the east of Cape

Aguilas. We stood off till midnight, when, the wind having veered round

to the south, we tacked, and stood along-shore to the west. The wind

kept veering more and more in our favour, and at last fixed at E.S.E.;

and blew for some hours a perfect hurricane.

As soon as the storm began to subside, we made sail, and hauled in for

the land. Next day at noon, the Table Mountain over the Cape Town bore

N.E. by E., distant nine or ten leagues. By making use of this bearing

and distance to reduce the longitude shewn by the watch to the Cape

Town, the error was found to be no more than 18' in longitude, which it

was too far to the east. Indeed the difference found between it and the

lunar observations, since we left New Zealand, had seldom exceeded half

a degree, and always the same way.

The next morning, being with us Wednesday the 22d, but with the people

here Tuesday the 21st, we anchored in Table Bay, where we found several

Dutch ships; some French; and the Ceres, Captain Newte, an English East

India Company's ship, from China, bound directly to England, by whom I

sent a copy of the preceding part of this journal, some charts, and

other drawings to the Admiralty.

Before we had well got to an anchor, I dispatched an officer to acquaint

the governor with our arrival, and to request the necessary stores and

refreshments; which were readily granted. As soon as the officer came

back, we saluted the garrison with thirteen guns, which compliment was

immediately returned with an equal number.

I now learnt that the Adventure had called here, on her return; and I

found a letter from Captain Furneaux, acquainting me with the loss of

his boat, and of ten of his best men, in Queen Charlotte's Sound. The

captain, afterwards, on my arrival in England, put into my hands a

complete narrative of his proceedings, from the time of our second and

final separation, which I now lay before the public in the following

section.

CHAPTER VIII.

_Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings, in the Adventure,

from, the Time he was separated from the Resolution, to his Arrival in

England; including Lieutenant Burney's Report concerning the Boat's Crew

who were murdered by the Inhabitants of Queen Charlottes Sound_.

1773 October

After a passage of fourteen days from Amsterdam, we made the coast of

New Zealand near the Table Cape, and stood along-shore till we came as

far as Cape Turnagain. The wind then began to blow strong at west, with

heavy squalls and rain, which split many of our sails, and blew us off

the coast for three days; in which time we parted company with the

Resolution, and never saw her afterwards.

1773 November

On the 4th of November, we again got in shore, near Cape Palliser, and

were visited by a number of the natives in their canoes; bringing a

great quantity of cray-fish, which we bought of them for nails and

Otaheite cloth. The next day it blew hard from W.N.W., which again drove

us off the coast, and obliged us to bring-to for two days; during which

time it blew one continual gale of wind, with heavy falls of sleet. By

this time, our decks were very leaky; our beds and bedding wet; and

several of our people complaining of colds; so that we began to despair

of ever getting into Charlotte's Sound, or joining the Resolution.

On the 6th, being to the north of the cape, the wind at S.W., and

blowing strong, we bore away for some bay to complete our water and

wood, being in great want of both, having been at the allowance of one

quart of water for some days past; and even that pittance could not be

come at above six or seven days longer. We anchored in Tolaga Bay on the

9th, in latitude 38° 21' S., longitude 178° 31' east. It affords good

riding with the wind westerly, and regular soundings from eleven to five

fathoms, stiff muddy ground across the bay for about two miles. It is

open from N.N.E. to E.S.E. It is to be observed, easterly winds seldom

blow hard on this shore; but when they do, they throw in a great sea,

so that if it were not for a great undertow, together with a large river

that empties itself in the bottom of the bay, a ship would not be able

to ride here. Wood and water are easily to be had, except when it blows

hard easterly. The natives here are the same as those at Charlotte's

Sound, but more numerous, and seemed settled, having regular plantations

of sweet potatoes, and other roots, which are very good; and they have

plenty of cray and other fish, which we bought of them for nails, beads,

and other trifles, at an easy rate. In one of their canoes we observed

the head of a woman lying in state, adorned with feathers and other

ornaments. It had the appearance of being alive; but, on examination, we

found it dry, being preserved with every feature perfect, and kept as

the relic of some deceased relation.

Having got about ten tons of water, and some wood, we sailed for

Charlotte's Sound on the 12th. We were no sooner out than the wind began

to blow hard, dead on the shore, so that we could not clear the land on

either tack. This obliged us to bear away again for the bay, where we

anchored the next morning, and rode out a very heavy gale of wind at E.

by S., which threw in a very great sea. We now began to fear we should

never join the Resolution; having reason to believe she was in Charlotte

Sound, and by this time ready for sea. We soon found it was with great

difficulty we could get any water, owing to the swell setting in so

strong; at last, however, we were able to go on shore, and got both wood

and water.

Whilst we lay here we were employed about the rigging, which was much

damaged by the constant gales of wind we had met with since we made the

coast. We got the booms down on the decks, and having made the ship as

snug as possible, sailed again on the 16th. After this we met with

several gales of wind off the mouth of the Strait; and continued beating

backwards and forwards till the 30th, when we were so fortunate as to

get a favourable wind, which we took every advantage of, and at last got

safe into our desired port. We saw nothing of the Resolution, and began

to doubt her safety; but on going ashore, we discerned the place where

she had erected her tents; and, on an old stump of a tree in the garden,

observed these words cut out, "Look underneath." There we dug, and soon

found a bottle corked and waxed down, with a letter in it from Captain

Cook, signifying their arrival on the 3d instant, and departure on the

24th; and that they intended spending a few days in the entrance of the

Straits to look for us.

We immediately set about getting the ship ready for sea as fast as

possible; erected our tents; sent the cooper on shore to repair the

casks; and began to unstow the hold, to get at the bread that was in

butts; but on opening them found a great quantity of it entirely

spoiled, and most part so damaged, that we were obliged to fix our

copper oven on shore to bake it over again, which undoubtedly delayed us

a considerable time. Whilst we lay here, the inhabitants came on board

as before, supplying us with fish, and other things of their own

manufacture, which we bought of them for nails, etc. and appeared very

friendly, though twice in the middle of the night they came to the tent,

with an intention to steal; but were discovered before they could get

any thing into their possession.

1773 December

On the 17th of December, having refitted the ship, completed our water

and wood, and got every thing ready for sea, we sent our large cutter,

with Mr Rowe, a midshipman, and the boat's crew, to gather wild greens

for the ship's company; with orders to return that evening, as I

intended to sail the next morning. But on the boat's not returning the

same evening, nor the next morning, being under great uneasiness about

her, I hoisted out the launch, and sent her with the second lieutenant,

Mr Burney, manned with the boat's crew and ten marines, in search of

her. My orders to Mr Burney were first, to look well into East Bay, and

then to proceed to Grass Cove, the place to which Mr Rowe had been sent;

and if he heard nothing of the boat there, to go farther up the sound,

and come back along the west shore. As Mr Rowe had left the ship an hour

before the time proposed, and in a great hurry, I was strongly persuaded

that his curiosity had carried him into East Bay, none in our ship

having ever been there; or else, that some accident had happened to the

boat, either by going adrift through the boat-keeper's negligence, or by

being stove among the rocks. This was almost every body's opinion; and

on this supposition, the carpenter's mate was sent in the launch, with

some sheets of tin. I had not the least suspicion that our people had

received any injury from the natives, our boats having frequently been

higher up, and worse provided. How much I was mistaken, too soon

appeared; for Mr Burney having returned about eleven o'clock the same

night, made his report of a horrible scene indeed, which cannot be

better described than in his own words, which now follow.

"On the 18th, we left the ship; and having a light breeze in our favour,

we soon got round Long Island, and within Long Point. I examined every

cove, on the larboard hand, as we went along, looking well all around

with a spy-glass, which I took for that purpose. At half past one, we

stopped at a beach on the left-hand side going up East Bay, to boil some

victuals, as we brought nothing but raw meat with us. Whilst we were

cooking, I saw an Indian on the opposite shore, running along a beach to

the head of the bay. Our meat being drest, we got into the boat and put

off; and, in a short time, arrived at the head of this reach, where we

saw an Indian settlement."

"As we drew near, some of the Indians came down on the rocks, and waved

for us to be gone, but seeing we disregarded them, they altered their

notes. Here we found six large canoes hauled up on the beach, most of

them double ones, and a great many people; though not so many as one

might expect from the number of houses and size of the canoes. Leaving

the boat's crew to guard the boat, I stepped ashore with the marines

(the corporal and five men), and searched a good many of their houses,

but found nothing to give me any suspicion. Three or four well-beaten

paths led farther into the woods, where were many more houses; but the

people continuing friendly, I thought it unnecessary to continue our

search. Coming down to the beach, one of the Indians had brought a

bundle of _Hepatoos_ (long spears), but seeing I looked very earnestly

at him, he put them on the ground, and walked about with seeming

unconcern. Some of the people appearing to be frightened, I gave a

looking-glass to one, and a large nail to another. From this place the

bay ran, as nearly as I could guess, N.N.W. a good mile, where it ended

in a long sandy beach. I looked all around with the glass, but saw no

boat, canoe, or sign of inhabitant. I therefore contented myself with

firing some guns, which I had done in every cove as I went along."

"I now kept close to the east shore, and came to another settlement,

where the Indians invited us ashore. I enquired of them about the boat,

but they pretended ignorance. They appeared very friendly here, and sold

us some fish. Within an hour after we left this place, in a small beach

adjoining to Grass Cove, we saw a very large double canoe just hauled

up, with two men and a dog. The men, on seeing us, left their canoe, and

ran up into the woods. This gave me reason to suspect I should here get

tidings of the cutter. We went ashore, and searched the canoe, where we

found one of the rullock-ports of the cutter, and some shoes, one of

which was known to belong to Mr Woodhouse, one of our midshipmen. One of

the people, at the same time, brought me a piece of meat, which he took

to be some of the salt meat belonging to the cutter's crew. On examining

this, and smelling to it, I found it was fresh. Mr Fannin (the master)

who was with me, supposed it was dog's flesh, and I was of the same

opinion; for I still doubted their being cannibals. But we were soon

convinced by most horrid and undeniable proof."

"A great many baskets (about twenty) lying on the beach, tied up, we cut

them open. Some were full of roasted flesh, and some of fern-root, which

serves them for bread. On, farther search, we found more shoes, and a

hand, which we immediately knew to have belonged to Thomas Hill, one of

our fore-castle men, it being marked T.H. with an Otaheite

tattow-instrument. I went with some of the people a little way up the

woods, but saw nothing else. Coming down again, there was a round spot

covered with fresh earth, about four feet diameter, where something had

been buried. Having no spade, we began to dig with a cutlass; and in the

mean time I launched the canoe with intent to destroy her; but seeing a

great smoke ascending over the nearest hill, I got all the people into

the boat, and made what haste I could to be with them before sun-set."

"On opening the next bay, which was Grass Cove, we saw four canoes, one

single and three double ones, and a great many people on the beach, who,

on our approach; retreated to a small hill, within a ship's length of

the water side, where they stood talking to us. A large fire was on the

top of the high land, beyond the woods, from whence, all the way down

the hill, the place was thronged like a fair. As we came in, I ordered a

musquetoon to be fired at one of the canoes, suspecting they might be

full of men lying down in the bottom; for they were all afloat, but

nobody was seen in them. The savages on the little hill still kept

hallooing, and making signs for us to land. However, as soon as we got

close in, we all fired. The first volley did not seem to affect them

much; but on the second, they began to scramble away as fast as they

could, some of them howling. We continued firing as long as we could see

the glimpse of any of them through the bushes. Amongst the Indians were

two very stout men, who never offered to move till they found themselves

forsaken by their companions; and then they marched away with great

composure and deliberation; their pride not suffering them to run. One

of them, however, got a fall, and either lay there, or crawled off on

all-fours. The other got clear, without any apparent hurt. I then landed

with the marines, and Mr Fannin staid to guard the boat."

"On the beach were two bundles of celery, which had been gathered for

loading the cutter. A broken oar was stuck upright in the ground, to

which the natives had tied their canoes; a proof that the attack had

been made here. I then searched all along at the back of the beach, to

see if the cutter was there. We found no boat, but instead of her, such

a shocking scene of carnage and barbarity as can never be mentioned or

thought of but with horror; for the heads, hearts, and lungs of several

of our people were seen lying on the beach, and, at a little distance,

the dogs gnawing their entrails."

"Whilst we remained almost stupified on the spot, Mr Fannin called to us

that he heard the savages gathering together in the woods; on which I

returned to the boat, and hauling along-side the canoes, we demolished

three of them. Whilst this was transacting, the fire on the top of the

hill disappeared; and we could hear the Indians in the woods at high

words; I suppose quarrelling whether or no they should attack us, and

try to save their canoes. It now grew dark; I therefore just stepped

out, and looked once more behind the beach to see if the cutter had been

hauled up in the bushes; but seeing nothing of her, returned, and put

off. Our whole force would have been barely sufficient to have gone up

the hill; and to have ventured with half (for half must have been left

to guard the boat) would have been fool-hardiness."

"As we opened the upper part of the sound, we saw a very large fire

about three or four miles higher up, which formed a complete oval,

reaching from the top of the hill down almost to the water-side, the

middle space being inclosed all round by the fire, like a hedge. I

consulted with Mr Fannin, and we were both of opinion that we could

expect to reap no other advantage than the poor satisfaction of killing

some more of the savages. At leaving Grass Cove, we had fired a general

volley towards where we heard the Indians talking; but, by going in and

out of the boat, the arms had got wet, and four pieces missed fire. What

was still worse, it began to rain; our ammunition was more than, half

expended, and we left six large canoes behind us in one place. With so

many disadvantages, I did not think it worth while to proceed, where

nothing could be hoped for but revenge."

"Coming between two round islands, situated to the southward of East

Bay, we imagined we heard somebody calling; we lay on our oars, and

listened, but heard no more of it; we hallooed several times, but to

little purpose; the poor souls were far enough out of hearing, and,

indeed, I think it some comfort to reflect, that in all probability

every man of them must have been killed on the spot."

Thus far Mr Burney's report; and to complete the account of this

tragical transaction, it may not be unnecessary to mention, that the

people in the cutter were Mr Rowe, Mr Woodhouse, Francis Murphy,

quarter-master; William Facey, Thomas Hill, Michael Bell, and Edward

Jones, fore-castle men; John Cavanaugh, and Thomas Milton, belonging to

the after-guard; and James Sevilley, the captain's man, being ten in

all. Most of these were of our very best seamen, the stoutest and most

healthy people in the ship. Mr Burney's party brought on board two

hands, one belonging to Mr Rowe, known by a hurt he had received on it;

the other to Thomas Hill, as before-mentioned; and the head of the

captain's servant. These, with more of the remains, were tied in a

hammock, and thrown over-board, with ballast and shot sufficient to sink

it. None of their arms nor cloaths were found, except part of a pair of

trowsers, a frock, and six shoes, no two of them being fellows.

I am not inclined to think this was any premeditated plan of these

savages; for, the morning Mr Rowe left the ship, he met two canoes,

which came down and staid all the fore-noon in Ship Cove. It might

probably happen from some quarrel which was decided on the spot, or the

fairness of the opportunity might tempt them, our people being so

incautious, and thinking themselves too secure. Another thing which

encouraged the New Zealanders, was, they were sensible that a gun was

not infallible, that they sometimes missed, and that, when discharged,

they must be loaded before they could be used again, which time they

knew how to take advantage of. After their success, I imagine there was

a general meeting on the east side of the sound. The Indians of Shag

Cove were there; this we knew by a cock which was in one of the canoes,

and by a long single canoe, which some of our people had seen four days

before in Shag Cove, where they had been with Mr Rowe in the cutter.

We were detained in the Sound by contrary winds four days after this

melancholy affair happened, during which time we saw none of the

inhabitants. What is very remarkable, I had been several times up in the

same cove with Captain Cook, and never saw the least sign of an

inhabitant, except some deserted towns, which appeared as if they had

not been occupied for several years; and yet, when Mr Burney entered the

cove, he was of opinion there could not be less than fifteen hundred or

two thousand people. I doubt not, had they been apprized of his coming,

they would have attacked him. From these considerations, I thought it

imprudent to send a boat up again; as we were convinced there was not

the least probability of any of our people being alive.

On the 23d, we weighed and made sail out of the Sound, and stood to the

eastward to get clear of the straits; which we accomplished the same

evening, but were baffled for two or three days with light winds, before

we could clear the coast. We then stood to the S.S.E. till we got into

the latitude of 56° south, without any thing remarkable happening,

having a great swell from the southward. At this time the wind began to

blow strong from the S.W., and the weather to be very cold; and as the

ship was low and deep laden, the sea made a continual breach over her,

which kept us always wet; and by her straining, very few of the people

were dry in bed or on deck, having no shelter to keep the sea from them.

The birds were the only companions we had in this vast ocean, except,

now and then, we saw a whale or porpoise; and sometimes a seal or two,

and a few penguins. In the latitude of 58° S., longitude 213°* east,

we fell in with some ice, and, every day, saw more or less, we then

standing to the east. We found a very strong current setting to the

eastward; for by the time we were abreast of Cape Horn, being in the

latitude of 61° S., the ship was a-head of our account eight degrees. We

were very little more than a month from Cape Palliser in New Zealand to

Cape Horn, which is an hundred and twenty-one degrees of longitude, and

had continual westerly winds from S.W. to N.W., with a great sea

following.

[* About 147 west longitude, I reckon.]

1774 January

On opening some casks of pease and flour, that had been stowed on the

coals, we found them very much damaged, and not eatable; so thought it

most prudent to make for the Cape of Good Hope, but first to stand into

the latitude and longitude of Cape Circumcision. After being to the

eastward of Cape Horn, we found the winds did not blow so strong from

the westward as usual, but came more from the north, which brought on

thick foggy weather; so that for several days together we could not be

able to get an observation, or see the least sign of the sun. This

weather lasted above a month, being then among a great many islands of

ice, which kept us constantly on the look-out, for fear of running foul

of them, and, being a single ship, made us more attentive. By this time

our people began to complain of colds and pains in their limbs, which

obliged me to haul to the northward to the latitude of 54° S.; but we

still continued to have the same sort of weather, though we had oftener

an opportunity of obtaining observations for the latitude.

1774 February

After getting into the latitude above-mentioned, I steered to the east,

in order, if possible, to find the land laid down by Bouvet. As we

advanced to the east, the islands of ice became more numerous and

dangerous; they being much smaller than they used to be; and the nights

began to be dark.

1774 March

On the 3d of March, being then in the latitude of 54° 4' S., longitude

13° E., which is the latitude of Bouvet's discovery, and half a degree

to the eastward of it, and not seeing the least sign of land, either now

or since we have been in this parallel, I gave over looking for it, and

hauled away to the northward. As our last track to the southward was

within a few degrees of Bouvet's discovery in the longitude assigned to

it, and about three or four degrees to the southward, should there be

any land thereabout, it must be a very inconsiderable island. But I

believe it was nothing but ice: As we, in our first setting out, thought

we had seen land several times, but it proved to be high islands of ice

at the back of the large fields; and as it was thick foggy weather when

Mr Bouvet fell in with it, he might very easily mistake them for land.

On the seventh, being in the latitude of 48° 30' S., longitude 14° 26'

E., saw two large islands of ice.

On the 17th, made the land of the Cape of Good Hope, and on the 19th

anchored in Table Bay, where we found Commodore Sir Edward Hughes, with

his majesty's ships Salisbury and Sea-horse. I saluted the commodore

with, thirteen guns; and, soon after, the garrison with the same number;

the former returned the salute, as usual, with two guns less, and the

latter with an equal number.

1774 March-July

On the 24th, Sir Edward Hughes sailed with the Salisbury and Sea-horse,

for the East Indies; but I remained refitting the ship and refreshing

the people till the 16th of April, when I sailed for England, and on the

14th of July anchored at Spithead.

CHAPTER IX.

_Transactions at the Cape of Good Hope; with an Account of some

Discoveries made by the French; and the Arrival of the Ship at St

Helena._

1775 March 22

I now resume my own Journal, which Captain Furneaux's interesting

narrative, in the preceding section, had obliged me to suspend.

The day after my arrival at the Cape of Good Hope, I went on shore, and

waited on the Governor, Baron Plettenberg, and other principal officers,

who received, and, treated us, with the greatest politeness,

contributing all in their power to make it agreeable. And, as there are

few people more obliging to strangers than the Dutch in general, at this

place, and refreshments of all kinds are no where to be got in such

abundance, we enjoyed some real repose, after the fatigues of a long

voyage.

The good treatment which strangers meet with at the Cape of Good Hope,

and the necessity of breathing a little fresh air, has introduced a

custom, not common any where else (at least I have no where seen it so

strictly observed), which is, for all the officers, who can be spared

out of the ship, to reside on shore. We followed this custom. Myself,

the two Mr Forsters, and Mr Sparrman, took up our abode with Mr Brandt,

a gentleman well known to the English, by his obliging readiness to

serve them. My first care, after my arrival, was to procure fresh-baked

bread, fresh meat, greens, and wine, for those who remained on board;

and being provided, every day during our stay, with these articles, they

were soon restored to their usual strength. We had only three men on

board whom it was thought necessary to send on shore for the recovery of

their health; and for these I procured quarters, at the rate of thirty

stivers, or half-a-crown, per day, for which they were provided with

victuals, drink, and lodging.

We now went to work to supply all our defects. For this purpose, by

permission, we erected a tent on shore, to which we sent our casks and

sails to be repaired. We also struck the yards and topmasts, in order to

overhaul the rigging, which we found in so bad a condition, that almost

every thing, except the standing rigging, was obliged to be replaced

with new, and that was purchased at a most exorbitant price. In the

article of naval stores, the Dutch here, as well as at Batavia, take a

shameful advantage of the distress of foreigners.

That our rigging, sails, etc. should be worn out, will not be wondered

at, when it is known, that during this circumnavigation of the globe,

that is, from our leaving this place to our return to it again, we had

sailed no less than twenty thousand leagues; an extent of voyage nearly

equal to three times the equatorial circumference of the earth, and

which, I apprehend, was never sailed by any ship in the same space of

time before. And yet, in all this great run, which had been made in all

latitudes between 9° and 71, we sprung neither low-masts, top-mast,

lower, nor top-sail yard, nor so much as broke a lower or top-mast

shroud; which, with the great care and abilities of my officers, must be

owing to the good properties of our ship.

One of the French ships which were at anchor in the bay, was the Ajax

Indiaman, bound to Pondicherry, commanded by Captain Crozet. He had been

second in command with Captain Marion, who sailed from this place with

two ships, in March 1772, as hath been already mentioned. Instead of

going from hence to America, as was said, he stood away for New Zealand;

where, in the Bay of Isles, he and some of his people were killed by the

inhabitants. Captain Crozet, who succeeded to the command, returned by

the way of the Phillipine Isles, with the two ships, to the island of

Mauritius. He seemed to be a man possessed of the true spirit of

discovery, and to have abilities. In a very obliging manner he

communicated to me a chart, wherein were delineated not only his own

discoveries, but also that of Captain Kerguelen, which I found laid down

in the very situation where we searched for it; so that I can by no

means conceive how both we and the Adventure missed it.

Besides this land, which Captain Crozet told us was a long but very

narrow island, extending east and west, Captain Marion, in about the

latitude of 48° south, and from 16° to 30° of longitude east of the Cape

of Good Hope, discovered six islands, which were high and barren. These,

together with some islands lying between the Line and the southern

tropic in the Pacific Ocean, were the principal discoveries made in this

voyage, the account of which, we were told, was ready for publication.

By Captain Crozet's chart it appeared, that a voyage had been made by

the French across the South Pacific Ocean in 1769, under the command of

one Captain Surville; who, on condition of his attempting discoveries,

had obtained leave to make a trading voyage to the coast of Peru. He

fitted out, and took in a cargo, in some part of the East Indies;

proceeded by way of the Phillipine Isles; passed near New Britain; and

discovered some land in the latitude of 10° S., longitude 158° east, to

which he gave his own name. From hence he steered to the south; passed,

but a few degrees, to the west of New Caledonia; fell in with New

Zealand at its northern extremity, and put into Doubtful Bay; where, it

seems, he was, when I passed it, on my former voyage in the Endeavour.

From New Zealand Captain Surville steered to the east, between the

latitude of 35° and 41° south, until he arrived on the coast of America;

where, in the port of Callao, in attempting to land, he was drowned.

These voyages of the French, though undertaken by private adventurers,

have contributed something towards exploring the Southern Ocean. That of

Captain Surville clears up a mistake which I was led into, in imagining

the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia, to extend to the west as

far as New Holland; it proves that there is an open sea in that space,

and that we saw the N.W. extremity of that country.

From the same gentleman, we learnt, that the ship which had been at

Otaheite before our first arrival there this voyage, was from New Spain;

and that, in her return, she had discovered some islands in the latitude

of 32° S., and under the meridian of 130° W. Some other islands, said to

be discovered by the Spaniards, appeared on this chart; but Captain

Crozet seemed to think they were inserted from no good authorities.

We were likewise informed of a later voyage undertaken by the French,

under the command of Captain Kerguelen, which had ended much to the

disgrace of that commander.

While we lay in Table Bay, several foreign ships put in and out, bound

to and from India, viz. English, French, Danes, Swedes, and three

Spanish frigates, two of them going to, and one coming from Manilla. It

is but very lately that the Spanish ships have touched here; and these

were the first that were allowed the same privileges as other European

friendly nations.

1775 March-April

On examining our rudder, the pintles were found to be loose, and we were

obliged to unhang it, and take it on shore to repair. We were also

delayed for want of caulkers to caulk the ship, which was absolutely

necessary to be done before we put to sea. At length I obtained two

workmen from one of the Dutch ships; and the Dutton English East

Indiaman coming in from Bengal, Captain Rice obliged me with two more;

so that by the 26th of April this work was finished: And having got on

board all necessary stores, and a fresh supply of provisions and water,

we took leave of the governor and other principal officers, and the next

morning repaired on board. Soon after the wind coming fair, we weighed

and put to sea; as did also the Spanish frigate Juno, from Manilla, a

Danish Indiaman, and the Dutton.

As soon as we were under sail, we saluted the garrison with thirteen

guns; which compliment was immediately returned with the same number.

The Spanish frigate and Danish Indiaman both saluted us as we passed

them, and I returned each salute with an equal number of guns. When we

were clear of the bay the Danish ship steered for the East Indies, the

Spanish frigate for Europe, and we and the Dutton for St Helena.

Depending on the goodness of Mr Kendall's watch, I resolved to try to

make the island by a direct course. For the first six days, that is,

till we got into the latitude of 27° S., longitude 11° 1/2 W. of the

cape, the winds were southerly and S.E. After this we had variable light

airs for two days; they were succeeded by a wind at S.E. which continued

to the island, except a part of one day, when it was at N.E. In general

the wind blew faint all the passage, which made it longer than common.

1775 May

At day-break in the morning of the 15th of May, we saw the island of St

Helena at the distance of fourteen leagues; and at midnight anchored in

the road before the town, on the N.W. side of the island. At sun-rise

the next morning, the castle, and also the Dutton, saluted us, each with

thirteen guns; on my landing, soon after, I was saluted by the castle

with the same number, and each of the salutes was returned by the ship.

Governor Skettowe and the principal gentlemen of the island, received

and treated me, during my stay, with the greatest politeness; by shewing

me every kind of civility in their power.

Whoever views St Helena in its present state, and can but conceive what

it must have been originally, will not hastily charge the inhabitants

with want of industry. Though, perhaps, they might apply it to more

advantage, were more land appropriated to planting of corn, vegetables,

roots, etc. instead of being laid out in pasture, which is the present

mode. But this is not likely to happen, so long as the greatest part of

it remains in the hands of the company and their servants. Without

industrious planters, this island can never flourish, and be in a

condition to supply the shipping with the necessary refreshments.

Within these three years a new church has been built; some other new

buildings were in hand; a commodious landing-place for boats has been

made; and several other improvements, which add both strength and beauty

to the place.

During our stay here, we finished some necessary repairs of the ship,

which we had not time to do at the Cape. We also filled all our empty

water-casks; and the crew were served with fresh beef, purchased at

five-pence per pound. Their beef is exceedingly good, and is the only

refreshment to be had worth mentioning.

By a series of observations made at the Cape town, and at James Fort in

St Helena, at the former by Messrs Mason and Dixon, and at the latter by

Mr Maskelyne, the astronomer royal, the difference of longitude between

these two places is 24° 12' 15", only two miles more than Mr Kendall's

watch made. The lunar observations made by Mr Wales, before we arrived

at the island, and after we left it, and reduced to it by the watch,

gave 5° 51' for the longitude of James Fort; which is only five miles

more west than it is placed by Mr Maskelyne. In like manner the

longitude of the Cape Town was found within 5' of the truth. I mention

this to shew how near the longitude of places may be found by the lunar

method, even at sea, with the assistance of a good watch.

CHAPTER X.

_Passage from St Helena to the Western Islands, with a Description of

the Island of Ascension and Fernando Noronha._

1775 May

On the 21st in the evening, I took leave of the governor, and repaired

on board. Upon my leaving the shore, I was saluted with thirteen guns;

and upon my getting under sail, with the Dutton in company, I was

saluted with thirteen more; both of which I returned.

After leaving St Helena, the Dutton was ordered to steer N.W. by W. or

N.W. by compass, in order to avoid falling in with Ascension; at which

island, it was said, an illicit trade was carried on between the

officers of the India Company's ships, and some vessels from North

America, who, of late years, had frequented the island on pretence of

fishing whales or catching turtle, when their real design was to wait

the coming of the India ships. In order to prevent their homeward-bound

ships from falling in with these smugglers, and to put a stop to this

illicit trade, the Dutton was ordered to steer the course

above-mentioned, till to the northward of Ascension. I kept company with

this ship till the 24th, when, after putting a packet on board her for

the Admiralty, we parted: She continuing her course to the N.W., and I

steering for Ascension.

In the morning of the 28th I made the island; and the same evening

anchored in Cross Bay on the N.W. side, in ten fathoms water, the bottom

a fine sand, and half a mile from the shore. The Cross Hill, so called

on account of a cross, or flag-staff erected upon it, bore by compass S.

38° E.; and the two extreme points of the bay extended from N.E. to S.W.

We remained here till the evening of the 31st, and notwithstanding we

had several parties out every night, we got but twenty-four turtle, it

being rather too late in the season; however, as they weighed between

four or five hundred pounds each, we thought ourselves not ill off. We

might have had a plentiful supply of fish in general, especially of that

sort called Old Wives, of which I have no where seen such abundance.

There were also cavalies, conger eels, and various other sorts; but the

catching of any of these was not attended to, the object being turtle.

There are abundance of goats, and aquatic birds, such as men-of-war and

tropic birds, boobies, etc.

The island of Ascension is about ten miles in length, in the direction

of N.W. and S.E., and about five or six in breadth. It shews a surface

composed of barren hills and vallies, on the most of which not a shrub

or plant is to be seen for several miles, and where we found nothing but

stones and sand, or rather flags and ashes; an indubitable sign that the

isle, at some remote time, has been destroyed by a volcano, which has

thrown up vast heaps of stones, and even hills. Between these heaps of

stones we found a smooth even surface, composed of ashes and sand, and

very good travelling upon it; but one may as easily walk over broken

glass bottles as over the stones. If the foot deceives you, you are sure

to be cut or lamed, which happened to some of our people. A high

mountain at the S.E. end of the isle seems to be left in its original

state, and to have escaped the general destruction. Its soil is a kind

of white marl, which yet retains its vegetative qualities, and produceth

a kind of purslain, spurge, and one or two grasses. On these the goats

subsist, and it is at this part of the isle where they are to be found,

as also land-crabs, which are said to be very good.

I was told, that about this part of the isle is some very good land on

which might be raised many necessary articles; and some have been at the

trouble of sowing turnips and other useful vegetables. I was also told

there is a fine spring in a valley which disjoins two hills on the top

of the mountain above-mentioned; besides great quantities of fresh water

in holes in the rocks, which the person who gave me this information,

believed was collected from rains. But these supplies of water can only

be of use to the traveller; or to those who may be so unfortunate as to

be shipwrecked on the island; which seems to have been the fate of some

not long ago, as appeared by the remains of a wreck we found on the N.E.

side. By what we could judge, she seemed to have been a vessel of about

one hundred and fifty tons burthen.

While we lay in the road, a sloop of about seventy tons burthen came to

an anchor by us. She belonged to New York, which place she left in

February, and having been to the coast of Guinea with a cargo of goods,

was come here to take in turtle to carry to Barbadoes. This was the

story which the master, whose name was Greves, was pleased to tell, and

which may, in part, be true. But I believe the chief view of his coming

here, was the expectation of meeting with some of the India ships. He

had been in the island near a week, and had got on board twenty turtle.

A sloop, belonging to Bermuda, had sailed but a few days before with one

hundred and five on board, which was as many as she could take in; but

having turned several more on the different sandy beaches, they had

ripped open their bellies, taken out the eggs, and left their carcasses

to putrify; an act as inhuman as injurious to those who came after them.

Part of the account I have given of the interior parts of this island I

received from Captain Greves, who seemed to be a sensible intelligent

man, and had been all over it. He sailed in the morning of the same day

we did.

Turtle, I am told, are to be found at this isle from January to June.

The method of catching them is to have people upon the several sandy

bays, to watch their coming on shore to lay their eggs, which is always

in the night, and then to turn them on their backs, till there be an

opportunity to take them off the next day. It was recommended to us to

send a good many men to each beach, where they were to lie quiet till

the turtle were ashore, and then rise and turn them at once. This method

may be the best when the turtle are numerous; but when there are but

few, three or four men are sufficient for the largest beach; and if they

keep patroling it, close to the wash of the surf, during the night, by

this method they will see all that come ashore, and cause less noise

than if there were more of them. It was by this method we caught the

most we got; and this is the method by which the Americans take them.

Nothing is more certain, than that all the turtle which are found about

this island, come here for the sole purpose of laying their eggs; for we

met with none but females; and of all those which we caught, not one had

any food worth mentioning in its stomach; a sure sign, in my opinion,

that they must have been a long time without any; and this may be the

reason why the flesh of them is not so good as some I have eat on the

coast of New South Wales, which were caught on the spot where they fed.

The watch made 8° 45' difference of longitude between St Helena and

Ascension; which, added to 5° 49' the longitude of James Fort in St

Helena, gives 14° 34' for the longitude of the Road of Ascension, or 14°

30' for the middle of the island, the latitude of which is 8° S. The

lunar observations made by Mr Wales, and reduced to the same point of

the island by the watch, gave 14° 28' 30" west longitude.

On the 31st of May, we left Ascension, and steered to the northward with

a fine gale at S.E. by E. I had a great desire to visit the island of St

Matthew, to settle its situation; but as I found the wind would not let

me fetch it, I steered for the island of Fernando de Noronha on the

coast of Brazil, in order to determine its longitude, as I could not

find this had yet been done. Perhaps I should have performed a more

acceptable service to navigation, if I had gone in search of the island

of St Paul, and those shoals which are said to lie near the equator, and

about the meridian of 20° W.; as neither their situation nor existence

are well known. The truth is, I was unwilling to prolong the passage in

searching for what I was not sure to find; nor was I willing to give up

every object, which might tend to the improvement of navigation or

geography, for the sake of getting home a week or a fortnight sooner. It

is but seldom that opportunities of this kind offer; and when they do,

they are too often neglected.

In our passage to Fernando de Noronha, we had steady fresh gales

between the S.E. and E.S.E., attended with fair and clear weather; and

as we had the advantage of the moon, a day or night did not pass without

making lunar observations for determining our longitude. In this run,

the variation of the compass gradually decreased from 11° W., which it

was at Ascension., to 1° W., which we found off Fernando de Noronha.

This was the mean result of two compasses, one of which gave 1° 37', and

the other 23' W.

1775 June

On the 9th of June at noon we made the island of Fernando de Noronha,

bearing S.W. by W. 1/2 W., distant six or seven leagues, as we

afterwards found by the log. It appeared in detached and peaked hills,

the largest of which looked like a church tower or steeple. As we drew

near the S.E. part of the isle, we perceived several unconnected sunken

rocks lying near a league from the shore, on which the sea broke in a

great surf. After standing very near these rocks, we hoisted our

colours, and then bore up round the north end of the isle, or rather

round a group of little islets; for we could see that the land was

divided by narrow channels. There is a strong fort on the one next the

main island, where there are several others; all of which seemed to have

every advantage that nature can give them, and they are so disposed, as

wholly to command all the anchoring and landing-places about the island.

We continued to steer round the northern point, till the sandy beaches

(before which is the road for shipping) began to appear, and the forts

and the peaked hills were open to the westward of the said point. At

this time, on a gun being fired from one of the forts, the Portuguese

colours were displayed, and the example was followed by all the other

forts. As the purpose for which I made the island was now answered, I

had no intention to anchor; and therefore, after firing a gun to

leeward, we made sail and stood away to the northward with a fine fresh

gale at E.S.E. The peaked hill or church tower bore S., 27° W., distant

about four or five miles; and from this point of view it leans, or

overhangs, to the east. This hill is nearly in the middle of the island,

which no where exceeds two leagues in extent, and shews a hilly unequal

surface, mostly covered with wood and herbage.

Ulloa says, "This island hath two harbours capable of receiving ships of

the greatest burden; one is on the north side, and the other is on the

N.W. The former is, in every respect, the principal, both for shelter

and capacity, and the goodness of its bottom; but both are exposed to

the north and west, though these winds, particularly the north, are

periodical, and of no long continuance." He further says, that you

anchor in the north harbour (which is no more than what I would call a

road) to thirteen fathoms water, one-third of a league from shore,

bottom of fine sand; the peaked hill above-mentioned bearing S.W. 2°

southerly.*

[* See Don Antonio d'Ulloa's Book, vol. ii. chap. 3. page 95

to 102, where there is a very particular account of this island.]

This road seems to be well sheltered from the south and east winds. One

of my seamen had been on board a Dutch India ship, who put in at this

isle in her way out in 1770. They were very sickly, and in want of

refreshments and water. The Portuguese supplied them with some buffaloes

and fowls; and they watered behind one of the beaches in a little pool,

which was hardly big enough to dip a bucket in. By reducing the observed

latitude at noon to the peaked hill, its latitude will be 3° 53' S.; and

its longitude, by the watch, carried on from St Helena, is 32° 34' W.;

and by observations of the sun and moon, made before and after we made

the Isle, and reduced to it by the watch, 32° 44' 30" W. This was the

mean result of my observations. The results of those made by Mr Wales,

which were more numerous, gave 32° 23'. The mean of the two will be

pretty near the watch, and probably nearest the truth. By knowing the

longitude of this isle, we are able to determine that of the adjacent

east coast of Brazil; which, according to the modern charts, lies about

sixty or seventy leagues more to the west. We might very safely have

trusted to these charts, especially the variation chart for 1744, and Mr

Dalrymple's of the southern Atlantic ocean*.

[* Ulloa says, that the chart places this island sixty leagues from the

coast of Brazil; and that the Portuguese pilots, who often make the

voyage, judge it to be eighty leagues; but, by taking the mean between

the two opinions, the distance may be fixed at seventy leagues.]

On the 11th, at three o'clock in the afternoon, we crossed the equator

in the longitude of 32° 14' W. We had fresh gales at E.S.E., blowing in

squalls, attended by showers of rain, that continued at certain

intervals, till noon the next day, after which we had twenty-four hours

fair weather.

At noon on the 13th, being in the latitude of 3° 49' N., longitude 31°

47' W., the wind became variable, between the N.E. and S.; and we had

light airs and squalls by turns, attended by hard showers of rain, and

for the most part dark gloomy weather, which continued till the evening

of the 15th, when, in the latitude of 5° 47' N., longitude 31° W., we

had three calm days, in which time we did not advance above ten or

twelve leagues to the north. We had fair weather and rain by turns; the

sky, for the most part, being obscured, and sometimes by heavy dense

clouds which broke in excessive hard showers.

At seven o'clock in the evening on the 18th, the calm was succeeded by a

breeze at east, which the next day increasing and veering to and fixing

at N.E., we stretched to N.W. with our tacks on board. We made no doubt

that we had now got the N.E. trade-wind, as it was attended with fair

weather, except now and then some light showers of rain; and as we

advanced to the north the wind increased, and blew a fresh top-gallant

gale.

On the 21st, I ordered the still to be fitted to the largest copper,

which held about sixty-four gallons. The fire was lighted at four

o'clock in the morning, and at six the still began to run. It was

continued till six o'clock in the evening; in which time we obtained

thirty-two gallons of fresh water, at the expence of one bushel and a

half of coals; which was about three-fourths of a bushel more than was

necessary to have boiled the ship's company's victuals only; but the

expence of fuel was no object with me. The victuals were dressed in the

small copper, the other being applied wholly to the still; and every

method was made use of to obtain from it the greatest quantity of fresh

water possible; as this was my sole motive for setting it to work. The

mercury in the thermometer at noon was eighty-four and a half, and

higher it is seldom found at sea. Had it been lower, more water, under

the same circumstances, would undoubtedly have been produced; for the

colder the air is, the cooler you can keep the still, which will

condense the steam the faster. Upon the whole, this is an useful

invention; but I would advise no man to trust wholly to it. For although

you may, provided you have plenty of fuel and good coppers, obtain as

much water as will support life, you cannot, with all your efforts,

obtain sufficient to support health, in hot climates especially, where

it is the most wanting: For I am well convinced, that nothing

contributes more to the health of seamen, than having plenty of water.

The wind now remained invariably fixed at N.E. and E.N.E., and blew

fresh with squalls, attended with showers of rain, and the sky for the

most part cloudy. On the 25th, in the latitude of 16° 12' N., longitude

37° 20' W., seeing a ship to windward steering down upon us, we

shortened sail in order to speak with her; but finding she was Dutch by

her colours, we made sail again and left her to pursue her course, which

we supposed was to some of the Dutch settlements in the West Indies. In

the latitude of 20° N., longitude 39° 45' W., the wind began to veer to

E. by N. and E.; but the weather remained the same; that is, we

continued to have it clear and cloudy by turns, with light squalls and

showers. Our track was between N.W. by N. and N.N.W., till noon on the

28th, after which our course made good was N. by W., being at this time

in the latitude of 21° 21' N., longitude 40° 6' W. Afterwards, the wind

began to blow a little more steady, and was attended with fair and clear

weather. At two o'clock in the morning of the 30th, being in the

latitude of 24° 20' N., longitude 40° 47' W., a ship, steering to the

westward, passed us within hail. We judged her to be English, as they

answered us in that language; but we could not understand what they

said, and they were presently out of sight.

In the latitude of 29° 30', longitude 41° 30', the wind slackened and

veered more to the S.E. We now began to see some of that sea-plant,

which is commonly called gulph-weed, from a supposition that it comes

from the Gulph of Florida. Indeed, for aught I know to the contrary, it

may be a fact; but it seems not necessary, as it is certainly a plant

which vegetates at sea. We continued to see it, but always in small

pieces, till we reached the latitude 36°, longitude 39° W., beyond which

situation no more appeared.

1775 July

On the 5th of July, in the latitude of 22° 31' 30" N., longitude 40° 29'

W., the wind veered to the east, and blew very faint: The next day it

was calm; the two following days we had variable light airs and calms by

turns; and, at length, on the 9th, having fixed at S.S.W., it increased

to a fresh gale, with which we steered first N.E. and then E.N.E., with

a view of making some of the Azores, or Western Isles. On the 11th, in

the latitude of 36° 45' N., longitude 36° 45' W., we saw a sail which

was steering to the west; and the next day we saw three more.

CHAPTER XI.

_Arrival of the Ship at the Island of Fayal, a Description of the Place,

and the Return of the Resolution to England._

1775 July

At five o'clock in the evening of the 13th, we made the island of Fayal,

one of the Azores, and soon after that of Pico, under which we spent the

night in making short boards. At day-break the next morning, we bore

away for the bay of Fayal, or De Horta, where at eight o'clock, we

anchored in twenty fathoms water, a clear sandy bottom, and something

more than half a mile from the shore. Here we moored N.E. and S.W.,

being directed so to do by the master of the port, who came on board

before we dropped anchor. When moored, the S.W. point of the bay bore S.

16° W., and the N.E. point N. 33° E.; the church at the N.E. end of the

town N. 38° W., the west point of St George's Island N. 42° E., distant

eight leagues; and the isle of Pico, extending from N. 74° E. to S. 46°

E., distant four or five miles.

We found in the bay the Pourvoyeur, a large French frigate, an American

sloop, and a brig belonging to the place. She had come last from the

river Amazon, where she took in a cargo of provision from the Cape Verd

Islands; but, not being able to find them, she steered for this place,

where she anchored about half an hour before us.

As my sole design in stopping here was to give Mr Wales an opportunity

to find the rate of the watch, the better to enable us to fix with some

degree of certainty the longitude of these islands, the moment we

anchored, I sent an officer to wait on the English consul, and to notify

our arrival to the governor, requesting his permission for Mr Wales to

make observations on shore, for the purpose above mentioned. Mr Dent,

who acted as consul in the absence of Mr Gathorne, not only procured

this permission, but accommodated Mr Wales with a convenient place in

his garden to set up his instruments; so that he was enabled to observe

equal altitudes the same day.

We were not more obliged to Mr Dent for the very friendly readiness he

shewed in procuring us this and every other thing we wanted, than for

the very liberal and hospitable entertainment we met with at his house,

which was open to accommodate us both night and day.

During our stay, the ship's company was served with fresh beef; and we

took on board about fifteen tons of water, which we brought off in the

country boats, at the rate of about three shillings per ton. Ships are

allowed to water with their own boats; but the many inconveniencies

attending it, more than overbalance the expence of hiring shore-boats,

which is the most general custom.

Fresh provisions for present use may be got, such as beef, vegetables,

and fruit; and hogs, sheep, and poultry for sea stock, all at a pretty

reasonable price; but I do not know that any sea-provisions are to be

had, except wine. The bullocks and hogs are very good, but the sheep are

small and wretchedly poor.

The principal produce of Fayal is wheat and Indian corn, with which they

supply Pico and some of the other isles. The chief town is called Villa

de Horta. It is situated in the bottom of the bay, close to the edge of

the sea, and is defended by two castles, one at each end of the town,

and a wall of stone-work, extending along the sea-shore from the one to

the other. But these works are suffered to go to decay, and serve more

for shew than strength. They heighten the prospect of the city, which

makes a fine appearance from the road; but, if we except the Jesuits'

college, the monasteries and churches, there is not another building

that has any thing to recommend it, either outside or in. There is not a

glass window in the place, except what are in the churches, and in a

country-house which lately belonged to the English consul; all the

others being latticed, which, to an Englishman, makes them look like

prisons.

This little city, like all others belonging to the Portuguese, is

crowded with religious buildings, there being no less than three

convents of men and two of women, and eight churches, including those

belonging to the convents, and the one in the Jesuits' college. This

college is a fine structure, and is situated on an elevation in the

pleasantest part of the city. Since the expulsion of that order, it has

been suffered to go to decay, and will probably, in a few years, be no

better than a heap of ruins.

Fayal, although the most noted for wines, does not raise sufficient for

its own consumption. This article is raised on Pico, where there is no

road for shipping; but being brought to De Horta, and from thence

shipped abroad, chiefly to America, it has acquired the name of Fayal

Wine.

The bay, or road of Fayal, is situated at the east end of the isle,

before the Villa de Horta, and facing the west end of Pico. It is two

miles broad, and three quarters of a mile deep, and hath a semi-circular

form. The depth of water is from twenty to ten and even six fathoms, a

sandy bottom, except near the shore, and particularly near the S.W.

head, off which the bottom is rocky, also without the line which joins

the two points of the bay, so that it is not safe to anchor far out. The

bearing before mentioned, taken when at anchor, will direct any one to

the best ground. It is by no means a bad road, but the winds most to be

apprehended, are those which blow from between the S.S.W. and S.E.; the

former is not so dangerous as the latter, because, with it, you can

always get to sea. Besides this road, there is a small cove round the

S.W. point, called Porto Pierre, in which, I am told, a ship or two may

lie in tolerable safety, and where they sometimes heave small vessels

down.

A Portuguese captain told me, that about half a league from the road in

the direction of S.E., in a line between it and the south side of Pico,

lies a sunken rock, over which is twenty-two feet water, and on which

the sea breaks in hard gales from the south. He also assured me, that of

all the shoals that are laid down in our charts and pilot-books about

these isles, not one has any existence but the one between the islands

of St Michael and St Mary, called Hormingan. This account may be

believed, without relying entirely upon it. He further informed me, that

it is forty-five leagues from Fayal to the island of Flores; and that

there runs a strong tide between Fayal and Pico, the flood setting to

the N.E. and the ebb to the S.W., but that, out at sea, the direction is

E. and W. Mr Wales having observed the times of high and low water by

the shore, concluded that it must be high water at the full and change,

about twelve o'clock, and the water riseth about four or five feet.

The distance between Fayal and Flores was confirmed by Mr Rebiers,

lieutenant of the French frigate, who told me, that after being by

estimation two leagues due south of Flores, they made forty-four leagues

on a S.E. by E. course by compass, to St Catherine's Point on Fayal.

I found the latitude of the ship at anchor 38° 31' 55" N.

in the bay

By a mean of seventeen sets of lunar 28 24 30 W.

observations, and reduced to the bay

by the watch, the longitude was made

By a mean of six sets after leaving it, 28 53 22

and reduced back by the watch

-----------------

Longitude by observation 28 38 56

-----------------

Ditto, by the watch 28 55 45

Error of the watch on our arrival at 16 26-1/2

Portsmouth

-----------------

True longitude by the watch 28 39 18-1/2

_________________

I found the variation of the compass, by several azimuths, taken by

different compasses on board the ship, to agree very well with the like

observations made by Mr Wales on shore; and yet the variation thus found

is greater by 5° than we found it to be at sea, for the azimuths taken

on board the evening before we came into the bay, gave no more than 16°

18' W. variation, and the evening after we came out 17° 33' W.

I shall now give some account of the variation, as observed in our run

from the island of Fernando De Noronha to Fayal. The least variation we

found was 37' W. which was the day after we left Fernando De Noronha,

and in the latitude of 33' S., longitude 32° 16' W. The next day, being

nearly in the same longitude, and in the latitude of 1° 25' N., it was

1° 23' W.; and we did not find it increase till we got into the latitude

of 5° N., longitude 31° W. After this our compasses gave different

variation, viz. from 3° 57' to 5° 11' W. till we arrived in the latitude

of 26° 44' N., longitude 41° W., when we found 6° W. It then increased

gradually, so that in the latitude of 35° N., longitude 40° W., it was

10° 24' W.; in the latitude of 38° 12' N., longitude 32° 1/2 W. it was

14° 47'; and in sight of Fayal 16° 18' W., as mentioned above.

Having left the bay, at four in the morning of the 19th, I steered for

the west end of St George's Island. As soon as we had passed it, I

steered E. 1/2 S. for the Island of Tercera; and after having run

thirteen leagues, we were not more than one league from the west end. I

now edged away for the north side, with a view of ranging the coast to

the eastern point, in order to ascertain the length of the island; but

the weather coming on very thick and hazy, and night approaching, I gave

up the design, and proceeded with all expedition for England.

On the 29th, we made the land near Plymouth. The next morning we

anchored at Spithead; and the same day I landed at Portsmouth, and set

out for London, in company with Messrs Wales, Forsters, and Hodges.

Having been absent from England three years and eighteen days, in which

time, and under all changes of climate, I lost but four men, and only

one of them by sickness, it may not be amiss, at the conclusion of this

journal, to enumerate the several causes to which, under the care of

Providence, I conceive this uncommon good state of health, experienced

by my people, was owing.

In the Introduction, mention has been made of the extraordinary

attention paid by the Admiralty in causing such articles to be put on

board, as either from experience or suggestion it was judged would tend

to preserve the health of the seamen. I shall not trespass upon the

reader's time in mentioning them all, but confine myself to such as were

found the most useful.

We were furnished with a quantity of malt, of which was made _Sweet

Wort_. To such of the men as shewed the least symptoms of the scurvy,

and also to such as were thought to be threatened with that disorder,

this was given, from, one to two or three pints a-day each man; or in

such proportion as the surgeon found necessary, which sometimes amounted

to three quarts. This is, without doubt, one of the best anti-scorbutic

sea-medicines yet discovered; and, if used in time, will, with proper

attention to other things, I am persuaded, prevent the scurvy from

making any great progress for a considerable while. But I am not

altogether of opinion that it will cure it at sea.

_Sour Krout_, of which we had a large quantity, is not only a wholesome

vegetable food, but, in my judgment, highly antiscorbutic; and it spoils

not by keeping. A pound of this was served to each man, when at sea,

twice-a-week, or oftener, as was thought necessary.

_Portable Broth_ was another great article, of which we had a large

supply. An ounce of this to each man, or such other proportion as

circumstances pointed out, was boiled in their pease, three days in the

week; and when we were in places where vegetables were to be got, it was

boiled with them, and wheat or oatmeal, every morning for breakfast; and

also with pease and vegetables for dinner. It enabled us to make several

nourishing and wholesome messes, and was the means of making the people

eat a greater quantity of vegetables than they would otherwise have

done.

_Rob of Lemon and Orange_ is an antiscorbutic we were not without. The

surgeon made use of it in many cases with great success.

Amongst the articles of victualling, we were supplied with _Sugar_ in

the room of _Oil_, and with _Wheat_ for a part of our _Oatmeal_; and

were certainly gainers by the exchange. Sugar, I apprehend, is a very

good antiscorbutic; whereas oil (such as the navy is usually supplied

with), I am of opinion, has the contrary effect.

But the introduction of the most salutary articles, either as provisions

or medicines, will generally prove unsuccessful, unless supported by

certain regulations. On this principle, many years experience, together

with some hints I had from Sir Hugh Palliser, Captains Campbell, Wallis,

and other intelligent officers, enabled me to lay a plan, whereby all

was to be governed.

The crew were at three watches, except upon some extraordinary

occasions. By this means they were not so much exposed to the weather as

if they had been at watch and watch; and had generally dry clothes to

shift themselves, when they happened to get wet. Care was also taken to

expose them as little to wet weather as possible.

Proper methods were used to keep their persons, hammocks, bedding,

cloaths, etc. constantly clean and dry. Equal care was taken to keep the

ship clean and dry betwixt decks. Once or twice a week she was aired

with fires; and when this could not be done, she was smoked with

gun-powder, mixed with vinegar or water. I had also, frequently, a fire

made in an iron pot, at the bottom of the well, which was of great use

in purifying the air in the lower parts of the ship. To this, and to

cleanliness, as well in the ship as amongst the people, too great

attention cannot be paid; the least neglect occasions a putrid and

disagreeable smell below, which nothing but fires will remove.

Proper attention was paid to the ship's coppers, so that they were kept

constantly clean.

The fat which boiled out of the salt beef and pork, I never suffered to

be given to the people; being of opinion that it promotes the scurvy.

I was careful to take in water wherever it was to be got, even though we

did not want it, because I look upon fresh water from the shore to be

more wholesome than that which has been kept some time on board a ship.

Of this essential article we were never at an allowance, but had always

plenty for every necessary purpose. Navigators in general cannot,

indeed, expect, nor would they wish to meet with such advantages in this

respect, as fell to my lot. The nature of our voyage carried us into

very high latitudes. But the hardships and dangers inseparable from that

situation, were in some degree compensated by the singular felicity we

enjoyed, of extracting inexhaustible supplies of fresh water from an

ocean strewed with ice.

We came to few places, where either the art of man, or the bounty of

nature, had not provided some sort of refreshment or other, either in

the animal or vegetable way. It was my first care to procure whatever of

any kind could be met with, by every means in my power; and to oblige

our people to make use thereof, both by my example and authority; but

the benefits arising from refreshments of any kind soon became so

obvious, that I had little occasion, to recommend the one, or to exert

the other.

It doth not become me to say how far the principal objects of our voyage

have been obtained. Though it hath not abounded with remarkable events,

nor been diversified by sudden transitions of fortune; though my

relation of it has been more employed in tracing our course by sea, than

in recording our operations on shore; this, perhaps, is a circumstance

from which the curious reader may infer, that the purposes for which we

were sent into the Southern Hemisphere, were diligently and effectually

pursued. Had we found out a continent there, we might have been better

enabled to gratify curiosity; but we hope our not having found it, after

all our persevering researches, will leave less room for future

speculation about unknown worlds remaining to be explored.

But, whatever may be the public judgment about other matters, it is with

real satisfaction, and without claiming any merit but that of attention

to my duty, that I can conclude this account with an observation, which

facts enable me to make; that our having discovered the possibility of

preserving health amongst a numerous ship's company, for such a length

of time, in such varieties of climate, and amidst such continued

hardships and fatigues, will make this voyage remarkable in the opinion

of every benevolent person, when the disputes about a Southern Continent

shall have ceased to engage the attention, and to divide the judgment of

philosophers.

(Tables of the route of the Resolution and the Adventure, the variation

of the compass and meteorological observations during the voyage.)

* * * * *

A VOCABULARY OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE SOCIETY ISLES.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOCABULARY.

As all nations who are acquainted with the method of communicating their

ideas by characters, (which represent the sound that conveys the idea,)

have some particular method of managing, or pronouncing, the sounds

represented by such characters, this forms a very essential article in

the constitution of the language of any particular nation, and must,

therefore, be understood before we can make any progress in learning, or

be able to converse in it. But as this is very complex and tedious to a

beginner, by reason of the great variety of powers the characters, or

letters, are endued with under different circumstances, it would seem

necessary, at least in languages which have never before appeared in

writing, to lessen the number of these varieties, by restraining the

different sounds, and always representing the same simple ones by the

same character; and this is no less necessary in the English than any

other language, as this variety of powers is very frequent, and without

being taken notice of in the following Vocabulary, might render it

entirely unintelligible. As the vowels are the regulations of all

sounds, it is these only that need be noticed, and the powers allotted

to each of these in the Vocabulary is subjoined.

_A_ in the English language is used to represent two different simple

sounds, as in the word Arabia, where the first and last have a different

power from the second. In the Vocabulary this letter must always have

the power, or be pronounced like the first and last in Arabia. The other

power, or sound, of the second _a_, is always represented in the

Vocabulary by _a_ and _i_, printed in Italics thus, _ai_.

_E_ has likewise two powers, or it is used to represent two simple

sounds, as in the words Eloquence, Bred, Led, etc. and it may be said to

have a third power, as in the words Then, When, etc. In the first case,

this letter is only used at the beginning of words, and wherever it is

met with in any other place in the words of the Vocabulary, it is used

as in the second case: But never as in the third example; for this

power, or sound, is every where expressed by the _a_ and _i_

before-mentioned, printed in Italics.

_I_ is used to express different simple sounds, as in the words

Indolence, Iron, and Imitation. In the Vocabulary it is never used as in

the first case, but in the middle of words; it is never used as in the

second example, for that sound is always represented by _y_, nor is it

used as in the last case, that sound being always represented by two

_e_'s, printed in Italics in this manner, _ee_.

_O_ never alters in the pronunciation, i.e. in this Vocabulary, of a

simple sound, but is often used in this manner, _oo_, and sounds as in

Good, Stood, etc.

_U_ alters, or is used to express different simple sounds, as in Unity,

or Umbrage. Here the letters _e_ and _u_, printed in Italics _eu_ are

used to express its power as in the first example, and it always retains

the second power, wherever it is met with.

_Y_ is used to express different sounds, as in My, By, etc. etc. and in

Daily, Fairly, etc. Wherever it is met with in the middle, or end, (i.e.

anywhere but at the beginning,) of a word, it is to be used as in the

first example; but is never to be found as in the second, for that

sound, or power, is always represented by the Italic letter _e_. It has

also a third power, as in the words Yes, Yell, etc., which is retained

every where in the Vocabulary, at least in the beginning of words, or

when it goes before another vowel, unless directed to be sounded

separately by a mark over it, as thus, ÿ a.

Unless in a few instances, these powers of the vowels are used

throughout the Vocabulary; but, to make the pronunciation still less

liable to change, or variation, a few marks are added to the words, as

follows:--

This mark ¨ as öa, means that these letters are to be expressed singly.

The letters in Italic, as _ee_, or _oo_, make but one simple sound.

When a particular stress is laid on any part of a word in the

pronunciation, an accent is placed over that letter where it begins, or

rather between that and the preceding one.

It often happens that a word is compounded as it were of two, or in some

cases the same word, or syllable, is repeated. In these circumstances, a

comma is placed under them at this division, where a rest, or small

space, of time is left before you proceed to pronounce the other part,

but it must not be imagined that this is a full stop.

_Examples in all these Cases._

Röa, Great, long, distant. E'r_ee_ma, Five. Ry'po_ee_a, Fog, _or

mist_. E'h_oo_ra, To invert, _or turn upside down_. Par_oo_, r_oo_,

A partition, _division, or screen_.

A VOCABULARY, etc.

A.

To abide, _or remain_ Ete'_ei_.

An Abode, _or place of residence_, Noho`ra.

Above, _not below_, N_eea_, s. Tie'n_eea_.

An Abscess, Fe'fe.

Action, _opposed to rest_, Ta'er_ee_.

Adhesive, _of an adhesive or sticking

quality_ Oo'p_ee_re.

Adjoining, _or contiguous to_, E'p_ee_iho.

Admiration, _an interjection of_, A'w_ai_, s. A'w_ai_

to P_ee_r_ee_ai.

An adulterer, T_ee_ho t_ee_ho, s. Teeho

_or one that vexes a married woman_ ta-rar

To agitate, _or shake a thing,

as water, etc._ E_oo_a'w_ai_.

Aliment, _or food of any kind_, Mäa.

Alive, _that is not dead_, Waura.

All, _the whole, not a part_, A'ma_oo_.

Alone, _by one's self_, Ota'h_oi_.

Anger, _or to be angry_, Warrad_ee_,

s. R_ee_d_ee_.

To angle, _or fish_, E'h_oo_tee.

_The_ Ankle, Momoa.

_The inner_ Ankle, A't_oo_a,ewy.

Answer, _an answer to a question_, Oo'm_ai_a.

Approbation, _or consent_, Mad_oo_ho'why.

_Punctuated_ Arches _on the hips_, E'var're.

_The_ Arm, R_ee_ma.

_The_ Armpit, E'e.

_An_ arrow, E'_oo_me.

Arrow, _the body of an arrow or reed_, O'wha.

_The point of an_ Arrow, To'_ai_, s. O'möa.

Ashamed, _to be ashamed or confused_, Ama, s. He'ama.

Ashore, _or on shore_, Te Euta.

To ask _for a thing_, Ho'my, s. Ha'py my.

Asperity, _roughness_, Tarra, tarra.

An Assassin,_murderer, or rather

man-killer, soldier, Taata,Töa. or

warrior_,

An Assembly, _or meeting_, Ete_ou_'rooa. Atherina,

A'n_ai_h_eu_.

Avaricious, _parsimonious, ungenerous_, P_ee_'p_ee_re.

Averse, _unwillingness to do a thing_, Fata, h_oi_to' _hoi_to.

Authentic,_true_, Par_ou_, m_ou_.

Awake, _not asleep_, Arra arra, s. E'ra.

Awry,_or to one side; as a wry neck_, Na'na.

An Axe, _hatchet, or adze_, Töe.

Ay, _yes; an affirmation_, _Ai_.

B.

A Babe, _or child_, Mydidde.

A Batchelor, _or unmarried person_, E'ev_ee_ (taata.)

The_ Back, T_oo_a_.

To wipe the_ Backside, Fy'r_oo_,too'ty.

Bad, _it is not good_, 'Eè'no.

A Bag _of straw_, Ete'öe, s.Eäte.

Bait, _for fish_, Era'_eu_noo.

Baked _in the oven_, Et_oo_n_oo_.

Bald-headed, O_o_po'b_oo_ta.

Bamboo, E_e_n_ee'ou_.

A Bank, _or shoal_, E'paa.

Bare, _naked, applied to a person that

is undressed_, Ta'turra.

The Bark _of a tree_, Ho'hore.

Barren _land_, Fe'nooa Ma'_ou_re.

_A large round_ Basket _of twig_, He'na.

_A small_ Basket _of cocoa leaves_, V_ai_'hee.

_A long _Basket _of cocoa leaves_, Apo'_ai_ra.

A Basket _of plantain stock_, Papa' M_aiee_a.

_A fisher's_ Basket, Er're'vy.

_A round_ Basket _of cocoa leaves_, Mo'ene.

A Bastard, Fanna T_oo_'n_ee_a.

Bastinado, _to bastinade or flog a person_, Tapra'h_ai_.

To bathe, Ob'_oo_.

A Battle, _or fight_, E'motto.

A Battle-axe, O'morre.

To bawl, _or cry aloud_, T_ei_mo'toro.

A Bead, Pöe.

The Beard, _Oo_me _oo_me.

To beat _upon, or strike a thing_, T_oo_'py or T_oo_'ba_ee_.

To beat _a drum_, Er_oo_'k_oo_.

To beckon _a person with the hand_, Ta'rappe.

A Bed, _or bed-place_, E'ro_ee_, s. Möi'a.

To bedaub, _or bespatter_, Par'ry.

A Bee, E'räo.

A Beetle, P_ee_re'te_ee_.

Before, _not behind_, Te'möa.

A Beggar, _a person that is troublesome_, Tapa'r_oo_.

_continually asking for some-what_,

Behind, _not before_, Te'm_oo_r_ee_.

To belch, Er_oo_'y.

Below, _as below stairs_, Tei'dirro, s. T_ee_diraro.

Below, _underneath, far below_, O'raro.

To bend _any thing, as a stick_, etc. Fa'fe'fe.

Benevolence, _generosity_, Ho'röa,

e.g. _you are a generous man_, Taata ho roa öe.

Between, _in the middle, betwixit two_, Fero'p_oo_.

To bewail, _or lament by crying_, E'tat_ee_.

Bigness, _largeness, great_, Ara'hay.

A Bird, Manoo.

A Bitch, _Oo_re, e'_oo_ha.

To bite, _as a dog_, A ah_oo_.

Black, _colour_, Ere, ere.

Bladder, Töa meeme.

A_ Blasphemer, _a person who speaks_ T_oo_na, (t_aa_ta.)

_disrespectfully of their deities_,

Blind, Matta-po.

A Blister, _raised by a burn or

other means_, Mei'_ee_

Blood, Toto, s. Eh_ooei_.

To blow _the nose_, Fatte.

The blowing, _or breathing of a whale_, Ta'hora.

Blunt, _as a blunt tool of any sort_, Ma'n_ee_a.

_The carved_ Boards _of a Maray_, E'ra.

_A little_ Boat, _or canoe_, E'väa.

A Boil, Fe'fe.

Boldness, Eäw_ou_.

A Bone, E'ev_ee_.

A Bonetto, _a fish so called_, Peera'ra.

To bore _a hole_, Ehoo'_ee_, s. Eh_oo_'o.

A Bow, E'fanna.

A Bow-string, Aröa'h_oo_a.

To bow _with the head_, Etoo'o.

_A young_ Boy, My'didde.

Boy, _a familiar way of speaking_, He'aman_ee_.

The Brain _of any animal_, A b_oo_ba.

A Branch _of a tree or plant_, E'ama.

Bread-fruit, _or the fruit of the

bread-tree_, _Oo_r_oo_.

Bread-fruit, _a particular sort of it_, E'patëa.

_An insipid paste of_ Bread-fruit, Eh'öe.

_The gum of the _Bread-tree, Tappo'_oo_r_oo_.

_The leaf of the_ Bread-tree, E'da'_oo_r_oo_.

_The pith of the_ Bread-tree, Po'_oo_r_oo_.

To break _a thing_, O whatte, s. Owhan ne,

s. Fatte.

The Breast, O'ma

A Breast-plate _made of twigs, ornamented

with feathers, dog's hair, Ta_oo_me.

and pearl-shell_,

To breathe, Watte Weete wee

të,'aho.

Bring, _to ask one to bring a thing_, Ho'my.

Briskness, _being brisk or quick_, T_ee_ t_ee_re.

Broiled, _or roasted, as broiled meat_, _Oo_aw_ee_ra.

Broken, _or cut_, 'Mot_oo_.

The Brow, _or forehead_, E'ry.

A brown _colour_, Aur_au_ra.

Buds _of a tree or plant_, Te, arre ha_oo_.

A Bunch _of any fruit_, Eta.

To burn _a thing_, Döod_oo_e.

A Butterfly, Pepe.

C.