BREAKFAST.

Before breakfast a man feels but queasily,

And a sinking at the lower abdomen

Begins the day with indifferent omen.

BROWNING.--_The Flight of the Duchess._

And then to breakfast with what appetite you have.

SHAKSPEARE.

Breakfast is a hard thing to manage in America, particularly in a

country-house, as people have different ideas about eating a hearty

meal at nine o'clock or earlier. All who have lived much in Europe are

apt to prefer the Continental fashion of a cup of tea or coffee in

one's room, with perhaps an egg and a roll; then to do one's work or

pleasure, as the case may be, and to take the _déjeûner à la

fourchette_ at eleven or twelve. To most brain-workers this is a

blessed boon, for the heavy American breakfast of chops, steaks, eggs,

forcemeat balls, sausages, broiled chicken, stewed potatoes, baked

beans, and hot cakes, good as it is, is apt to render a person stupid.

It would be better if this meal could be rendered less heavy, and that

a visitor should always be given the alternative of taking a cup of

tea in her room, and not appearing until luncheon.

The breakfast dishes most to be commended may begin with the omelet.

This the French make to perfection. Indeed, Gustav Droz wrote a story

once for the purpose of giving its recipe. The story is of a young

couple lost in a forest, who take refuge in a wood-cutter's hut. They

ask for food, and are told that they can have an omelet:

"The old woman had gone to fetch a frying-pan, and was then throwing a

handful of shavings on the fire.

"In the midst of this strange and rude interior Louise seemed to me so

fine and delicate, so elegant, with her long _gants de Suède_, her

little boots, and her tucked-up skirts. With her two hands stretched

out she sheltered her face from the flames, and from the corner of her

eye, while I was talking with the splitters, she watched the butter

that began to sing in the frying-pan.

"Suddenly she rose, and taking the handle of the frying-pan from the

old woman's hand, 'Let me help you make the omelet,' she said. The

good woman let go the pan with a smile, and Louise found herself alone

in the position of a fisherman at the moment when his float begins to

bob. The fire hardly threw any light; her eyes were fixed on the

liquid butter, her arms outstretched, and she was biting her lips a

little, doubtless to increase her strength.

"'It is a bit heavy for Madame's little hands,' said the old man. 'I

bet that it is the first time you ever made an omelet in a

wood-cutter's hut, is it not, my little lady?'

"Louise made a sign of assent without removing her eyes from the

frying-pan.

"'The eggs! the eggs!' she cried all at once, with such an expression

of alarm that we all burst out laughing. 'The eggs! the butter is

bubbling! quick, quick!'

"The old woman was beating the eggs with animation. 'And the herbs!'

cried the old man. 'And the bacon, and the salt,' said the young man.

Then we all set to work, chopping the herbs and cutting the bacon,

while Louise cried, 'Quick! quick!'

"At last there was a big splash in the frying-pan, and the great act

began. We all stood around the fire watching anxiously, for each

having had a finger in the pie, the result interested us all. The good

old woman, kneeling down by the dish, lifted up with her knife the

corners of the omelet, which was beginning to brown.

"'Now Madame has only to turn it,' said the old woman.

"'A little sharp jerk,' said the old man.

"'Not too strong,' said the young man.

"'One jerk! houp! my dear,' said I.

"'If you all speak at once I shall never dare; besides, it is very

heavy, you know--'

"'One little sharp jerk--'

"'But I cannot--it will all go into the fire--oh!'

"In the heat of the action her hood had fallen; she was red as a

peach, her eyes glistened, and in spite of her anxiety, she burst out

laughing. At last, after a supreme effort, the frying-pan executed a

rapid movement and the omelette rolled, a little heavily I must

confess, on the large plate which the old woman held.

"Never was there a finer-looking omelet."

This is an excellent description of the dish which is made for you at

every little _cabaret_ in France, as well as at the best hotels. That

dexterous turn of the wrist by which the omelet is turned over is,

however, hard to reach. Let any lady try it. I have been taken into

the kitchen in a hotel in the Riviera to see a cook who was so

dexterous as to turn the frying-pan over entirely, without spilling

the omelet.

However, they are innumerable, the omelet family, plain, and with

parsley, the fancy omelet, and the creamy omelet. Learn to make every

sort from any cooking-book, and your family will never starve.

Conquer the art of toasting bacon with a fork; it is a fine relish for

your egg, no matter how cooked. To fry good English bacon in a pan

until it is hard, is to disfigure one of Fortune's best gifts.

Study above all things to learn how to produce good toast; not all the

cooks in the great kingdom or empire or republic of France (whatever

it may be at this minute) can produce a good slice of toast. They call

it _pain rôti_, and well they may; for after the poor bread has been

burned they put it in the oven and roast it. No human being can eat

it. It is taken away and grated up for sawdust.

They make delicious toast in England, and in a few houses in America.

The bread should be a little stale, the slice cut thin, the fire

perfect, a toasting-fork should hold it before coals, which are as

bright as Juno's eyes. It should be a delicate brown, dropped on a hot

plate, fresh butter put on at once, and then, ah! 't would tempt the

dying anchorite to eat. Then conquer cream toast; and there is an

exalted substance called Boston brown bread which is delicious,

toasted and boiled in milk.

Muffins are generally failures in these United States. Why, after

conquering the English, we cannot conquer their muffins, I do not

know. They are well worth repeated efforts. We make up on our hot

biscuits and rolls; and as for our waffles, griddle-cakes, and Sally

Lunns, we distance competition. Do not believe that they are

unhealthy! Nothing that is well cooked is unhealthy to everybody; and

all things which are good are unhealthy to somebody. Every one must

determine for himself what is healthy and unhealthy.

A foreign breakfast in France consists of eggs in some

form,--frequently _au beurre noir_, which is butter melted in a little

vinegar and allowed to brown,--a stew of vegetables and meat, a little

cold meat (tongue, ham, or cold roast beef,) a very good salad, a

small dish of stewed fruit or a little pastry, cheese, fruit, and

coffee, and always red wine.

Or perhaps an omelet or egg _au plat_ (simply dropped on a hot plate),

mutton cutlets, and fried potatoes, perhaps stewed pigeons, with

spinach or green peas, or trout from the lake, followed by a

beefsteak, with highly flavoured Alpine strawberries or fresh apricots

or figs, then all eating is done for the day, until seven o'clock

dinner. This is of course the mid-day _déjeûner à la fourchette_. At

the earlier breakfast a Swiss hotel offers only coffee, rolls, butter,

and honey.

All sorts of stews--kidney, liver, chicken, veal, and beef--are good,

and every sort of little pan-fish. In our happy country we can add the

oyster stew, or the lobster in cream, the familiar sausage, and the

hereditary hash; if any one knows how to make good corned-beef hash

she need not fear to entertain the king.

There are those who know how to broil a chicken, but they are

few,--"Amongst the few, the immortal names which are not born to die."

There are others, also few, who know how to broil ham so that it will

not be hard, and on it to drop the egg so that it be like Saturn,--a

golden ball in a ring of silver.

Amongst the good dishes and cheap dishes which I have seen served in

France for a breakfast I recommend lambs' feet in a white sauce, with

a suspicion of onion.

All sorts of fricassees and warmed over things can be made most

deliciously for breakfast. Many people like a salt mackerel or a

broiled herring for breakfast; these are good _avant goûts_,

stimulating the appetite. The Danes and Swedes have every form of

dried fish, and even some strange fowl served in this way. Dried beef

served up with eggs is comforting to some stomachs. Smoked salmon

appeals to others; and people with an ostrich digestion like toasted

cheese or Welsh rarebits. The fishball of our forefathers is a supreme

delicacy if well made, as is creamed codfish; but warmed over pie, or

warmed over mutton or beef, are detestable. The appetite is in a

parlous state at nine o'clock and needs to be tempted; a bit of

breakfast bacon, a bit of toast, an egg, and a fresh slice of melon or

a cold sliced tomato in summer, _voilà tout!_ as the French say. Begin

with the melon or a plate of strawberries. These early breakfasts at

nine o'clock may be followed by the hot cake, but later on the

_déjeûner à la fourchette_, which with us becomes luncheon, demands

another order of meal, as we have seen, more like a plain dinner.

It is a great comfort to the housekeeper, or to the lady who has been

imprisoned behind the tea and coffee pot that she may serve thence a

large family, to sometimes escape and have both tea and coffee served

from the side tables. Of course, for a small and intimate breakfast

there is nothing like the "steaming urn," and the tea made by the lady

at the table; and the Hon. Thomas H. Benton declared that he "liked to

drink his tea from a cup which had been washed by a lady." Woman is

the genius of the tea-kettle.

To make a good cup of coffee is a rare accomplishment. Perhaps the old

method is as good as any: a small cupful of roasted and ground

coffee, one third Mocha and two thirds Java, a small egg, shell and

all, broken into the pot with the dry coffee. Stir well with a spoon

and then pour on three pints of boiling water; let it boil from five

to ten minutes, counting from the time it begins to boil. Then pour in

a cupful of cold water, and turn a little of the coffee into a cup to

see that the nozzle of the pot is not filled with grounds. Turn this

back, and let the coffee stand a few minutes to settle, taking care

that it does not boil again. The advantages of boiled egg with coffee

is, that the yolk gives a rich flavour and good colour; also the

shells and the white keep the grounds in order, settling them at the

bottom of the pot.

But the most economical and the easiest way of making coffee is by

filtering. The French coffee biggin should be used. It consists of two

cylindrical tin vessels, one fitting into the other, the bottom of the

upper being a fine strainer. Another coarser strainer, with a rod

coming from the centre, is placed on this. Then the coffee, which must

be finely ground, is put in, and another strainer is placed on the top

of the rod. The boiling water is poured on, and the pot set where it

will keep hot, but not boil, until the water has gone through. This

will make a clear, strong coffee with a rich, smooth flavour.

The advantage of the two strainers is, that the one coming next to the

fine strainer prevents the grounds from filling up the fine holes, and

so the coffee is clear,--a grand desideratum. Boiled milk should be

served with coffee for an early breakfast. Clear coffee, _café noir_,

is served after dinner, and in France, always after the twelve o'clock

breakfast.

For a nine o'clock breakfast the hostess should also serve tea, and

perhaps chocolate, if she has a large family of guests, as all cannot

drink coffee for breakfast.

Pigs' feet _à la poulette_ find favour in Paris, and are delicious as

prepared there; also calf's liver _à l'Alsacienne_. Chicken livers are

very nice, and cod's tongues with black butter cannot be surpassed.

Mutton kidneys with bacon are desirable, and all the livers and

kidneys _en brochette_ with bacon, empaled on a spit, are excellent.

Hashed lamb _à la Zingara_ is highly peppered and very good.

Broiled fish, broiled chicken, broiled ham, broiled steak and chops

are always good for breakfast. The gridiron made Saint Lawrence fit

for heaven, and its qualities have been elevating and refining ever

since.

The summer breakfast can be very nice. Crab, clam, lobster,--all are

admirable. Fresh fish should be served whenever one can get it.

Devilled kidneys and broiled bones do for supper, but fresh fish and

easily digested food should replace these heavier dainties for

breakfast.

Stewed fruit is much used on the Continent at an early breakfast. It

is thought to avert dyspepsia. Americans prefer to eat fruit fresh,

and therefore have not learned to stew it. Stewing is, however, a

branch of cookery well worth the attention of a first-class

housekeeper. It makes canned fruit much better to stew it with sugar.

Stewed cherries are delicious and very healthy; and all the berries,

even if a little stale, can be stewed into a good dish, as can the

dried fruits, like prunes, etc.

Stewed pears make an elegant dessert served with whipped cream; but

this is too rich for breakfast. Baked pears with cream are sometimes

offered, and eggs in every form,--scrambled, dropped, boiled, stuffed,

and even boiled hard, sliced and dressed as a salad. "What is so good

as an egg salad for a hungry person?" asked a hostess in the

Adirondacks who had nothing else to offer! Eggs are the staple for

breakfast.

Ham omelet with a little parsley, lamb chops with green peas, tripe _à

la Bourdelaise_, hashed turkey, hashed chicken with cream, and breaded

veal with tomato sauce, calf's brains with a black butter, stewed veal

_à la Chasseur_, broiled shad's roe, broiled soft-shell clams, minced

tenderloin with Lyonnaise potatoes, blue-fish _au gratin_, broiled

steak with water-cress, picked-up codfish, and smoked beef in cream

are of the thousand and one delicacies for the early breakfast,--if

one can eat them.

It is better to eat a saucer of oatmeal and cream at nine o'clock,

take a cup of tea, and do one's work; then at twelve to sit down to as

good a breakfast as possible,--a regular _déjeuner à la fourchette_.

The digestion is then active; the brain after several hours work needs

repose, and at one or two o'clock can go to work again like a giant

refreshed.

An early breakfast with meat is thought by foreign doctors not to

be good for children. But in France they give children wine at

a very early age, which is rarely done in this country. At all

boarding-schools and hospitals wine is given to young children.

Certainly there are fewer drunkards and fewer dyspeptics in France

than in America.

Brillat Savarin says of coffee, "It is beyond doubt that coffee acts

upon the functions of the brain as an excitant." Voltaire and Buffon

drank a great deal of coffee. If it deprives persons of sleep it

should never be taken. It is to many a poison; and hospitals are full

of men made cripples by the immoderate stimulus of coffee. The Spanish

people live and flourish on chocolate; introduced into Spain during

the seventeenth century, it crossed the Pyrenees with Anne of Austria,

daughter of Philip II. and wife of Louis XIII., and at the

commencement of the Regency was more in vogue than coffee.

Many modern writers advise a good cup of chocolate at breakfast as

wholesome and easily digested, and it is good for clergymen, lawyers,

and travellers. In America it is considered heavy and headachy; and

doubtless the climate has something to do with this. Cocoa and the

lighter preparations of chocolate are good at sea, and very comforting

to those who find their nerves too much on the alert to stand coffee

or tea. Every one must consult his own health and taste in this as in

all matters.

The boldest attempts to increase the enjoyments of the palate, or to

tell people what they shall eat or drink, are constantly overthrown by

some subtile enemy in the stomach; and breakfasts should especially be

so light that they can tickle the palate without disturbing the brain.

A red herring is a good appetizer.

"Meet me at breakfast alone,

And then I will give you a dish

Which really deserves to be known,

Though 'tis not the genteelest of fish.

You must promise to come, for I said

A splendid red herring I'd buy.

Nay, turn not aside your proud head;

You'll like it, I know, when you try.

"If moisture the herring betray,

Drain till from the moisture 'tis free.

Warm it through in the usual way,

Then serve it for you and for me.

A piece of cold butter prepare,

To rub it when ready it lies;

Egg sauce and potatoes don't spare,

And the flavour will cause you surprise."

It is not only the man who has eaten a heavy supper the night before;

it is not only the heavy drinker, although brandy and soda are not the

best of appetite provokers, so they say; but it is also the

brainworker who finds it impossible to eat in the morning. For sleep

has the effect of eating. Who sleeps, eats, says the French proverb;

and we often find healthy children unwilling to eat an early

breakfast. Appetites vary both in individuals and at various seasons

of the year. Nothing can be more unwise than to make children eat when

they do not wish to do so. During the summer months we are all of us

less inclined for food than when sharp set by hard exercise in the

frosty air; and we loathe in July what we like in winter.

The heavy domestic breakfast of steak and mutton-chops in summer is

often repellent to a delicate child. The perfection of good living is

to have what you want exactly when you want it. A slice of fresh

melon, a plate of strawberries, a thin slice of bread and butter may

be much better for breakfast in summer than the baked beans and stewed

codfish of a later season. Do not force a child to eat even a baked

potato if he does not like it.

It is maintained by some that a strong will can keep off sea-sickness

or any other malady. This is a fallacy. No strong will can make a

delicate stomach digest a heavy breakfast at nine o'clock. Therefore

we begin and end with the same idea,--breakfast is a hard thing to

manage in America.

In England, however, it is a very happy-go-lucky meal; and although

the essentials are on the table, people are privileged to rise and

help themselves from the sideboard. I may say that I have never seen a

fashionable English hostess at a nine o'clock breakfast, although the

meal is always ready for those who wish it.

For sending breakfasts to rooms, trays are prepared with teapot,

sugar, and cream, a plate of toast, eggs boiled, with cup, spoon, salt

and pepper, a little pat of butter, and if desired a plate of chops or

chicken, plates, knives, forks, and napkins. For an English

country-house the supply of breakfast trays is like that of a hotel.

The pretty little Satsuma sets of small teapot, cream jug, and

sugar-bowl, are favourites.

When breakfast is served in the dining-room, a white cloth is

generally laid, although some ladies prefer variously coloured linen,

with napkins to match. A vase of flowers or a dish of fruit should be

placed in the centre. The table is then set as for dinner, with

smaller plates and all sorts of pretty china, like an egg dish with a

hen sitting contentedly, a butter plate with a recumbent cow, a

sardine dish with fishes in Majolica,--in fact, any suggestive fancy.

Hot plates for a winter breakfast in a plate-warmer near the table add

much to the comfort.

Finger bowls with napkins under them should be placed on the sideboard

and handed to the guest with the fruit. It is a matter of taste as to

whether fruit precedes or finishes the breakfast; and the servant must

watch the decision of the guest.

A grand breakfast to a distinguished foreigner, or some great home

celebrity at Delmonico's for instance, would be,--

A table loaded with flowers.

Oysters on the half-shell. Chablis.

Eggs stuffed. Eggs in black butter, (_au beurre noir_).

Chops and green peas. Champagne.

Lyonnaise potatoes.

Sweetbreads. Spinach.

Woodcock. Partridges.

Salad of lettuce. Claret.

Cheese _fondu_.

DESSERT:

Charlotte Russe. Fruit Jelly. Ices.

Liqueurs.

Grapes. Peaches. Pears.

Coffee.

A breakfast even at twelve o'clock is thus made noticeably lighter

than the meal called lunch. It may be introduced by clam juice in

cups, or bouillon, but is often served without either. These

breakfasts are generally prefaced by a short reception, where all the

guests are presented to the foreigner of distinction. There is no

formality about leaving. Indeed, these breakfasts are given in order

to avoid that.

For an ordinary breakfast at nine o'clock in a family of ten, we

should say that the _menu_ should be something as follows: The host

and hostess being present, the lady makes the tea. Oatmeal and cream

would then be offered; after that a broiled chicken would be placed

before the host, which he carves if he can. An omelet is placed before

the lady or passed; stewed potatoes are passed, and toast or muffins.

Hot cakes finish this breakfast, unless fruit is also added. It is

considered a very healthful thing to eat an orange before breakfast.

But who can eat an orange well? One must go to Spain to see that

done. The señorita cuts off the rind with her silver knife. Then

putting her fork into the peeled fruit, she gently detaches small

slices from the pulp, leaving the core and seeds untouched; passing

the fork upward, she detaches every morsel with her pearly teeth,

looking very pretty the while, and contrives to eat the whole orange

without losing a drop of the juice, and lays down the core with the

fork still in it.

It seems hardly necessary to say to an American lady that she should

be neatly dressed at breakfast. The pretty white morning dresses which

are worn in America are rarely seen in Europe, perhaps because of the

difference of climate. In England elderly ladies and young married

women sometimes appear in very smart tea gowns of dark silk over a

colour; but almost always the young ladies come in the yachting or

tennis dresses which they will wear until dinner-time, and almost

always in summer, in hats. In America the variety of morning dresses

is endless, of which the dark jacket over a white vest, the

serviceable merino, the flannel, the dark foulards, are favourites.

In summer, thin lawns, percales, Marseilles suits, calicos, and

ginghams can be so prettily made as to rival all the other costumes

for coquetry and grace.

"Still to be neat, still to be drest

As she were going to a feast,"

such should be the breakfast dress of the young matron. It need not be

fine; it need not be expensive; but it should be neat and becoming.

The hair should be carefully arranged, and the feet either in good,

stout shoes for the subsequent walk, or in the natty stocking and well

fitting slipper, which has moved the poet to such feeling verses.