[1] _Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc._, 1899.
FRUMENTIUS (c. 300-c. 360), the founder of the Abyssinian church,
traditionally identified in Abyssinian literature with Abba Salama or
Father of Peace (but see ETHIOPIA), was a native of Phoenicia. According
to the 4th-century historian Rufinus (x. 9), who gives Aedesius himself
as his authority, a certain Tyrian, Meropius, accompanied by his kinsmen
Frumentius and Aedesius, set out on an expedition to "India," but fell
into the hands of Ethiopians on the shore of the Red Sea and, with his
ship's crew, was put to death. The two young men were taken to the king
at Axum, where they were well treated and in time obtained great
influence. With the help of Christian merchants who visited the country
Frumentius gave Christianity a firm footing, which was strengthened when
in 326 he was consecrated bishop by Athanasius of Alexandria, who in his
_Epistola ad Constantinum_ mentions the consecration, and gives some
details of the history of Frumentius's mission. Later witnesses speak of
his fidelity to the homoousian during the Arian controversies. Aedesius
returned to Tyre, where he was ordained presbyter.
FRUNDSBERG, GEORG VON (1473-1528), German soldier, was born at
Mindelheim on the 24th of September 1473. He fought for the German king
Maximilian I. against the Swiss in 1499, and in the same year was among
the imperial troops sent to assist Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan,
against the French. Still serving Maximilian, he took part in 1504 in
the war over the succession to the duchy of Bavaria-Landshut, and
afterwards fought in the Netherlands. Convinced of the necessity of a
native body of trained infantry Frundsberg assisted Maximilian to
organize the _Landsknechte_ (q.v.), and subsequently at the head of
bands of these formidable troops he was of great service to the Empire
and the Habsburgs. In 1509 he shared in the war against Venice, winning
fame for himself and his men; and after a short visit to Germany
returned to Italy, where in 1513 and 1514 he gained fresh laurels by his
enterprises against the Venetians and the French. Peace being made, he
returned to Germany, and at the head of the infantry of the Swabian
league assisted to drive Ulrich of Wurttemberg from his duchy in 1519.
At the diet of Worms in 1521 he spoke words of encouragement to Luther,
and when the struggle between France and the Empire was renewed he took
part in the invasion of Picardy, and then proceeding to Italy brought
the greater part of Lombardy under the influence of Charles V. through
his victory at Bicocca in April 1522. He was partly responsible for the
great victory over the French at Pavia in February 1525, and, returning
to Germany, he assisted to suppress the Peasant revolt, using on this
occasion, however, diplomacy as well as force. When the war in Italy was
renewed Frundsberg raised an army at his own expense, and skilfully
surmounting many difficulties, joined the constable de Bourbon near
Piacenza and marched towards Rome. Before he reached the city, however,
his unpaid troops showed signs of mutiny, and their leader, stricken
with illness and unable to pacify them, gave up his command. Returning
to Germany, he died at Mindelheim on the 20th of August 1528. He was a
capable and chivalrous soldier, and a devoted servant of the Habsburgs.
His son Caspar (1500-1536) and his grandson Georg (d. 1586) were both
soldiers of some distinction. With the latter's death the family became
extinct.
See Adam Reissner, _Historia Herrn Georgs und Herrn Kaspars von
Frundsberg_ (Frankfort, 1568). A German translation of this work was
published at Frankfort in 1572. F.W. Barthold, _Georg von Frundsberg_
(Hamburg, 1833); J. Heilmann, _Kriegsgeschichte von Bayern, Franken,
Pfalz und Schwaben_ (Munich, 1868).
FRUSTUM (Latin for a "piece broken off"), a term in geometry for the
part of a solid figure, such as a cone or pyramid, cut off by a plane
parallel to the base, or lying between two parallel planes; and hence in
architecture a name given to the drum of a column.
FRUYTIERS, PHILIP (1627-1666), Flemish painter and engraver, was a pupil
of the Jesuits' college at Antwerp in 1627, and entered the Antwerp gild
of painters without a fee in 1631. He is described in the register of
that institution as "illuminator, painter and engraver." The current
account of his life is "that he worked exclusively in water colours, yet
was so remarkable in this branch of his art for arrangement, drawing,
and especially for force and clearness of colour, as to excite the
admiration of Rubens, whom he portrayed with all his family." The truth
is that he was an artist of the most versatile talents, as may be judged
from the fact that in 1646 he executed an Assumption with figures of
life size, and four smaller pictures in oil, for the church of St
Jacques at Antwerp, for which he received the considerable sum of 1150
florins. Unhappily no undoubted production of his hand has been
preserved. All that we can point to with certainty is a series of etched
plates, chiefly portraits, which are acknowledged to have been
powerfully and skilfully handled. If, however, we search the portfolios
of art collections on the European continent, we sometimes stumble upon
miniatures on vellum, drawn with great talent and coloured with
extraordinary brilliancy. In form they quite recall the works of Rubens,
and these, it may be, are the work of Philip Fruytiers.
FRY, the name of a well-known English Quaker family, originally living
in Wiltshire. About the middle of the 18th century JOSEPH FRY
(1728-1787), a doctor, settled in Bristol, where he acquired a large
practice, but eventually abandoned medicine for commerce. He became
interested in china-making, soap-boiling and type-founding businesses in
Bristol, and in a chemical works at Battersea, all of which ventures
proved very profitable. The type-founding business was subsequently
removed to London and conducted by his son Edmund. Joseph Fry, however,
is best remembered as the founder of the great Bristol firm of J.S. Fry
& Sons, chocolate manufacturers. He purchased the chocolate-making
patent of William Churchman and on it laid the foundations of the
present large business. After his death the Bristol chocolate factory
was carried on with increasing success by his widow and by his son,
JOSEPH STORRS FRY (1767-1835).
In 1795 a new and larger factory was built in Union Street, Bristol,
which still forms the centre of the firm's premises, and in 1798 a
Watt's steam-engine was purchased and the cocoa-beans ground by steam.
On the death of Joseph Storrs Fry his three sons, Joseph (1795-1879),
Francis, and Richard (1807-1878) became partners in the firm, the
control being mainly in the hands of FRANCIS FRY (1803-1886). Francis
Fry was in every way a remarkable character. The development of the
business to its modern enormous proportion was chiefly his work, but
this did not exhaust his activities. He took a principal part in the
introduction of railways to the west of England, and in 1852 drew up a
scheme for a general English railway parcel service. He was an ardent
bibliographer, taking a special interest in early English Bibles, of
which he made in the course of a long life a large and striking
collection, and of the most celebrated of which he published facsimiles
with bibliographical notes. Francis Fry died in 1886, and his son
Francis J. Fry and nephew Joseph Storrs Fry carried on the business,
which in 1896 was for family reasons converted into a private limited
company, Joseph Storrs Fry being chairman and all the directors members
of the Fry family.
FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827- ), English judge, second son of Joseph Fry
(1795-1879), was born at Bristol on the 4th of November 1827, and
educated at University College, London, and London University. He was
called to the bar in 1854 and was made a Q.C. in 1869, practising in the
rolls court and becoming recognized as a leading equity lawyer. In 1877
he was raised to the bench and knighted. As chancery judge he will be
remembered for his careful interpretations and elucidations of the
Judicature Acts, then first coming into operation. In 1883 he was made a
lord justice of appeal, but resigned in 1892; and subsequently his
knowledge of equity and talents for arbitration were utilized by the
British government from time to time in various special directions,
particularly as chairman of many commissions. He was also one of the
British representatives at the Paris North Sea Inquiry Commission
(1905), and was appointed a member of the Hague Permanent Arbitration
Court. He wrote _A Treatise on the Specific Performance of Public
Contracts_ (London, 1858, and many subsequent editions).
FRY, ELIZABETH (1780-1845), English philanthropist, and, after Howard,
the chief promoter of prison reform in Europe, was born in Norwich on
the 21st of May 1780. Her father, John Gurney, afterwards of Earlham
Hall, a wealthy merchant and banker, represented an old family which for
some generations had belonged to the Society of Friends. While still a
girl she gave many indications of the benevolence of disposition,
clearness and independence of judgment, and strength of purpose, for
which she was afterwards so distinguished; but it was not until after
she had entered her eighteenth year that her religion assumed a decided
character, and that she was induced, under the preaching of the American
Quaker, William Savery, to become an earnest and enthusiastic though
never fanatical "Friend." In August 1800 she became the wife of Joseph
Fry, a London merchant.
Amid increasing family cares she was unwearied in her attention to the
poor and the neglected of her neighbourhood; and in 1811 she was
acknowledged by her co-religionists as a "minister," an honour and
responsibility for which she was undoubtedly qualified, not only by
vigour of intelligence and warmth of heart, but also by an altogether
unusual faculty of clear, fluent and persuasive speech. Although she had
made several visits to Newgate prison as early as February 1813, it was
not until nearly four years afterwards that the great public work of her
life may be said to have begun. The association for the Improvement of
the Female Prisoners in Newgate was formed in April 1817. Its aim was
the much-needed establishment of some of what are now regarded as the
first principles of prison discipline, such as entire separation of the
sexes, classification of criminals, female supervision for the women,
and adequate provision for their religious and secular instruction, as
also for their useful employment. The ameliorations effected by this
association, and largely by the personal exertions of Mrs Fry, soon
became obvious, and led to a rapid extension of similar methods to other
places. In 1818 she, along with her brother, visited the prisons of
Scotland and the north of England; and the publication (1819) of the
notes of this tour, as also the cordial recognition of the value of her
work by the House of Commons committee on the prisons of the metropolis,
led to a great increase of her correspondence, which now extended to
Italy, Denmark and Russia, as well as to all parts of the United
Kingdom. Through a visit to Ireland, which she made in 1827, she was led
to direct her attention to other houses of detention besides prisons;
and her observations resulted in many important improvements in the
British hospital system, and in the treatment of the insane. In 1838 she
visited France, and besides conferring with many of the leading prison
officials, she personally visited most of the houses of detention in
Paris, as well as in Rouen, Caen and some other places. In the following
year she obtained an official permission to visit all the prisons in
that country; and her tour, which extended from Boulogne and Abbeville
to Toulouse and Marseilles, resulted in a report which was presented to
the minister of the interior and the prefect of police. Before returning
to England she had included Geneva, Zurich, Stuttgart and
Frankfort-on-Main in her inspection. The summer of 1840 found her
travelling through Belgium, Holland and Prussia on the same mission; and
in 1841 she also visited Copenhagen. In 1842, through failing health,
Mrs Fry was compelled to forgo her plans for a still more widely
extended activity, but had the satisfaction of hearing from almost every
quarter of Europe that the authorities were giving increased practical
effect to her suggestions. In 1844 she was seized with a lingering
illness, of which she died on the 12th of October 1845. She was
survived by a numerous family, the youngest of whom was born in 1822.
Two interesting volumes of _Memoirs, with Extracts from her Journals and
Letters_, edited by two of her daughters, were published in 1847. See
also _Elizabeth Fry_, by G. King Lewis (1910).
FRYXELL, ANDERS (1795-1881), Swedish historian, was born at Hesselskog,
Dalsland, Sweden, on the 7th of February 1795. He was educated at
Upsala, took holy orders in 1820, was made a doctor of philosophy in
1821, and in 1823 began to publish the great work of his life, the
_Stories from Swedish History_. He did not bring this labour to a close
until, fifty-six years later, he published the forty-sixth and crowning
volume of his vast enterprise. Fryxell, as a historian, appealed to
every class by the picturesqueness of his style and the breadth of his
research; he had the gift of awakening to an extraordinary degree the
national sense in his readers. In 1824 he published his _Swedish
Grammar_, which was long without a rival. In 1833 he received the title
of professor, and in 1835 he was appointed to the incumbency of Sunne,
in the diocese of Karlstad, where he resided for the remainder of his
life. In 1840 he was elected to the Swedish Academy in succession to the
poet Wallin (1779-1839). In 1847 Fryxell received from his bishop
permission to withdraw from all the services of the Church, that he
might devote himself without interruption to historical investigation.
Among his numerous minor writings are prominent his _Characteristics of
Sweden between 1592 and 1600_ (1830), his _Origins of the Inaccuracy
with which the History of Sweden in Catholic Times has been Treated_
(1847), and his _Contributions to the Literary History of Sweden_. It is
now beginning to be seen that the abundant labours of Fryxell were
rather of a popular than of a scientific order, and although their
influence during his lifetime was unbounded, it is only fair to later
and exacter historians to admit that they threaten to become obsolete in
more than one direction. On the 21st of March 1881 Anders Fryxell died
at Stockholm, and in 1884 his daughter Eva Fryxell (born 1829) published
from his MS. an interesting _History of My History_, which was really a
literary autobiography and displays the persistency and tirelessness of
his industry. (E. G.)
FUAD PASHA (1815-1869), Turkish statesman, was the son of the
distinguished poet Kecheji-zade Izzet Molla. He was educated at the
medical school and was at first an army surgeon. About 1836 he entered
the civil service as an official of the foreign ministry. He became
secretary of the embassy in London; was employed on special missions in
the principalities and at St Petersburg (1848), and was sent to Egypt as
special commissioner in 1851. In that year he became minister for
foreign affairs, a post to which he was appointed also on four
subsequent occasions and which he held at the time of his death. During
the Crimean War he commanded the troops on the Greek frontier and
distinguished himself by his bravery. He was Turkish delegate at the
Paris conference of 1856; was charged with a mission to Syria in 1860;
grand vizier in 1860 and 1861, and also minister of war. He accompanied
the sultan Abd-ul-Aziz on his journey to Egypt and Europe, when the
freedom of the city of London was conferred on him. He died at Nice
(whither he had been ordered for his health) in 1869. Fuad was renowned
for his boldness and promptness of decision, as well as for his ready
wit and his many bons mots. Generally regarded as the partisan of a
pro-English policy, he rendered most valuable service to his country by
his able management of the foreign relations of Turkey, and not least by
his efficacious settlement of affairs in Syria after the massacres of
1860.
FUCHOW, FU-CHAU, FOOCHOW, a city of China, capital of the province of
Fu-kien, and one of the principal ports open to foreign commerce. In the
local dialect it is called Hokchiu. It is situated on the river Min,
about 35 m. from the sea, in 26 deg. 5' N. and 119 deg. 20' E., 140 m.
N. of Amoy and 280 S. of Hang-chow. The city proper, lying nearly 3 m.
from the north bank of the river, is surrounded by a wall about 30 ft.
high and 12 ft. thick, which makes a circuit of upwards of 5 m. and is
pierced by seven gateways surrounded by tall fantastic watch-towers.
The whole district between the city and the river, the island of
Nantai, and the southern banks of the Min are occupied by extensive
suburbs; and the river itself bears a large floating population.
Communication from bank to bank is afforded by a long stone bridge
supported by forty solid stone piers in its northern section and by nine
in its southern. The most remarkable establishment of Fuchow is the
arsenal situated about 3 m. down the stream at Pagoda Island, where the
sea-going vessels usually anchor. It was founded in 1867, and is
conducted under the direction of French engineers according to European
methods. In 1870 it employed about 1000 workmen besides fifty European
superintendents, and between that date and 1880 it turned out about 20
or 30 small gunboats. In 1884 it was partially destroyed by the French
fleet, and for a number of years the workshops and machinery were
allowed to stand idle and go to decay. On the 1st of August 1895 an
attack was made on the English mission near the city of Ku-chang, 120 m.
west of Fuchow, on which occasion nine missionaries, of whom eight were
ladies, were massacred. The port was opened to European commerce in
1842; and in 1853 the firm of Russell and Co. shipped the first cargoes
of tea from Fuchow to Europe and America. The total trade in foreign
vessels in 1876 was imports to the value of L1,531,617, and exports to
the value of L3,330,489. In 1904 the imports amounted to L1,440,351, and
the exports to L1,034,436. The number of vessels that entered in 1876
was 275, and of these 211 were British, 27 German, 11 Danish and 9
American. While in 1904, 480 vessels entered the port, 216 of which were
British. A large trade is carried on by the native merchants in timber,
paper, woollen and cotton goods, oranges and olives; but the foreign
houses mainly confine themselves to opium and tea. Commercial
intercourse with Australia and New Zealand is on the increase. The
principal imports, besides opium, are shirtings, T-cloths, lead and tin,
medicines, rice, tobacco, and beans and peas. Two steamboat lines afford
regular communication with Hong-Kong twice a month. The town is the seat
of several important missions, of which the first was founded in 1846.
That supported by the American board had in 1876 issued 1,3000,000
copies of Chinese books and tracts.
FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK VON (1774-1856), German chemist and mineralogist,
was born at Mattenzell, near Brennberg in the Bavarian Forest, on the
15th of May 1774. In 1807 he became professor of chemistry and
mineralogy at the university of Landshut, and in 1823 conservator of the
mineralogical collections at Munich, where he was appointed professor of
mineralogy three years later, on the removal thither of the university
of Landshut. He retired in 1852, was ennobled by the king of Bavaria in
1854, and died at Munich on the 5th of March 1856. His name is chiefly
known for his mineralogical observations and for his work on soluble
glass.
His collected works, including _Uber den Einfluss der Chemie und
Mineralogie_ (1824), _Die Naturgeschichte des Mineralreichs_ (1842),
_Uber die Theorien der Erde_ (1844), were published at Munich in 1856.
FUCHS, LEONHARD (1501-1566), German physician and botanist, was born at
Wembdingen in Bavaria on the 17th of January 1501. He attended school at
Heilbronn and Erfurt, and in 1521 graduated at the university of
Ingolstadt. About the same time he espoused the doctrines of the
Reformation. Having in 1524 received his diploma as doctor of medicine,
he practised for two years in Munich. He became in 1526 professor of
medicine at Ingolstadt, and in 1528 physician to the margrave of
Anspach. In Anspach he was the means of saving the lives of many during
the epidemic locally known as the "English sweating-sickness." By the
duke of Wurttemberg he was, in 1535, appointed to the professorship of
medicine at the university of Tubingen, a post held by him till his
death on the 10th of May 1566. Fuchs was an advocate of the Galenic
school of medicine, and published several Latin translations of
treatises by its founder and by Hippocrates. But his most important
publication was _De historia stirpium commentarii insignes_ (Basel,
1542), a work illustrated with more than five hundred excellent outline
illustrations, including figures of the common foxglove and of another
species of the genus _Digitalis_, which was so named by him.
FUCHSIA, so named by Plumier in honour of the botanist Leonhard Fuchs, a
genus of plants of the natural order Onagraceae, characterized by
entire, usually opposite leaves, pendent flowers, a funnel-shaped,
brightly coloured, quadripartite, deciduous calyx, 4 petals, alternating
with the calycine segments, 8, rarely 10, exserted stamens, a long
filiform style, an inferior ovary, and fruit, a fleshy ovoid many-seeded
berry. All the members of the genus, with the exception of the New
Zealand species, _F. excorticata, F. Colensoi_ and _F. procumbens_, are
natives of Central and South America--occurring in the interior of
forests or in damp and shady mountainous situations. The various species
differ not a little in size as well as in other characters; some, as _F.
verrucosa_, being dwarf shrubs; others, as _F. arborescens_ and _F.
apetala_, attaining a height of 12 to 16 ft., and having stems several
inches in diameter. Plumier, in his _Nova plantarum Americanarum genera_
(p. 14, tab. 14, Paris, 1703), gave a description of a species of
fuchsia, the first known, under the name of _Fuchsia triphylla, flore
coccineo_, and a somewhat conventional outline figure of the same plant
was published at Amsterdam in 1757 by Burmann. In the _Histoire des
plantes medicinales_ of the South American traveller Feuillee (p. 64,
pl. XLVII.), written in 1709-1711, and published by him with his
_Journal_, Paris, 1725, the name _Thilco_ is applied to a species of
fuchsia from Chile, which is described, though not evidently so figured,
as having a pentamerous calyx. The _F. coccinea_ of Alton (fig.) (see
J.D. Hooker, in _Journal Linnean Soc_., Botany, vol. x. p. 458, 1867),
the first species of fuchsia cultivated in England, where it was long
confined to the greenhouse, was brought from South America by Captain
Firth in 1788 and placed in Kew Gardens. Of this species Mr Lee, a
nurseryman at Hammersmith, soon afterwards obtained an example, and
procured from it by means of cuttings several hundred plants, which he
sold at a guinea each. In 1823 _F. macrostemma_ and _F. gracilis_, and
during the next two or three years several other species, were
introduced into England; but it was not until about 1837, or soon after
florists had acquired _F. fulgens_, that varieties of interest began to
make their appearance. The numerous hybrid forms now existing are the
result chiefly of the intercrossing of that or other long-flowered with
globose-flowered plants. _F. Venus-victrix_, raised by Mr Gulliver,
gardener to the Rev. S. Marriott of Horsemonden, Kent, and sold in 1822
to Messrs Cripps, was the earliest white-sepalled fuchsia. The first
fuchsia with a white corolla was produced about 1853 by Mr Storey. In
some varieties the blossoms are variegated, and in others they are
double. There appears to be very little limit to the number of forms to
be obtained by careful cultivation and selection. To hybridize, the
flower as soon as it opens is emasculated, and it is then fertilized
with pollen from some different flower.
[Illustration: _Fuchsia coccinea_. 1, Flower cut open after removal of
sepals; 2, fruit; 3, floral diagram.]
Ripe seed is sown either in autumn or about February or March in light,
rich, well-drained mould, and is thinly covered with sandy soil and
watered. A temperature of 70 deg. to 75 deg. Fahr. has been found
suitable for raising. The seedlings are pricked off into shallow pots or
pans, and when 3 in. in height are transferred to 3-in. pots, and are
then treated the same as plants from cuttings. Fuchsias may be grafted
as readily as camellias, preferably by the splice or whip method, the
apex of a young shoot being employed as a scion; but the easiest and
most usual method of propagation is by cuttings. The most expeditious
way to procure these is to put plants in heat in January, and to take
their shoots when 3 in. in length. For summer flowering in England they
are best made about the end of August, and should be selected from the
shortest-jointed young wood. They root readily in a compost of loam and
silver-sand if kept close and sprinkled for a short time. In from two to
three weeks they may be put into 3-in. pots containing a compost of
equal parts of rich loam, silver-sand and leaf-mould. They are
subsequently moved from the frame or bed, first to a warm and shady, and
then to a more airy part of the greenhouse. In January a little
artificial heat may be given, to be gradually increased as the days
lengthen. The side-shoots are generally pruned when they have made three
or four joints, and for bushy plants the leader is stopped soon after
the first potting. Care is taken to keep the plants as near the glass as
possible, and shaded from bright sunshine, also to provide them
plentifully with water, except at the time of shifting, when the roots
should be tolerably dry. For the second potting a suitable soil is a
mixture of well-rotted cow-dung or old hotbed mould with leaf-mould and
sandy peat, and to promote drainage a little peat-moss may be placed
immediately over the crocks in the lower part of the pot. Weak liquid
manure greatly promotes the advance of the plants, and should be
regularly supplied twice or thrice a week during the flowering season.
After this, water is gradually withheld from them, and they may be
placed in the open air to ripen their wood.
Among the more hardy or half-hardy plants for inside borders are
varieties of the Chilean species, _F. macrostemma_ (or _F.
magellanica_), a shrub 6 to 12 ft. high with a scarlet calyx, such as
_F. m. globosa, F. m. gracilis_; one of the most graceful and hardy of
these, a hybrid _F. riccartoni_, was raised at Riccarton, near
Edinburgh, in 1830. For inside culture may be mentioned _F. boliviana_
(Bolivia), 2 to 4 ft. high, with rich crimson flowers with a
trumpet-shaped tube; _F. corymbiflora_ (Peru), 4 to 6 ft. high, with
scarlet flowers nearly 2 in. long in long terminal clusters; F. fulgens
(Mexico), 4 to 6 ft., with drooping apical clusters of scarlet flowers;
_F. microphylla_ (Central America), with small leaves and small scarlet
funnel-shaped flowers, the petals deep red; _F. procumbens_ (New
Zealand), a pretty little creeper, the small flowers of which are
succeeded by oval magenta-crimson berries which remain on for months;
and _F. splendens_ (Mexico), 6 ft. high, with very showy scarlet and
green flowers. But these cannot compare in beauty or freedom of blossom
with the numerous varieties raised by gardeners. The nectar of fuchsia
flowers has been shown to contain nearly 78% of cane sugar, the
remainder being fruit sugar. The berries of some fuchsias are subacid or
sweet and edible. From certain species a dye is obtainable. The
so-called "native fuchsias" of southern and eastern Australia are plants
of the genus _Correa_, natural order Rutaceae.
FUCHSINE, or MAGENTA, a red dye-stuff consisting of a mixture of the
hydrochlorides or acetates of pararosaniline and rosaniline. It was
obtained in 1856 by J. Natanson (_Ann_., 1856, 98, p. 297) by the action
of ethylene chloride on aniline, and by A.W. Hofmann in 1858 from
aniline and carbon tetrachloride. It is prepared by oxidizing "aniline
for red" (a mixture of aniline and ortho- and para-toluidine) with
arsenic acid (H. Medlock, _Dingler's Poly. Jour_., 1860, 158, p. 146);
by heating aniline for red with nitrobenzene, concentrated hydrochloric
acid and iron (Coupier, _Ber_., 1873, 6, p. 423); or by condensing
formaldehyde with aniline and ortho-toluidine and oxidizing the mixture.
It forms small crystals, showing a brilliant green reflex, and is
soluble in water and alcohol with formation of a deep red solution. It
dyes silk, wool and leather direct, and cotton after mordanting with
tannin and tartar emetic (see DYEING). An aqueous solution of fuchsine
is decolorized on the addition of sulphurous acid, the easily soluble
fuchsine sulphurous acid being formed. This solution is frequently used
as a test reagent for the detection of aldehydes, giving, in most cases,
a red coloration on the addition of a small quantity of the aldehyde.
The constitution of the fuchsine bases (pararosaniline and rosaniline)
was determined by E. and O. Fischer in 1878 (_Ann_., 1878, 194, p.
242); A.W. Hofmann having previously shown that oxidation of pure
aniline alone or of pure toluidine yielded no fuchsine, whilst
oxidation of a mixture of aniline and para-toluidine gave rise to the
fine red dye-stuff para-fuchsine (pararosaniline hydrochloride)
CH3.C6H4NH2 + 2C6H5NH2 + 3O = HO.C(C6H4NH2)3 + 2H2O.
Colour base (pararosaniline).
HO.C(C6H4NH2)3.HCl = H2O + (H2N.C6H4)2C : C6H4 : NH2Cl.
Pararosaniline hydrochloride.
A. Rosenstiehl (_Jahres_., 1869, p. 693) found also that different
rosanilines were obtained according to whether ortho- or
para-toluidine was oxidized with aniline; and he gave the name
rosaniline to the one obtained from aniline and ortho-toluidine,
reserving the term pararosaniline for the other. E. and O. Fischer
showed that these compounds were derivatives of triphenylmethane and
tolyldiphenylmethane respectively. Pararosaniline was reduced to the
corresponding leuco compound (paraleucaniline), from which by
diazotization and boiling with alcohol, the parent hydrocarbon was
obtained
(H2N.C5H4)2C : C6H4:NH2Cl --> HC(C6H4NH2.HCl)3 --> HC(C6H4N2Cl3)
Pararosaniline hydrochloride. Paraleucaniline.
--> HC(C6H5)3.
Triphenylmethane.
The reverse series of operations was also carried out by the Fischers,
triphenylmethane being nitrated, and the nitro compound then reduced
to triaminotriphenylmethane or paraleucaniline, which on careful
oxidation is converted into the dye-stuff. A similar series of
reactions was carried out with rosaniline, which was shown to be the
corresponding derivative of tolyldiphenylmethane.
The free pararosaniline, C19H19N3O, and rosaniline, C20H21N3O, may be
obtained by precipitating solutions of their salts with a caustic
alkali, colourless precipitates being obtained, which crystallize from
hot water in the form of needles or plates. The position of the amino
groups in pararosaniline was determined by the work of H. Caro and C.
Graebe (_Ber_., 1878, II, p. 1348) and of E. and O. Fischer (_Ber._,
1880, 13, p. 2204) as follows: Nitrous acid converts pararosaniline
into aurin, which when superheated with water yields
para-dioxybenzophenone. As the hydroxyl groups in aurin correspond to
the amino groups in pararosaniline, two of these in the latter
compound must be in the para position. The third is also in the para
position; for if benzaldehyde be condensed with aniline, condensation
occurs in the para position, for the compound formed may be converted
into para-dioxybenzophenone,