THE ORIGIN OF THE HUNGARIANS.
The story of the origin of the Hungarians is generally derived from two
different sources. One, purely mythical or legendary, is said to have
come down from the forefathers to the present generation, and, clad in
a somewhat fanciful garb, runs as follows:
Nimrod, the man of gigantic stature, a descendant of Japheth, one of
the sons of Noah, migrated after the confusion of languages at the
building of the tower of Babel to the land of Havila. There his wife,
Eneh, bore him two sons, Hunyor and Magyar. One day as the two brothers
were out hunting in the forests of the Caucasus, they happened to fall
in with a doe. They at once gave chase, but on reaching the moorlands
of the Sea of Azov the noble animal suddenly vanished before their
very eyes. The brothers, in pursuing the track of their game, had
wandered through a wide expanse of country, and perceiving that the
rich meadows were admirably suited to the needs of a pastoral people,
they immediately returned to their father and asked his consent to
their departure. They obtained his consent without difficulty, and
settled with their herds of cattle in those regions where grass grew
luxuriantly.
The two brothers had lived quietly for five years in their new homes,
when the thought occurred to them, more thoroughly to investigate the
surrounding country. They accordingly set out on their journey, roaming
along the steppes, when their ears were suddenly caught by the sounds
of voices singing, which the east wind had wafted in their direction.
Led on by the pleasing sounds the wanderers’ eyes were met by a lovely
sight. Before them the daughters of the dwellers in the woods were
disporting themselves beneath their tents, celebrating the Feast of the
Hunting-horn, in the absence of their husbands and brothers. Hunyor and
Magyar were delighted at this unexpected encounter and quickly carried
away the women to their own abode. Amongst the ravished women were two
maids of rare beauty, the daughters of Dula, the prince of the Alans.
Hunyor took one, and Magyar the other, for his spouse. From them sprang
the kindred nations of the Huns and Magyars, or Hungarians, both of
which in due course of time, grew to be mighty.
After the lapse of many years the descendants of the two brothers had
increased to such an extent that the territory they dwelt in proved too
small to support them all. North of their homes lay blessed Scythia,
bounded on the east by the Ural mountains, on the southeast by the
sandsteppes, rich in salt, and the Caspian Sea, and on the south by the
Don river. After having thoroughly reconnoitred this country they drove
out the inhabitants, one portion of the people spreading over their
newly acquired home and taking possession of it, whilst the remaining
portion continued to occupy their former country. The progeny of Hunyor
settled in the northeastern part of the country beyond the Volga,
whilst the descendants of Magyar, pushing upwards along the Don,
pitched their tents on the left bank of the river. The latter were
afterwards known by the name of the Don-Magyars, and their country by
that of Dontumogeria—that is, the Don Magyarland.
In proportion as the two kindred races increased and came in contact
with various other nations, they began to differ from each other
more and more widely in their ways and manners. The Huns being more
exposed to the attacks of the roving populations than the Magyars,
who were protected by the Caspian Sea and endless steppes, became,
in consequence, more warlike, and adopted ruder manners. Twenty-two
generations had passed away since the death of the two brothers, who
had been the founders of their nations, when for reasons unknown the
Huns resolved to emigrate from their country. Whilst the Magyars
continued to dwell quietly along the Don, the Huns proceeded with an
immense army, each tribe contributing ten thousand men, against Western
Europe, conquering and rendering tributary, in the course of their
wanderings, numerous nations, and finally settled in the region of
the Theiss and Danube. Later on, however, in the middle of the fifth
century, when the world-renowned Attila, “the scourge of God,” came
into power, the Huns carried their victorious arms over a great part of
the western world.
The immense empire, however, which had been founded by King Attila, was
destined to be but of short duration after the death of its founder.
His sons Aladar and Csaba, in their contention for the inheritance,
resorted to arms. The war ended with the utter destruction of the
nation. All of the followers of Aladar perished; Csaba, however,
succeeded in escaping from the destroying arms of the neighboring
nations who had fallen on the quarrelling brothers, with but about
fifteen thousand men to the territories of the Greek empire. A few
thousands, who had deserted Csaba, fled to Transylvania, and settled
there in the eastern mountain-regions. The descendants of the latter
became subsequently merged with the immigrating Hungarians, and formed
with them a homogeneous family under the name of Szeklers, which
continues to exist to this day. Csaba, whose mother was an imperial
daughter of Greece, met with a friendly reception at the hands of the
Greek emperor, Marcianus, and remained in that country for a few years.
He returned afterwards with the remainder of his people to the home of
his ancestors, on the banks of the Don, where, up to the time of his
death, he never tired of inciting the Magyars to emigrate to Pannonia
and to revenge themselves on their enemies by reconquering the empire
of Attila.
[Illustration: HUNGARIAN SHEPHERD]
In turning to the second source of the history of the origin of the
Hungarians, we are treading upon the firmer ground of scientific
inquiry; we can penetrate the hazy light of remote antiquity, and
venture the assertion that it is far away in the distant East—namely,
in the Altai mountains, that we may look for the cradle of the Magyar
race. Here was, as the reader may be aware, the coterminous frontier
of the three principal branches of the Uralo-Altaic race—namely, the
Mongolians in the east, the Finn-Ugrians in the north, and the Turks
in the south. With a population of strictly nomadic habits and of
eminently roaming propensities, it needs scarcely to be said that the
three branches lived in continual feud and warfare near each other. A
great convulsion in the life of these nomads happened, as we presume,
in the second or third century after Christ. The Turks, on seeing the
more flourishing state of things with their Finn-Ugrian neighbors in
the north, fell upon them suddenly, drove them from their homes in the
valleys of the Altai mountains, where traces of their industry are
still extant, and scattered the various tribes and families, partly to
the north—namely, to Siberia; partly to the west—namely, to Southern
Russia.
From that extraordinary throng and revolutionary migration emerged the
Voguls and Ostyaks, who live at this day on both sides of the great
Obi river; the Zyrians, who now live in the governments of Archangel
and Vologda; farther the Votyaks and Tcheremisses, a motley crowd of
men who are of Finn-Ugrian extraction, but strongly intermixed with
Turco-Tartar blood.
Now, of similar origin are the Hungarians, with this difference,
that with them the Turco-Tartar origin forms the basis of their
ethnical character, and that the Finn-Ugrians who amalgamated with
them afterward, being a subjugated population, remained always in a
moral inferiority, although they greatly influenced the governing
class. We do not know precisely whether the amalgamation took place
in the valleys of the Altai, or farther west on the Volga, at some
later period, nor can we form an accurate idea as to the part the
Hungarians took in the irruption of the Huns, with which event they
are associated in national tradition. The Huns were unquestionably
Turks by extraction. Their mode of warfare, their religion, and
social life present full evidence of this, and admitting that they
had in their ranks either pure Finn-Ugrian elements or portions of
the above-mentioned amalgamated populations, we may fairly claim that
the ancestors of the Hungarians took part in the great devastating
campaigns which Attila carried on against Rome and the Christian
West as far as France. In this sense, the claim of the Hungarians to
descent from the Huns is fully justified. But, as the plan of this
work excludes the discussion of questions wrapped in the clouds of
scientific speculations we will turn to that portion of the history of
the Hungarians which is cleared up by historical evidence, and will
begin with the ninth century, when they emerged from the banks of the
Volga and began their march toward the West, a march which resulted in
their occupation of Hungary.
Before entering into the details of the march of the Magyars towards
their present home, we must try to sketch as briefly as possible the
geographical and ethnographical conditions of the country between the
Volga and the Danube in the ninth century. It must be borne in mind
that at that time the Russians were in a considerable minority in
those regions. East of the Volga, as far as the Ural River, and even
beyond, roamed various tribes of the vast Turkish race, amongst whom
the Petchenegs occupied the foremost rank. On the lower course of the
Volga and further west, lived the Khazars, a Turkish tribe of advanced
culture, who carried on a flourishing trade on the Caspian and Black
seas, and had embraced the Jewish religion. These Khazars were the
mightiest of the Turkish races of that time, and their wars with Persia
and with the rising Mohammedan power became of historic importance.
Westward of the Khazars dwelt another fraction of the Petchenegs, the
frontiers of whose country extended across Moldavia to the borders of
Transylvania, whilst the Magyars or Hungarians, who had occupied a
country called Lebedia, were compelled by the Petchenegs to emigrate to
Etelkuzu, not remaining there, however, for any great length of time.
In fact the whole of Southern Russia of to-day was teeming, during
the ninth century, with nomadic populations. These pressed upon each
other in the search for pasture grounds for their numerous cattle.
There is a great likelihood that the fame of the rich plains of Hungary
had remained in the memory of the Magyars from the time when their
forefathers fought under the banners of Attila. Suffice it to say that,
compelled by circumstances, they made up their minds to go westward,
and the seven dukes who stood at that time at the head of the nation,
and whose names were Álmos, Elöd, Kund, Huba, Tas, Und, and Tuhutum,
united in a solemn league and covenant, and putting Álmos, as the
oldest amongst them, at their head, they sealed that union with the old
Turkish form of oath, by drinking each of the blood of all, obtained by
cutting open the veins of their arms. This form of oath was for a long
time a custom in Hungary. The union of the Hungarians was based upon
the following five conditions:
1. As long as they and their progeny after them shall live, their duke
and ruler shall be always taken from the house of Álmos.
2. Whatever should be acquired by the united strength of all must
benefit all those who belonged to them.
3. The chiefs of the people having voluntarily elected Álmos for
their ruler, they and their descendants shall always take part in the
councils of the prince, and shall have their share in the honors of the
empire.
4. Whenever any of their descendants shall be found wanting in the
fidelity due to the prince, or shall foment dissensions between him and
his kindred, the blood of the guilty one shall be shed even as theirs
was flowing when they gave their oaths of fidelity to Álmos.
5. Should a successor of Álmos offend against this oath and covenant of
the fathers, then might the curse rest on him.
[Illustration: ELECTION OF ÁLMOS, THE FIRST DUKE.]
We have no accurate information concerning the number of Hungarian
warriors and of their retinues who entered Hungary towards the end
of the ninth century, nor can we point out those localities on
the eastern frontier of the country through which the entrance was
effected. As to the numbers, we do not go amiss if we assume that no
more than one hundred and fifty thousand fighting men formed the main
body of the invaders. Their ranks were swelled partly by Russians who
followed in their track, partly by Avars, a kindred Turkish population,
whom they found in the country itself, and by Khazars, who, preceding
the Hungarians, were leading a nomadic life on the steppe. Regarding
the country itself, it must be borne in mind that in those days it was
very thinly populated, and the ethnical conditions were somewhat as
follows: In the west there were Slovenes and Germans; in the north,
namely, in the Carpathian mountains, lived the compact mass of the
Slovaks, whose sway extended down to the banks of the Theiss. The
country between that river and the Danube belonged to the Bulgarian
prince, Zalán, whilst the region on the left bank of the Theiss, as
far as the river Szamos, was in the possession of Marót, the prince of
the Khazars. The conquest of Hungary was evidently a task of no great
difficulty for a warlike nation like the Hungarians, whose strange
physiognomy and superior weapons, brought from the Caucasus, struck
terror, at the very outset, into the breasts of the inhabitants. The
invaders appeared with their small, sturdy, and hardy horses, quick
as lightning and strong as iron. Their mode of warfare was strictly
Asiatic, similar to that used to this day by the Turcomans, and they
were animated precisely by the same spirit which led the Mongolians,
under Jenghis Khan, over the whole of Asia and a large portion of
Europe. With all this, they could not be called barbarians or savages,
when their social and political institutions were compared with those
of the inhabitants they subjugated in Hungary. It was the culture
of Persia which extended at that time up to the banks of the Volga,
penetrating the minds of the motley populations living there, and
traces of this culture are clearly to be discovered in the acts of
the leading persons amongst the conquering Hungarians. As soon as the
Hungarians had taken possession of their present country, under the
leadership of Árpád, it became their chief care to give a certain
stability to their internal affairs. Scattered over the extensive
territory, they more particularly endeavored to bring order into
their relations with the former inhabitants. Those only who refused
to lay down their arms felt the weight of the conquerors; whilst they
reciprocated the friendship and confidence shown to them by others.
Thus it happened that many of the ancient inhabitants were adopted by
them for their own countrymen, and that, having entered into a treaty
of amity with Marót, a treaty made firmer by the betrothal of Árpád’s
youngest son, Zoltán, with Marót’s daughter, the territory of Bihar was
added to Hungary after the death of Marót. According to the fashion of
the Scythian populations, they disturbed no one in his faith, nor did
they interfere with any one’s mode of worship. Nomads as they were,
they knew how to appreciate what was still left of the ancient culture
in their new country, and they fostered the colonial places still
surviving from the Roman period, the cradles of the future city life of
Hungary.
There is an account in the history of the Hungarians how the different
portions of the invading army spread over the country, what battles
they fought, what alliances they entered into with the reigning
princes, but the account is based merely upon legendary tradition.
We are sadly in want of details about that most interesting epoch,
and supported by historical authority we can only state that Leo the
Wise, the emperor of Byzantium, asked the military assistance of the
Hungarians against the Bulgarians, and that it was the sword of the
valiant nomadic warriors which averted a threatening calamity from
Constantinople. It is likewise certain that Arnulph, King of Germany,
encouraged by the military reputation of the Magyars, asked their
assistance against Svatopluk, King of Moravia, and that their first
appearance in the country is connected with this occurrence.
The conquest of Hungary occupied the period between 884 and 895.
Within this time falls the utter defeat and tragic end of Svatopluk,
the most powerful native prince with whom the Hungarians had to
contend. Arnulph had already engaged him in battle when the Hungarians
came to the succor of the former. Their timely arrival decided the
fate of the battle, which resulted in the complete rout and scattering
of the Moravians. Svatopluk, is said to have done wonders of heroism
during the battle, but after its fatal termination he could nowhere
be found. In vain was the bloody field searched for the body of the
unfortunate leader, nor were the messengers sent out to remoter regions
to obtain news of him more successful in their quest. Hungarian
tradition has it that in his rage and despair at the loss of the
battle, he rushed into the Danube, and met there with a watery grave.
Slavic tradition, however, represents the matter in a manner more in
keeping with the character and reckless disposition of this strange
barbarian, who knew but unbridled passions and sudden resolutions
formed on the spur of the moment. According to these traditions,
Svatopluk, seeing that his fortunes were hopelessly wrecked, mounted
a steed and, leaving the battle-field, swiftly rode away into the
fastnesses of the interminable forests covering the Zobor mountain,
which overlooks in massive grandeur towards the east and south the town
and castle of Nyitra, and was then lost to sight. Here in a secluded
valley, amidst rocks, and protected by pathless woods, lived three
hermits. These holy men passed their lives in offering up prayers to
God in a chapel constructed by their own hands, and, entirely absorbed
by their pious exercises, they knew no other nourishment but herbs and
the fruit growing wild. These men, who did not visit the neighboring
cities, had never seen Svatopluk, and this was the very reason that
brought the king of the Moravians to their hermitage. As he reached
late in the night a place where the forest was densest, he dismounted,
killed his horse, and, together with his royal mantle and crown, buried
it in a ditch, and covered up the place of burial with earth and
leaves. He then tore his garments and soiled them with mud, and in this
guise, pretending to be a beggar, he came to the three hermits and told
them that, moved by the Holy Spirit, he desired to pass his life with
them. He was cordially received by the hermits and lived amongst them
a great many years unknown, praying as they did, partaking of the same
food they ate, and like them dead to all the memories of the outside
world. In his last moments only he told them his real name, and the
hermits, in their childlike astonishment at this incredulous adventure,
placed the following inscription on his tombstone: “Here rests
Svatopluk, the king of Moravia, buried in the centre of his kingdom.”
[Illustration]
[Illustration]