worked so as to be narrowest near the blade, with the ends straight or
round; stem expanding by straight lines; base straight (figure 270).
_F._ Edges nearly straight to the barbs, which are worked off to a
point toward the stem; base convex and wide; stem expanding by curved
lines (figure 271).
[Illustration: FIG. 269.--Stemmed chipped flint, barbed.]
[Illustration: FIG. 270.--Stemmed chipped flint, broad.]
_G._ Rather slender; base nearly straight, either convex or concave;
stem rapidly expanding; notched in from the corners, making long
slender barbs which project beyond the line of the edges (as
illustrated in figure 272). The same form comes from Dougherty county,
southwestern Georgia, as well as from Savannah.
_H._ Straight or convex edges; base straight or slightly convex; stem
to one side of the center, leaving one barb longer and larger than the
other (figure 273).
_I._ Triangular, notched in from the bottom; barbs extend down even
with the base, or the base is sometimes worked back, leaving it shorter
than the barbs; some are beveled (figure 274). The same form is found
in southwestern Georgia.
_J._ Broad; straight edges; base straight or concave; stem straight or
expanding; long, rounded barbs (figure 275).
[Illustration: FIG. 271.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
[Illustration: FIG. 272.--Stemmed chipped flint, slender.]
_K._ From Arkansas county, Arkansas, there is an implement of basanite
or black jasper, of the general type of figure 180 or 182, the point
being broken off. The base has been worked down to a sharp edge, the
stem highly polished on both faces. This polish does not extend to
the faces of the blade, but both edges are rubbed smooth so far as
they now extend. Whether the implement was originally pointed and used
as a knife or spear, this sharp edge being given the stem after it
was broken, or whether it was so made in the first place, can not be
determined. Like the various forms with polished base, the specimen
seems to indicate a manner of mounting or of use the reverse of what
would be expected. It is shown in figure 276.
[Illustration: FIG. 273.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
[Illustration: FIG. 274.--Stemmed chipped flint, triangular.]
[Illustration: FIG. 275.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
Figure 277 shows an implement from Licking county, Ohio, somewhat of
the form of figure 205, except that it is wider and much thinner. It is
worn smooth on each edge for ¾ inch from the point, the point itself
being quite blunt. This probably results from use as a knife or drill;
though, if due to the latter cause, the material on which it was used
must have been quite soft or thin. Similar wear is seen on implements
from the same locality of the form of figures 176 and 223, but this
article is smaller than those represented by the figures.
[Illustration: FIG. 276.--Chipped flint, with sharp-edged stem.]
[Illustration: FIG. 277.--Stemmed chipped flint, point blunted from
use.]
[Illustration: FIG. 278.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
In figure 278 is shown a small knife of the pattern so common in
specimens mounted in antlers, from the Swiss lake dwellings. In outline
it resembles the arrowheads having straight edges and a convex base;
but the side view shows the purpose for which it was made. Similar
pieces are found throughout central Ohio, and along Ohio river from the
Kanawha to the Miami.
NOTES ON BEVELED FLINTS.
In the beveled flints the side-chipping producing the bevel is always
to the left, as may be seen in figure 235; only one exception to this
has been found. It has been supposed that this is done to give a rotary
motion to an arrow. Morgan[210] says that “arrowheads are occasionally
found with a twist to make the arrow revolve in its flight;” and the
same statement has often been made by others. It may be objected,
however, that very few of these beveled specimens are small enough
for arrowheads; and modern archers have shown that the shape does not
affect the flight of the arrow.
Schoolcraft,[211] Powers,[212] Morgan,[213] and Cheever[214] say that
the modern Indians sometimes have a spiral arrangement of the feathers
on their arrow to produce a rotary motion or “rifling.” This rotary
motion is supposed to keep the arrow in a straight course, as without
it a deviation from the direct line would tend constantly to increase.
But as showing that the rotary motion is not always desired, Dodge says
that sometimes the blade, in regard to the string notch, is set so as
to be perpendicular, to go in between the ribs of game; again, so as to
be horizontal, to go in between the ribs of an enemy.[215]
The beveled flints were probably used for skinning game, as they are
better fitted for this than for anything else, and would serve such
purpose better than almost any other form of the smaller chipped
flints. The bevel is such as would be necessary if the implement were
held in the right hand and pulled toward the user.
There are a great many specimens in the collection, both in the ground
or pecked and in the chipped implements, which can not be classified
with any of the objects herein described; but they are to be considered
as due rather to individual whims than as representative of a type.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Anahuac, p. 101.
[2] Ibid., p. 98.
[3] Dawson, Sir William; Fossil Men, p. 121.
[4] Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 741.
[5] Ibid., p. 748.
[6] Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p. 169.
[7] Lubbock, Sir John; Prehistoric Times, p. 569.
[8] Early History of Mankind, p. 203.
[9] Abbott, C. C., in American Naturalist, vol. X, p. 494.
[10] Perkins; Ibid, vol. XIII, p. 738.
[11] Adair; History of American Indians, p 405.
[12] Long, S. H.; Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, p. 211.
[13] Knight, E. H.; Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 242.
[14] Wood, J. G.; Natural History of Mankind, p. 200.
[15] Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.
[16] Beverly, Robt.; History of Virginia, 1722, p. 198.
[17] Wyth, John; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 14.
[18] Catlin, Geo.; Last Rambles Among the Indians, pp. 100-101.
[19] Mohr, Smithsonian Report for 1881, p. 618; Barber, Amer. Nat.,
vol. XII, p. 403; McGuire, Ibid., vol. XVII, p. 587; Walker, Science,
vol. IX, p. 10; Schumacher, Eleventh Annual Report of Peabody Museum,
p. 263.
[20] Dawson, J. W.; Fossil Men, p. 16.
[21] Ibid., p. 132.
[22] Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.
[23] Stevens, E. T.; Flint Chips, p. 174.
[24] Evans, John; Stone Implements, p. 218.
[25] Ibid., p. 227.
[26] Dodge, R. I.; Wild Indians, p. 254. Schoolcraft, H. R.; Indian
Tribes, vol. IV, p. 107. Catlin, Geo.; North American Indians, vol. I,
p. 416.
[27] Powers, Stephen; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III, p.
433.
[28] Stone Implements, p. 218.
[29] Ibid., p. 213.
[30] Adair, James; American Indians, p. 409.
[31] Lawson, John; History of North Carolina, p. 53.
[32] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 315-320.
[33] Fossil Men and Their Modern Representatives, p. 112.
[34] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate I, fig. 3.
[35] Lewis and Clarke; Travels, p. 425.
[36] Powers; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III, p. 52.
[37] Ibid., p. 433.
[38] Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 119.
[39] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.
[40] League of the Iroquois, p. 359.
[41] Carver, Jonathan; Travels in North America, p. 191.
[42] Report to Regents of the Univ. of New York, vol. II, p. 86.
[43] Schoolcraft; Notes on the Iroquois, p. 239.
[44] Schumacher; 11th Ann. Rept. Peabody Museum, p. 264.
[45] Powers; Contributions to N. A. Eth. vol. III, p. 377.
[46] Flint Chips, p. 95.
[47] Abbott, C. C.; Primitive Industry, chap. 28.
[48] Jones, C. C.; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.
[49] Nilsson, S.; Stone Age, p. 25.
[50] Thatcher, B. B.; Indian Traits, vol. I, p. 70.
[51] Jones; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.
[52] Amer. Naturalist, vol. XX, p. 574.
[53] Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 41; also 11th Ann. Rept. Peabody
Museum, p. 265.
[54] Primitive Industry, p. 244.
[55] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.
[56] Ibid., p. 96. Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 381.
[57] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 499.
[58] Dale, L.; in Journal of Anth. Inst. of Great Br. and Ireland, vol.
I, p. 347.
[59] Layard, E. L.; in ibid., appendix, c.
[60] Griesbach, C. L.; in ibid., p. cliv.
[61] W. D. Gooch says they were used as club heads by the predecessors
of the Bushmen, who now use them as diggers; ibid., vol. XI, p. 128.
[62] Knight, E. H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 232.
[63] Stone Implements, p. 194.
[64] Bul. Bur. of Eth., “Perforated Stones from California.”
[65] Adair; American Indians, p. 402.
[66] Lawson; History of North Carolina, p. 98.
[67] Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 299.
[68] Irving, J. T.; Indian Sketches, vol. II, p. 142.
[69] Cremony, J. C.; Life Among the Apaches, p. 302.
[70] Matthews, W.; Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 814.
[71] Report of Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. III, p. 114.
[72] Long; Expedition to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 205.
[73] Brackinridge, H. M.; Views of Louisiana, p. 256.
[74] Catlin; North American Indians, vol. I, p. 132.
[75] Schumacher; in Twelfth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 622.
[76] Lubbock; Prehistoric Times, p. 648.
[77] Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ireland, vol. II, p. 647.
[78] Stone Implements, p. 218.
[79] Ibid., p. 227.
[80] For any or all of which purposes they may have been used in the
course of their manufacture.
[81] Captivity Among the Indians, Lexington, 1799; reprinted,
Cincinnati, 1870, p. 36.
[82] Eells, Myron; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 81.
[83] Primitive Industry, p. 229.
[84] Flint Chips, p. 581.
[85] Henshaw in Amer. Jour. Arch., vol. I, pp. 105-114.
[86] Pear-shaped stones with the smaller end cut squarely off are
frequent in Georgia; they are about the size of turkey eggs. Jones;
Antiq. Southern Indians, p. 372.
[87] Stone Age, p. 215.
[88] Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 408.
[89] American Indians, p. 48.
[90] Stone Age, p. 83.
[91] Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. XI. p. 445.
[92] Powers; Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, pp. 52 and 79.
[93] Chase; MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.
[94] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 131.
[95] Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 373.
[96] Brickell, John; Nat. History of N.C., p. 317.
[97] Wyth; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 8.
[98] Schoolcraft in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., vol. I, p.401, pl. I.
[99] I am informed by Prof. Cyrus Thomas that he noticed in the
collection of Mr. Neff. Gambier, Ohio, a “boat-shape stone” attached to
the underside of a stone pipe, which the owner informed him was thus
attached when found.
[100] Evans; Stone Implements, p. 383.
[101] Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 100.
[102] Expl. in the Valley of the Amazon, vol. II, p. 74.
[103] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 90.
[104] Amer. Naturalist, vol. VII, p. 180.
[105] Flint Chips, p. 478.
[106] MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.
[107] Some perforated stones that will not come under any of these
heads are here noted separately under the National Museum numbers:
131614. An elliptical piece of steatite, with notches at each end for
suspension, “tallies” all around the edge, and four holes on the longer
axis.--Bradley county, Tennessee.
62879. A steatite ornament, shape like a bird’s head.--Jefferson
county, Tennessee.
131856. A short, wedge-shape ornament of barite, drilled at the larger
end.--Loudon county, Tennessee; also a similar but much larger ornament
of indurated red clay, possibly catlinite, from a mound in the same
county, represented in figure 149. The edges of the holes are much worn
by a cord.
90847. A small ellipsoidal steatite bead, with several deep incisions
around the edge.--Kanawha valley, West Virginia.
116335. A small marble bead; form like the rim of a bottle
mouth.--Bradley county, Tennessee.
113943. Three small pendants of cannel coal. One is in shape like
the keystone of an arch, with hole at smaller end; the other two
are apparently in imitation of a bear’s tusk.--Kanawha valley, West
Virginia.
91761. A limestone celt, 6½ inches long, either much weathered since
made or else never highly polished, with a large hole drilled in from
both sides at the center.--Bartow county, Georgia.
116067. A sandstone celt, with a hole drilled near one corner at the
top.--Loudon county, Tennessee.
97764. A large polished piece of steatite, curved from end to end, or
claw-shaped. One end is pointed; the other blunt and rounded, with a
hole drilled through it.--Caldwell county, North Carolina.
[108] Gillman, H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1873, p. 371.
[109] Primitive Industry, p. 371.
[110] Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 30.
[111] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I p. 212.
[112] Schumacher, Paul; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 548.
[113] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 253.
[114] Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, p. 426.
[115] Native Races, vol. I, p. 589.
[116] Ibid., p. 566.
[117] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 362-364.
[118] Hoffman, W. J.; "The Midē´wiwin of the Ojibwa." Seventh Annual
Rep. Bur. Eth., 1885-86, p. 278, pl. XVIII.
[119] Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 154.
[120] Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 268.
[121] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 130.
[122] De Forest, J. W.; History of Indians of Conn., p. 5.
[123] Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 271.
[124] Fossil Men, p. 125.
[125] Fossil Men., p. 119.
[126] Proc. A. A. A. S., vol. XXXI, p. 592.
[127] Since this was written several thousand specimens have been found
in a small mound near Chillicothe, Ohio. The nearest point at which
similar material is known to exist is between Corydon and Leavenworth,
Indiana.
[128] Flint Chips, p. 442.
[129] Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 140.
[130] Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.
[131] Journal Anth. Ins. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol XI, p. 447.
[132] Anthropology, p. 245.
[133] Jewitt, Llewellyn; Grave-mounds and their Contents, p. 121.
[134] Stone Implements, p. 374.
[135] Op. cit., p. 245.
[136] Stone Implements, p. 36 (from Craveri).
[137] Stone Implements, p. 36 (from De Pourtales).
[138] Ibid., p. 35 (from Belcher).
[139] Ibid., p. 38.
[140] Crook in Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.
[141] Catlin; Last Rambles, pp. 184, 185.
[142] Ibid., p. 290.
[143] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 81 (from Belcher).
[144] Ibid., p. 84.
[145] Powers in Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.
[146] Ibid., p 374.
[147] Bancroft; Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.
[148] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.
[149] Beckwith in Rep. Pac. R. R. Survey, vol. II, p. 43.
[150] History of Virginia.
[151] Redding in Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.
[152] Cheever in ibid., vol. IV, p. 139.
[153] Cited by Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 78.
[154] Hayden Survey, Bull. 3, 1877, p. 547.
[155] MS. account of the Shell Mounds of Oregon.
[156] Prehistoric America, p. 170.
[157] Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.
[158] MS. Shell Mounds of Oregon.
[159] Flint Chips, p. 77.
[160] Prehistoric Times, p. 106 (from Dodge and Blackmore).
[161] Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.
[162] History of Mankind, p. 188.
[163] Adair; American Indians, p. 403.
[164] Adair; American Indians, p. 410.
[165] Cheever in Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 139.
[166] The section below shows this more plainly.
[167] Amer. Naturalist, vol. X, p. 116.
[168] Indian Tribes, vol. II, p. 74, fig. 5.
[169] Nat. Hist, of N. C., p. 318.
[170] League of the Iroquois, p. 359.
[171] Anahuac, p. 332.
[172] Bourke, John G.; Snake Dance of the Moquis, p. 251. See also
Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate 5.
[173] Long; Exp. to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 290. Dodge; Our Wild
Indians, p. 418.
[174] Prehistoric Times, p. 122.
[175] Holub, E., in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. X, p. 460.
[176] Stone Implements, p. 48.
[177] Native Races, vol. I, p. 189.
[178] Hayden Surv., Bul. 3, 1877, p. 43.
[179] Brickell; Nat. Hist. of N. C., p. 339.
[180] Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 230.
[181] Stone Implements, p. 46.
[182] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 96. Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p.
188.
[183] It would seem that in using a wood or horn drill, water would be
a disadvantage, as the drill would swell and wear rapidly away when
wet, thus choking the bore. The sand also would be forced into the
drill instead of sticking to its surface, thus being less effective.
[184] Quoted by Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 124.
[185] Evans; Stone Implements, p. 353.
[186] Stone Implements.
[187] Hayden Survey, 1872, p. 653.
[188] Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 236.
[189] Ibid, 1870, p. 390.
[190] Our Wild Indians, p. 256.
[191] Gillespie, Dr. W.; Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. VI,
p. 260.
[192] Indian Tribes, vol I, p. 253.
[193] Nilsson; Stone Age, p. 46.
[194] Stone Implements, p. 256.
[195] Stone Implements, p. 263.
[196] Ibid., pp. 20, 23, and 35.
[197] Anahuac, p. 99.
[198] Ibid, pp. 231, 232 (note).
[199] Stone Age, p. 261 (note).
[200] Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.
[201] Hayden Survey, Bul. 3, 1877, p. 547.
[202] Flint Chips, p. 77.
[203] Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.
[204] Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.
[205] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.
[206] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 78 (from Powers).
[207] Catlin; Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.
[208] Indian Tribes, vol. III, p. 467.
[209] Stone Implements, p. 17.
[210] League of the Iroquois, p. 358.
[211] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 213.
[212] Cont. to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 52.
[213] League of the Iroquois, pp. 306, 308.
[214] Amer. Nat., vol. IV, p. 140.
[215] Our Wild Indians, p. 418.
[Transcriber’s Note:
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]