and continuous curve, slightly expanding in some specimens. The one
shown in figure 215, from Kanawha valley, West Virginia, has the most
symmetric outline of any specimen in the entire collection. There
are other specimens from Kanawha valley, and also from northeastern
Kentucky; Miami valley, Ohio; Washington county, Pennsylvania; eastern
and western Tennessee; southwestern Illinois; and southeastern Arkansas.
[Illustration: FIG. 215.--Stemmed chipped flint, symmetric outline.]
[Illustration: FIG. 216.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
_Q._ Similar to group _P_ except that stem and base are straight. They
are symmetric and well finished, vary more in size than those of the
last group, being from 1¼ to 4¼ inches long, the others not reaching
either of these limits.
The type (figure 216) comes from Knox county, Ohio, and other specimens
from Miami valley and central Ohio; Keokuk, Iowa; northeastern
Kentucky; Kanawha valley; eastern and western Tennessee; eastern,
southeastern, and southwestern Arkansas; eastern and southwestern
Wisconsin; northwestern Georgia; and southwestern Illinois.
_R._ Edges generally convex, sometimes straight; base straight or
convex, only rarely concave; shoulders usually square, sometimes
rounded; stem expanding by straight lines. From less than an inch to 3½
inches long, mostly about the medium.
The form, which resembles that shown in figure 216 in a general way,
is widely distributed, its range including Keokuk, Iowa; Miami and
Scioto valleys, Ohio; Bibb county and Savannah, Georgia, as well as
the northwestern part of the state; eastern Tennessee; Kanawha valley,
West Virginia; southeastern and southwestern Arkansas; southwestern
Illinois, and Brown county in the same state; northeastern Kentucky;
southern and southwestern Wisconsin; western and central North
Carolina; and northeastern Alabama.
_S._ Differing from group _Q_ in having the blade short, stem long (in
some cases longer than blade), and only slight shoulders. Base somewhat
convex in a few specimens; from an inch to 2¼ inches in length. From
Kanawha valley; northwestern Georgia; Miami and Scioto valleys, Ohio;
southwestern Arkansas; southern Wisconsin; and northeastern Alabama.
Beginning with those of group _N_ and ending with those last described,
all the best worked and most finely finished specimens are from Kanawha
valley, West Virginia; northeastern Kentucky, and the central and
southern parts of Ohio.
_T._ Convex edges; square shoulders; slender; very long and slender
tapering or straight stem, coming almost to a point at the base.
Illustrated in figure 217 (from Kanawha valley). Others are from
central North Carolina; Kanawha valley; southwestern Arkansas; and
Catahoula parish, Louisiana. The specimens from the two latter
districts have the stem wider and less pointed than the others.
[Illustration: FIG. 217.--Chipped flint, with very long, slender stem.]
[Illustration: FIG. 218.--Stemmed chipped flint, with but one barb or
shoulder.]
_U._ With one large, much expanded shoulder, the other being absent or
very slight; both edges convex, or one convex and the other straight;
stem sometimes straight, but usually tapering, being almost pointed
in some; base usually convex, sometimes straight, rarely concave. A
specimen from Ross county, Ohio, has the base deeply notched; it seems
to have been symmetrical originally, and one barb or shoulder being
broken, to have had that edge dressed down. Many were thus reworked,
but in most cases it is evident that the form is original. Some are
slender, others broad.
The type shown in figure 218 is from Bowie county, Texas. Other
examples are from southwestern Arkansas; Catahoula parish, Louisiana;
Scioto valley, Ohio; Kanawha valley; western and central North
Carolina; eastern Tennessee; South Carolina; northeastern Alabama; as
well as from northwestern Georgia and about Savannah.
EXPANDING STEMS.
In this class of flints the stem is expanding, unless the contrary is
stated. The majority of specimens having barbs belong to this class;
while those with straight or tapering stem usually have only square or
rounded shoulders, the barb seldom appearing.
[Illustration: FIG. 219.--Stemmed chipped flint, short.]
[Illustration: FIG. 220.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
_A._ Short and broad; base usually straight, sometimes convex, rarely
concave; notched in from edges to form the stem; very seldom with
well-defined shoulders, and never barbed. The type, illustrated in
figure 219, is from Kanawha valley, West Virginia. Found also in
northeastern Kentucky; western North Carolina; northwestern Georgia and
about Savannah; eastern Tennessee; Coosa valley, Alabama; and Union
county, Mississippi.
_B._ Edges convex, seldom straight; base straight or rarely convex or
concave; notched in on edges close to base, so as to leave a slight
tang; thin and well worked; from an inch to 2¼ inches long. All from
Savannah have concave bases; a few are notched so as to have slight
shoulders, and they are somewhat larger than from other localities.
They fit better in this group, however, than in any other. A typical
example, shown in figure 220, is from Montgomery county, North
Carolina. Others are from central North Carolina; eastern Tennessee;
southwestern Illinois; various localities in South Carolina; and about
Savannah, Georgia.
_C._ Roughly made; unsymmetrical, seemingly made hastily; of various
patterns, including all the common shapes. Nearly all with convex
edges, few straight, none concave. Base straight or concave, often the
natural surface or fracture of the stone. Sometimes made from the tip
of a broken larger specimen. From 1 to 5 inches long; slender or wide;
usually thick, except when made from a thin flake. Edges notched just
at the base in some, leaving a slight tang; others have the corners
chipped out. This group is quite variable in size and in character of
workmanship, as well as in form. The material also is variable.
[Illustration: FIG. 221.--Stemmed chipped flint, roughly made.]
[Illustration: FIG. 222.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
The types (figures 221 and 222) are, respectively, from Bledsoe and
Polk counties, Tennessee. The range includes eastern Tennessee;
Kanawha valley; western North Carolina; eastern and southwestern
Wisconsin; northeastern Alabama and Tuscaloosa valley; South Carolina;
southwestern and northeastern Arkansas; central Ohio and Scioto valley;
northeastern Kentucky; and southwestern Georgia, as well as Savannah.
[Illustration: FIG. 223.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
[Illustration: FIG. 224.--Stemmed chipped flint, edges convex.]
_D._ Edges convex, rarely straight; base straight or convex; slender;
from 1¼ to 4 inches long; usually thin; deeply notched, with edges
worked close to base, leaving the latter as wide as the blade, or
nearly so. This form could be quite firmly attached to a shaft or
handle. It is illustrated by figure 223, representing one of the
specimens from Kanawha valley. It is found also in southwestern
Illinois and Brown county in the same state; eastern, southern, and
southwestern Wisconsin; western and central North Carolina; eastern
Tennessee; northwestern Georgia; central Ohio and Scioto valley;
southeastern Arkansas; northeastern Kentucky; and Coosa and Tuscaloosa
valleys, Alabama.
_E._ Edges convex; base straight or convex; shoulders square or
rounded; stem expanding by curved lines. A few are small enough for
arrows, but most of them are large or of medium size. The specimen from
Vernon county, Wisconsin, illustrated in figure 224, is representative.
The group is characteristic of southwestern Wisconsin; Kanawha valley;
central Ohio and Scioto valley; western and central North Carolina;
eastern Tennessee; southeastern and southwestern Arkansas; southwestern
Illinois; South Carolina; Coosa valley, Alabama; and Savannah, Georgia.
_F._ Edges straight or convex; long barbs, sometimes reaching to
the base; stem straight or slightly tapering; base straight, or
very slightly convex or concave, usually well finished. One barb is
sometimes longer than the other, or the stem may be to one side of
the center line. Sometimes made of a flake, the flat side being left
untouched.
[Illustration: FIG. 225.--Stemmed chipped flint, with long barbs.]
The type shown in figure 225 is from Madison county, Alabama. It is
found generally in northeastern and northwestern Alabama, and also in
eastern Tennessee; Kanawha valley; Keokuk, Iowa; Holt county, Missouri;
southwestern Illinois and Brown county in the same state; northwestern
Georgia and about Savannah; southeastern and southwestern Arkansas;
northeastern Kentucky, and western and central North Carolina.
_G._ Similar to the last, but with stem expanding by straight or curved
lines; base always straight in larger specimens, sometimes convex or
concave in smaller ones. Barbs varying in length, short in some and
reaching nearly to the base in others. From three-fourths to 3¾ inches
in length, and varying much in width.
[Illustration: FIG. 226.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
Figure 226 represents a typical example from Jackson county, Illinois.
The range, which is quite wide, includes southwestern Illinois;
northeastern, southwestern, and southeastern Arkansas; Miami and
Scioto valleys, and central Ohio; southern and southwestern Wisconsin;
western and central North Carolina; eastern Tennessee; South Carolina;
northeastern Kentucky; Kanawha valley; and Savannah, Georgia.
_H._ Wide blade; short; convex edges; square shoulders or slight barbs;
base convex or concave; stem broad and expanding by curved lines;
generally thick. Those with convex base are all of medium size, while
those with concave base range from an inch to 4 inches in length.
[Illustration: FIG. 227.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
The form is indicated in figure 227, representing a good specimen
from Dane county, Wisconsin. It is found over southern Wisconsin;
northeastern Alabama and Coosa valley; southwestern Illinois and Brown
county in the same state; central North Carolina; northwestern Georgia
and about Savannah; eastern Tennessee; Miami and Scioto valleys, Ohio;
Kanawha valley; southwestern Arkansas; South Carolina; and Keokuk, Iowa.
_I._ Edges parallel, or nearly so most of the length, with abrupt
curve to the point; base straight or slightly convex; stem expanding
by straight or curved lines; notched in from the corners of the base
giving long barbs, which, in a few, project slightly beyond the line of
edges; thin; well worked; from 2 to 4 inches long.
[Illustration: FIG. 228.--Stemmed chipped flint, broad point.]
[Illustration: FIG. 229.--Stemmed chipped flint, slender point.]
The specimen illustrated in figure 228 is from Dane county, Wisconsin,
and there are several others from southern Wisconsin; southwestern
Illinois; Scioto valley, Ohio; and Kanawha valley, West Virginia.
[Illustration: FIG. 230.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
_J._ Edges convex or sometimes straight; base straight or slightly
convex. Notched in on the edges, leaving the stem nearly or quite as
wide at the bottom as the blade; corners of the base square or slightly
rounded. Mostly small, suitable for arrows, though a few are larger,
up to 3¼ inches. A few of these have the base polished. Some of the
small ones are made of flakes having the natural, conchoidal shape and
worked on one side only. Typical forms, shown in figures 229 and 230,
are from Kanawha valley, and Nicholas county, Kentucky, respectively.
The distribution extends also over southern and southwestern Wisconsin;
Miami valley, Ohio; Holt county, Missouri; northeastern Kentucky; Brown
county, Illinois; southwestern Arkansas; Coosa valley, Alabama; eastern
Tennessee, and about Savannah, Georgia.
[Illustration: FIG. 231.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
[Illustration: FIG. 232.--Stemmed chipped flint, thin.]
_K._ Straight or convex edges (a few serrated or beveled); base
straight, sometimes polished; notched in from the corners so as to give
sharp barbs, with wide stem expanding by straight lines. Medium size.
Illustrated in figure 231 (Bradley county, Tennessee). Found in eastern
Tennessee; southwestern Illinois; Scioto valley; Kanawha valley; South
Carolina; and about Savannah, Georgia.
[Illustration: FIG. 233.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
[Illustration: FIG. 234.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
_L._ Very thin; well worked; usually quite symmetrical; base straight
or slightly concave; stem expanding by curved lines; with shoulders
or barbs; base with sharp tangs. Some specimens quite slender, others
almost as wide as long. Few are above two inches in length. The edge
is sometimes a broken line instead of a regular curve. The form is
shown in figures 232 and 233, representing specimens from Lawrence
county, Ohio, and Loudon county, Tennessee, respectively. Others are
from Kanawha valley; Miami and Scioto valleys, Ohio; eastern Tennessee;
western and central North Carolina; Union county, Mississippi;
northeastern Kentucky; and southwestern Illinois.
_M._ Convex edges; usually quite symmetric; base generally straight,
although sometimes convex or concave; stem expanding by straight or
curved lines, and notched in from the corners by a narrow notch whose
sides are parallel. Sometimes beveled (or feathered). The barb as
well as the notch of the same width throughout its entire length. The
type (figure 234) is from Knox county, Ohio, and similar forms come
from central Ohio; Kanawha valley; western North Carolina; southern
Wisconsin; southwestern Illinois; South Carolina; eastern Tennessee;
and Savannah, Georgia.
[Illustration: FIG. 235.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
_N._ Straight, or rarely convex, edges; base straight or slightly
curved, with rounded corners; notched in on the edges above the
corners, with sharp barbs. Nearly every specimen is beveled, and some
are serrated. Base polished in many of them even when slightly concave.
A good example from Ross county, Ohio, is represented in figure 235.
Others are from Miami and Scioto valleys and elsewhere in Ohio, as
well as from Kanawha valley; eastern Tennessee; northwestern Alabama;
southwestern Georgia, and about Savannah in the same state. The style
of chipping is frequently such as to give serrated edges, as in the
specimen figured.
[Illustration: FIG. 236.--Stemmed chipped flint, slender, with small
stem.]
_O._ Long; slender; thin; short, small stem; convex base; notched
upward from the corners of the base; short barbs. The type shown in
figure 236 is from Loudon county, Tennessee, and other specimens come
from eastern Tennessee and southeastern Arkansas.
[Illustration: FIG. 237.--Stemmed chipped flint, oval outline, notched.]
_P._ Convex edges and base; sometimes, though very seldom, the edges
are nearly straight; the typical, leaf-shape implement, except for the
notch, which is always worked in from the widest part of the specimen
at right angles to the axis. The base is invariably polished, even in
the smallest specimens. From Licking county (figure 237) as well as
from Miami valley and throughout central Ohio; Kanawha valley; eastern
Tennessee; southwestern Illinois; northeastern Alabama; southern
Wisconsin; and about Savannah, Georgia.
_Q._ Edges less convex than the last, sometimes straight; the notches
are worked in nearer the base, going in an angle of about 45 degrees,
instead of perpendicular to the middle line or axis. Sometimes the
blade is of uniform thickness until very close to the edges, which are
worked off in a double chisel-edge. Very few of these, or of group _P_,
are small enough for arrows. Usually symmetrical and well finished; the
base always polished, but whether from use or to add to the utility of
the specimen can not be determined. From Miami valley, Ohio; Keokuk,
Iowa; southwestern Wisconsin; and eastern Tennessee.
_R._ Differing from the two last described only in being longer, and
in having the stem always come to a point by either convex or concave
lines, instead of being regularly convex; base never polished. From
Kanawha valley, West Virginia, and central Arkansas.
_S._ Edges usually straight, sometimes concave, rarely convex; notched
in deeply from edges; seldom barbed; stem nearly always wider than
the blade, and large. Base convex; occasionally somewhat concave with
rounded corners, and nearly always polished. Some (including all from
the Savannah collection) are beveled and a few have blunt and rounded
points, apparently broken specimens reworked. From less than an inch
to nearly 3 inches long. Even among the very small ones, some have the
base polished.
An implement of this form, or of any form in which the stem is wide
or with very long tangs, and especially with concave base, would be
well adapted for hunting purposes. The wide stem would allow firm
attachment to a shaft, whether as an arrow or a spear, and at the same
time would be very difficult to withdraw from a wound. The shaft would
impede the flight of an animal pierced by the weapon, particularly in
weeds or bushes; though greater force would be required with these than
with the more slender points to make them effective.
[Illustration: FIG. 238.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
The type delineated in figure 238 is from Warren county, Ohio, and
the form is well represented also in Scioto and Miami valleys, Ohio;
western North Carolina; Kanawha valley; eastern Tennessee; southern
and southwestern Wisconsin; southeastern and southwestern Arkansas;
northeastern Kentucky; northeastern Alabama; and about Savannah,
Georgia.
[Illustration: FIG. 239.--Stemmed chipped flint, notched, very wide
stem.]
_T._ Convex edges; base straight, or slightly convex or concave,
with square corners, and nearly always polished; stem as wide as the
blade or wider. Some rather slender, others as wide as long. Very few
are beveled, except those from Savannah, all of which are thus made.
From three-fourths to 2¼ inches long. Found in eastern Tennessee;
Kanawha valley (including the specimen shown in figure 239); western
North Carolina; southern and southwestern Wisconsin; South Carolina;
southwestern Arkansas; Miami valley, Ohio; and in the vicinity of
Savannah.
[Illustration: FIG. 240.--Stemmed chipped flint, notched, very wide
stem.]
_U._ Edges usually straight, sometimes convex; base regularly concave,
or rounding off into a convex curve at the corners, and nearly always
polished. The stem in all is wider than the blade. Those from Savannah
are all beveled, and but few of them have polished bases. The type,
illustrated in figure 240, is from Kanawha valley, and others come from
Kanawha valley; southern Wisconsin; Scioto valley; eastern Tennessee;
southwestern Illinois; and Savannah, Georgia.
_V._ Edges convex, seldom straight, never concave; usually well
finished; base concave; notch worked in from the edge above the corner
so as to leave the upper portion of the tang parallel to the lower,
or base; corners square. Few are beveled. The length is from 1 to 4
inches, the width also varying considerably; some are widest at or
near the middle of the blade, others are as wide at base as at any
other part.
[Illustration: FIG. 241.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
The form is illustrated in figure 241 (Union county, Illinois). The
distribution is wide, including southwestern Illinois; northwestern
and southwestern Georgia and Savannah; northeastern Kentucky; Kanawha
valley; South Carolina; northwestern Alabama; eastern Tennessee;
eastern and southern Wisconsin; western and central North Carolina;
southeastern and southwestern Arkansas; Miami valley, Ohio; Keokuk,
Iowa; and Union county, Mississippi.
_W._ Edges usually convex, sometimes straight; notched in on the edges
above the corners; base concave; some slender, others broad. Somewhat
resembling the two preceding types, but more roughly made. From 1 to
4 inches long. Represented by material from western and central North
Carolina; Kanawha valley; eastern Tennessee; northeastern Alabama and
Coosa valley, as well as from Miami valley, Ohio.
[Illustration: FIG. 242.--Stemmed chipped flint, projecting shoulders.]
_X._ Small; very slender; convex edges, with wing-like barbs or
shoulders; stem slightly expanding by curved lines. This rather rare
type, shown in figure 242 (from Ouachita county, Arkansas), is known
from northeastern and southwestern Arkansas, as well as eastern
Tennessee, and Savannah, Georgia.
_Y._ Edges mostly straight, in a few convex; base straight, convex, or
concave, in some specimens of each being polished; notched in on the
edges just above the corners, notches usually slight; always widest at
base. A few, including all from Savannah, are serrated or beveled. Very
few are over an inch and a half long. They are nearly always thick. One
from Kanawha valley has the point worn perfectly smooth and the edges
polished half way to the base, showing use as a drill. Points of this
form would make the countersunk holes so common in gorgets and other
flat stones.
[Illustration: FIG. 243.--Stemmed chipped flint.]
This form is widely distributed. The type (figure 243) is from Lawrence
county, Ohio. Its range includes Miami and Scioto valleys, Ohio;
northwestern Georgia and Savannah; eastern Tennessee; Kanawha valley;
southwestern Illinois, and Brown county in the same state; western
North Carolina; Coosa valley, Alabama; southwestern Arkansas; South
Carolina; northeastern Kentucky; and eastern Wisconsin.
_Z._ Very rough finish; blade more or less worked by first chipping
(there being usually no secondary chipping) to convex edges; base
generally the natural surface of the nodule or pebble from which the
implement was made; notches worked in roughly on the edges. They were
probably knives or spears, or in some cases celts or chisels, though
none show polish. With these are placed a few that seem to be the
points of larger rough implements, broken and having notches worked in
the fragments. A typical form, shown in figure 244, is from Mississippi
county, Arkansas. It occurs also in northeastern Arkansas; Scioto
valley, Ohio; western Tennessee; southwestern Illinois; and Kanawha
valley, West Virginia.
PERFORATORS.
CHARACTER AND USES.
The implements variously classed by different writers as awls, drills,
needles, rimmers or reamers, and the like, seem to represent a graded
series, and as no distinction can be made in the different kinds, if,
indeed, there is any room for distinction, they are grouped under one
term, “perforators.”
[Illustration: FIG. 244.--Stemmed chipped flint, very rough.]
Very few of the specimens could be used as drills, as most of them
are too thin; only those with a rhomboidal or triangular section
would seem adapted to this purpose, and the majority even of these
seem too fragile. It is more probable that drilling was done with
a stick or horn, with sand as a cutting medium, except in the thin
tablets of slate or similar stone and in shells. The thicker flints
would answer very well for this purpose, and the countersunk holes
appear to indicate such an instrument. For sewing, bone would be
more easily worked, and better suited than flint. The double-pointed
slender specimens may have been used for bait-holders in fishing; bone
implements of a similar shape, with a hole drilled at the middle for
attaching a line, have been seen in use among the Indians of Florida.
Some such implement was no doubt used in the manner of a burin,
especially in making the fine lines on the ornamented shells or stones;
certain flints in the collection may have served such a purpose.