— Ao clans celebrating bird rites, 258–60, 264–6
— bird designs, 259, 269
— bird, sacred (manu-tara):
— arrival of, 261–2
— nestlings (_Piu_), 264–5
— species, Easter and Solomon Islands, 296
— bird-men (tangata-manu):
— carvings of, 262–3
— possession of sacred egg, 260–2, 263–4
— taboo, period of, 263–4
— dates connected with, 265
— decadence of, 265–6
— deities connected with, 260
— egg, sacred, search and disposal, 258, 261–4
— hopu, 260–2, 264–6
— initiation of children (manumo-te-poki), 267–9, 291
— in Solomon Islands, 296–8
“Biscuit-Tin,” 30
Bishop Museum: _see_ Honolulu
Bornier, Captain Dutrou:
— exploitation of Easter Island, 124, 207–8
— murder, 125–6, 208
_Bounty_, ship, mutiny, 305
Brander, firm of, 208, 209, 216
Brazil:
— history and descriptions, 34–49
— name explained, 40
British Museum:
— letter _re_ Easter Is., 204 footnote
— statue, larger: _see_ Orongo statue
— smaller, 197, 208
— wooden carvings at, 268
British Museum of Natural History, gift to, 381
Buenos Aires:
— description, 58
— docks, 53–4
— an _estancia_, 55–6
— meat trade, 56–8
— prices, rents, and wages, 60
Burial: _see_ Dead, disposal of
Burial-places: _see_ Ahu, Caves, etc.
Cabral, discovery of Brazil, 34, 40
Cabral Bay, 40–1
Cairns:
— legends _re_, 232, 278
— memorial, 232
Caldero: _see_ Atalaya
California:
— history and descriptions, 328–32
— university, 330
Calvo, Señor, 61
Canary Isles: _see_ Grand Canary
Cannibalism, 173, 225–6, 259, 280, 283, 285
Canoes, 278, 283, 296
Canoe-shaped ahu: _see under_ Ahu
Cape Verde Islands, history and descriptions, 27–31
Caribbean sea, 368
Caroline Islands, 302
Carvings:
— in stone: on Motu Nui, 261, 275
at Orongo, 262–3
_see_ Statues, design on, and carvings incised on
in wood:
— human figures, 268–70
— objects, 268
_see also under_ Ao; Lizards, wooden; Rei-miro
Caves:
— Ana Havea, 215, 285
— Ana Kai-Tangata, 259
— Ana Te Ava-nui, 284–7
— as burial-places, 225–6, 231–2, 274–5
— as dwellings, 215, 272–3
— geological formation, 272
— as hiding-places, 272, 281
— inaccessible, 273
— as store houses, 247, 273
_Challenger_, ship:
— at Hale Cove, 96
— at Port Churruca, 84 footnote
Charrua Bay, Patagonia, 86–7
Chatham Islands, 296, 302
Chicken-houses, 218
Chickens: _see_ Fowls
Chile:
— British in, 102
— finance, 102
— fruit, 104
— history and descriptions, 99–107
— Trans-Andine Railway: _see_ that title
Christmas:
— 1913, in Patagonian Channels, 94
— 1914, _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_ at Easter Island, 157–8
— 1915, at San Francisco, 330
Clans:
— bird cult celebration, 258
— leadership, 224
— names and localities, 221–3
— wars between, 223–4, 282–9
_see under_ respective names
Cockburn Channel, Patagonia, 78
Cochrane, Admiral, 99
Coiba Island: _see_ Quibo Island
Colon, Panama: _see_ Cristobal-Colon
Columbus, at Porto Santo, 16
Connor Cove, Patagonia, 92–3
Cook, Captain:
— early account of Easter Island, 202–4
— at Hawaiian Island, 322
— at Tahiti, 316, 320, 326
Cook’s Bay:
— arrival of Expedition in, 124
— Germans at, 152, 156–9
— H.M.S. _Topaze_ at, 257
_Cornhill Magazine_, reference to expedition, 152
Cristobal-Colon, Panama, 364–7
Crooked Island, Bahamas, 376
Crowns:
— of bird-men, 263
— of natives, 218
— of Paina, 233
— of statues, 166, 197, 199, 218, 301
Cruising Club Cove, Socorro Island, 343
_see also_ Royal Cruising Club
Cuatro Puertas, Montana de las, _see_ Telde
Davis Island or David’s Island, S. Pacific, 200
Dead, disposal of:
— on ahu (exposure and interment), 170–1, 229–30
— articles placed with, 170, 264, 275–6
— burials in caves, 225–6, 231–2
— in crevasses, 231
— recent, near statues, 190–1
— funerals, popularity of, 228–9
Desolation Island, Patagonia, 82–4
Devil-fish, 352–3
Doldrums, 322
Drake, Sir Francis:
— exploration of coast of Patagonia, 65
— at St. Julian, 68
— vessels of, compared with _Mana_, 18 footnote
_Dresden_, German cruiser:
— at Easter Island, 152
— destruction at Juan Fernandez, 113, 163
— in Magellan Straits, 78
Dress, ancient, 218–9
— modern, 151
Early voyagers: _see_ History and Religion
Ears:
— distention of:
— Akikuyu custom of, 166, 201
— on Easter Island:
— early accounts, 201–2, 204
— practice abandoned, 220–1, 300
— recent examples, 220, 227
— Melanesians’ custom of, 296
— Long-eared and Short-eared peoples, legend and theories _re_,
280–2, 294, 300 footnote
— of stone statues, 166
— of wooden statues, 269, 271
Earthquakes, 103, 173
Easter Island:
— caves: _see under_ that head
— Chilean annexation, 209
— climate, 136–7
— description, general, 131–3
— food supplies:
— in early times, 216–8
— modern, 138
— geology, 131–3, 210, 272
— history, 124, 200–9
— insect life, 137
— names of, 209–10
— navigation difficulties, 128–9
— water-supply, 132, 137–8, 174
Easter Islanders:
— origin
— legendary: _see under_ Legends
— scientific study of, 295–8
— colour of skin, 221–35
— conversion to Christianity, 206
— description by early voyagers, 200, 205
—dishonesty, 141, 201, 203, 261
— dress: _see under_ that head
— epidemics:
— dysentery, 155, 160
— phthisis, 206
— smallpox, 205–6
— language: _see under_ that head
— mode of life:
— ancient, 215–20
— modern, 140
— numbers, 125, 203, 215
— old people, 211
_see also_ Jotefa, Kapiera, Kilimuti, Porotu, Tomenika, Te Haha,
Viriamo
— Peru, carried off to, 205
— rising amongst, 142–9
— women, 139, 227–8
Edmunds, Mr., Manager at Easter Island, 125
— experience _re_ caves, 274
— house: _see under_ Mataveri
— in native rising, 141, 143–4, 147
— stories of Easter Island, 125–8
_El Dorado_, wreck, 126–7
Elephantiasis at Quibo Island, 354–5, 356
English Narrows, Patagonia, 92
Equator, crossing, 33, 120
Eruption of volcano at sea, 370–1
Eyraud, Eugène, missionary to Easter Island, 206
“Fish-men” (Tangata-ika):
— rites for, 229
— tablets for, 229, 248
— term applied, 285, 287
Forster, botanist with Cook’s expedition, 202
Fowls, supply in early times, 201–3
— supposed powers of Miru in connection with, 240–2
“Freeman,” steward on _Mana_, 66, 67, 73
Fremantle, Admiral the Hon. Sir Edmund, 156
Frio, Cape, Brazil, 41–3
Froward Reach, Magellan Strait, 79
Funchal, Madeira, 18
Functions, native, 233–5
Gambier Islands, S. Pacific, Easter Island peopled from, 292–4
Germans:
— Coronel, Battle of, 155
— at Easter Island:
— — _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, 156–9
— — Von Spee’s squadron, 151–4
— at Juan Fernandez, 113, 163
— in Patagonian waterways, 78
— at Tahiti, 319
Gillam, H. J., Sailing-master on _Mana_, 9, 128, 335, 389, 390
Gonzalez, early account of Easter Island, 202–4
— takes possession for King of Spain, 202, 237, 286
Grand Canary, history and descriptions, 19–27
Grogan, Sir Edward and Lady, 104
Guadia, Señor, 356–8
Guanches, natives of Canary Islands, history, 19
Gwaruti-mata-keva, legend of, 224
Haddon, Dr. A. C., F.R.S., 290
Hale Cove, Patagonia, 92–5
Hamea (Clan), 223, 227, 284
Hamilton, Bermuda, 382
Hanga Maihiko, ahu, 229
Hanga Paukura, ahu, 196, 301
Hanga Piko, 159, 224
Hanga Roa, Easter Island, 124–5, 208
— in legend, 270, 284–5
Harding, Colonel, acting chief of Panama Canal, 361
Haré-a-té-atua: _see_ Religion—ceremonies
Hats: _see_ Crowns
Haumoana, 221, 223, 284
Hawaii:
— descriptions, 325–8
— language, 327
Hawaiian Islands, history and descriptions, 321–2
Hé, native, 224
Heiau, model of, at Puukohola, 323–4, 327
Heu-heu, 245, 246
Hinelilu, leader of Long Ears, 278–9, 281, 282
Hiro, god of sky, 242
Hitiuira clan: _see_ Ureohei
Hoa-haka-nanaia:
— at British Museum, 184
— removal from Orongo, 257
Honaunau, Hawaii, 326
Honolulu, 323–5
Hope-Simpson, Mr., 107, 162
Hotu:
— feud with Ureohei, 225
— skull of, 240–1
Hotu-iti, son of Hotu-matua, 280, 281, 282
Hotu Iti and Kotuu Territorial divisions:
— boundary between on Motu Nui and Orongo, 260, 261
— general position of, 221, 223
— origin of divisions considered, 298
— wars between, 282–9, 300
Hotu-matua, 277–80, 294, 298
Houses:
— burnt in war, 224
— inauguration ceremony, 243
— stone, at Orongo, 255–6
— thatched, 215
— — with stone foundations, 215–6
Ika: _see under_ Script-Kohau-o-te-ika. _Also under_ “Fish-men”
(Tangata-ika)
Images: _see_ Statues
Inca Bridge, Argentina, 105
Indians of Patagonia:
— extermination of, 70
— visits to _Mana_, 87–8, 90–1
Island Harbour, 93
Ivi-atua: _see under_ Religion
Jamaica, history and descriptions, 373–7
Jaussen, Bishop, of Tahiti:
— account of departure of missionaries, 208
— list of chiefs by, 241
— translation of tablets attempted by, 207, 247, 253
_Jean_, French ship:
— crew at Easter Island as prisoners, 160
— destruction by Germans, 157–8, 160
Jeffery, Charles C., boy on _Mana_, 9, 78, 390
_Jeneral Baquedano_, ship, 144, 147–8
Jotefa, native, 266
Joyce, Captain T. A., views on Easter Island, 269, 295–6
Juan Fernandez:
— animals, 112
— _Dresden_ at, 113
— history, 111
— lobster trade, 113
— Selkirk’s look-out and cave, 112–3
Juan Tepano, native, 158, 214, 228, 240, 289
Kaméhaméha, chief of Hawaii, 322, 324, 327
Kaimokoi, son of Ngaara, 241, 246–7
Kainga, legend of, 282–8
Kealekakua, Bay of, Hawaii, 326
Kanakas: _see_ Easter Islanders
Kapiera, native:
— knowledge _re_ wooden carvings, 271
— tau explained by, 251
— wars of Kotuu and Hotu Iti, date of, 289
Kaunga, ceremony, 234–5
Keith, Dr.: report _re_ native skulls, 228, 295
Kelp-geese, 96–7
_Kildalton_, ship captured by Germans, 157–60
Kilauea, Hawaii, 325–6
Kilimuti, native, 261, 274, 281
King George, 390
Kingston, Jamaica, 373, 375
Ko Mari, carved design, 263
Ko Peka, ceremony, 233–4
Ko Tori, last cannibal, 225–6, 266
Kohau: _see_ Tablets
Koro, ceremony, 234–42, 251–2, 267
Koro-orongo clan, 223, 280, 284
Koremaké: _see under_ Religion
Kotuu, son of Hotu-matua, 280, 281, 282
Kotuu, territorial division: _see_ Hotu Iti
Language, 203, 207, 213–4, 295, 327
Lapelin, Admiral T. de, on origin of Easter Islanders, 294–5
La Pérouse, accounts of Easter Island, 202–4, 234
Las Palmas, 22
Legends:
— of arrival of inhabitants on Easter Island (Hotu-matua), 277–80,
282, 294, 298
— from Mangareva, 294–5
— from Rapa-nui, 300
— of cairns and old woman, 232–3
— of first statue, 184
— of Gwaruti-mata-keva (Secret Society), 224
— of Hotu-matua: _see_ Arrival of Inhabitants
— of Long Ears and Short Ears, 280–1
— of Oroi and Hotu-matua, 279–80
— of overthrow of statues, 173, 182
— of supernatural beings, 193, 237–9, 269–70
— of Tuukoihu, 269–70, 283
— of Uré-a-hohové carried off to Paréhé, 237
— of war between Kotuu and Hotu-iti, 282–8
— of wooden figures, 269–70
Lemuria, theories _re_, 290
Leprosy, 212, 250
Light, seaman on _Mana_, 9, 30
Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 322, 324
Lisiansky, early account of Easter Island, 204
Lizards, wooden, 238, 243, 268
Llay-Llay, Chile, 104
“Long Ears”: _see under_ Ears
Los Andes, Chile, 104, 106
Lowry-Corry, Frederick:
— death, 110
— joins expedition, 8, 72, 92
— typhoid fever, attack of, 108–9
“Luke,” under-steward on _Mana_, 14, 73–4
Madeira, history and descriptions, 18
Magellan, discovery of Patagonia, 65
Magellan, Straits of, 69–85
Mahaiatea: _see_ Tahiti: Marae
Mahanga, servant, 138–9, 292
_Mana_, vessel of Expedition:
— accident to, at Cristobal, 366–7
— books on board, 11
— building, 4, 6
— crew:
— appointed, 9
— changes at Tahiti, 320
— dispersal of, 389
— danger from German vessels, 156–7, 163
— description, 4–6
— life on board, 115–20
— motor engine trouble, 71
— name explained, 6
— refitting at Talcahuano, 100–1
— return to England, 387
— Royal Cruising Club Challenge Cup gained by, 387 footnote
— size compared with Drake’s vessels, 18
— speed, 17, 19, 33, 117, 150, 331
— stores, 10–13, 20–1, 100–1
— voyages between Easter Island and Chile, 128, 150, 162–3
— water-supply, 10, 47, 116–7
Mana Inlet, Patagonia, 84
Mana, Mount, Socorro Island, 345–6
Mangareva, migration from, 294–5
Manu: _see under_ Bird Cult
Manu-tara: _see_ Bird Cult: Bird, sacred
Maoris, 292
Marae Renga, I., 277, 280
Marae Tohio, I., 277
Marama clan, 221, 246, 258, 280, 284
Marau, Madame: _see_ Pomare family
Marotiri, 284–9
Marquesas, 292, 299
Marriage, 226–8
Martinez, Señor, 31
Maru, 242, 244, 246
Mata: _see_ Clans
Mataa, spear-heads of obsidian, 223, 256, 280, 296
Mataveri, Easter Island:
— bird cult at, 258–9, 264
— camp of expedition at, 134, 145, 155
— house of Mr. Edmunds, 125, 134, 265
Maunga Tea-tea, 286
Maurata, grandson of Ngaara, 246, 247
Melanesian race, relation to Easter Islanders, 291–8
Memorial mounds: _see_ Cairns
Merlet, Señor, chairman of Easter Island company, 107, 209
Mindello, Cape Verde, 28, 31
Miru clan:
— Ariki title of, 241
— fowls power over, 240–2
— Hamea and Raa connection with, 222
— Ngaara: _see under_ that head
— origin legendary, 279
— scientific investigation of, 298, 302
— script connection with, 243
— skulls incised, 240
— wars, 258–84
Missionaries:
— in California, 328
— on Easter Island:
— disputes with Captain Bornier, 208
— early work, 206–7
— sale of rights, 208, 209
Moai: _see_ Statues
_Mohican_, U.S. ship: _see_ Thomson, Paymaster
Morant’s Cays, W. Indies, eruption at, 370–1
Motu Iti, Easter Island, 255
Motu Kao-kao, Easter Island, 255
Motu Nui, Easter Island:
— bird cult at, 255, 258, 260–1
— cave burial-place, 274–5
— in legend, 278, 283
— statue from, 261
— visit to, 257–8
Narborough, Sir John, exploration of Patagonia, 65, 67
New Guinea, 296
New York, 332
Ngaara Ariki or chief:
— bird cult relation to, 260, 298
— burial, 230, 246
— life and position, 241–3, 245, 258
— tablets stolen from, 249
Ngatimo (clan), 221, 284
Ngau-ngau tree, ceremonial use, 243, 262
Ngaure, 223, 227, 246, 258, 284
Oahu: _see_ Honolulu
O’Higgins, Bernardo, 99
Obsidian: _see_ Mataa
Olinda, Brazil, 37
Orange Bay, Patagonia, _Dresden_ at, 78
Orohié, Easter Island:
— ahu, 264
— bird cult at, 264, 267
Oroi:
— ahu of natural, 170
— legend of, 279, 282
Orongo, Easter Island:
— bird cult at, 259–61
— carvings, 262–3
— description, 255
— houses, 256
— legends of, 280, 288
— statue Hoa-haka-nanaia, now at British Museum, 184
— back of, 187, 263 note
— bird cult connection with, 267, 291
— description as typical image, 166
— eyes of, 187
— original position, 257
— removal, 124, 208
Pacific, races of, 291–4
Paina, 233
Pakarati, native, 207
Palmer, surgeon, account of missionaries, 206
Pampero, 49–50
Panama Canal:
— construction, general outline, 362–3
— difficulty of entering, summary of log, 359–60
— passage of, described, 363–4
— regulations _re_ pilots, victualling, etc., 365, 367
Panama, City of, 361
Papeete, Tahiti, 317–8
Parapina, native, 214
Paréhé, 237
Paré-pu, tattooed figure, 220
Paro, Easter Island:
— overthrow of image at, 173
— tradition _re_ crown of statue, 197
Patagonia:
— history, 65
— vegetation, 92
Patagonian Channels, voyage through, 85–98
Paumotu Islands, 292
Penguin Inlet, Patagonia, 90
Péra, 171, 172, 204
Pereyra, Señor, 55
Pernambuco, 35–7
Peruvian slave-raids, 205
Petropolis, Brazil, 46
Pillar, Cape, Patagonia, 85
Pipi-hereko: _see_ Cairns
Piro-piro, statue (frontispiece), 166, 189
Pitcairn Island:
— archæological remains, 313–4
— communications, 311–2
— description, 306
— history, 305–6
— islanders on _Mana_: _see_ Young
— life on, 307–13
Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, 261 note, 271
Plate River, 53
Platform: _see_ Ahu
Poié, leader of Kotuu, 285–8
Poike portion of Eastern Headland, 133, 286
Poki-manu: _see_ Bird Cult, Initiation
Polynesian race, relation to Easter Islanders, 295–8
Pomare family, of Tahiti:
— account, general, 316
— Arii Taimai, 316, 319
— Marau Taaroa, Madame, 319
— Takau, Princess, 319, 320
Ponta Delgada: _see_ St. Miguel, Azores
Pora, 261
Porotu, native, 226, 266
Port Churruca, Patagonia, 80–4
Port Desire, Patagonia, 67, 68
Port Royal, Jamaica, 374–5
Porto Bello, Brazil, 47–9
Porto Grande: _see_ St. Vincent
Porto Santo, Madeira Island, 16
Ports, procedure on reaching, 20
Preston, mate of _Mana_, 9
_Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, German cruiser:
— despatch _re_ to British Minister at Santiago, 163
— at Easter Island, 156–9
Prisoners of war:
— on Easter Island, 159–60
— at Tahiti, 318
Pua, plant, 220, 243, 245
Puerto de la Luz, Grand Canary, 19–20
Punapau, quarries of stone hats, 199, 270
Punta Arenas, Patagonia, 71–5
Puukohola, Hawaii, 327
Quarries:
— at Punapau, 199
— at Rano Raraku, 175–82
Queen Mary, 390
Quibo Island, Panama, 351–8
Raa (clan), 223, 284
Races of the Pacific, theories of migrations, 291–4
Rano, meaning, 132
Rano Aroi, Easter Island, 133, 158
Rano Kao, Easter Island:
— bird cult at, 254–5, 262, 263
— description, 254–5
— view from, 133
Rano Raraku, Easter Island:
— ahu, 191, 264
— bird cult at, 263–4, 265, 267
— camp of expedition at, 135–6, 137, 145–6
— description, 135–6, 175
— excavations at, 185–91
— legends of, 182, 184, 193, 238
— pits on summit, 191
— quarries, 175–82
— south-east side, 191–3
— statues standing, 182–90
— round base, 183–95, 264
Rapa (dancing-paddle), 229, 235, 268
Rapa-iti, S. Pacific, 209, 314–5
Rapa-nui, or Easter Island, 209–10
Rats, 218, 233, 242
Ray, Mr., on native names and language, 223 footnote, 295
Ray: _see_ Devil-fish
Recife: _see_ Pernambuco
Rei-miro, 242, 268
Religion:
— cult of early voyagers, 239–40, 256, 300–1
— ivi-atua, 233, 239, 260–1, 264
— koromaké, 239
— rain, prayers for, 242
— soul, theories of, 238–9
— supernatural beings (atua, aku-aku, tatane), 236–9, 242, 260, 262,
264, 269–70, 280
— bird cult, connection with, 260, 262, 264
— characteristics and legends, 236–9
— Hotu-matua, deified ancestor, 236, 280
— statues, connection with, 301
_see also_ Miru, Bird Cult, and Script
Richards, Mr., Consul at Tahiti, 317, 321
Rio de Janeiro, 44–7
Ritchie, Lt. D. R., R.N.:
— assigned to Expedition, 8
— departure from Easter Island, 154
— surveys made by, 176, 256 footnote
Roads:
— ancient:
— of the Ao, 259
— of Ara Mahiva, 198
— ceremonial, 194–5, 264
— in legend, 278, 294
— modern, 135
Roggeveen, Admiral, discovery of Easter Island, 124, 200, 201
Rongo-rongo men: _see_ Script—professors
Rosa, Bartolomeo, sailor, 30, 389
Roussel, Father, missionary, 206
Routledge, Katherine:
— alone on Easter Island, 155
— returns to England, 332
— stewardess of _Mana_, 9
Routledge, Scoresby:
— account of homeward voyage, 335–87
— visit to Chile from Easter Island, 155, 161–3
Royal Cruising Club, 8, 343, 388
Royal Geographical Society, 295, 296
Russian Finn, seaman on _Mana_, adventures, 350–1
Sta. Catharina Island, Brazil, 49
St. George, Bermuda, 381
St. Jago: _see_ Cape Verde Islands
St. Julian, Patagonia, 68
St. Miguel, Azores, 383–4
St. Nicholas, Bay and River, Patagonia, 78, 79
St. Vincent, Cape Verde Is., 28
Salmon, Alexander, 208–9, 247, 282
San Francisco, 328, 332
San Martin, General, 99
Sandwich Islands: _see_ Hawaiian Islands
Santa Barbara, California, 332
Santa Cruz, Brazil, 40–1
Santiago, Chile, 103–4
_Scharnhorst_, German Cruiser, 153
Script:
— ariki connection with, 243–7
— discovery by missionaries, 207
— first mention of, by Gonzalez, 202
— glyphs, arrangement of, 244
— instruction of students, 245
— Kohau:
— o-te-ika, 229, 248
— o-te-puré, 249
— o-te-ranga, 249
— o-te-timo, 229
— Ngaara: _see_ Ariki
— origin legendary, 244, 252, 277
— scientific investigation, 302
— professors (tangata-rongo-rongo), 244–6
— last survivor, 250–3
— subjects dealt with, 248–9, 251–2
— system conjectured, 253–4, 301–2
— tablets, destruction of, 207–47
_see also_ Kohau
— tau, 250–3
— translation attempted, 207, 247–8
— yearly festival connected with, 245–6
Secret societies, 224, 292
Selkirk, Alexander, 111, 112–3
Seligman, Dr., 296
Sharks, 117–8, 350
Sharp, Captain, of _Kildalton_, 159–60
“Short Ears”: _see under_ Ears
Silva, Eduardo, engineer on _Mana_, 320, 349–50, 389
Skulls, race affinity, 295–6
_see also_ Miru
Slave-raids, Peruvian, in South Seas, 124, 205, 208
Socorro Island, 340–9
Solomon Islands, bird cult in, 296–8
Spee, Admiral von:
— at Easter Island, 152, 153
— at Papeete, 319
Sphagnum, 256
Statues:
— on ahu, 166, 168, 170
— at Anakena, 173, 187
— as avenue to ahu, 196
— backs, two types, 187–8
— design on, 187–8, 220, 269
— bed-plates, dimensions, 168
— as boundary marks, 193, 197, 261, 301
— in British Museum, larger: _see_ Orongo statue
— smaller, 197, 208
— burials in connection with, 190
— carvings incised on, 189, 263 note
— counterfeited by natives, 271
— date of construction, 299–300, 301
— description, general, 166
— details of, 186–9
— dimensions, 166, 170, 173, 182, 183, 195
— early accounts: _see_ Easter Island: early accounts
— ears, 166
— erection, 189, 197
— excavation, 151–2, 163–4, 185–91
— hands, 186
— isolated, 193, 197
— legends, 173, 182, 184: _see also_ makers, names, transport
— makers, (legendary), 181–2
— material, 175–6
— on Motu Nui, 261
— names, 183–4, 257, 301
— numbers, 168, 179, 183
— orbits, 187
— at Orongo: _see_ Orongo
— overthrow, 172–3, 182, 299, 300
— at Paro, 173
— on Pitcairn Island, 313–4
— at Pitt Rivers Museum, 261 footnote
— in quarries: _see_ Rano Raraku
— quarrying, method of, 179–80
— at Rano Raraku: _see under_ this head
— representation and purpose, 301: _see also above_, boundary
— on roads, 194–5
— sources of information, 200–5
— tools used in making, 180–1
— transport, problem of 193, 195–8
— at Washington, 257 footnote
Submarines, preparations for meeting, 385–6
_Sunbeam_, yacht, 31, 76, 387 footnote
Tablets: _see_ Script
Tahai, 246
Tahiti:
— description, 317
— German attack on, 153, 319
— history, 316
— Marae Mahaiatea, 316, 320
Tahonga, 267
Takau, Princess: _see_ Pomare family, 247
Také, 266
Talcahuano, Chile, 100, 101–2, 154, 162–3
Tangata-ika: _see_ Fish-men
Tangata-manu: _see_ Bird Cult—bird-men
Tangata-rongo-rongo: _see_ Script—professors
Tapa, 170, 201, 218–9
Tatane: _see_ Religion—supernatural beings
Tattooing:
— inspection by Ariki, 243
— practice of, 219–20
Tau: _see under_ Script
Taura-renga: _see_ Orongo statue
Te Haha, Miru:
— part in social functions, 240
— service with Chief Ngaara, 242, 243, 245–6
— wooden images made by, 271
Te Pito-te-henua: _see_ Easter Island—names.
Tea-tenga, ahu, 194
Telde, Grand Canary, 25–7
Teneriffe: _see as for_ Grand Canary
Tepano, Juan: _see_ Juan Tepano
Tepeu, ahu, 170, 269
Terraces, 133
_see also_ Ahu
Theosophists, theories _re_ Easter Island, 290
Thomas, cook on _Mana_, 375, 386
Thomson, Paymaster of _Mohican_:
— account of Easter Island, 209
— names of Easter Island, 210
— translation of tablets attempted by, 247
— versions of legends, 282, 289
Tierra del Fuego, 69–70
Timo, 229
Titahanga-o-te-henua, statue on Motu Nui, 261
Toa-toa, 224
Tongariki:
— ahu, 136, 168, 172, 173, 193
— in legend, 282
Tomenika, native:
— knowledge of tau, 250–3
— Také, statement _re_, 266
Tools used for statues, 180–1
_Topaze_, H.M.S., visit to Easter Island, 206, 208, 210, 257
Towers for fishing, 218
Trade winds, 3, 32, 292, 321
Trans-Andine Railway, 104–6
Tupahotu clan, 223, 224, 227, 228, 249, 252, 284
Turtle, capture of, 336–9
Tuukoihu:
— landing with Hotu-matua, 279
— maker of boats, 283, 289
— wooden images, 269–70
Twins, customs _re_, 243
“Undertaker,” 373
Uré-a-hohové, legend of, 237
Ure-vae-iko, native refusal to decipher tablets, 247–8
Ureohei, clan, 223, 225, 227, 259, 284
Valdivia, founder of Santiago, 99
Valparaiso, Chile, 107, 108, 162
Varta: _see_ Vincent
Vinapu Ahu, 170
Vincent, French carpenter, 125, 136, 138
Viriamo, native woman:
— initiation as bird-child, 267
— life story, 227–8
— Orongo festival, part in, 260
— statue removal from Orongo described, 257
— Také described, 266
Wager I., Patagonia, 97–8
Waihu: _see_ Easter Island: Names
Washington:
— statue at, 257 footnote
— visit to, 332
Water on Easter Island: _see_ Easter Island
Water on _Mana_: _see Mana_
Waterspout, 368–9
Weapons, 223–4, 268: _see also_ Mataa
Williamson and Balfour, Messrs., 107
Women in Easter Island, 228
_see also_ Viriamo
Wooden carvings: _see_ Carvings
Young, Chas. and Edwin, Pitcairn Islanders, 314, 321, 331, 368, 389–90
_Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury._
-----
Footnote 1:
The _Pelican_, or _Golden Hinde_, was 120 tons; the _Elizabeth_ 80
tons, and three smaller ships were 50, 30, and 12 tons respectively.
The crews all told were 160 men and boys.—Froude’s _English Seamen_,
p. 112.
Footnote 2:
Lady Grogan informs me that one of the main reasons for the position
of women in Argentina is that there is no Married Women’s Property
Act, and that even an heiress is therefore in ordinary course entirely
dependent on her husband.
Footnote 3:
We were subsequently interested to learn from a private diary kept on
board The Challenger that they had also taken their boat over into
this water; they had, however, neither explored it nor marked it on
the map.
Footnote 4:
Cape Pillar is the name which has been given to Magellan’s “Cape
Deseado” since the days of Sir John Narborough; it has two peaks, of
which the western one is like a pillar. The point which on the chart
is named Deseado lies two miles to the south-west and could not
possibly have been seen by Magellan: see _Early Spanish Voyages and
the Straits of Magellan_, edited by Sir C. Markham, Hakluyt Series II.
vol. xxviii.
Footnote 5:
“The Indians had taught their dogs to drive the fish into a corner of
some pond or lake, from whence they were easily taken out by the skill
and address of these savages.”—_Narrative of Hon. J. Byron_, ed. 1768,
p. 56.
Footnote 6:
“We were well clothed, and though sitting close to the fire were far
from too warm; yet these naked savages (Fuegians), though further off,
were observed, to our great surprise, to be streaming with
perspiration.”—_Voyage of H.M.S. “Beagle”_ (Darwin), ed. 1870, p. 220.
Footnote 7:
_Philesia buxifolia_ and _Luzuriaga erecta_.
Footnote 8:
“Among the birds we generally shot was a bird much larger than a
goose, which we called the Racehorse, from the velocity with which it
moved upon the surface of the water in a sort of half-flying,
half-running motion.”—_The Narrative of the Hon. John Byron_, ed.
1768, p. 50.
Footnote 9:
Some of the Chileans with British names are said to be descended from
the officers and men under command of Lord Cochrane.
Footnote 10:
See _Anson’s Voyage Round the World_, quarto ed., 1748, p. 102.
Footnote 11:
Captain Benson and his crew made the voyage in the ship’s boat to
Mangareva in sixteen days, and after two days there left in the same
manner for Tahiti, accomplishing the further nine hundred miles in
eleven days. Mr. Richards, the British Consul at the latter place,
told us later of his astonishment, when, in answer to his question
whence the crew had come, he received the amazing reply, “Easter
Island.” For the whole account see _Captain Benson’s Own Story_ (The
James H. Barry Co., San Francisco).
Footnote 12:
“I will only add this one word about the curious way in which they get
fresh water on some of the coral islands, such as Nangone, where there
is none on the surface. Two go out together to sea, and dive down at
some spot where they know there is a fresh-water spring, and they
alternately stand on one another’s backs to keep down the one that is
drinking at the bottom before the pure water mixes with the
surrounding salt water.”—“Notes on the Maoris and Melanesians,” Bishop
of Wellington: _The Journal of the Ethnological Society_, New Series,
vol. i, session 1868–9.
Footnote 13:
“Kanaka” is a name originally given by Europeans to the inhabitants of
the South Seas, and is one form of the Polynesian word meaning “man”.
Footnote 14:
The natives of Easter hold very firmly the primitive belief in dreams.
If one of them dreamt, for example, that _Mana_ was returning, it was
retailed to us with all the assurance of a wireless message.
Footnote 15:
The milch-cows.
Footnote 16:
Considerably later _Mana_ was again approached on the subject of the
Australian gifts, and Mr. Gillam consented to bring them; it then
transpired that they were no longer available, having “been given by
the wife of the head of the Customs to the deserving poor of
Valparaiso.”
Footnote 17:
Since writing the above, the following account has been found of dress
at Tahiti in 1877: “All the women, without exception, have their
dresses cut on the pattern of the old English sacques worn by our
grandmothers.... It is a matter of deep congratulation that the dress
in fashion in Europe at the period when Tahiti adopted foreign
garments should have been one so suitable.”
“We may be thankful that Prince Alfred’s strong commendation of the
graceful sacque has caused it to triumph over all other varieties of
changeful and unbecoming fashion which for a while found favour
here.”—_Cruise in a French Man-of-war_, Miss Gordon Cumming, pp. 299
and 284.
Footnote 18:
_Mana_ made seven trips in all between Chile and Easter Island,
traversing, in this part alone of her voyage, over 14,000 miles on her
course.
Footnote 19:
For an illustrated description of the method of expanding the ear, see
_With a Prehistoric People, the Akikuyu of British East Africa_, p.
32.
Footnote 20:
A full description of the statues is given in chap. xiv.
Footnote 21:
This excludes some fifteen which may have carried statues, but about
which doubt exists.
Footnote 22:
The body was no doubt supported by staves, though they were dispensed
with in the model, being unnecessary for the wooden figure.
Footnote 23:
The sole possible exception was probably due to some flaw in the
stone.
Footnote 24:
The farthest outstanding figure to the left in fig. 46.
Footnote 25:
An island was reported in lat. 27° by an English buccaneer named Davis
in 1687. It was, he said, five hundred miles from the coast of Chile,
low and sandy, and some twelve leagues to the west of it was seen “a
long tract of pretty high land.” The description in no way applies to
Easter, with which it has sometimes been identified. The probability
seems to be that Davis was out of his reckoning, as was by no means
unusual in the case of the early mariners, and it has been suggested
that the island he saw was Crescent Island, the high ground in the
distance being the Gambier group. The latitude of Easter Island is 27°
8′ S., that of Crescent Island is 23° 20′ S.
Footnote 26:
Precisely the same habit obtains to-day among the Akikuyu in East
Africa.
Footnote 27:
For Roggeveen’s description of the Island see _Voyage of Gonzalez_,
Hakluyt Society, Series II., vol. xiii., pp. 3 to 26.
A statement of the evidence _re_ Davis Island is given in the
introduction to the same volume.
Footnote 28:
_Voyage of Gonzalez_, p. 27 _seq._
Footnote 29:
_A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World_, by James Cook,
1st ed., 4to, 1777, pp. 276–96.
_A Voyage Round the World_, George Forster, 4to, 1777. Vol. i., pp.
551–602.
Footnote 30:
_Voyage de La Pérouse autour du Monde_, 4to edn., London, 1799. Vol.
i., pp. 319–36.
Footnote 31:
MS. copy in the British Museum of a letter sent by one of the officers
of the Spanish ship to a Canon or a Prebendary in Buenos Aires. MSS.
17607 (18). Our attention was drawn to this document by Dr. Corney.
Footnote 32:
See above, p. 171.
Footnote 33:
_Voyage of Gonzalez_, p. 126.
Footnote 34:
_Voyage Round the World in the Ship “Neva,”_ Lisiansky, Lond. 1814, p.
58.
Footnote 35:
_Voyage to the Pacific, H.M.S. “Blossom_,” p. 41.
Footnote 36:
See _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, 1866, 1867, 1869.
Footnote 37:
_Journal Ethnological Society_, Vol. i. p. 373.
Footnote 38:
The above statement is made on the authority of Mr. John Brander of
Tahiti. According to report of H.M.S. _Sappho_, which visited the
island in 1882, Salmon was then an agent of the Maison Brander.
Footnote 39:
_Smithsonian Report_, 1889.
Footnote 40:
In the _Odyssey_ Athene speaks of Odysseus as “in a sea-girt isle,
where is the navel of the sea.” (_Odyssey_, Bk. I., l. 50, Butcher &
Lang.)
Footnote 41:
_Easter Island. The Rapa-nui Speech._ W. Churchill, p. 3.
Footnote 42:
_Voyage of Gonzalez_, p. 90.
Footnote 43:
One of the Scitamineæ—further determination awaits the blooming of
plants brought back to Kew.
Footnote 44:
Of these clan names, “Raa” means the sun and “Marama” the light. The
signification of the others is not equally clear, and the natives
could give no assistance; but Mr. Ray gives the following interesting
information from other Polynesian sources. “Haumoana” means the
sea-breeze; “Hitiuira” is probably “hiti-ra” or sunrise; and “Ureohei”
another version of “ura-o-hehe,” or red of sundown. “Koro-orongo” is
doubtless from “Koro-o-Rongo,” or the ring of Rongo (a well-known
Polynesian deity), that is the rainbow. “Kotuu” appears to be a
contraction of “Ko Otuu,” meaning “The Hill”; the name “Otuu” is used
alternatively for the same district. “Hotu” is another form of the
word for hill and “Iti” signifies small, it presumably refers to Rano
Raraku.
Footnote 45:
Since writing the above the following has been seen: “The higher
Polynesian races, such as the Tahitians, Hawaiians, Samoans, had one
and all outgrown, and some of them had in part forgot, the practice
(cannibalism) before Cook or Bougainville had shown a top-sail in
their waters.”—_In the South Seas_, R. L. Stevenson, p. 94.
Footnote 46:
See below, pp. 266–68.
Footnote 47:
“These bodies, enveloped in mats, are placed on a heap of stones or on
a kind of wooden structure, the head being turned towards the sea.
Now, as all the population live round the island, dried skeletons are
to be met all along this coast, and no one seems to take any notice of
them.”—Letter from Brother Eyraud—_Annals of the Propagation of the
Faith_, Jan. 1866.
Footnote 48:
When all those ahu which can be placed in categories as Image,
Semi-Pyramid, Canoe, Wedge-shaped, or Pavement have been noted, there
remain, out of the total of two hundred and sixty burial-places, some
fourteen which are unique in design; and between sixty and seventy
which cannot be classified, either because they are mere cairns or in
too ruined a condition to be identified.
Footnote 49:
Our impressions on this head are confirmed by a remark of Brother
Eyraud. “Though I have lived in the greatest of intimacy and
familiarity with them, I have never been able to discover them in any
act of actual religious worship.”—_Annals of the Propagation of the
Faith_, Jan. 1866.
Footnote 50:
The outermost of the three hillocks on the eastern volcano on which
the Spaniards set up the crosses in 1770. Half of it has been worn
away by coastal erosion (fig. 78).
Footnote 51:
The same word aku-aku was used for the spirit both of the living and
the dead, or else the Tahitian “varua”; they were said to be
equivalent.
Footnote 52:
Evidence on this head was rather contradictory, but no Miru could be
found, male or female, to whom the title was not given.
Footnote 53:
“L’Ile de Paques,” M. Tépano Jaussen, _Bulletin Géographique_, 1893,
p. 241.
Footnote 54:
_Revue Maritime et Colonial_, vol. xxxv, p. 109.
Footnote 55:
Thirty is, however, a very favourite number: cf. the folk-tales.
Footnote 56:
Sometimes called koho-rongo-rongo.
Footnote 57:
Sophora Toromiro.
Footnote 58:
An accurate large-scale plan of the village was made by Lieutenant D.
R. Ritchie, R.N., and every house was measured and described by the
Expedition.
Footnote 59:
Recollection is naturally clearer of the removal of the statue now at
Washington, and particularly of the excellent food given to the
natives who assisted. The figure is reported to have been taken from
Ahu Apépé, an inland terrace not far from Rano Raraku, and been
dragged down to the ship as she lay in La Pérouse Bay.
Footnote 60:
Sooty Tern.
Footnote 61:
The men of the ascendant clan are also often spoken of as the
Mata-töa, or warriors, the other clans being the Mata-kio, or
servants.
Footnote 62:
This statue was removed to the mainland shortly before our arrival,
and we were able to procure it in exchange for one of the yacht
blankets. It is now at the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford (fig. 111).
Footnote 63:
The figures of the bird-man, also of the ao and Ko Mari, are all
roughly carved on the back of the Orongo statue (fig. 106). They
appear, like those on the Raraku image, to be later workmanship than
the raised ring and girdle. Permission to inspect can be obtained in
the hall of the British Museum; unfortunately the light in the portico
is bad.
Footnote 64:
Nos. 1, 2, and 3, fig. 60, form part of this series. See also fig. 74.
Footnote 65:
We owe this suggestion to Captain T. A. Joyce.
Footnote 66:
Those unacquainted with the manner in which the drawing of a natural
object can, through constant repetition, lose all resemblance to it
and become purely conventional are referred to _Evolution in Art_, by
Dr. A. C. Haddon.
Footnote 67:
The term “papa” is also applied to any flat, horizontal surface of
fused igneous rock. The double use seems to be explained by connecting
it with the facts that in Hawaii, Papa is the name of the female
progenitor of the race (or at least of a line of chiefs), while in the
Marquesas and Hervey Islands Papa is the earth personified, the Great
Mother.—See _A Brief History of the Hawaiian People_, Alexander, p.
20.
Footnote 68:
Cf. p. 232.
Footnote 69:
The ditch is still shown; there is a marked depression running across
the island dividing the eastern volcano from the mainland, but after
much consideration we came to the conclusion that it was a natural
phenomenon due to geological faulting. A mound of earth is, however,
to be seen in places on its higher or eastern side, and it is possible
that persons holding the mountain may have utilised it for defensive
purposes by erecting a rampart in this manner.
Footnote 70:
“The tradition continues by a sudden jump into the following
extraordinary condition of affairs. Many years after the death of
Hotu-matua the island was about equally divided between his
descendants and the long-eared race.”—_Smithsonian Report_, 1889, p.
528.
Footnote 71:
I.e. “Cave of the great descent.” It is in the cliff of the eastern
volcano beyond Marotiri, and is one of those which can be seen from
the sea, but to which the path has disappeared.
Footnote 72:
The centre hillock of the three on which Spaniards erected the
crosses. The name means White Mountain, from the colour of the ash
which composes it (see fig. 78).
Footnote 73:
Theosophists, indeed, contend that it has been revealed by occult
means that Easter Island is the remaining portion of an old continent
named “Lemuria,” which occupied the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the
writer has been informed by correspondents that she “may be interested
to learn” that such is the case. Representations even of the world at
this remote epoch have been, it is said, received by clairvoyance and
are reproduced in theosophical literature: in the case of a later
continent of Atlantis, which has also disappeared, it was permitted to
see its proportions on a globe and by other means; but, unfortunately,
in the case of Lemuria, “there was only a broken terra-cotta model and
crumpled map, so that the difficulty of carrying back the remembrance
of all the details, and consequently of reproducing exact copies, has
been far greater” (_The Lost Lemuria_, Scott Elliot, p. 13). The world
at the Lemurian epoch was, we are informed, inhabited by beings who
were travelling for the fourth time through their round of the
planets, and undergoing for the third time their necessary seven
incarnations on the earth during this round. At the beginning of this
third race of the fourth round, man first evolved into a sexual being,
and at the end was highly civilised. The makers of the Easter Island
statues were of gigantic size. To prove this last point, Madame
Blavatsky quotes a statement to the effect that “there is no reason to
believe that any of the statues have been built up bit by bit,” and
proceeds to argue that they must consequently have been made by men of
the same size as themselves. She states that “the images at
Ronororaka—the only ones now found erect—are four in number”; and
gives the following account of the head-dress of the statues, “a kind
of flat cap with a back piece attached to it to cover the back portion
of the head” (_Secret Doctrine_, vol. ii. p. 337). The readers of this
book can judge of the correctness of these descriptions. Theosophists
must forgive us, if, in the face of error as to what exists to-day, we
decline to accept without further proof information as to what
occurred “nearer four million than two million years ago.”
Footnote 74:
_Revue Maritime et Coloniale_, vol. xxxv. (1872), p. 108, note. It is
unfortunate that M. de Lapelin does not give us more details as to
when and from whom the account was received.
Footnote 75:
_Royal Geographical Journal_, May 1917. It has been pointed out that
Dr. Hamy, examining skulls from Easter Island some thirty years ago,
and W. Volz (_Arch. f. Anth._ xxiii. 1895, p. 97 ff.) attained the
same result. Mr. Pycraft also came independently to the same
conclusion.
Footnote 76:
_Folk Lore_, June 1918, p. 161.
Footnote 77:
_Man_, 1918, No. 91, pl. M. Also in _Anthropological Essays_,
presented to E. B. Tylor, 1907, pl. iii. fig. 2, and p. 327.
Footnote 78:
H. Balfour, _Man_, Oct. 1918, No. 80. _Folk Lore_, Dec. 1917, pp.
356–60.
Footnote 79:
H. Balfour, _Folk Lore_, Dec. 1917. For full particulars of this and
the following points readers are referred to the paper itself.
Footnote 80:
_Hawaiki_, S. Percy Smith, p. 294.
Footnote 81:
See below, pp. 313–4.
Footnote 82:
If it were not that the strife between the Long and Short Ears is
always placed in very remote ages, we might be tempted to see in it a
struggle between the adherents of the older and newer fashion. In the
Hawaiian Islands such a combat took place before the advent of
Christianity, see p. 322.
Footnote 83:
_Quest and Occupation of Tahiti_, Hakluyt Society, vol. ii. p. 270.
Footnote 84:
They had, of course, no connection with Adams the mutineer.
Footnote 85:
Another daughter was the wife of Mr. Brander, the connection of whose
firm with Easter Island has already been seen.
Footnote 86:
My budget contained, with over twenty letters from my Mother, the news
that she had died suddenly the preceding April; and that the old home
no longer existed. The tidings were no surprise. I had had the
strongest conviction, dating from about one month after her death,
that she was no longer here. The realisation came at first with a
sense of shock, which was noted in my journal and written to friends
in England; afterwards it continued with a quiet persistence which
amounted to practical certainty.
Footnote 87:
Journal of Sir Joseph Banks, p. 102.
Footnote 88:
_Polynesian Researches_, vol. iv. p. 167.
Footnote 89:
_Thrum. Hawaiian Annual_, 1908.
Footnote 90:
We had intended to reproduce this note in facsimile, but subsequent
events have led us to think that to do so might cause danger to its
writer.
Footnote 91:
Casa = Sp. house.
Footnote 92:
_Cf._ _Ency. Brit. Edn._ 1911, Vol. xxiii., p. 930, Article RAY.
Footnote 93:
_Cock-bill._ To put the yards “a-cock-bill” is to top them up by one
lift to an angle with the deck. A symbol of mourning.—_The Sailor’s
Word-Book_ (Admiral Smyth, 1867).
Footnote 94:
See _Man_, vol. xvii. 1917, No. 88.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
With a Prehistoric People
(_The Akikúyu of British East Africa_)
BEING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE METHOD OF LIFE AND MODE OF THOUGHT FOUND
EXISTENT AMONGST A NATION ON ITS FIRST CONTACT WITH EUROPEAN
CIVILIZATION
BY
W. SCORESBY ROUTLEDGE, M.A. (Oxon)
and KATHERINE ROUTLEDGE (born Pease)
Som. Coll. (Oxon); M.A. (Trin. Coll., Dublin)
_With 136 Plates and a Map_
Medium 8vo. 21s. net. London. Ed. Arnold.
“Mr. and Mrs. Routledge have enjoyed a most interesting experience,
which they have embodied in a volume that should take high rank in
anthropological literature.”—_Spectator._
“Sympathetic study of the native way of thinking, careful discrimination
in the acceptance of evidence, and a full, clear, and precise record of
the observations made.”—_Athenæum._
“Her (Mrs. Routledge’s) reports are probably the most minute, intimate,
and accurate which have hitherto appeared about the position of a female
savage in any country....”—_Bookman._
“One of the choicest contributions to the study of primitive peoples
that have appeared in recent times.”—_Journal of the Royal Geographical
Society._
“... Enough has been said to show the importance of this careful study
of an unspoiled people. It is a book that will be valued by the
anthropologist, and at the same time delight a wider public.”—Dr. A. C.
HADDON, F.R.S., in the _Morning Post_.
“The interest of the account itself is enough to attract mere outsiders
to anthropology.”—_Nation._
“Likely to take a permanent place as a standard work.”—Sir H. H.
JOHNSTON in _Nature_.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
4. Denoted superscripts by a caret before a single superscript
character.