quart; macerate 7 days, and strain (press strongly the residuum and filter
the mixed liquor——Ph. E.). A powerful sedative and purgative.——_Dose_, 1/2
to 1 fl. dr.; in gout, acute rheumatism, and other painful and
inflammatory and nervous affections.
_Obs._ The celebrated EAU MÉDICINALE of M. Husson (AQUA MEDICINALES
HUSSONII) resembles, in composition and action, the above preparation in
every point except its strength, which, we believe, is much above that of
the wine of the British Colleges.
=Wine of Colchicum Seed.= _Syn._ VINUM SEMINIS COLCHICI, V. SEMINUM C., L.
_Prep._ (Ph. U. S. & Dr Williams.) Seeds of meadow saffron (preferably
ground in a coffee-mill), 2 oz.; sherry, 16 fl. oz.; macerate for 14
days.——_Dose_, 1 to 1-1/2 fl. dr.; in gout, &c.
=Wine, Emet′ic.= See ANTIMONIAL WINE, WINE OF IPECACUANHA, &c.
=Wine of Colocynth.= _Syn._ VINUM COLOCYNTHIDIS (Van Mons). _Prep._
Colocynth, 2 oz.; white wine, 24 oz. Macerate for 8 days, and filter.
=Wine of Elecampane.= _Syn._ VINUM INULÆ. As wine of wormwood.
=Wine of Ergot.= _Syn._ VINUM ERGOTÆ (Ph. U. S.) _Prep._ Fluid extract of
ergot (Ph. U. S.), 2 oz. (o. m.); white wine, 14 oz. (o. m.). Mix and
filter.
=Wine of Foxglove.= _Syn._ VINUM DIGITALIS. (Ph. Port.) _Prep._ Dried
foxglove, 1 oz.; good white wine, 32 oz. Macerate for 4 days, and strain.
=Wine of Gen′tian.= _Syn._ BITTER WINE, TONIC W.; VINUM AMARA, V. GENTIANÆ
(Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Gentian, in coarse powder, 1/2 oz.; yellow
bark (do.), 1 oz.; dried orange peel, 2 dr.; canella, in coarse powder, 1
dr.; proof spirit, 4-1/2 fl. oz.; digest for 24 hours, then add of sherry
1 pint and 16 fl. oz., and further digest for 7 days. Tonic and
stomachic.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 3/4 fl. oz.
=Wine of Hedge Hyssop.= _Syn._ VINUM GRATIOLÆ (Niemann). _Syn._ Hedge
hyssop, 2 dr.; white wine, 16 dr. Digest at a gentle heat for 4 hours, and
strain.——_Dose_, 1 oz.; frequently in hypochondriasis.
=Wine of Hel′lebore.= See WINE OF WHITE HELLEBORE.
=Wine of Holly.= _Syn._ VINUM ILICIS (Rousseau). Powdered holly leaves, 2
dr.; white wine, 6 oz. Infuse for 12 hours.
=Wine of Iodide of Iron.= _Syn._ VINUM FERRI IODIDI (Pierquin). _Prep._
Iodide of iron, 4 dr.; Bordeaux wine, 1 pint.
=Wine of Ipecacuan′ha.= _Syn._ EMETIC WINE; VINUM IPECACUANHÆ (B. P., Ph.
L., E., & D), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Ipecacuanha, bruised, 1; sherry, 20;
macerate seven days, shaking occasionally, strain, and make up to
20.——_Dose._ As an expectorant, 5 to 40 minims; as an emetic, 3 to 6 dr.
2. Ipecacuanha root, bruised, 2-1/2 oz.; sherry, 1 quart; macerate for 7
days (14 days, and strain, with, expression——Ph. D.). This is a mild and
excellent preparation.——_Dose._ As a diaphoretic and expectorant, 10 to 40
drops, in coughs, diarrhœa, dysentery, dyspepsia, &c.; as an emetic, 2 fl.
dr. to 1 fl. oz., in divided doses; as an emetic for infants and young
children, 1/2 teaspoonful every 10 or 15 minutes until it operates.
=Wine of I′ron.= _Syn._ CHALYBEATE WINE, STEEL W.; VINUM FERRI (B. P.,
Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Fine iron wire (No. 35), 1 oz.; sherry, 20
oz.; digest thirty days with frequent agitation. The bottle to be corked,
but the wire not wholly immersed.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.
2. (Ph. L.) Iron wire, 1 oz.; sherry, 1 quart; digest, with frequent
agitation, for 30 days, and strain. Each fl. oz. contains less than 1-1/2
gr. of metallic iron.
3. Ammonio-tartrate of iron (Aikin’s), 1-1/2 dr.; sherry, 1 pint;
dissolve. Frequently substituted for the last, especially when the
preparation is required in a hurry.——_Dose_, 1 to 5 fl. dr.; as a mild
chalybeate.
_Obs._ The formula for WINE OF IRON was modified in the Ph. L. 1824,
omitted in that of 1836, and restored, in its original character, in that
of 1851.
=Wine of Liquorice.= _Syn._ VINUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ, FULLER’S SWEET TINCTURE.
_Prep._ Liquorice (Italian juice), 1 oz.; cochineal, 2 scruples; canary
wine, 2 pints. Sometimes 1 drachm of saffron is added.
=Wine of Malate of Iron.= Iron wire steeped in cider.
=Wine of Mea′dow Saf′fron.= WINE OF COLCHICUM.
=Wine of Olive.= _Syn._ VINUM OLIVÆ (Louis). _Prep._ Fresh olive leaves, 2
oz.; white wine 32 oz. Half a glass twice a day.
=Wine of Onion.= _Syn._ VINUM CEPÆ. _Prep._ Two onions, sliced; white
wine, 1-1/2 pint. Digest and strain. For gravel.
=Wine of O′′pium.= _Syn._ SYDENHAM’S LIQUID LAUDANUM†; VINUM OPII (B. P.,
Ph. L., E., & D.), TINCTURA, THEBAICA†, LAUDANUM LIQUIDUM SYDENHAM†, L.
_Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Extract of opium, 1 oz.; cinnamon bark, 75 gr.; cloves,
75 gr.; sherry wine, 20 oz.; macerate for seven days and filter.——_Dose_,
10 to 40 minims.
2. (Ph. L.) Extract of opium (Ph. L.), 2-1/2 oz.; cinnamon and cloves, of
each, bruised, 2-1/2 dr.; sherry, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days (14
days——Ph. D.), and filter. In the Ph. E., opium, 3 oz., and in the Ph. D.,
opium, in coarse powder, 3 oz., are ordered, instead of extract of opium.
The Dublin College also omits the aromatics.
3. (Wholesale.) From extract of opium, 11 oz.; oil of cassia, 25 drops;
oil of cloves, 20 drops; wine, 1 gall. (or rectified spirit, 1-1/2 pint;
water, 6-1/2 pints; colouring, q. s.); digest, with agitation, until
dissolved. Milder than the tincture.——_Dose_, 10 to 40 drops; as an
anodyne and hypnotic.
=Wine of Opium (Fermented).= _Syn._ ROUSSEAU’S LAUDANUM, BLACK-DROP; VINUM
OPII FERMENTATIONE PARATUM, GUTTA NIGRA, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Opium, 4
oz.; boiling water, 5 lbs.; dissolve, add of honey, 1 lb.; yeast, 2 dr.;
keep it at 86° Fahr. for a month, or until the fermentation is complete;
then press, filter, distil off 16 oz., and evaporate the residuum to 10
oz.; distil the 16 oz. of spirit obtained above until 12 oz. have passed
over, and from this, by a third distillation, obtain 4-1/2 oz., which add
to the evaporated solution (10 oz.), and filter. About four times as
strong as tincture of opium. See DROP, BLACK.
=Wine of Orange.= _Syn._ VINUM AURANTII (B. P.) _Prep._ Made in Britain by
the fermentation of a saccharine solution, to which the fresh peel of the
bitter orange has been added, contains 12 per cent. of alcohol, and is but
slightly acid to test-paper.
=Wine of Pepsin.= _Syn._ VINUM PEPSINI (Ph. G.). _Prep._ Remove by hard
scraping, by means of a bone knife, the pepsin from the mucous membrane of
a previously washed, freshly killed, pig’s or ox’s fourth stomach, and mix
10 drams of it with 5 drams (by weight) of glycerin diluted with 5 drams
of water; put into a large flask and shake up vigorously with 13-1/2 oz.
(by weight) of white wine, and 1/2 dr. (by weight) of hydrochloric acid.
Macerate for 3 days at 68° Fahr., frequently shaking, and filter.
=Wine of Potas′sio-tartrate of Antimony.= See WINE, ANTIMONIAL (_above_).
=Wine of Quinine.= _Syn._ VINUM QUINLÆ (B. P.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.)
Sulphate of quinina, 20 gr.; citric acid, 30 gr.; orange wine, 20 oz.;
dissolve the citric acid and then the sulphate of quinia in the wine;
digest three days and filter.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 oz.
2. (Magendie.) Sulphate of quinine, 14 gr.; sherry, 1 quart; agitate
frequently for some time. “The sulphate of quinine requires to be
dissolved in a little dilute sulphuric acid before it is added to the
wine.” (Dr Hayes.)——_Dose_, 1 wine-glassful, as a tonic and stomachic.
=Wine of Quinine, Aromatic.= _Syn._ VINUM QUINIÆ AROMATICUM. DR COLLIER’S
AROMATIC QUININE WINE. _Prep._ Disulphate of quinine, 18 gr.; citric acid,
15 gr.; sound orange wine, 1 bottle (24 fl. oz.).
=Wine of Rhu′barb.= _Syn._ VINUM RHEI (B. P., Ph. E. & D.), L. TINCTURA
RHÆI VINOSA. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Rhubarb, in coarse powder, 1-1/2; canella
bark, 1/8; sherry, 20; macerate seven days, filter, and make up to
20.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
2. (Ph. B.) Rhubarb, in coarse powder, 5 oz.; canella, in coarse powder, 2
dr.; proof spirit, 5 fl. oz.; sherry, 1-3/4 pint; macerate for 7 days,
press, and filter.
3. (Ph. D.) Rhubarb, 3 oz.; canella, 2 dr.; sherry, 1 quart; macerate 14
days. Weaker than the last.——_Dose._ As a stomachic, 1 to 3 fl. dr.; as a
purgative, 1/2 to 1 fl. oz., or more. It does not keep well.
=Wine of Sarsaparilla.= _Syn._ VINUM SARSAPARILLÆ (Beral). _Prep._
Alcoholic extract of sarsaparilla, 1 oz.; white wine, 16 oz.
=Wine of Senna.= _Syn._ VINUM SENNÆ (Ph. Swed.). _Prep._ Senna, 4 oz.;
coriander seed, 2 dr.; fennel seed, 2 dr.; sherry, 2-1/2 lbs. Digest for
3 days, add stoned raisins, 3-1/2 oz. Macerate for 24 hours, and strain
with expression.
=Wine of Squills.= _Syn._ VINUM SCILLÆ (P. Cod.). _Prep._ Dried squills, 3
oz.; Malaga wine, 2-1/2 pints. Macerate for 10 days.
=Wine of Squills, Bitter.= _Syn._ VINUM SCILLITICUM AMARUM (P. Cod.). Pale
Peruvian bark, 6 oz.; winter’s bark, 6 oz.; lemon peel, 6 oz.;
swallow-wort, 1-1/2 oz.; angelica root, 1-1/2 oz.; squill, 1-1/2 oz.;
wormwood, 3 oz.; balm, 3 oz.; jumper berries, 1-1/2 oz.; mace, 1-1/2 oz.;
white wine, 2-1/2 galls.; proof spirit, 1 pint. Macerate for 10 days.
=Wine of Squills, Compound.= _Syn._ VINUM SCILLÆ COMPOSITUM (Richter).
_Prep._ Dried squill, 1 oz.; orange peel, 3 dr.; juniper berries, 2 dr.;
white wine, 2-1/2 pints. Digest for 3 days, filter, and add 2 oz. of
oxymel of squills.
=Wine of Stramonium.= _Syn._ VINUM STRAMONII (Ph. Bat.). _Prep._
Stramonium seeds, 2 oz.; Malaga wine, 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 oz.
Digest and filter.
=Wine of Tobac′co.= _Syn._ VINUM TABACI (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.)
Tobacco, 3-1/2 oz.; sherry, 1 quart; digest 7 days, strain, with strong
pressure, and filter. A powerful sedative and diuretic.——_Dose_, 10 to 30
drops; in dropsy, lead colic, ileus, &c.
=Wine of Vipers.= _Syn._ VINUM VIPERINUM (Ph. L., 1746). _Prep._ Dried
vipers, 2 oz.; white wine, 3 lbs. Macerate for 7 days.
=Wine of White Hel′lebore.= _Syn._ VINUM VERATRI (Ph. L.), TINCTURA
VERATRI ALBI†, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) White hellebore, sliced, 8 oz.; sherry
wine, 1 quart; digest for 7 days, press, and filter.——_Dose_, 10 drops,
gradually increased to 25 or 30; as a substitute for colchicum, in gout
and rheumatism, &c. It is less manageable than wine of colchicum, and is
now seldom employed.
=Wine of White Hellebore (Opiated).= _Syn._ MOORE’S EAU MÉDICINALE; VINUM
VERATRI OPIATUM, L. _Prep._ From wine of white hellebore, 3 fl. dr.;
tincture of opium, I fl. dr.——_Dose._ As the last.
=Wine of Wormwood.= _Syn._ VINUM ABSINTHII (P. Cod.). _Prep._ Dried
wormwood leaves, 3 oz.; white wine, 5 pints; proof spirit, 6 oz. Macerate
the leaves in the spirit, in 24 hours add the wine, macerate for 10 days,
and strain.
=Wines, Medicated (Dr B. Lane’s).= _Syn._ VINOUS ESSENCES; ESSENTIÆ
VINOSÆ, LIQUORES VINOSI, L. _Prep._ From an infusion or solution of the
drug, of about 3 or 4 times the usual strength, fermented with a little
yeast, and about 3 or 4 lbs. of sugar per gallon; the fermented liquor
being afterwards set in a cool cellar until fit for bottling. Compounds of
CALUMBA, CASCARILLA, GENTIAN, OPIUM, RHUBARB, SENNA, and VALERIAN, have
been thus prepared. That of OPIUM is made of only twice the strength of
the common tincture.
=WINE-STONE.= CRUDE TARTAR or ARGOL.
=WINE TESTS.= _Prep._ 1. (Hahnemann’s.) From quicklime, 1 oz.; flowers of
sulphur, 1-1/2 oz.; mix, and heat them in a covered crucible for 5 or 6
minutes; put 2 dr. of the product and an equal weight of tartaric acid
(separately powdered), into a stoppered bottle, with a pint of water, and
shake them well; let the liquid settle, pour off the clear portion, and
add of tartaric acid, 1-1/2 dr.
2. (Dr Paris’s.) From sulphide of calcium and cream of tartar, of each (in
powder), 1/2 oz.; hot water, 1 pint; agitate, &c., as before; decant the
cold clear liquid into 1-oz. phials, and add 20 drops of hydrochloric acid
to each of them.
_Obs._ The above tests will throw down the least quantity of lead from
wines, as a very sensible black precipitate. As iron might be accidentally
contained in the wine, the hydrochloric acid is added to the last test, to
prevent the precipitation of that metal.
=WIN′TER-GREEN (American).= _Syn._ PIPSISSEWA; CHIMAPHILA (Ph. L. & E.).
PYROLA (Ph. D.), L. The herb of _Chimaphila umbellata_. It is astringent,
diuretic, tonic, and stomachic; and has been successfully administered in
loss of appetite, dyspepsia, dropsy, chronic affections of the urinary
organs, scrofula, &c. It must not be confounded with ordinary winter-green
(box berry, chequer b., partridge b., mountain tea), which is the
_Gaultheria procumbens_, a plant belonging to the _Ericaceæ_, whilst the
former plant belongs to a genus of the _Pyrolaceæ_. See DECOCTION,
EXTRACT, and OILS (Essential).
=WIREWORM.= The Editor is indebted to Dr Spencer Cobbold, F.R.S., for the
following communication on this subject:——“Dear Prof. Tuson,——You asked me
about the remedies for wireworm. Although a great deal has been said on
the subject, yet it is not easy to advise. I believe the _best plan_ is to
‘catch-’em-alive’ by means of sliced potatoes, turnips, or carrots laid in
rows, women and children being employed every morning to pick up the
slices, and brush off the larvæ into a jar (the slices being replaced). Mr
Hogg (the Ettrick Shepherd) found lettuce leaves very serviceable when
laid as a bait in a similar way. Pheasants are very destructive to them.
As agriculturists do not like the trouble and expense of this baiting
method (by far the best if persevered in) some have recommended deep
ploughing, &c. The following extract taken from the ‘Journal of the
Agricultural Society, of Victoria,’ bears on the question at issue.
Trusting it may be found useful, believe me, yours faithfully, T. SPENCER
COBBOLD.”
“_Remedy for Wireworm._——Having seen in your issue of the 24th ult. that
‘B,’ would be glad if any one could give any information as to a remedy
for the ravages of the wireworm, which plays such havoc in our corn fields
during the early part of the growth of our cereal crops, I beg to offer a
few observations on the subject. I have for years paid particular notice
as to any remedy or preventive, and it is with regard to the latter that I
shall chiefly confine my remarks, as there is positively no known remedy
when once the insects have attacked the crop. Some persons recommend the
application of lime or salt, but it is a well-known fact that if either of
these is applied in such quantity as to destroy the worm, it will likewise
destroy vegetation, and consequently the crop will be entirely lost; and
not alone this crop, but the soil will be poisoned to such an extent as to
injure succeeding crops. What I have found most successful is deep
ploughing, not what is ordinary called deep ploughing, 7 or 8 inches, but
to the depth of at least 10 or 12, where the soil will admit of it. The
wireworm lives not more than 4 inches below the surface, and by burying it
10 or 12 inches it is found that it cannot again make its way to the
surface, and consequently can do no injury to surface-rooted plants, such
as the grain crops. The operation of ploughing should be performed as
follows: a strong skim coulter is attached to the beam of an ordinary
strong plough, which is drawn by three horses. The skim coulter pares off
the surface, which is buried underneath the sod turned over by the
mould-board. Or it is sometimes performed in a different way. A small
plough, drawn by one horse, precedes the ordinary plough, skimming off the
surface exactly the same as the skim coulter. So much for a preventive. As
to remedy, what I have found most effectual is heavy rolling, using, if
possible, such a roller as that called the Crosskill, which crushes the
insects, killing some, and preventing others doing much damage until the
crop is sufficiently far advanced as not to be affected by the
insect.——JOHN THOMAS, 32, Capel Street, Dublin.”
=WITCH MEAL.= _Syn._ VEGETABLE SULPHUR, LYCOPODIUM. The spores of
_Lycopodium clavatum_, or club moss.
=WOAD.= _Syn._ DYER’S WOAD; PASTEL, Fr. The _Isatis tinctoria_. To prepare
them for the dyer, the leaves are partially dried and ground to a paste,
which is made into balls; these are placed in heaps, and occasionally
sprinkled with water, to promote the fermentation; when this is finished,
the woad is allowed to fall down into lumps, which are afterwards reground
and made into cakes for sale. On mixing the prepared woad with boiling
water, and, after standing for some hours in a closed vessel, adding about
1-20th its weight of newly slaked lime, digesting in a gentle warmth, and
stirring the whole together every 3 or 4 hours, a new fermentation begins;
a blue froth rises to the surface, and the liquor, though it appears
itself of a reddish colour, dyes woollens of a green, which, like the
green from indigo, changes in the air to a blue. This is said to be one
of the nicest processes in the art of dyeing, and does not well succeed
on the small scale. Woad is now mostly used in combination with indigo. 50
lbs. of woad are reckoned equal to 1 lb. of indigo.
=WOL′FRAM.= See TUNGSTEN.
=WOLFS′BANE.= See ACONITE.
=WOOD= is polished by carefully rubbing down the grain with fine glass
paper, or pumice-stone, and then rubbing it, first with finely-powdered
pumice-stone and water, and afterwards with tripoli and linseed oil, until
a proper surface is obtained. For common purposes, glass paper, followed
by a metal burnisher, is employed.
Wood is stained by the application of any of the ordinary liquid dyes
employed for wool or cotton. They sink deeper into the wood when they are
applied hot. When the surface is properly strained and dried, it is
commonly cleaned with a rag dipped in oil of turpentine or boiled oil,
after which it is either varnished or polished with beeswax. Musical
instruments, articles of the toilette, &c., are usually treated in this
way.
Wood is preserved by any agents which destroy the tendency to putrefaction
of the matter within its pores, or which enables it to resist the attacks
of insects, or renders it unsuited to the growth of minute fungi. See
DRY-ROT.
=WOOD NAPH′THA.= See SPIRIT (Pyroxylic).
=WOOD OIL.= See BALSAM, GURGUN.
=WOODY FIBRE.= See LIGNIN.
=WOODY NIGHT′SHADE= BITTER-SWEET, _Solanum dulcamara_.
=WOOL.= _Syn._ LANA, L. Wool is a fine, soft, elastic variety of hair,
cellulated in its structure. Its filaments are cylindrical, like those of
silk; but the surface is covered with thin scales or epidermic cells. In
the finer qualities, these filaments vary in thickness from 1/1100 to
1/1500 of an inch; and under a good microscope distinctly exhibit, at
intervals of about 1/300 of an inch, a series of serrated rings,
imbricated towards each other, “like the joints of equisetum, or, rather,
like the scaly zones of a serpent’s skin.” These appearances render it
almost impossible to mistake wool for silk, linen, or cotton. From
experiments made by different competent authorities, it is found that wool
is one of the worst conductors of heat known. This property renders
woollen fabrics particularly adapted for clothing in cold, damp, and
changeable climates, since it enables them to maintain the surface of the
body at a proper and equable temperature. Wool, sometimes, however, proves
too irritative for highly sensitive skins, and, moreover, disturbs the
electricity of the cutaneous surface, on friction, even more than silk. On
these accounts there are persons who find it unpleasant to wear woollen
garments, of any description, next the skin; in which cases all the
advantages that can be derived from their use may be obtained by wearing
them outside one of linen or cotton. According to Erasmus Wilson, this
method “is preferable in warm weather, since the linen absorbs the
perspiration, while the woollen garment preserves the warmth of the body,
and prevents the inconvenience resulting from its evaporation.” See
FLANNEL.
_Identif._ 1. By the microscope. (See _above_.)
2. Its fibres, when inflamed, shrivel up, and burn with difficulty, and
evolve the peculiar and characteristic odour of hair when similarly
treated, leaving a bulky charcoal; whereas cotton and linen burn rapidly,
leave no charcoal, and evolve little or no odour. Silk acts in nearly the
same manner as wool.
3. Nitric acid, picric acid, and gaseous chlorine, stain the fibres of
wool and silk yellow. Dr J. J. Pohl recommends an aqueous or alcoholic
solution of picric acid as well adapted for a test——After immersion of a
small portion of the fabric or yarn for from 5 to 10 minutes in the
solution, it is to be taken out, and washed in warm water. The linen and
cotton in it will then appear white, but the wool, silk, or other animal
fibre, will retain its yellow colour. In stuffs, cloths, flannel, &c., the
mixed threads may be readily observed by means of a pocket lens, and their
relative numbers may be ascertained by means of a ‘thread counter.’ This
test acts best with white, but is also applicable to many other colours.
For dark colours nitric acid is preferable.
4. A square inch of the fabric or a small portion of the yarn, is boiled
for a short time in a solution of caustic soda or potassa, and then
withdrawn and washed. If it be of pure wool, it will be dissolved, and
wholly disappear; if any threads or fibres are left undissolved, they
consist of either cotton or linen; of these, such as have acquired a dark
yellow tinge, are linen, whilst those which have retained their whiteness,
or which are only slightly discoloured, are cotton. The relative
proportion of the adulteration may be ascertained as before. See COTTON,
LINEN, and SILK.
Wool and woollen goods exhibit a greater affinity for colouring matter
than either cotton or linen, and in many cases this exceeds even that of
silk. The most difficult dye to impart to wool is a rich, deep, and
permanent black. See DYEING, MORDANTS, &c.
Woollen goods are cleaned and scoured in the manner noticed under
BLEACHING and SCOURING.
=Wool, Spanish.= Rouge-crepons.
=Wool, Styptic.= Dr. Erie, of Isny, prepares this by boiling the finest
carded wool for half an hour or an hour in a solution containing 4 per
cent. of soda, then thoroughly washes it out in cold spring water, wrings
it; and dries it. The wool is thus effectually purified, and is now
capable of imbibing fluids uniformly. It is then to be dipped two or
three times in fluid chloride of iron diluted with one-third of water,
expressed and dried in a draught of air, but not in the sun or by the aid
of high heat; finally, it is carded out. Thus prepared, it is of a
beautiful yellowish-brown colour, and feels like ordinary dry cotton wool.
As it is highly hygroscopic, it must be kept dry, and when required to be
transported, must be packed in caoutchouc or bladder. Charpie may be
prepared in a similar manner, but on account of its coarser texture, is
not so effective as cotton wool, presenting a less surface for producing
coagulation. When the wool is placed on a bleeding wound, it induces
moderate contraction of the tissue, coagulation of the blood that has
escaped, and subsequently coagulation of the blood that is contained
within the injured vessels, and thus arrests the hæmorrhage. The
coagulating power of the chloride of iron is clearly exalted by the
extension of its surface that is in this way affected. The application of
the prepared wool is not particularly painful, whilst by sucking up the
superfluous discharge, and preventing its decomposition, it seems to
operate favorably on the _process of the wound_.[272]
[Footnote 272: ‘Lancet.’]
=Wool Work, Woollen Shawls, &c., to clean.=——Boil a large piece of soap in
rain-water. Put it into an earthenware pan and add a teacupful of ox-gall,
which any butcher will supply. Put in the work to be cleaned, and rub it
briskly, as you would a pocket handkerchief, lifting it up and down. Wash
in two waters, if very dirty; then rinse quickly in cold water, lay a
cloth over it, and fold it tightly. Iron it immediately on the wrong side
with hot, heavy irons.
=WOORA′RA.= _Syn._ OURARI, WOURALI. A deadly poison employed in Guiana,
obtained from the _Strychnos toxifera_. See UPAS.
=WOOTZ.= The Indian name of steel; applied in this country to the steel
imported from Bengal.
=WORM BARK.= _Syn._ CABBAGE-TREE BARK, or GEOFFRÆYA INERMIS, L. The bark
of _Andira inermis_ (_Geoffræya i._ of some botanists). A powerful
astringent, purgative, anthelmintic, and narcotic.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr.
In larger doses, or if cold water be drunk during its action, it is apt to
occasion sickness, vomiting, and delirium. The remedy for this is copious
draughts of warm water.
=WORM SEED.= _Syn._ SEMEN CONTRA, SEMEN CINÆ, L. The broken peduncles,
mixed with the calyces and flower-buds, of several species of _Artemisia_
imported from the Levant.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr., in powder; as a
vermifuge. See SANTONIN.
=WORMS (Intes′tinal).= _Syn._ VERMES, INTESTINALIA (Cuvier), ENTOZOA
(Rudolphi), L. The principal parasites which are generated and nourished
in the human intestinal canal are the——_Ascaris lumbricoides_ (Gmelin), or
long round-worm, found in the small intestines, and which is generally of
the thickness of a goose-quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15
inches;——_Ascaris vermicularis_ (Gmelin), maw, or thread-worm, which is
thread-like in appearance, varies from 1-1/2 to 5 lines in length, and
confines itself chiefly to the rectum;——_Tricocephalus hominis_ (Gmelin),
or long thread-worm, varying from 1-1/4 to 2 inches in length, and found
chiefly in the cæcum;——_Tænia solium_ (Gmelin), or common tapeworm, having
a flattened riband-like appearance, varying in length from 3 or 4 to 15 or
20 feet, and occupying the small intestines;——_Bothriocephalus latus_, or
broad tapeworm, a variety seldom found in this country, but common in
Switzerland and the north of Europe; and, _Tænia mediocanellata_, another
large species, described by Küchenmeister.
_Causes._ A debilitated state of the digestive organs, improper food,
sedentary, habits, impure air, bad water, and, apparently, an occasional
hereditary tendency to worms.
_Symp._ Griping pains, especially about the navel; acid eructations; slimy
stools; occasional nausea and vomiting, without any manifest cause; heat
and itching about the anus; tenesmus;, emaciation; disturbed dreams;
grinding of the teeth during sleep; pallor of countenance; discoloration
round the eyes; feverishness; headache; vertigo, &c. In many cases these
symptoms are often highly aggravated, and mistaken for primary diseases.
The only absolutely positive evidence of the existence of worms is,
however, their being seen in the fæces.
_Treat._ In common cases, an occasional moderately strong dose of calomel
overnight, followed by a smart purgative the next morning, is an excellent
remedy, where the use of mercurials is not contra-indicated. Cowhage, made
into an electuary with honey or treacle, is also an excellent vermifuge.
Oil of turpentine is useful against nearly every variety of worms, and,
when taken in sufficient doses to reach the rectum, is almost specific in
ascarides (thread-worms). When this is inconvenient, an occasional enema
of oil of turpentine is even more effective. Enemas of aloes are also very
useful in such cases. Scammony, under the form of basilic powder, has long
been employed to expel worms in children. Aloes, castor-oil, worm-seed,
tin-filings, and sulphur, are likewise popular remedies. Cabbage-tree bark
is a powerful anthelmintic; but its use requires caution. Most of the
quack vermifuges contain either aloes or gamboge, or calomel and jalap.
The substances which have been most highly extolled for the destruction or
expulsion of tapeworm (tænia) are kousso, oil of turpentine, male fern,
pomegranate, and tin-filings. The first two are those on which the most
dependence may be placed. Madame Nouffer’s celebrated ‘Swiss remedy’ for
tapeworm, for which Louis XVI gave 18,000 francs, consisted of 2 or 3 dr.
of powdered male fern, taken in 1/4 pint of water, in the morning,
fasting, followed in 2 hours by a bolus made of calomel and scammony, of
each 10 gr.; gamboge, 6 or 7 gr. ‘Swain’s vermifuge’ is prepared from
worm-seed, 2 oz.; valerian, rhubarb, pink-root, and white agaric, of each
1-1/2 oz.; boiled in water, q. s. to yield 3 quarts of decoction, to which
30 drops of oil of tansy, and 45 drops of oil of cloves, dissolved in a
quart of rectified spirit, are added. All purgatives may be regarded as
vermifuges. Besides our efforts to destroy and expel the worms, the tone
of the primæ vitæ should be raised by the use of stomachics and tonics, by
which the tendency to their equivocal generation will be either removed or
lessened. See ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, DECOCTION, ENEMA, PILLS, PATENT
MEDICINES, VERMIFUGES, &c.; and also the several vermifuges under their
respective names.
_Obs._ Parasitic worms as existing in animals are so remarkably prevalent
and so widely diffused that probably no creature can be said to be secure
against their attack. Among domestic animals, sheep often suffer to a most
serious extent from these parasites, and more especially from the
nematoid, known as _Strongylus bronchialis_. In some years lambs are lost
by hundreds from the complications of disease which attend upon the
presence of these worms within the windpipe and the bronchial tubes. Their
existence is marked by great wasting of the body, hurried breathing, and
distressing cough. After a time diarrhœa sets in, which quickly carries
off the animal. It has been found that lambs fed on clover, and other
allied plants, which had been pastured the year previously with sheep,
suffer the most, and are far more likely to be affected than those which
are differently managed. Remedial measures too often prove ineffectual,
especially when structural disease of the lungs has followed as a
consequence. The exhibition of oil of turpentine in doses of about half an
ounce, mixed with an equal quantity of linseed oil, is sometimes found to
be beneficial; but it must be conjoined with a corn diet, the free use of
salt, and also sulphate of iron mixed with the manger food, tincture of
assafœtida, and the essential oil of savin, in small doses, are remedies
greatly extolled by some persons. The inhalation of diluted chlorine gas
or of sulphurous acid gas is often exceedingly beneficial; but remedies of
this kind ought always to be confided to the superintending care of the
veterinary surgeon.
=WORM TEA.= A preparation sold in the shops of the United States, and much
used, consisting, according to Brande, of spigelia or pink-root, savin,
senna, and manna.
=WORM′WOOD.= _Syn._ ABSINTHIUM (Ph. L. & E.), L. The flowering herb of
_Artemisia Absinthium_, a well-known plant, indigenous to this country,
and largely cultivated for medicinal purposes. It is a bitter tonic and
stomachic, and also anthelmintic.——_Dose_, 20 to 40 gr. of the dried herb,
either in powder or made into a tea or infusion; in dyspepsia, dropsy,
scurvy, sympathetic epilepsy, &c. See ABSINTHINE and ABSINTHIC ACID.
=WORT.= The technical name for the fermentable infusion of malted grain.
The strength of worts is ascertained by means of an instrument termed a
saccharometer. “Brewers, distillers, and the excise, sometimes denote by
the term ‘gravity’ the excess of weight of 1000 parts of a liquid by
volume above the weight of a like volume of distilled water, so that if
the specific gravity be 1045, 1070, 1090, &c., the gravity is said to be
45, 70, or 90; at others, they thereby denote the weight of saccharine
matter in a barrel (36 galls.) of wort; and again, they denote the excess
in weight of a barrel of wort over a barrel of water equal to 36 gallons,
or 360 lbs. This and the first statement are identical, only 1000 is the
standard in the first case, and 360 in the second.” (Ure.) The last is
that commonly adopted by the brewers.
According to Dr Ure, the solid dry extract of malt, or ‘saccharine,’ has
the specific gravity 1·264, and the specific volume ·7911; “that is, 10
lbs. of it will occupy the volume of 7·911 lbs. of water. The mean sp.
gr., by computation of a solution of that extract in its own weight of
water, is 1·116; but by experiment, the sp. gr. of that solution is 1·216,
showing considerable condensation of volume in the act of combination with
water.” The quantity of solid saccharine or sugar in a wort may be
determined in the manner mentioned under SYRUP.
“According to the compilers of the tables accompanying Field’s
alcoholometer, 1·8 lb. of saccharine is decomposed for the production of
1% of proof spirit; but according to our experiments, the proportion of
saccharine named is rather below the true equivalent.” (Cooley.)
The rapid cooling of worts is an important object with the brewer and
distiller. On the large scale, the old system in which shallow coolers are
employed, with all its numerous inconveniences and accidents, is now for
the most part abandoned, being supplanted by the method introduced by Mr
Yandall, nearly 40 years ago. This consists in the use of a
‘refrigerator,’ which is an apparatus so constructed that any hot liquid
may be cooled by about its own volume of cold water, in a very short space
of time. The principle is that of passing the two fluids through very
shallow and very long passages, in opposite directions, being essentially
that of a ‘Liebig’s condenser’ on a gigantic scale. The apparatus may
consist of zigzag passages, flattened tubes or convoluted curves, of any
convenient shape, so that they possess little capacity in one direction,
but great breadth and length. A refrigerator, having the passages for the
fluids 1/8 of an inch thick, is said to require a run of about 80 feet.
The success of this method is such as to leave nothing more to desire. See
BREWING, FERMENTATION, MALT, &c.
=WOUND.= _Syn._ VULNUS, L. A solution of continuity in any of the soft
parts of the body, arising from external violence.
Wounds are distinguished by surgeons into CONTUSED WOUNDS, INCISED W.,
LACERATED W., POISONED W., PUNCTURED W., &c.; terms which explain
themselves. Sword-cuts are incised wounds; gun-shot wounds, lacerated and
contused ones. Slight wounds, and, indeed, all those not demanding
material surgical assistance, after dirt and foreign substances have been
removed, may be treated in the manner noticed under CUTS and ABRASIONS.
=WOUND BAL′SAM.= See TINCTURE OF BENZOIN.
=WRIT′′ING=, executed in the ordinary tanno-gallic ink, and which has been
rendered illegible by age, may be restored by carefully moistening it, by
means of a feather, with an infusion of galls, or a solution of
ferrocyanide of potassium slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid,
observing to apply the liquid so as to prevent the ink spreading.
=WRITING FLU′IDS.= A term commonly applied, of late years, to easy flowing
inks, adapted for metallic pens; in contradistinction to the old
tanno-gallic compounds at one time exclusively employed for writing.
_Prep._ 1. Dissolve pure basic or soluble Prussian blue in pure distilled
water, and dilute the resulting solution with pure water until the desired
shade of colour is obtained. Very permanent and beautiful. It is not
affected by the addition of alcohol, but is immediately precipitated by
saline matter. The precipitate, however, still possesses the property of
dissolving in pure water.
2. From the soluble ferrocyanide of potassium and iron, dissolved in pure
water. Resembles the last, but it is precipitated from its solution by
alcohol.
3. Powdered Prussian blue, 1 oz.; concentrated hydrochloric acid, 1-1/2
fl. oz.; mix in a matrass or glass bottle, and, after 22 or 30 hours,
dilute the mass with a sufficient quantity of water.
4. Dissolve sulphindylate of potassa or ammonia in hot water, and, when
cold, decant the clear portion. It is an intense blue, and dries nearly
black; is perfectly incorrosive, and very permanent and easy flowing.
5. (Horning.) Perchloride of iron, 4 parts; water, 750 parts; dissolve,
add of cyanide of potassium, 4 parts, dissolved in a little water; collect
the precipitate, wash it with several effusions of pure water, allow it to
drain until it weighs about 200 parts, then add of oxalic acid, 1 part;
and promote solution by agitating the bottle or vessel containing it.
6. (Mohr.) Pure Prussian blue, 6 parts; oxalic acid, 1 part; triturate
with a little water to a perfectly smooth paste, then dilute the mass
with a proper quantity of soft water. The product resembles Stephen’s
‘patent blue ink.’
7. (Rev. J. B. Reade——patented.)——_a._ A solution of his patent soluble
Prussian blue in distilled water. Blue.
_b._ Prepared by adding to good gall ink a strong solution of his soluble
Prussian blue. This addition “makes the ink, which was previously proof
against alkalies, equally proof against acids, and forms a writing fluid
which cannot be erased from paper by any common method of fraudulent
obliteration without the destruction of the paper.” This ink writes
greenish blue, but afterwards turns intensely black. Stephen’s ‘patent
ink,’ which does the same, is a similar compound.
8. (Prof. Runge——CHROMIC INK.) Logwood, in fine chips, 1/4 lb.; boiling
water, 3 pints; digest for 12 hours, then simmer the liquid down gently to
1 quart, carefully observing to avoid dust, grease, and smoke; when cold,
decant the decoction, and add to it of yellow chromate of potash, 20 gr.;
dissolve by agitation, after which it will be fit for use. Cheap and good.
It resists the action of all ordinary destructive agents better than the
tanno-gallic inks; it may be washed after use with a wet sponge, or
steeped for twenty-four hours in water, or even tested with dilute acids,
and yet preserve its original blackness. It is perfectly liquid, it
scarcely thickens by age, and neither deposits a sediment nor corrodes
steel pens.
9. (Ure.) From vanadate of ammonia decomposed with infusion of galls. It
is of a perfectly black hue, flows freely from the pen, is rendered blue
by acids, is unaffected by dilute alkaline solutions, and resists the
action of chlorine.
_Obs._ The preceding formulæ, under proper management, produce excellent
products, all of which are extremely mobile, and most of them of a more or
less beautiful colour. The blue ones, when concentrated, dry of a blue
black, whilst two or three of the others, though at first pale, rapidly
pass into a deep black, when exposed to the air. Care must be taken in all
cases that the ingredients be pure. The Prussian blue, except when
directly prepared for the purpose, should be washed in dilute hydrochloric
acid before attempting its solution by means of oxalic acid. Unless these
precautions are attended to, success is unlikely. A little gum may be
added, if required, to prevent the fluid spreading on the paper; but in
most cases the addition is no improvement. Most of the blue fluids may be
used as ‘indelible ink’ to mark linen, and will be found very permanent,
provided the part be first moistened with alum water, and dried.
=XYLOID′IN.= When starch is immersed in concentrated nitric acid (sp. gr.
1·45 to 1·50), it is converted, without disengagement of gas, into a
colourless, tremulous jelly, which, when treated with an excess of water,
yields a white, curdy, insoluble substance, which after being edulcorated
with pure water, until every trace of acid is removed, is xyloidin. Paper,
sugar, gum, mannite, and several other substances, treated in the same
manner, become in great part changed to xyloidin or analogous compounds.
_Obs._ Pure xyloidin differs but slightly from pyroxylin, or pure
gun-cotton.
=XYL′OL.= A hydrocarbon, homologous to benzol, found in wood-tar and
coal-gas naphtha.
=YAWS.= _Syn._ FRAMBŒSIA, L. A peculiar disease of the skin, common in the
Antilles and some parts of Africa. It is characterised by mulberry-like
excrescences, which discharge a watery humour. The treatment chiefly
consists in alleviating urgent symptoms (if any), and the adoption of a
temperate diet and regimen, until the eruptions, having run their course,
begin to dry, when tonics and alteratives, as cinchona bark, quinine, and
sarsaparilla, with occasional small doses of mercurials, generally prove
advantageous. The master (or principal) yaw, which frequently remains
troublesome after the others have disappeared, may be dressed with the
ointment of red oxide of mercury, or of nitrate of mercury, diluted with
an equal weight of lard.
The yaws is not a dangerous, although a very disgusting, disease. It is
contagious by contact, and, like the smallpox, only occurs once during
life.
=YEAST.= _Syn._ BARM, FERMENT, ZUMINE; FERMENTUM, L. Yeast, which consists
almost entirely of minute vegetable cells, termed _Torula cerevisiæ_, is
either the froth or the deposit of fermenting worts, according to the
character of the fermentation.
The top yeast, or superficial ferment, which covers the surface of
fermenting worts, is called ‘_oberhefe_’ by the Germans; and the bottom
yeast, or the ferment of deposit, is termed ‘_unterhefe_,’ The first is
the common yeast of the English brewer; the other, that used in Bavaria
for the fermentation of worts from below (untergärung). Both varieties
yield their own kind under proper conditions. Wort fermented with top
yeast, at from 46° to 50° Fahr., yield both varieties, and each of these
furnishes its own kind, nearly pure, by a second fermentation. See
BREWING, FERMENTATION, &c.
_Pres._ 1. Ordinary beer yeast may be kept fresh and fit for use for
several months, by placing it in a close canvas bag, and gently and
gradually squeezing out the moisture in a screw press until the remaining
matter acquires the consistence of clay or soft cheese, in which state it
must be preserved in close vessels, or wrapped in waxed cloth. This is the
method generally adopted for the best Flanders and German yeast.
2. Whisk the yeast until it forms a uniform liquid mass, and then lay it
with a clean and soft painter’s brush evenly and thinly on flat dishes, or
any convenient surface, on which it can be exposed to the sun or air; this
operation must be repeated as soon as the first coat is sufficiently
solid, and so on, until the layers acquire a proper thickness, when it
must be detached and preserved as before. If rendered quite dry, its power
of exciting fermentation will be destroyed.
3. By employing strips of clean new flannel (well washed), as above, and,
when sufficiently dry, rolling these up, and covering them with waxed
cloth or paper, or placing them in tin canisters or boxes. For use, a few
inches of one of the strips is cut off, and soaked in lukewarm water, when
the barm leaves the flannel, and mixes with the water, which may then be
stirred up with the flour.
=Yeast, Artifi′′cial.= “Although the conversion of a small into a large
quantity of yeast is a very easy thing, yet to produce that substance from
the beginning is very difficult.” (Berzelius.) Both cases are met in the
formulæ below.
_Prep._ 1. (_Without a ferment._)——_a._ (Fownes.) Wheat flour is to be
mixed with water into a thick paste, which is to be slightly covered, in a
moderately warm place; about the third day it begins to emit a little gas,
and to exhale a disagreeable sour odour; about the sixth or seventh day
the smell changes, much gas is evolved, accompanied by a distinct and
agreeable vinous odour, and it is then in a state to excite either to
vinous or panary fermentation, and may be either at once employed for that
purpose or formed into small and very thin cakes, dried in the air and
preserved for future use. Wort fermented with it in the ordinary way
yields a large quantity of yeast, of excellent quality, which is found at
the bottom of the vessel. “This is a revival of a method which, although
Mr Fownes seems to regard it as new, is to be found in the ‘Chemistry’ of
Boerhaave” (‘Lancet.’) It is, indeed, a mere modification of the mode of
preparing leaven, as practised from the most remote ages of antiquity; but
is not the less valuable on that account.
2. (_With a ferment._)——_a._ Take of bean flour, 1/4 lb.; water, 6 quarts;
boil for 1/2 an hour, pour the decoction into any suitable vessel, add of
wheat flour, 3-1/2 lbs.; stir the whole well together, and, when the
temperature reaches 55° Fahr., add of beer yeast, 2 quarts; mix well, and
in 24 hours after the commencement of the fermentation add of barley or
bean flour, 7 lbs.; make a uniform dough by thorough kneading, form it
into small cakes, as above, and then preserve these in a dry situation.
For use, one of these discs is to be broken into pieces, laid in tepid
water, and set in a warm place during 12 hours, when the soft mass will
serve the purpose of beer yeast.
_b._ (PATENT YEAST.) Take of hops, 6 oz.; water, 3 galls.; simmer for 3
hours, strain, and in 10 minutes stir in of ground malt, 1/2 peck; next
reboil the hops in water, as before, and let the strained liquor run into
the first mash, which must then be well stirred up, covered over, and left
for 4 hours; after that time drain off the wort, and, when the temperature
has fallen to 90° Fahr., set it to work with yeast (preferably patent), 1
pint; after standing for 20 to 24 hours in a warm place, take off the
scum, strain it through a coarse hair sieve, and it will be fit for use. 1
pint is said to be enough for 1 bushel of bread.
_Obs._ The preparation of artificial yeast, and substitutes for yeast, has
long engaged the attention of both the scientific chemist and the
practical tradesman. The subject is, undoubtedly, of great importance to
emigrants and voyagers. The above processes, by good management, yield
products which are all that can be desired.
=YEL′LOW DYES.= The following substances impart a yellow to goods, either
at once or after they have been mordanted with alumina or tin:——annotta,
barberry root, dyer’s broom, French berries, fustic, fustet, quercitron
bark, and turmeric. Goods mordanted with acetate of lead, and afterwards
passed through a bath of chromate of potash, acquire a brilliant
chrome-yellow colour;——solution of sulphate or acetate of iron, followed
by immersion in potash or lime water, gives a buff or orange;——orpiment,
dissolved in ammonia water, imparts a golden yellow. (See the above-named
substances, in their alphabetical places.) An aniline yellow
(chrysaniline) has recently been obtained by Mr Nicholson, which is said
to be a most valuable dye-stuff, comparable, indeed, with the aniline reds
and purples.
=YELLOW FE′′VER.= The bilious remittent fever of hot climates. It is very
common in the West Indies and the Southern States of America. New Orleans
has been several times nearly depopulated by it.
=YELLOW PIG′MENTS.= Of these the principal are——
=Brown Pink.= _Prep._ Take of French berries and pearlash, of each 1 lb.;
fustic chips, 1/2 lb.; water, 2 galls.; boil in a tin or pewter vessel,
and strain the decoction through flannel whilst hot; then dissolve alum,
1-1/2 lb. in hot water, 2-1/2 galls.; add the solution to the strained
decoction as long as a precipitate falls, which must afterwards be washed,
drained, and dried. Some manufacturers omit the fustic. A good glazing
colour, when ground in linseed, and used with drying oil.
=Yellow, Chrome.= _Syn._ CHROMATE OF LEAD, YELLOW C. OF L.; PLUMBI
CHROMAS, PLUMBI CHROMAS FLAVUM, L. The preparation of the pure salt is
noticed under CHROMIUM and LEAD; that of the commercial pigment is as
follows:
1. Add a filtered solution of nitrate or acetate of lead to a like
solution of neutral chromate of potash as long as a precipitate falls;
then collect this, wash it well with clean soft water, and dry it out of
the reach of sulphuretted vapours.
2. To the lye of chromate of potash, prepared by roasting the chrome ore
with nitre, and lixiviation with water, add a solution of acetate of lead,
and otherwise proceed as before.
3. Dissolve acetate of lead in warm water, and add of sulphuric acid,
q. s. to convert it into sulphate of lead; decant the clear liquid
(vinegar), wash the residuum with soft water, and digest it, with
agitation, in a hot solution of neutral (yellow) chromate of potash,
containing 1 part of that salt to every three parts of sulphate of lead
operated on; afterwards decant the liquid, which is a solution of sulphate
of potash, and carefully drain, wash, and dry the newly formed pigment.
The product contains much sulphate of lead, but covers as well, and has as
good a colour, as pure chromate of lead, whilst it is much cheaper. The
shade may be varied by increasing or lessening the quantity of the
chromate.[273]
[Footnote 273: Armengaud’s ‘Génie Industriel,’ April, 1853.]
_Obs._ Four shades of this beautiful pigment are met with in the shops,
viz. pale yellow or straw colour, yellow, deep yellow, and orange. The
former are made by adding a little alum or sulphuric acid to the solution
of the chromate before mixing it with the solution of lead; the last, by
the addition of a little subacetate of lead (tribasic acetate), or by
washing the precipitate with a weak alkaline lye. The darker colour
appears to arise from a little ‘dichromate’ being thrown down intimately
mixed with the neutral chromate, and the paler shades from a slight excess
of acid, or from the presence of water-sulphate of lead, and,
occasionally, alumina. The colour is also influenced by the temperature of
the solutions at the time of admixture. Anthon has found that, when hot
solutions of equal equivalents of acetate of lead (190 parts) and chromate
of potash (100 parts, both neutral and in crystals) are mixed, the yellow
precipitate, when dried, is anhydrous; but when the mixture is made at
ordinary temperatures, the precipitate has a paler yellow, and when dried
contains 1 eq., or nearly 5-1/4% of water. (‘Buch. Rept.’) It thus appears
that the shades of colour of chrome yellow may be varied, without any
foreign addition. In practice, the third formula will be found very
satisfactory. See ORANGE CHROME and CHROME RED.
=Dutch Pink.= _Prep._ Take of French berries, 1 lb.; turmeric, 1/2 lb.;
alum, 1/2 lb.; water, 1-1/2 gall.; boil 1/2 an hour, strain, evaporate to
2 quarts, adding of whiting, 3 lbs., and dry by a gentle heat. Starch, or
white lead, is sometimes employed instead of whiting, to give it a body.
Golden yellow. Used as a pigment; but will not glaze like brown pink.
=English Pink.= _Syn._ LIGHT PINK. As the last, but using 5 lbs. of
whiting.
=Indian Yellow.= See PURREE.
=King’s Yellow.= Factitious tersulphuret of arsenic.
=Naples Yellow.= _Syn._ MINERAL YELLOW. _Prep._ 1. Take of metallic
antimony, in powder, 3 lbs.; red lead, 2 lbs.; oxide of zinc, 1 lb.; mix,
calcine, well triturate the calx, and fuse it in a covered crucible; the
fused mass must be reduced to an impalpable powder by grinding and
elutriation.
2. Flake white, 1-1/2 lb.; diaphoretic antimony, 1/4 lb.; calcined alum, 1
oz.; sal ammoniac, 2 oz.; calcine in a covered crucible with a moderate
heat for 3 hours, so that at the end it may be barely red hot. More
antimony and sal ammoniac turn it on the gold colour.
3. (Guimel.) Washed diaphoretic antimony, 1 part; pure red lead, 2 parts;
grind them to a paste with water, and expose this mixture to a moderate
red heat for 4 or 5 hours, as before. Used in oil, porcelain, and enamel
painting. Chrome has now nearly superseded it for ordinary purposes.
=Patent Yellow.= _Syn._ CASSEL YELLOW, MONTPELLIER Y., TURNER’S Y. _Prep._
Take of dry chloride of lead, 28 parts; pure carbonate of lead, 27 parts;
grind them together, fuse, and powder.
2. Common salt, 1 part, and litharge, 4 parts, are ground together with
water, and digested at a gentle heat for some time, water being added to
supply the loss by evaporation; the carbonate of soda formed is then
washed out with more water, and the white residuum heated until it
acquires a fine yellow colour. Works well in oil. Chiefly used in
coach-painting. See OXYCHLORIDE OF LEAD.
=Weld Yellow.= Prepared from a decoction of weld brightened with a little
alum, in the same manner as Dutch pink. Used chiefly for paper hangings.
=YTTRIUM. Y.= The oxide of this metal (yttria), a rare, white earth, was
discovered by Gadolin, in 1794, in a mineral from Ytterby, in Sweden,
since called gadolinite. Yttrium was obtained by Wöhler in 1828, as a
brittle, dark-grey metal, made from the chloride by the action of sodium.
Its salts have in general a sweetish taste, and the sulphate and several
others an amethystine colour. Its solutions are precipitated by pure
alkalies, but alkaline carbonates, especially carbonate of ammonium,
dissolve it in the cold. They are distinguished from glucinium salts by
the colour of the sulphate by being insoluble in pure alkalies, and by
yielding a white precipitate with ferrocyanide of potassium. Yttria may be
obtained from gadolinite by a similar process to that by which glucina is
extracted from the beryl.
According to Professor Mosander, ordinary yttria is a mixture of the
oxides of not less than three metals——yttrium, erbium, and terbium. These
metals differ from each other in many important particulars. The first is
a powerful base, and the others are said to be weak ones. They are
separated with extreme difficulty, and are only interesting in a
scientific point of view.
=ZAF′FRE.= _Syn._ SAFFRA, SAFFLOR, ZAFFER. Crude oxide of cobalt, obtained
by roasting cobalt ore, reduced to an impalpable powder, and then ground
with 2 or 3 parts of very pure quartzose or siliceous sand. Used as a blue
colour by enamellers and painters on porcelain and glass. Chiefly imported
from Saxony. See SMALTS.
=ZE′′RO.= See THERMOMETER.
=ZESTS.= See POWDERS, SAUCE, SPICE, &c.
=ZINC.= Zn. _Syn._ ZINK, SPELTER; ZINCUM. (Ph. L., E., & D.), L. This
metal was first noticed by Paracelsus, in the 16th century, who called it
‘zinetum,’ but its ores must have been known at a much earlier period, as
the ancients were acquainted with the manufacture of brass.
_Prep._ The zinc of commerce is obtained from the native sulphide (zinc
blende), or carbonate (calamine), by roasting those ores, and distilling
the calx with carbonaceous matter in a covered earthen crucible, having
its bottom connected with an iron tube, which terminates over a vessel of
water situated beneath the furnace. The first portion that passes over
contains cadmium and arsenic, and is indicated by what is technically
called ‘brown blaze,’ but when the metallic vapour begins to burn with a
bluish-white flame, or the ‘blue blaze’ commences, the volatilised metal
is collected.
The following method, by which several pounds of chemically pure zinc may
be obtained in about 1/4 of an hour, will be found very useful:——Melt the
zinc of commerce in a common crucible, and granulate it by throwing it
into a tolerably deep vessel of water, taking care that the metal be very
hot at the time; dry the metallic grains, and dispose them by layers in a
Hessian crucible with 1/4 of their weight of nitrate of potassium, using
the precaution to place a slight excess at the top and at the bottom;
cover the crucible, and secure the lid, then apply heat; after the vivid
deflagration which occurs is over, remove the crucible from the fire,
separate the dross with a tube, and, lastly, run the zinc into an ingot
mould. This zinc, tested in Marsh’s apparatus during entire days, has
never given any stain, and in solution the most sensitive reagents, such
as hydro-sulphocyanic acid, have never indicated the least atom of iron.
(‘Journ. de Pharm.’)
_Prop._ Zinc is a bluish-white metal, having the sp. gr. 6·8 to 7·2; tough
(under some circumstances, brittle) when cold, ductile and malleable at
from 250° to 300° Fahr.; brittle and easily pulverised at 400°; fuses at
773° (Daniell); at a white heat it boils, and sublimes unchanged in close
vessels; heated to whiteness (941° Daniell) in contact with the air, it
burns with a brilliant green light, and is converted into oxide. It is
very soluble in dilute sulphuric and hydrochloric acid, with the evolution
of hydrogen gas. It is little acted on by the air, even when moist. The
salts of zinc are colourless.
_Pur._ Commercial zinc is never pure. Its specific gravity is 6·86. It is
soluble in nitric, hydrochloric, and dilute sulphuric acids.
_Tests._ 1. The solutions of zinc give a gelatinous white precipitate with
the alkalies and carbonate of ammonium, which is completely redissolved by
an excess of the precipitant.——2. The carbonates of potassium and sodium
give a white precipitate of carbonate of zinc. All the above precipitates
acquire a lemon-yellow colour when dried and heated, but again become
white on cooling.——3. Sulphide of ammonium gives, in neutral solutions, a
white precipitate, insoluble in excess of the precipitant, or in solutions
of hydrate of potassium or ammonium, but freely soluble in the dilute
mineral acids.——4. Sulphuretted hydrogen, in neutral and alkaline
solutions, also gives a like white precipitate.——5. Ferrocyanide of
potassium gives a gelatinous white precipitate.
_Estim., &c._——_a._ 100 gr. are digested in dilute hydrochloric acid in
excess, and the insoluble portion, which is chiefly carbon, dried and
weighed.
_b._ The acidulous solution (see _a_) is next treated with a current of
sulphuretted hydrogen until it smells very strongly of that gas; the whole
is then left for some time in a warm situation. The precipitate which
subsides consists of the sulphides of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, &c.,
if any of these metals were present in the sample.
_c._ The filtrate from _b_, after being boiled, is treated with a little
nitric acid, after which it is again boiled, and, when cold, is
precipitated with carbonate of barium added in excess; the precipitate
(ferric hydrate) is then collected, dried, ignited, and weighed. The
weight, in grains, multiplied by ·7, gives the percentage of iron in the
sample examined.
_d_. The filtrate from _c_ is next precipitated with dilute sulphuric
acid, and solution of carbonate of sodium is added in excess to the
filtered liquid; the whole is then boiled, after which the new precipitate
is washed, dried, gently ignited for some time, and then cooled and
weighed. The weight, in grains, multiplied by ·80247, gives the percentage
of pure zinc in the sample.
_Uses, &c._——Zinc is used to form galvanic plates; in fireworks, and in
medicine. Of late years it has also been extensively used in the
manufacture of vessels of capacity, tubing, sheets for roofing, and other
things that require lightness and durability.
=Zinc, Amalgamated=, which is employed for voltaic batteries, is prepared
as follows:——The plates, having been scoured with emery, are immersed for
a few seconds in dilute sulphuric acid, then rinsed in clean soft water,
and, after the loose water has drained from their surface, dipped into a
strong solution of either mercuric nitrate or chloride, or into equal
parts of a mixture of saturated solutions of mercuric chloride and acetate
of lead; the plates are, lastly, dipped into water, and then rubbed with a
soft cloth. Another and simpler method is to rub mercury over the plates
while wet with dilute sulphuric acid.
=Zinc, Granulated.= _Syn._ ZINCUM GRANULATUM (B. P.). Fuse commercial zinc
in a crucible, pour it in a very thin stream into a bucket of cold water,
and afterwards dry the zinc.
=Zinc, Ac′etate of.= Zn(C_{2}H_{3}O_{2})_{2}. _Syn._ ZINCI ACETAS, L.
_Prep._ 1. (Ph. D.) Acetate of lead, 1 lb., is dissolved in distilled
water, 2-1/2 pints, and the solution being placed in a cylindrical jar,
sheet zinc, 4 oz., rolled into a coil, is immersed therein; after 24 hours
the liquid is decanted, evaporated to 15 oz., and solution of hypochlorite
of calcium added drop by drop, until a reddish precipitate ceases to form;
the liquid is then filtered, acidulated by the addition of a few drops of
acetic acid, reduced by evaporation to 10 fl. oz., and set aside to
crystallise; the crystals are dried on bibulous paper set on a porous
brick, and then preserved in a well-stopped bottle. More crystals may be
obtained from the mother-liquor.
2. (B. P.) Add 2 oz. of carbonate of zinc in successive portions to 3 fl.
oz. of acetic acid, previously mixed with 6 fl. oz. of distilled water, in
a flask; heat gently, add by degrees 2 fl. oz. of acid, or q. s., till the
carbonate is dissolved; boil for a few minutes, filter while hot, and set
it aside for two days to crystallise. Decant the mother liquor, evaporate
to one half, and again set it aside for two days to crystallise. Place the
crystals in a funnel to drain, then spread them on filtering paper on a
porous tile; and dry them by exposure to the air at ordinary temperatures.
_Prop., &c._ Efflorescent, white, hexagonal plates, having a powerful
styptic taste; very soluble in water; less soluble in alcohol; decomposed
by heat. It is tonic, antispasmodic, and emetic.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 gr.; as
an emetic, 10 to 20 gr.; externally, 2 or 3 gr. to water, 1 fl. oz., as an
astringent lotion or injection.
=Zinc, Bro′mide of.= ZnBr_{2}. _Syn._ ZINCI BROMIDUM, L. Prepared like the
corresponding salt of iron.
=Zinc, Car′bonate of.= ZnCO_{3}. _Syn._ ZINCI CARBONAS PURUM, ZINCI
CARBONAS (B. P., Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D.) Solution of chloride of
zinc (Ph. D.), 1 pint is added, in successive portions, to a solution of
crystallised carbonate of sodium of commerce, 2 lbs., dissolved in boiling
distilled water, 6 pints, and the whole is boiled until gas ceases to be
evolved; the precipitate is then washed, and dried, at first on
blotting-paper, and, finally, by a steam or water heat.
2. (B. P.) Dissolve 10-1/2 oz. carbonate of soda with 1 pint of boiling
water in a capacious porcelain vessel, and pour into it 10 oz. of sulphate
of zinc, also dissolved in 1 pint of water, stirring diligently. Boil for
15 minutes after effervescence has ceased, and let the precipitate
subside. Decant the supernatant liquor, pour on the precipitate 3 pints of
boiling distilled water, agitating briskly; let the precipitate again
subside, and repeat the process of affusion of hot distilled water and
subsidence till the washings are no longer precipitated by chloride of
barium. Collect the precipitate on calico, let it drain, and dry it with a
gentle heat.
=Zinc, Chlo′′ride of.= ZnCl_{2}. _Syn._ BUTTER OF ZINC, MURIATE OF Z.†;
ZINCI CHLORIDUM (B. P., Ph. L.), Z. MURIAS†, L. _Prep._ 1. By heating
metallic zinc in chlorine.
2. (Ph. L.) Hydrochloric acid, 1 pint; water, 1 quart; and zinc (in small
pieces), 7 oz.; when the effervescence is nearly finished, apply heat
until bubbles cease to be evolved; decant the clear, and evaporate to
dryness; fuse the resulting mass in a lightly covered crucible, by a red
heat, pour it out on a flat smooth stone, and, when cold, break it into
small pieces, or cast it into rods in iron moulds, and preserve it in a
well-stoppered bottle.
3. (B. P.) Put 16 oz. of granulated zinc into a porcelain basin, add by
degrees 44 fl. oz. of hydrochloric acid previously mixed with 1 pint of
distilled water, and aid the action by gently warming it on a sand-bath,
until gas is no longer evolved. Boil for half an hour, supplying the water
lost by evaporation, and allow it to stand on the cool part of the
sand-bath for 24 hours, stirring frequently. Filter the product into a
gallon bottle, and pour in solution of chlorine q. s. by degrees, with
frequent agitation, until the fluid acquires a permanent odour of
chlorine. Add 1/2 oz. or a sufficient quantity of carbonate of zinc, in
small quantities at a time, and with renewed agitation, until a brown
sediment appears. Filter through paper into a porcelain basin, and
evaporate until a portion of the liquid, withdrawn on the end of a glass
rod and cooled, forms an opaque white solid. Pour it out now into proper
moulds, and when the salt has solidified, but before it has cooled, place
it in closely-stoppered bottles.
4. (In SOLUTION).——_a._ (LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDI——Ph. D.) Hydrochloric acid
and water, of each 2-1/2 pints; sheet zinc, 1 lb.; dissolve, filter
through calico, add of hypochlorite of calcium, 1 fl. oz., and evaporate,
by boiling, to a pint; when cold, pour it into a bottle, add of prepared
chalk, 1 oz., and water, q. s. to make the whole measure 1 quart; agitate
occasionally for 24 hours, decant or filter, and preserve the liquid in a
stoppered bottle. Sp. gr. 1·593. See SOLUTIONS.
_b._ (E. Parrish.) Granulated zinc, 4 lbs.; hydrochloric acid, 4 lbs., or
q. s.; water, 9 quarts; dissolve, avoiding excess of acid. The solution
contains 1 in 12 of chloride of zinc. Recommended as of the proper
strength for a disinfectant.
_Prop., &c._ When pure, a colourless, amorphous mass or crystals;
generally a whitish-gray, semi-transparent mass, having the consistence of
wax; fusible; volatile at strong heat, condensing in acicular crystals;
freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and water; highly deliquescent;
coagulates albumen and gelatin, and corrodes animal substances. The
solution possesses the same properties in a minor degree.
_Pur._ From the aqueous solution, hydrosulphuric acid or ferrocyanide of
potassium being dropped in, a precipitate is thrown down. What is thrown
down by ammonia or hydrate of potassium from the same solution is white,
and is redissolved by either precipitant in excess. The precipitate thrown
down by the carbonate of either ammonium or potassium is (also) white, but
is not redissolved when these are added in excess.
_Uses, &c._ Dry chloride of zinc is chiefly used as a caustic, for which
it is highly recommended by Voght, Canquoin, and others. It is more
powerful than chloride of antimony, and its action extends deeper than
does nitrate of silver, whilst it exercises an influence over the vital
actions of neighbouring parts. The sore is generally healthy after the
separation of the eschar, and no constitutional disorder ensues. It has
been given in scrofula, epilepsy, chorea, &c.; and, combined with
hydrocyanic acid, in facial neuralgia.——_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 2 gr.;
externally, as a lotion, 2 to 3 gr. to water, 1 oz. In large doses it is
poisonous.
The solution is also used as a caustic, but chiefly as a disinfectant and
deodorizer, _e.g._ as Sir Wm. Burnett’s Fluid and Professor Tuson’s
‘Sporokton,’ of which it is one of the very best, possessing, as it does,
the power of rapidly decomposing sulphide of ammonium and of rendering
inert the virus of infectious diseases.
=Zinc, Cy′anide of.= ZnCy_{2}. _Syn._ CYANURET OF ZINC; ZINCI CYANIDUM,
ZINCI CYANURETUM, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Add a solution of cyanide of
potassium to another of pure sulphate of zinc; wash, and dry the
precipitate.——_Dose_, 1/8 to 1 gr., twice a day; in epilepsy, hysteria,
and other nervous affections, heartburn, worms, &c.; and as a substitute
for hydro-cyanic acid.
=Zinc, Ferrocy′anide of.= Zn_{2}FeCy_{6}. _Syn._ ZINCI FERROCYANIDUM, L.
_Prep._ By adding a hot solution of ferrocyanide of potassium to a hot and
strong solution of pure sulphate of zinc, and washing, and drying the
precipitate. White.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 gr.; in the same cases as the last.
=Zinc, I′odide of.= ZnI_{2}. _Syn._ HYDRIODATE OF ZINC†; ZINCI IODIDUM,
ZINCI HYDRIODAS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Duflos.) Iodine, 2 parts; granulated zinc,
1 part; water, 4 parts; proceed as for ferrous iodide, only employing a
glass or porcelain vessel.
2. (Magendie.) Iodine, 17 parts; zinc (in powder), 20 parts; mix, and
sublime in a matrass.
_Prop., &c._ Deliquescent. Chiefly used externally; 15 gr. to water, 6 fl.
oz., as a collyrium in scrofulous inflammation of the eye (Poulet); 1 dr.
to lard, 1 oz., as a powerful resolvent in scrofulous and other glandular
swellings, rubbed on the part twice a day. (Ure.)
=Zinc, Lac′tate of.= Zn(C_{3}H_{5}O_{2})_{2}. _Syn._ ZINCI LACTAS, L.
Prepared from zinc in the same way as ferrous lactate is from iron.
=Zinc, Ox′ide of.= _Syn._ PROTOXIDE OF ZINC; ZINCI OXYDUM (B. P., Ph. L.,
E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Sulphate of zinc (pure), 1 lb.;
carbonate of ammonium, 6-1/2 oz.; dissolve each separately in 6 quarts of
water, filter, mix the solutions, well wash the precipitate with water,
and calcine it for 2 hours in a strong fire. The Ph. E. is nearly similar.
2. (Ph. D., B. P.) Place carbonate of zinc in a covered clay crucible, and
expose it to a very low red heat, until a portion taken from the centre of
the mass ceases to effervesce on being dropped into dilute sulphuric acid.
_Prop., &c._ A white, tasteless powder; insoluble in water; freely soluble
in acids, the solution yielding colourless and easily crystallisable
salts; strongly basic.
_Uses, &c._ It is tonic and antispasmodic, and has been advantageously
used in chorea, epilepsy, and other nervous and spasmodic
affections.——_Dose_, 1 to 6 gr., twice a day. It is also used as a dusting
powder, and to make an ointment. It has been proposed as a substitute for
white lead in painting, than which it covers better, but dries slower, and
hence requires the addition of dried white vitriol. This oxide is the only
compound which zinc forms with oxygen.
=Zinc, Phosphide.= Fragments of pure distilled zinc are introduced into a
tubulated stoneware retort, so as to occupy about one fourth of its
capacity; the retort is placed in an ordinary furnace, and a current of
dry carbonic acid is passed into it through the neck. Over the tubulure is
placed a crucible cover, so as to close the orifice incompletely, and
allow the carbonic acid, after traversing the retort, to escape. When the
zinc enters into ebullition, small fragments of previously-dried
phosphorus are successively thrown in through the tubulure. The cover is
removed and returned after each addition to prevent loss of phosphorus.
From time to time it is necessary to break the crust of phosphorus formed,
in order to expose a new layer of metal to the action of the phosphorus.
The operation is terminated by increasing the heat strongly——a precaution
that is indispensable, in order to separate as completely as possible the
zinc phosphide from the metallic button of nearly pure zinc, which
collects at the bottom of the retort. Further, the zinc phosphide should
be reduced to very fine powder, and the fragments which resist the action
of the metal, however slightly, should be reserved for another operation.
The product pulverises the more readily in proportion as it approaches
more closely the formula P_{2}Zn_{3}. In this state it resembles iron
reduced by hydrogen, and only thus should it be used by pharmaceutists. It
is completely soluble in hydrochloric acid.[274]
[Footnote 274: From ‘Formulæ for New Medicaments,’ adopted by the Paris
Pharmaceutical Society.]
=Zinc, Sulphate of.= ZnSO_{4}. _Syn._ WHITE COPPERAS*; WHITE VITRIOL*;
ZINCI SULPHUS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Granulated
zinc, 5 oz.; diluted sulphuric acid, 1 quart; dissolve, filter. Evaporate
to a pellicle, and set it aside to crystallise.
2. (Ph. D.) Zinc (laminated or granulated), 4 oz.; sulphuric acid, 3 fl.
oz.; water, 1 pint; mix in a porcelain capsule, and, when gas ceases to be
evolved, boil for 10 minutes, filter through calico, and evaporate the
filtrate to dryness; dissolve the dry salt in water, 1 pint; frequently
agitate the solution, when cold, during 6 hours, with prepared chalk, 1/4
oz.; next filter, acidulate the filtrate with nitric acid and dilute
sulphuric acid, of each 1 fl. dr.; evaporate until a pellicle forms on the
surface, and set it aside to crystallise; dry the crystals on bibulous
paper, without heat, and preserve them in a bottle. More crystals may be
obtained from the mother-liquor.
3. (B. P.) Pour 12 fl. oz. of sulphuric acid, previously mixed with 4
pints of distilled water, on 16 oz. of granulated zinc contained in a
porcelain basin, and when effervescence has nearly ceased, aid the action
by a gentle heat. Filter the fluid into a gallon bottle, and add,
gradually, with constant agitation, solution of chlorine until the fluid
acquires a permanent odour of chlorine. Add now, with continued agitation,
1/2 oz. or q. s. of carbonate of zinc, until a brown precipitate appears;
let it settle, filter the solution, evaporate till a pellicle forms on the
surface, and set aside to crystallise. Dry the crystals by exposure to air
on filtering paper placed on porous tiles. More crystals may be obtained
by again evaporating the mother-liquor.
4. The common sulphate of zinc of commerce frequently contains copper,
cadmium, lead, iron, and manganese, and nearly always one or more of them.
By digesting its concentrated solution for some time with metallic zinc,
it may be freed from copper, lead, and cadmium, for these metals are all
reduced and precipitated in a metallic state; or, the acidulated solution
may be treated with sulphuretted hydrogen as long as any precipitate
forms. In order to separate the iron, chlorine gas may be passed into the
solution, by which the iron is converted into the ferrous chloride; if
this solution be exposed to the air for a length of time, it absorbs
oxygen, and oxide of iron is deposited as a yellow powder, from which the
solution must be filtered. When the sulphate contains manganese, which is
not very often the case, the solution must be boiled up a few times with
purified charcoal, filtered, and evaporated. (‘Jour. für prakt. Chem.’)
The product of each of the above formulæ is nearly chemically pure.
5. (_Commercial._) The crude sulphate of zinc (white copperas, or white
vitriol, of the shops) is prepared by roasting native sulphide of zinc
(zinc blende) in a reverberatory furnace, exposing the calcined mass to
the air and humidity for some time, then lixiviating it, and evaporating
the resulting solution until it forms a white semi-crystalline mass on
cooling.
_Prop._ Pure sulphate of zinc forms inodorous, colourless, transparent,
quadrangular prisms, closely resembling in appearance those of Epsom salt,
which effloresce slightly in the air, and contains 7 equiv. of water; it
has a slightly acidulous and very styptic metallic taste; the crystals
dissolve in 2-1/2 parts of cold and in less than their own weight of
boiling water; they are insoluble in alcohol. The crude sulphate of zinc
of commerce (white vitriol) occurs in irregular granular masses, which
somewhat resemble loaf sugar.
When a solution of this salt, in 6 of water, is boiled with a little
nitric acid, and a solution of ammonia is then added until the oxide of
zinc at first precipitated is all redissolved, no yellow precipitate
remains, or a trace only, and the solution is colourless.
_Uses._ In medicine, as a tonic, antispasmodic, &c.; in doses of 1 to 2
gr., twice daily; as an emetic, 10 to 30 gr. In large doses it is
poisonous. It has been employed with benefit in dyspepsia, fluor albus,
chorea, epilepsy, hooping-cough, and other convulsive and nervous
affections, generally combined with bitters, foxglove, hemlock, henbane,
or opium. As an emetic, it acts almost immediately, and is therefore well
suited to empty the stomach at the commencement of a fit of ague, and in
cases of poisoning, &c. It is also extensively used externally, to form
astringent and repellant collyria, injections and lotions.
=Zinc, Sulpho-carbolate.= The acid prepared as in sulpho-carbolate of soda
(which _see_) is saturated by aid of a gentle heat with oxide of zinc,
filtered, and crystals allowed to form. The crystals should be dried by
exposure to the air.
=Zinc, Vale′′rianate of.= Zn(C_{5}H_{9}O_{2})_{2}. _Syn._ ZINCI VALERIANAS
(B. P., Ph. D.) _Prep._ (Ph. D.) Valerianate of sodium, 2-1/2 oz., and
sulphate of zinc, 2 oz. 7 dr., are each separately dissolved in distilled
water, 1 pint; the solutions are then heated to 200° Fahr., mixed, and the
resulting crystals skimmed off; the liquid is next evaporated at a
temperature not higher than 200°, until it measures 4 fl. oz., the
crystals, as they form, being removed from the surface; the salt thus
obtained is steeped, for an hour, in distilled water, just sufficient to
cover it, after which the whole is transferred to a paper filter, on which
it is at first drained, and then dried at a heat not exceeding 100°.
_Prop., &c._ Brilliant white, pearly scales; very light; astringent;
smells strongly of valerianic acid; only slightly soluble in cold water,
more so in hot water, and freely soluble in alcohol and ether; exposure to
heat rapidly decomposes it; exposure to the air also decomposes it, but
more slowly. It is regarded as powerfully antispasmodic and
tonic.——_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr., thrice daily, made into pills; in neuralgia,
tic douloureux, nervous headaches (more particularly hemicrania),
hysteria, palpitation of the heart, vertigo, chorea, epilepsy, &c.
_Obs._ Butyrate of zinc, scented with valerianic acid, which is often sold
for the above compound, may be detected by distilling it with sulphuric
acid; the distillate, tested with a strong solution of acetate of copper,
gives a bluish-white precipitate if it contains butyric acid. The
valerianate is distinguished from the other salts of zinc by its extreme
lightness.
=ZINC-E′THYL.= Zn(C_{2}H_{5})_{2}. A curious liquid body, discovered by Dr
Frankland, and formed, along with iodide of zinc, when iodide of ethyl is
heated with pure zinc in a sealed glass tube. The mixed white product, by
distillation in a current of hydrogen, yields pure zinc-ethyl. It is a
highly volatile liquid, having a rather disagreeable odour, and so rapidly
decomposed by contact with the air that it takes fire. Water resolves it
into hydride of ethyl, and other products.
=ZINC-ME′THYL.= Zn(CH_{3})_{2}. Obtained by the action of zinc upon iodide
of methyl, as zinc-ethyl. It takes fire on coming in contact with the air.
=ZINC′ING.= _Syn._ ZINKING. Vessels of copper and brass may be covered
with a firmly adherent layer of pure zinc, by boiling them in a solution
of chloride of zinc, pure zinc turnings being at the same time present in
considerable excess. The same object may be effected by means of zinc and
a solution of chloride of ammonium or hydrate of potassium.
The variety of zinced iron commonly known by the name of ‘galvanised iron’
is prepared by immersing the sheets of metal, previously scoured and
cleaned with dilute hydrochloric acid, in a bath of melted zinc covered
with powdered sal ammoniac, and moving them about until they are
sufficiently coated.
=ZINCOG′RAPHY.= An art closely resembling lithography, in which plates of
zinc are substituted for slabs of stone.
=ZIR′CON.= See GEMS.
=ZIRCONIUM.= Zr. _Syn._ The oxide of this metal, a white pulverulent
earth, discovered in the mineral gargon or zircon of Ceylon, by Klaproth,
in 1789. It has since been found in the hyacinth.
_Prep._ The stone is calcined and thrown into cold water, and then
powdered in an agate mortar; the powder is mixed with 9 parts of pure
hydrate of potassium, and the mixture projected, by spoonfuls, into a
red-hot crucible, care being taken that each portion is fused before
another is added; after fusion, with an increased heat, for an hour and a
half, the whole is allowed to cool; the calcined mass is next powdered,
and boiled in water; the insoluble portion is then dissolved in
hydrochloric acid, and the solution heated, that the silicic acid may fall
down, after which the zirconia is precipitated with hydrate of potassium;
or, the zirconia may be precipitated with carbonate of sodium, and the
carbonic acid expelled by heat.
From this, metallic zirconium is obtained by heating in a glass tube, with
a spirit lamp, a mixture of potassium and the double fluoride of zirconium
and potassium, carefully dried; the product is washed with water, and
digested for some time in dilute hydrochloric acid.
_Prop., &c._ A black powder; it acquires a feeble metallic lustre under
the burnisher, and takes fire when heated in the air. It has not been
thoroughly examined.
Oxide of zirconium, or zirconia, ZrO_{2}, has neither taste nor odour, is
insoluble in water, and forms salts with the acids. It is distinguished
from all the other earths, except thorina, by being precipitated when any
of the neutral salts of zirconium are boiled with a saturated solution of
sulphate of potassium. The salts of zirconium are distinguished from those
of aluminium and glucinium by being precipitated by all the pure alkalies,
and by being insoluble when they are added in excess. The precipitated
hydrate and carbonate are readily soluble in acids.
WORKS REFERRED TO IN THIS EDITION.
Acton’s Cookery. Royal Agricultural Society’s Journal. Analyst. Artisan
Cookery. Blyth’s Dictionary of Hygiène. British Pharmacopœia. Beasley’s
Pocket Formulary and Druggists’ General Receipt Book. British Medical
Journal. Beeton’s Cookery. Beale’s (Dr L.) Disease Germs; How to Work with
the Microscope; Kidney Diseases, Urinary Deposits, &c. Bloxam’s Chemistry.
British Manufactures and Industries (Stamford). Chavasse’s Counsel to a
Mother and Aphorisms for Parents. Crooke’s Practical Handbook of Dyeing
and Calico Printing. Calvert’s Dyeing and Calico Printing (edited by
Stenhouse and Groves). Chambers’ Cyclopædia. Chemist and Druggist.
Chemical News. Chemical Society, Journal of. Chemistry, Theoretical,
Practical, and Analytical (Reissue of Muspratt’s Dictionary), MacKenzie.
Cassell’s Family Magazine. Carpenter’s Human Physiology. Dun’s (Finlay)
Veterinary Medicines. Dental Hospital Pharmacopœia. Dorvault’s L’Officine.
Daily Telegraph. Encyclopædia Britannica. Eassie’s Healthy Houses.
Fresenius’ Qualitative Analysis; do., Quantitative. Field. Fitzwygram’s
Horses and Stables. Gardner’s (Dr) Household Medicine. Garrod’s Materia
Medica and Therapeutics. Hanbury and Flückiger’s Pharmacologia. Handbook
for Emergencies (Cassell). Hughes’ Principles and Practice of Photography.
Hartley’s Water, Air, and Disinfectants. Kingzett’s Alkali Trade. Knap’s
Chemical Technology (Richardson and Watts). Letheby’s Lectures on Food.
Lancet. Land and Water. Miller’s Chemical Physics; Organic and Inorganic
Chemistry. Medical Times and Gazette. Meyer’s Procrustes ante Portas (J.
T. Craig). Nature. New Remedies. Pharmaceutical Journal. Parkes’ Practical
Hygiène. Payen’s Industrial Chemistry (edited by Dr Paul). Pareira’s
Materia Medica. Pepys’ Diary. Roscoe’s Elementary Chemistry. Roberts’ (Dr
T. J.) Theory and Practice of Medicine. Royle’s Materia Medica and
Therapeutics. Roberts’ (Dr W.) Renal Diseases, &c. Smith’s (Dr Angus) Air
and Rain. Spon’s Workshop Receipts. Society of Arts Journal. Sanitary
Record. Squire’s Companion to the Pharmacopœia. Tegetmeier’s Household
Cookery. Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines (edited by
Hunt). Wagner’s Chemical Technology (edited by Crookes). Wood and Bache’s
United States Dispensatory. Wanklyn’s Water Analysis and Milk Analysis.
Year Book of Pharmacy.
A LIST
OF
J. & A. CHURCHILL’S
WORKS
ON
CHEMISTRY, MATERIA MEDICA,
PHARMACY, BOTANY,
THE MICROSCOPE,
AND
OTHER BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
LONDON, 11, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
OCTOBER, 1889.
INDEX
Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis, vi
Armatage’s Veterinarian’s Remembrancer, xi
Baily’s Physician’s Pharmacopœia, ix
Beasley’s Pocket Formulary, x
Do. Druggist’s Receipt Book, x
Do. Book of Prescriptions, x
Bentley’s Manual of Botany, xii
Do. Structural Botany, xii
Do. Systematic Botany, xii
Bentley and Trimen’s Medicinal Plants, xii
Bernay’s Analytical Chemistry, v
Binz’s Elements of Therapeutics, vii
Bloxam’s Chemistry, iii
Do. Laboratory Teaching, iii
Bowman’s Practical Chemistry, iv
B. P. C. Unofficial Formulary, ix
Brown’s Practical Chemistry, iv
Cameron’s Oils, Resins, Varnishes, vii
———— Soaps and Candles, vii
Carpenter’s Microscope and its Revelations, xiii
Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy, xiii
Churchill’s Technological Handbooks, vii
Clowes’ Practical and Analytical Chemistry, iv
Cook’s Organic Analysis, iv
Cooley’s Cyclopædia of Receipts, v
Draper’s Medical Physics, xiv
Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, xv
Ewart’s Poisonous Snakes of India, xiii
Fayrer’s Poisonous Snakes of India, xiii
Flückiger’s Cinchona Barks, vi
Fownes’ and Watts’ Chemistry, iii
Fox’s Ozone and Antozone, xv
Frankland and Japp’s Inorganic Chemistry, iv
Fresenius’ Chemical Analysis, iv
Gardner’s Brewer, Distiller, &c., vii
Do. Bleaching, Dyeing, &c., vii
Do. Acetic Acid, Ammonia, &c., vii
Greene’s Tables of Zoology, xiv
Hardwich’s Photography, by Taylor, xv
Hehner’s Alcohol Tables, vii
Hehner and Angell’s Butter Analysis, vii
Hoffmann and Power’s Chemical Analysis, v
Huxley’s Anatomy of Vertebrates, xiv
Do. Anatomy of Invertebrates, xiv
James’s Guide to the New B. P., x
Johnson’s Analysts’ Companion, iv
Kay-Shuttleworth’s Modern Chemistry, iv
Kohlrausch’s Physical Measurements, xiv
Lee’s Microtomist’s Vade Mecum, xiii
Lescher’s Recent Materia Medica, viii
Marsh’s Section Cutting, iii
Martin’s Microscopic Mounting, xiii
Mayne’s Medical Vocabulary, xv
Microscopical Journal (Quarterly), xii
Mill’s and Rowan’s Fuel, vi
Morley’s Organic Chemistry, v
Ord’s Comparative Anatomy, xiv
Owen’s Manual of Materia Medica, viii
Pereira’s Selecta è Prescriptis, ix
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, xi
Phillips’ Materia Medica, viii
Price’s Photographic Manipulation, xv
Proctor’s Practical Pharmacy, ix
Rodwell’s Natural Philosophy, xv
Royle’s Materia Medica, viii
Shea’s Animal Physiology, xiv
Smith’s Pharmaceutical Guide, xi
Southall’s Materia Medica, viii
Squire’s Companion to the Pharmacopœia, ix
Squire’s Hospital Pharmacopœias, ix
Steggall’s First Lines for Chemists, xi
Stillé and Maisch’s National Dispensatory, vii
Stowe’s Toxicological Chart, x
Sutton’s Volumetric Analysis, vi
Taylor on Poisons, x
Thorowgood’s Materia Medica, viii
Tirard’s Prescriber’s Pharmacopœia, x
Tuson’s Veterinary Pharmacopœia, xi
Vacher’s Primer of Chemistry, iii
Valentin’s Qualitative Analysis, v
Do. Chemical Tables, v
Wagner’s Chemical Technology, vi
Wahltuch’s Dictionary of Materia Medica, viii
Watts’ Inorganic Chemistry, iii
Do. Organic Chemistry, iii
Williams’ Veterinary Medicine, xii
Do. Veterinary Surgery, xii
Wilson’s Zoology, xiv
Wittstein’s Pharmaceutical Chemistry, xi
Year Book of Pharmacy, xi
⁂ _The Works advertised in this Catalogue may be obtained through any
Bookseller in the United Kingdom, or direct from the Publishers, on
Remittance of their cost._
A LIST OF
_J. & A. CHURCHILL’S WORKS_
ON SCIENCE
_C. L. Bloxam_
CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC and ORGANIC. With Experiments. By CHARLES L.
BLOXAM, late Professor of Chemistry in King’s College, London, and
in the Department for Artillery Studies, Woolwich. Sixth Edition.
With 288 Illustrations. 8vo, 18s.
_By the same Author_
LABORATORY TEACHING: Or, Progressive Exercises in Practical Chemistry.
Fifth Edition. With 89 Engravings. Crown 8vo, 5s. 6d.
_H. Watts and W. A. Tilden_
WATT’S MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL (based on FOWNES’
MANUAL).
Vol. I.——PHYSICAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Second Edition (Fourteenth
of Fownes’). By WILLIAM A. TILDEN, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of
Chemistry in the Mason College, Birmingham. With Coloured Plate
of Spectra, and 122 Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, 8s. 6d.
Vol. II.——CHEMISTRY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS; or, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By
HENRY WATTS, B.A., F.R.S. Second Edition (Fourteenth of Fownes’).
By WILLIAM A. TILDEN, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the
Mason College, Birmingham. With Engravings. Crown 8vo, 10s.
_F. Clowes_
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY AND QUALITATIVE INORGANIC ANALYSIS. By FRANK
CLOWES, D.Sc. Lond., F.C.S. Lond. and Berlin, Professor of
Chemistry at the University College, Nottingham. Fourth Edition,
with 55 Engravings and Frontispiece. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d.
⁂ Adapted for use in the Laboratories of Schools and Colleges.
_A. Vacher_
A PRIMER OF CHEMISTRY, Including Analysis By ARTHUR VACHER. 18mo, 1s.
_R. Fresenius_
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS. Translated by CHARLES E. GROVES, F.R.S. Tenth
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15s.
_By the same Author_
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. Seventh Edition.
Vol. 1. Translated by A. VACHER. With 106 Engravings. 8vo, 15s.
Vol. 2. Parts 1 and 2. Translated by C.E. GROVES, F.R.S. With
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_J. E. Bowman and C. L. Bloxam_
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY, Including Analysis. By JOHN E. BOWMAN and CHARLES
L. BLOXAM. Eighth Edition. With 90 Engravings. Fcap 8vo, 5s. 6d.
⁂ In this edition the portion devoted to Quantitative Analysis has been
considerably enlarged, and a separate chapter has been devoted to
Volumetric Analysis. The nomenclature has also been brought up to date.
_E. Frankland and F. R. Japp_
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By EDWARD FRANKLAND, Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,
Professor of Chemistry in the Normal School of Science, and FRANCIS
R. JAPP, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C., Assistant Professor in the School.
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_U. J. Kay-Shuttleworth_
FIRST PRINCIPLES OF MODERN CHEMISTRY. By Sir U. J. KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH,
Bart. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d.
_J. Campbell Brown_
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. PART 1. Qualitative Exercises and Analytical
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_A. E. Johnson_
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and Mathematics, R.C.Sc.I. Crown 8vo, 5s.
_E. H. Cook_
INTRODUCTORY INORGANIC ANALYSIS. A First Course of Chemical Testing. By
ERNEST H. COOK, D.Sc.Lond., F.C.S., Assoc. Roy. Coll. Sci.;
Physical Science Master, Merchant Venturers School, Bristol. Crown
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_H. Forster Morley_
OUTLINES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By H. FORSTER MORLEY, M. A., D.Sc.,
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6d.
_W. G. Valentin, W. R. Hodgkinson, H. Chapman-Jones, and F. E. Matthews_
VALENTIN’S QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. Seventh Edition. By Dr. W. R.
HODGKINSON, F.R.S.E., Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Royal
Military Academy, and Artillery College Woolwich; assisted by H.
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TABLES FOR THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SUBSTANCES,
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_W. G. Valentin_
CHEMICAL TABLES FOR THE LECTURE ROOM AND LABORATORY. By WM. G.
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_A. J. Bernays_
NOTES ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY FOR STUDENTS IN MEDICINE. By ALBERT J.
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_F. Hoffmann and F. B. Power_
A MANUAL OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AS APPLIED TO THE EXAMINATION OF
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_E. J. Mills and F. J. Rowan_
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its application to Arts and Manufactures. Edited by CHARLES E.
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_A. H. Allen_
COMMERCIAL ORGANIC ANALYSIS; A Treatise on the Properties, Modes of
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Public Analyst for the West Riding of Yorkshire, the Northern
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Vol. I.——Alcohols, Neutral Alcoholic Derivatives, Sugars, Starch and
its Isomers, Vegetable Acids, &c. With Illustrations. 8vo., 14s.
Vol. II.——Fixed Oils and Fats, Hydrocarbons, Phenols, &c. With
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