BACCÆ; LAURUS——Ph. L.), as well as the leaves (LAURI FOLIA), are reputed
aromatic, stimulant, and narcotic. They were formerly very popular in
coughs, colic, hysteria, suppressions, &c.; and externally, in sprains,
bruises, &c.
=SWEET′BREAD.= The thymus gland of the calf. When boiled, it is light and
digestible; but when highly dressed and seasoned it is improper both for
dyspeptics and invalids. (Pereira.)
=SWEET FLAG.= _Syn._ ACORUS CALAMUS, L. A plant of the natural order
_Orontiaceæ_. The rhizome (‘root’) is an aromatic stimulant, and is
regarded by some as a valuable medicine in agues, and as a useful adjunct
to other stimulants and bitter tonics. It is sometimes employed by the
rectifiers of gin. The volatile oil obtained from it by distillation is
employed for scenting snuff and in the preparation of aromatic vinegar.
=SWEET′MEATS.= Under this head are properly included confections, candies,
and preserves, in sugar; but, as generally employed, the word embraces all
the sweet compounds of the confectioner.
Sweetmeats, as well as cakes, blancmange, and jellies, are not
unfrequently coloured with deleterious substances, the consequences of
which are always pernicious, and in many instances have proved fatal.
Gamboge, a drastic cathartic; chrome yellow, red lead, orpiment, emerald
green, and various other pigments containing lead, arsenic, copper, or
other poisons, have been thus employed. The whole of these may be readily
detected by the tests and characteristics appended to their respective
names.
The colours and stains which may be safely employed to increase the beauty
of these articles are noticed under STAINS and LIQUEUR.
=SWEETS.= Home-made wines: British wines.
=SWINE-POX.= See POX.
=SYDENHAM’S LEN′ITIVE.= _Prep._ Take of rhubarb (recently grated or
powdered), 3 dr.; tamarinds, 2 oz.; senna, 1/2 oz.; coriander seeds
(bruised), 2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint; macerate for 3 hours in a covered
vessel, and strain. An excellent stomachic and laxative.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1
wine-glassful.
=SYL′VIC ACID.= _Syn._ SILVIC ACID. The portion of common resin or
colophony which is the least soluble in cold and somewhat dilute alcohol.
=SYMBOLS.= In chemistry are representations of one atom of each of the
elementary bodies, by the capital initial letter with or without the
addition of a small letter of their Latin names. As C, for _carbon_; Fe
(_ferrum_), iron; O, _oxygen_, &c.
Symbols, Alchemical[217]——
[Footnote 217: This list of alchemical and botanical symbols and
abbreviations is a reprint of that contained in the ‘Lexicon of Terms used
in Medicine and the Allied Sciences,’ now being published by the New
Sydenham Society, under the Editorship of Henry Power, M.B., and Leonard
W. Sedgwick, M.D.]
Acetum [symbol]
Acetum destillatum [symbol]
Acidum [symbol]
Aër [symbol]
Aerugo [symbol]
Alumen [symbol]
Alembic [symbol]
Æther [symbol]
Amalgama [symbol]
Ammonium [symbol]
Aqua [symbol]
Aqua fortis [symbol]
Aqua pluvialis [symbol]
Aqua regia [symbol]
Arena [symbol]
Argentum [symbol]
Arsenicum [symbol]
Auripigmentum [symbol]
Aurum [symbol]
Aurantium [symbol]
Baln. arenæ [symbol]
Baln. mariæ [symbol]
Baln. vaporis [symbol]
Baryta [symbol]
Bismuth [symbol]
Borax [symbol]
Calcaria [symbol]
Calcaria usta [symbol]
Camphora [symbol]
Cancer [symbol]
Caput mortuum [symbol]
Carbo [symbol]
Carbonicum [symbol]
Carduus benedictus [symbol]
Card. marianus [symbol]
Cera [symbol]
Cinis clavelatum [symbol]
Cinis [symbol]
Cinnabar [symbol]
Cornu cervi [symbol]
Cristalli [symbol]
Crucibulum [symbol]
Cuprum [symbol]
Distillare [symbol]
Ferrum [symbol]
Fictile [symbol]
Fixum [symbol]
Flores [symbol]
Gummi [symbol]
Hora [symbol]
Hydrargyrum [symbol]
Hydr. chloridum [symbol]
Hydr. corrosivum [symbol]
Ignis [symbol]
Kali [symbol]
Lapis [symbol]
Lithargyrum [symbol]
Magnet [symbol]
Magnesia [symbol]
Menstruum [symbol]
Natrum [symbol]
Nitrum [symbol]
Oleum [symbol]
Oxidatum [symbol]
Oxidulatum [symbol]
Per deliquium [symbol]
Plumbum [symbol]
Precipitare [symbol]
Preparare [symbol]
Pulvis [symbol]
Regulus [symbol]
Resina [symbol]
Retorta [symbol]
Saccharum [symbol]
Sal [symbol]
Sal kali [symbol]
Sal ammoniac [symbol]
Sal medius [symbol]
Sapo [symbol]
Spiritus [symbol]
Spiritus vini [symbol]
Spiritus rectificatissimus [symbol]
Spiritus rectificatus [symbol]
Stannum [symbol]
Stibium [symbol]
Stratum super stratum [symbol]
Sublimare [symbol]
Succinum [symbol]
Sulphur [symbol]
Tartarus [symbol]
Terra [symbol]
Terra foliata [symbol]
Tinctura [symbol]
Vitriolum [symbol]
Vitrum [symbol]
Volatile [symbol]
Urina [symbol]
Ustare [symbol]
Zincum [symbol]
=Symbols and Abbreviations, Botanical.=
[symbol] _Monocarp._ A plant which produces
seed only once during its life. The
symbol representing the sun.
=A=, [symbol] _Annual._ A monocarp which dies in
the same year that it germinated,
e.g. _Mustard_.
=B=, [symbol] _Biennial._ A monocarp which produces
leaves _only_ the first year and
perfects its seed the next, e.g. _Mullein_.
=P= _Perennial._ A plant which produces
seed for an indefinite number of
years, e.g. _Apple_.
[symbol] _Rhizocarp._ A perennial the stems
of which die down to the ground
every year, e.g. _Rhubarb_, _Mint_.
The symbol representing Jupiter,
which has a period of revolution
round the sun of 12 years.
[symbol] _Caulocarp._ A perennial, the stems
of which are persistent throughout
the whole of its life, e.g. _Apple_.
The symbol representing Saturn,
the period of revolution of which
round the sun is 30 years.
=H= _Herb._ A plant, the stems of which
remain soft or succulent, e.g. _Mint_
or _Rhubarb_.
=S=, [symbol] _Shrub._ A plant in which the stems
are woody, and which usually divide
near the ground into numerous
branches and twigs, e.g. _Lilac_.
[symbol] _Under shrub._ A small shrub; one
that does not grow more than 3 feet
in height, e.g. _Gooseberry_.
=T=, [symbol] _Tree._ A plant which grows to 20 feet
or more in height, having a woody
stem forming a distinct trunk, e.g.
_Oak_.
[symbol] A climbing plant which follows the
sun, e.g. _Hop_.
[symbol] A climbing plant which moves against
the sun, e.g. _Scarlet-runner_.
[symbol] Flowers having stamens only (unisexual,
staminiferous, or male),
e.g. male flowers of _Box_. The symbol
representing Mars, the period
of revolution of which is 2 years.
[symbol] Flowers having pistils only (unisexual,
pistillate, or female), e.g.
female flowers of _Box_. The symbol
representing Venus.
[symbol] Flowers having both stamens and
pistils (bisexual or hermaphrodite),
e.g. _Buttercup_.
[symbol] Abortive staminiferous flowers (neuter).
[symbol] Abortive pistillate flowers (neuter),
e.g. the florets of the ray in _Daisy_.
[symbol] Monœcious plants, producing male
and female flowers upon the same
individual, e.g. _Box_.
[symbol] Diœcious plants, producing male and
female flowers, but upon separate
individuals, e.g. _Willow_.
[symbol] Polygamous plants, which produce
hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers
upon the same or different individuals,
e.g. _Atriplex_.
[symbol] Indefinite in number; applied to
stamens and other parts of flowers.
[symbol] Cotyledons accumbent, radicle lateral.
[symbol] Cotyledons incumbent, radicle dorsal.
[symbol] Cotyledons conduplicate, radicle dorsal.
[symbol] Cotyledons twice folded, radicle dorsal.
[symbol] Cotyledons thrice folded, radicle dorsal.
[symbol] Trimerous, applied to flowers when
the whorls of the flower are multiples
of three, as in most endogens.
[symbol] Pentamerous, applied to flowers when
the whorls of the flower are multiples
of five, as in exogens generally.
Bab., Babington.
Berk., Berkeley.
Br., Brown.
Cal., calyx.
Caul, caulis, stem.
Cl., Classis, class.
Cor., corolla.
Cuv., Cuvier.
D. C., or De Cand., De Candolle.
Endl., Endlicher.
Fam., family.
Fr., fructus, fruit.
Gen., genus, genus.
Hook., Hooker.
Juss., Jussieu.
D. or Linn., Linnæus.
Lindl., Lindley.
Nat. Ord., Natural order.
O. or Ord., ordo, order.
Per., perianthus, perianth.
Rad., radix, root.
Rich., Richard.
Sp. or Spec, species, species.
Subord., Suborder.
Subk., Subkingdom.
Var., varietas, variety,
V. s. c., vidi siccam cultam, a dry cultivated plant seen.
V. s. s., vidi siccam spontaneam, a dried specimen seen.
V. v. c, vidi vivam cultam, a living cultivated plant seen.
V. v. s., vidi vivam spontaneam, a living wild plant seen.
Willd., Willdenow.
With., Withering.
=SYMPATHET′IC INK.= See INK.
=SYN′APTASE.= _Syn._ EMULSIN. The name given by Robiquet to the EMULSIN, a
nitrogenised or albuminoid principle existing in both the bitter and sweet
almond. It possesses the remarkable property of converting amygdalin, in
the presence of water, into hydrocyanic acid and the essential oil of
bitter almonds. 100 gr. of amygdalin yield, under the influence of
synaptase and water, 47 gr. of raw oil, and 5·9 gr. of anhydrous
hydrocyanic acid. (Liebig.)
=SYN′COPE.= See FAINTING.
=SYR′UP.= _Syn._ SIRUP, SIROP; SYRUPUS, L. A saturated, or nearly
saturated, solution of sugar in water, either simple, flavoured, or
medicated.
In the preparation of syrups care should be taken to employ the best
refined sugar, and either distilled water or filtered rain water; by which
they will be rendered much less liable to spontaneous decomposition, and
will be perfectly transparent, without the trouble of clarification. When
inferior sugar is employed, clarification is always necessary. This is
best done by dissolving the sugar in the water, or other aqueous
menstruum, in the cold, and then beating up a little of the cold syrup
with some white of egg, and an ounce or two of cold water, until the
mixture froths well; this must be added to the syrup in the boiler, and
the whole ‘whisked up’ to a good froth; heat should now be applied, and
the scum which forms removed from time to time with a clean ‘skimmer.’ As
soon as the syrup begins to slightly simmer it must be removed from the
fire, and allowed to stand until it has cooled a little, when it should be
again skimmed, if necessary, and then passed through clean flannel. When
vegetable infusions or solutions enter into the composition of syrups,
they should be rendered perfectly transparent by filtration or
clarification, before being added to the sugar.
M. Magnes-Lahens[218] describes below a process for the clarification of
syrups, the originator of which was M. Demarest, a pharmacien. The
process is as follows:——White unsized paper is beaten up into a pulp with
a portion of the syrup, and then mixed with the bulk. The proportion of
paper should be one gram to every litre of syrup; and the latter should be
maintained at a temperature of 35° to 40° C.
[Footnote 218: ‘Germ. Pharm. Chem.,’ 4th Series, xv, 140 (‘Year Book,
Phar.,’ 1872).]
A filter of moleskin capable of holding about one third of the volume of
the syrup, and having the form of an inverted sugar-loaf, is supported
over a suitable receptacle; the syrup with the pulp is poured rapidly into
it, so as to fill it as quickly as possible; and the filter is kept full
so long as any of the syrup remains. When the greater part has run
through, and but little remains in the filter, and consequently the
‘felting’ of the paper pulp is complete, the syrup which has already run
through, is again poured into the filter. The liquid which now passes is
perfectly bright, and may be collected. In pouring the syrup into the
filter, the stream should be directed into the middle, and not upon the
sides, so as to avoid disarranging the felt, which would interfere with
the success of the operation.
The author very strongly recommends this method for the clarification of
all kinds of syrups; its advantages being that it results in a perfectly
limpid liquid, and that it involves neither trouble nor loss of time or
material. He states that in 4 or 5 hours, with a filter of 8 litres in
capacity, 24 litres of syrup may be clarified.
The small quantity of syrup retained in the filter and pulp, may be
recovered by pouring on a sufficient quantity of warm water, pressing
strongly, evaporating the liquid to a syrupy consistence, beating up with
a little paper pulp, and passing, it again through a small filter.
The proper quantity of sugar for syrups will, in general, be found to be 2
lbs. (avoir.) to every imperial pint of water or thin aqueous fluid. These
proportions, allowing for the water that is lost by evaporation during the
process, are those best calculated to produce a syrup of the proper
consistence, and possessing good ‘keeping qualities.’ They closely
correspond to those recommended by Guibourt for the production of a
perfect syrup, which, he says, consists of 30 parts of sugar to 16 parts
of water.
In the preparation of syrups it is of great importance to employ as little
heat as possible, as a solution of sugar, even when kept at the
temperature of boiling water, undergoes slow decomposition. The plan which
we adopt is to pour the water (cold) over the sugar, and to allow the two
to lie together for a few hours, in a covered vessel, occasionally
stirring, and then to apply a gentle heat (preferably that of steam or
water bath) to finish the solution. Some persons (falsely) deem a syrup
ill prepared unless it has been allowed to boil well; but if this method
be adopted, the ebullition should be only of the gentlest kind
(‘simmering’), and should be checked after the lapse of 1 or 2 minutes.
Mr Orynski recommends the preparation of all syrups without the
application of heat, as follows:
Introduce 30 or 32 oz. of sugar (according to the temperature) into a
percolator, in which has been previously introduced a piece of lint or
sponge, well adjusted, and gradually pour on 16 ounces of liquid, so as to
make the percolate (syrup) pass drop by drop. If the first liquid is
turbid pour it back into the percolator till the syrup passes clear.
The advantages claimed for this process are: First, the syrups are clear;
and there is no necessity for purifying them.
Secondly, they possess their medicinal properties unaltered; since many
drugs may be injured by heat, more especially aromatics, and those
containing readily volatile substances; and——
Thirdly, the syrups will neither crystallise nor ferment; and may be
prepared in large quantity, provided the vessels or bottles are clean
before filling them with syrup.
When it is necessary to thicken a syrup by boiling, a few fragments of
glass should be introduced, in order to lower the boiling point.
To make highly transparent syrups, the sugar should be in a single lump,
and, by preference, taken from the bottom or broad end of the loaf, as,
when taken from the smaller end, or if it be powdered or bruised, the
syrup will be more or less cloudy.
Syrups are judged, by the laboratory man, to be sufficiently boiled when
some taken up in a spoon, pours out like oil, or a drop cooled on the
thumb-nail gives a proper ‘thread’ when touched. When a thin skin appears
on blowing upon the syrup, it is judged, by the same party, to be
completely saturated. These rude tests often lead to errors, which might
be easily prevented by employing the proper proportions, or determining
the sp. gr.
A fluid ounce of SATURATED SYRUP weighs 577-1/2 gr.; a gallon weighs
13-1/5 lbs. (avoir.); its sp. gr. is 1·319 to 1·321, or 35° of Baumé’s
aërometer; its boiling-point is 221° Fahr., and its density at the
temperature of 212° is 1·260 to 1·261, or 30° Baumé. The syrups prepared
with the juices of fruits, or which contain much extractive matter, as
those of sarsaparilla, poppies, &c., mark about 2° or 3° more on Baumé’s
scale than the other syrups.
In most pharmaceutical works directions are given to completely saturate
the water with sugar. Our own experience, which is extensive, leads us to
disapprove of such a practice, since we find that, under all ordinary
circumstances, a syrup with a very slight excess of water keeps better
than one fully saturated. In the latter case a portion of sugar generally
crystallises out on standing, and thus, by abstracting sugar from the
remainder of the syrup, so weakens it, that it rapidly ferments and
spoils. This change proceeds at a rapidity proportionate to the
temperature. Saturated syrup kept in a vessel that is frequently uncorked
or exposed to the air soon loses sufficient water, by evaporation from its
surface, to cause the formation of minute crystals of sugar, which,
falling to the bottom of the vessel, continue to increase in size at the
expense of the sugar in the solution. We have seen a single 6-gallon stone
bottle, in which syrup has been kept for some time, the inside of which,
when broken, has been found to be entirely cased with sugar candy,
amounting in weight to 16 or 18 lbs. On the other hand, syrups containing
too much water also rapidly ferment, and become acescent; but of the two
this is the less evil, and may be more easily prevented. The proportions
of sugar and water given above will form an excellent syrup, provided care
be taken that an undue quantity be not lost by evaporation.
The decimal part of the number denoting the sp. gr. of a syrup, multiplied
by 26, gives the number of pounds of sugar it contains per gallon, very
nearly. (Ure.)
In boiling syrups, if they appear likely to boil over, a little oil, or
rubbing the edges of the pan with soap, will prevent it.
Syrups may be decoloured by agitation with, or filtration through,
recently burnt animal charcoal. Medicated syrups should not, however, be
treated in this way.
The preservation of syrups, as well as of all other saccharine solutions,
is best promoted by keeping them in a moderately cool, but not a very
cold, place. “Let syrups be kept in vessels well closed, and in a
situation where the temperature never rises above 55° Fahr.” (Ph. L.) They
are better kept in smaller rather than in large bottles, as the longer a
bottle lasts the more frequently it will be opened, and, consequently, the
more it will be exposed to the air. By bottling syrups whilst boiling hot,
and immediately corking down and tying the bottles over with bladder
perfectly air-tight, they may be preserved, even at a summer heat, for
years, without fermenting or losing their transparency.
The ‘candying,’ or crystallisation, of syrup, unless it be oversaturated
with sugar, may be prevented by the addition of a little acetic or citric
acid (2 or 3 dr. per gall.).
The fermentation of syrups may be effectually prevented by the addition of
a little sulphite of potassa or of limes. Chlorate of potassa has been
proposed for this purpose by Dr Macculloch, on theoretical grounds. M.
Chereau recommends the addition of some (about 3 to 4%) sugar of milk,
with the same intention. Dr Durand asserts that by adding about 1 fl. dr.
of ‘Hofmann’s anodyne’ to each pint of syrup, the accession of
fermentation may not only be prevented, but arrested when it occurs,
fermenting syrups may be immediately restored by exposing the vessel
containing them to the temperature of boiling water. The addition of a
little spirit is ordered in the new ‘London Pharmacopœia.’
In making the above additions to syrup, care must be had not to mix
incompatible substances. Thus, in general the two methods referred to
cannot be practised together.
Syrup is, perhaps, the worst possible form of medicine, owing to the
difficulty of accurately saturating it with active medicinals, and its
liability to change. Few persons think that “sweetness renders a nauseous
drug more palatable.” See also Squire’s ‘Companion to the British
Pharmacopœia.’
=Syrup of Ac′etate of Mor′phia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MORPHIÆ ACETATIS, L.
_Prep._ (Ph. D.) Solution of acetate of morphia, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup,
15 fl. oz.; mix. Each fl. oz. contains 1/4 gr. of acetate.——_Dose_, 1/2 to
2 teaspoonfuls.
=Syrup of Al′mond.= _Syn._ BARLEY SYRUP, ORGEAT; SYRUPUS AMYGDALÆ, L.;
SIROP D’ORGEAT, Fr. _Prep._ 1. Sweet almonds, 1 lb.; bitter almonds, 1
oz.; blanch, beat them to a smooth paste, and make an emulsion with barley
water, 1 quart; strain, to each pint add of sugar, 2 lbs., and a
table-spoonful or two of orange-flower water; put the mixture into small
bottles, and preserve it in a cool place. Some persons add a little
brandy.
2. (Ph. Bor.) Sweet almonds, 8 oz.; bitter almonds, 2 oz.; blanch them,
after cold maceration, then beat them in a marble mortar, with a wooden
pestle, to a paste, adding, gradually, of water, 16 fl. oz.; orange-flower
water, 3 fl. oz.; after straining through flannel, dissolve 3 lbs. of
sugar in each pint of the emulsion. An agreeable pectoral and demulcent.
=Syrup of Aniseed.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ANISI. _Prep._ Infuse 1/2 oz. of
bruised aniseed in 4 oz. of hot water, strain, and add 2 dr. of sugar.
=Syrup, Antiscorbutic.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ANTISCORBUTICUS (P. Cod.) _Prep._
Scurvy-grass, watercresses, horseradish, all fresh, of each 10 oz.;
buckbean, 1 oz.; bitter orange peel, 2 oz.; cinnamon, 1/2 oz.; white wine,
40 oz. (by weight); macerate 2 days and distil off 10 oz. (by weight);
then add to the distillate, sugar, 25 oz.; strain the residue left in the
retort, decant and make into a syrup with another 25 oz. of sugar; clarify
with white of egg, and when cold, add to it the former syrup.——_Dose_, 4
dr.
=Syrup of Balsam of Peru.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS BALSAMI PERUVIANI. (Ph. G.)
_Prep._ Balsam of Peru, 1 oz.; boiling water, 11 oz.; digest with frequent
agitation till cold, and form 10 oz. of the filtered liquid into a syrup,
with 18 oz. of sugar.
=Syrup of Bark.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CINCHONÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Calisaya bark,
1 oz.; percolate, with 10 oz. of proof spirits (·996), and then with
water, so as to yield 10 oz. of liquid; distil off spirit, filter, and add
10 oz. of sugar; reduce by a gentle heat, so as to obtain 15-1/4 oz. (by
weight) of product.
=Syrup of Bark, Vinous.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CINCHONÆ VINOSUS. (P. Cod.)
_Prep._ Soft extract of bark, 1 oz.; white wine, 2 pints 3 oz.; dissolve,
filter, add 3-1/2 lbs. of white sugar, and dissolve by a water bath.
=Syrup of Belladonna.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS BELLADONNÆ. (P. Cod.) Tincture of
belladonna (P. Cod), 3/4 oz. (by weight); syrup, 10 oz. (by weight).
=Syrup, Boyle’s.= See SYRUP, SYMPHYTIC.
=Syrup of Buck′thorn.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS RHAMNI (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), S.
RHAMNNI CATHARTICI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Juice of Buckthorn, defecated
by 3 days’ repose, 2 quarts; ginger and allspice, of each (bruised) 6 dr.;
macerate the spice in 1 pint of the juice, at a gentle heat, for 4 hours,
and filter; boil the remainder of the juice to 1-1/2 pint, mix the
liquors, dissolve therein of white sugar, 6 lbs.; and add to the (nearly
cold) syrup 6 fl. oz. of rectified spirit. In the Ph. E. the spirit is
omitted.
2. (B. P.) Buckthorn juice, 97; ginger, sliced, 1; pimento, bruised, 1;
refined sugar, 97; rectified spirit, 8 oz.; evaporate the juice to nearly
half (5/8); add the ginger and pimento, digest at a gentle heat for four
hours, and strain; when cold add the spirit, let the mixture stand for two
days, then decant off the clear liquor, and in this dissolve the sugar at
a gentle heat; sp. gr. 1·32.——_Dose_, 1 dr.
3. (Wholesale.)——_a._ Take of buckthorn juice, 3 gall.; bruised pimento
and ginger (sifted from the dust), of each 1/2 lb.; simmer for 15 minutes,
strain, and add of sugar, 44 lbs.
_b._ Take of buckthorn juice, 3 galls.; boil to 2 gall.; add of bruised
pimento and ginger gruffs (free from dust), of each 3/4 lb.; boil to 1
gall., strain, add molasses, 72 lbs., and finish the boiling.
_Obs._ Syrup of buckthorn is a brisk but unpleasant cathartic. It is now
chiefly used in veterinary practice.——_Dose_, 1/2 fl. oz. to 1 fl. oz.
Should the colour be dull, the addition of a few grains of citric or
tartaric acid will brighten it.
=Syrup of Cabbage-tree Bark.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GEOFFROYÆ. (Dr Wright.)
_Prep._ Decoction of cabbage-tree bark made into a syrup with twice its
weight of sugar. Vermifuge.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 tablespoonfuls.
=Syrup of Cahinca.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CAHINCÆ. (Soubeiran.) _Prep._ Alcoholic
extract of cahinca, 64 gr.; syrup, 16 oz.; dissolve the extract in a
little water, and add the solution to the boiling syrup.——_Dose_, 1 oz.
daily.
=Syrup of Cap′illaire.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF MAIDENHAIR; SYRUPUS ADIANTHI,
SYRUPUS CAPILLORUM VENERIS, L.; CAPILLAIRE, SIROP DE CAPILLAIRE, Fr.
_Prep._ (P. Cod.) Canadian maidenhair (_Adiantum pedatum_——Linn.), 4 oz.;
boiling water, 2-1/2 pints; infuse, strain, add of white sugar, 5 lbs.,
and pour the boiling clarified syrup over 2 oz. more of maidenhair;
re-infuse for 2 hours, and again strain.
_Obs._ Demulcent. Clarified syrup flavoured with orange-flower water or
curaçoa is now commonly sold for CAPILLAIRE. It is usually ‘put up’ in
small bottles of a peculiar shape, known in the trade as ‘capillaires.’ It
is now chiefly used to sweeten and flavour grog. See CAPILLAIRE.
=Syrup of Car′rageen.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF ICELAND MOSS. _Prep._ Boil
horehound, 1 oz., liverwort, 6 dr., in water, 4 pints, for 15 minutes;
express and strain; then add carrageen (previously softened with cold
water), 6 dr.; again boil for 15 minutes, strain through flannel, and add
sugar, 1 lb., to each pint. An agreeable demulcent in coughs.
=Syrup of Castor, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CASTORII COMPOSITUS. (Lebron.)
_Prep._ Valerian water, 5 oz.; cherry laurel water, 2-1/2 oz.; castor
(dissolved in a sufficient quantity of spirit), 3 dr.; white sugar, 15 oz.
In spasmodic asthma.
=Syrup of Catechu.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CATECHU. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Extract
catechu, 2-1/2 oz.; syrup, 6 lbs.; dissolve the extract in double its
weight of water, and add to the syrup.
=Syrup of Chamomile.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ANTHEMIDIS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._
Chamomile flowers, dried, 1 lb.; boiling water, 10 lbs.; macerate, strain
with expression, and form the infusion into a syrup with twice its weight
of sugar.
=Syrup of Chloral Hydrate.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CHLORALIS HYDRATIS. (B. Ph.)
_Prep._ Hydrate of chloral, 80 gr.; distilled water, 4 fl. dr. Syrup to
measure, 1 fl. oz.——_Dose_, 1/2 fl. dr. to 2 fl. dr.
=Syrup of Chloride of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CHLORIDI CALCIS. (Dr Reid.)
_Prep._ Liquid chloride of lime, 1 dr.; mucilage, 2 dr.; syrup of orange
peel, 10 dr.
=Syrup of Cinchonine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CINCHONINÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._
Sulphate cinchonine, 20 gr.; syrup, 16 oz. (by weight).
=Syrup of Citrate of Caffeine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CAFFEINÆ CITRATIS.
(Hannon.) _Prep._ Citrate of caffeine, 1 scruple; syrup, 1 oz.
=Syrup of Citrate of Iron and Ammonia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET AMMONIÆ
CITRATIS. (Beral.) _Prep._ Ammonio-citrate of iron, 1/4 oz.; syrup 9-1/2
oz. (by weight); cinnamon water, 1/4 oz.
=Syrup of Citrate of Iron and Quinine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET QUINIÆ
CITRATIS. A syrup is prepared by Mr Bullock under this name, but its
composition has not been made known. Another form is citrate of iron and
quinine, 1 oz.; syrup of orange peel, 1 pint. (Beasley.)
=Syrup of Cit′ric Acid.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACIDI CITRICI (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._
(Ph. D.) Take of citric acid (in powder) and distilled water, of each,
2-1/2 oz.; dissolve, add the solution, together with tincture of lemon
peel, 5 fl. dr., to simple syrup, 3 pints, and mix with agitation. An
agreeable refrigerant. Used for sweetening barley water, &c., and for
flavouring water to be used as a beverage in fevers and other
inflammatory diseases.
=Syrup of Cloves.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CARYOPHYLLI. (Ph. E.) _Prep._ Clove,
July flowers, 1 troy oz.; boiling water, 4 oz.; macerate for 12 hours,
strain, and add sugar, 7 oz.; make a syrup. Used for its colour and
flavour.
=Syrup of Cochineal.= _Syn._ SRYUPUS COCCINELLÆ, SYRUPUS COCCI (Ph. L.),
L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Take of cochineal (bruised), 80 gr.; boiling distilled
water, 1 pint; boil for 15 minutes in a closed vessel, strain, and add of
sugar, 3 lbs., or twice that of the strained liquor; lastly, when the
syrup has cooled, add of rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz., or 1/2 fl. dr.
to each fl. oz. of syrup. Used as a colouring syrup, and often sold for
SYRUP OF CLOVE-PINKS.
=Syrup of Cochineal, Alkaline.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS COCCI ALKALINUS. _Prep._
Cochineal in powder, 2 scruples; carbonate of potash in powder, 4
scruples; triturate, and add boiling distilled water, 16 oz.; strain, and
add 4 oz. of sugar candy. A popular domestic remedy for hooping
cough.——_Dose._ From a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful, according to the
age of the child, 3 or 4 times a day.
=Syrup of Cod-liver Oil.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS OLEI MORRHUÆ. (Duclos.) _Prep._
Mix 5 parts of powdered gum with 4 of simple syrup; add 8 parts of
cod-liver oil, triturate till perfectly mixed, gradually adding 12 parts
of water; lastly, dissolve in the emulsion, 24 oz. of sugar by means of a
gentle heat. In the same manner may be prepared syrups from the oil of
skate, castor oil, &c.
=Syrup of Coffee.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CAFFEÆ. _Prep._ Concentrated infusion of
fresh-roasted coffee, 4 oz.; refined sugar, 8 oz.; dissolved in a closed
vessel by a gentle heat.
=Syrup of Colchicum.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS COLCHICI. (Ph. E., 1817.) _Prep._
Fresh colchicum, 1 oz.; vinegar, 16 oz.; macerate for 2 days, and strain
with gentle expression; add to the clear liquor 26 oz. of sugar, and boil.
=Syrup of Colts′foot.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS TUSSILAGINIS, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.)
Flowers of coltsfoot, 1 lb. (or dried flowers, 2 oz.); boiling water, 2
lbs.; macerate for 12 hours; strain, press, filter, and add of white
sugar, 4 lbs. A popular remedy in coughs, colds, &c.——_Dose_, 1 to 2
table-spoonfuls, _ad libitum_.
=Syrup of Copaiba.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS COPAIBÆ. (Puche.) _Prep._ Triturate 2
oz. of copaiba with 1/2 oz. of powdered gum and 1-1/2 oz. of water; add 32
drops of essence of peppermint, and 12 oz. of simple syrup.
=Syrup of Corsican Moss.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HELMINTHOCORTI. (P. Cod.)
Macerate 1 lb. of cleansed Corsican moss in 2-1/2 lbs. of boiling water;
in six hours strain. Macerate the residue in sufficient boiling water, so
as to obtain, including the product of the first maceration, 2-3/4 lbs.,
in which dissolve 5 lbs. of sugar.
=Syrup of Cream.= Finely powdered lump sugar mixed with an equal weight of
fresh cream. It will keep for a long time if put into bottles, and closely
corked and sealed over. It is commonly placed in 2-oz. wide-mouthed
phials, and taken on long voyages, a fresh phial being opened at every
meal.
=Syrup of Cyanide of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS POTASSII CYANIDI; SYROP DE
HYDROCYANATE DE POTASSE. _Prep._ Clarified syrup, 16 oz.; medicinal
hydrocyanate of potash (a solution of 1 part of cyanide of potassium in 8
of water), 1 dr.
=Syrup of Dittany.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS DIOTAMNI. From Dittany of Crete, as
SYRUP OF HYSSOP.
=Syrup of Dulcamara.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF BITTER SWEET, SYRUPUS DULCAMARÆ. As
SYRUP OF CORSICAN MOSS.
=Syrup, Easton’s.= This preparation is said to contain in each fluid
drachm——1 gr. of phosphate of iron, 1 gr. of phosphate of quinia, and a
1/32 gr. of strychnia. The dose is 1 dr. A precipitate, which consists of
phosphate of quinine, sometimes forms in this syrup. This may be obviated
by avoiding as much as possible exposure of the syrup to the air, caused
by filtration of the quinine solution into the syrup.
=Syrup of Eggs.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS OVORUM. (Fuller.) _Prep._ Beat the whites
of 3 eggs with 6 oz. of plantain water, and work it in a mortar with 6 oz.
of powdered sugar till they form a syrup.
=Syrup of Emetina.= SYRUPUS EMITINÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Coloured emetine,
12 gr.; syrup, 17-1/2 oz. (by weight); mix.
=Syrup, Empyreumat′ic.= Treacle.
=Syrup of Ergotine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ERGOTINÆ (Bonjean.) Ergotine (watery
extract of ergot), 2 dr.; orange-flower water, 1 oz.; dissolve, and add
the solution to 16 oz. (by weight) of boiling syrup.——_Dose_, 2 to 4
spoonfuls in the day.
=Syrup of E′ther.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ÆTHERIS, S. Æ. SULPHURICI, L.; SIROP
D’ÆTHER, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Sulphuric ether, 1 part; white (simple)
syrup, 16 parts; place them in a glass vessel having a tap at the bottom,
shake them frequently for 5 or 6 days, and then draw off the clear syrup
into small bottles.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 3 fl. dr.
=Syrup of Eucalyptus.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS EUCALYPTI GLOBULI. _Prep._ 1. 100
gr. of the chopped leaves are infused for 6 hours in 1 litre of boiling
water, the liquid expressed, and after allowing it to deposit, it is made
into a syrup by the addition of 190 grams of sugar, for 100 grams of the
clear liquid.
2. (Dorvault.) Distilled water of eucalyptus, 50 parts; sugar, 95 parts;
dissolve.
=Syrup, Euston’s.= See SYRUP OF PHOSPHATE OF IRON, WITH QUININE AND
STRYCHNIA.
=Syrup of Fennel.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FŒNICULI. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Infuse
bruised fennel seed, 2 oz., in 12 oz. of boiling water for three hours;
strain off 10 oz., and dissolve it in 18 oz. sugar.
=Syrup of Foxglove.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS DIGITALIS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Tincture
of foxglove (P. Cod), 1/2 oz. (by weight); syrup, 20 oz. (by weight).
=Syrup of Fumitory.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FUMARIÆ. (P. Cod.) Clarified juice of
fumitory, 1 lb.; white sugar, 2 lbs.; boil to a syrup.
=Syrup of Garlic.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ALLII. (Ph. U. S.) _Prep._ Garlic, 6 oz.
troy; distilled vinegar, 16 oz. (o. m.); macerate for 4 days; express, and
form a syrup with the clear liquor and sugar, 2 troy lbs.
=Syrup of Garlic, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ALLII COMPOSITUS. Dr WILL’S
SYRUP. _Prep._ Garlic, cut small, 1/2 oz.; bruised aniseed, 1/2 oz.;
elecampane root, 3 dr.; liquorice root, 2 dr.; brandy, 24 oz.; digest for
2 or 3 days, strain, and form a syrup with 1-1/2 lb. of sugar.
=Syrup of Gin′ger.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ZINGIBERIS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.),
L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Bruised ginger, 2-1/2 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint;
macerate for 4 hours, strain, and add of white sugar, 2-1/2 lbs., or
q. s.; and rectified spirit, as directed for syrup of cochineal. The Ph.
E. omits the spirit.
2. (Ph. D.) Tincture of ginger, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 7 fl. oz.; mix.
Stimulant and carminative. Chiefly used as an adjuvant, in mixtures.
3. (B. P.) Strong tincture of ginger, 1; syrup, 25; mix.——_Dose_, 1 to 4
dr.
=Syrup of Gold.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS AURI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Powdered gold, 20
gr.; syrup, 1 oz. As a local application.
=Syrup of Guaiacum Wood.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GUAIACI LIGNI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._
Boil rasped guaiacum wood, 3 oz. twice, and for an hour each time, in 30
oz. of water; strain through a thick cloth; mix the two liquids, and
concentrate until they are reduced to 6 oz. (by weight); let cool, filter
through paper, and add 10 oz. of sugar.
=Syrup of Guarana.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PAULLINIÆ, SYRUPUS GUARANÆ. _Prep._
Extract of guarana, 2-1/2 dr.; syrup, 32 oz.
=Syrup of Gum.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACACIÆ, L.; SIROP DE GOMME, Fr. _Prep._ (P.
Cod.) Dissolve pale and picked gum Arabic in an equal weight of water, by
a gentle heat, add the solution to four times its weight of simple syrup,
simmer for 2 or 3 minutes, remove the scum, and cool. A pleasant
demulcent. The addition of 1 or 2 fl. oz. of orange-flower water to each
pint greatly improves it.
=Syrup of Gum Ammoniacum.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GUMMI AMMONIACI. (Wurt. Ph.)
_Prep._ Dissolve 2 oz. of gum ammoniacum in 8 oz. of white wine, by the
heat of a water-bath, and add sugar, 16 oz.
=Syrup of Gum Tragacanth.= SYRUPUS GUMMI TRAGACANTHÆ. (Mouchon.) _Prep._
Gum tragacanth, 1 oz.; water, 32 oz.; macerate for 48 hours, press through
a linen cloth, and mix the mucilage with 8 lbs. of syrup, heated to 176°
F., and strain through coarse cloth.
=Syrup of Hedge Mustard.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ERYSIMI. _Prep._ From the
expressed juice of hedge mustard (clarified), 1 lb.; sugar, 2 lbs.; make
into a syrup.
=Syrup of Hedge Mustard, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ERYSIMI COMPOSITUS,
SIROP DE VELAR, SIROP DE CHANTRE. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Pearl barley, raisins,
liquorice root, of each 3/4 oz.; cut and dried leaves of borage and
chicory, of each 1 oz.; fresh hedge mustard, 15 oz.; dried elecampane
root, 1 oz.; maidenhair, 1/4 oz.; dried lavender and rosemary tops, of
each 1/4 oz.; green aniseeds, 1/4 oz.; sugar, 20 oz.; honey, 5 oz. Boil
the pearl barley in the water until it bursts, add the raisins and the
sliced liquorice, the borage and the chicory, and after just boiling
strain and press. Then pour the strained liquid on to the other substances
properly bruised and cut, and let the mixture digest for 24 hours over a
water bath; then distil, drawing over 2-1/2 oz. liquid (by weight); on the
other hand, press and strain the liquor that remains in the retort,
clarify with white of egg, add the sugar and honey, and make into a syrup
that, when boiling, shall have a sp. gr. of 1·29; when nearly cold add the
2-1/2 oz. of distilled liquid, and strain.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 oz.
=Syrup of Henbane.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYOSCYAMI (P. Cod.). From the tincture
(P. Cod.) as syrup of belladonna.
=Syrup, Hive.= Compound syrup of squills.
=Syrup of Horehound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MARUBII, L.; SIROP DE PRASSIO, Fr.
_Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.) Dried horehound, 1 oz.; horehound water, 2 lbs.;
digest in a water bath for 2 hours, strain, and add of white sugar, 4 lbs.
2. White horehound (fresh), 1 lb.; boiling water, 1 gall.; infuse for 2
hours, press out the liquor, filter, and add of sugar, q. s.
_Obs._ A popular remedy in coughs and diseases of the lungs.——_Dose._ A
table-spoonful, _ad libitum_. “It is sold for any syrup of herbs that is
demanded, and which is not in the shop.” (Gray.)
=Syrup, Horseradish.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ARMORACIÆ. (Dr Cullen.) _Prep._
Scraped horseradish, 1 oz.; hot water, 8 oz.; digest, strain, and dissolve
in the liquor twice its weight of sugar.——_Dose_, 1 dr. frequently in
hoarseness from relaxation.
=Syrup of Houndstongue.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CYNOGLOSSI. (Fuller.) _Prep._
Clarified juice of houndstongue boiled, with its weight of sugar, to a
syrup. In catarrhous humours.
=Syrup of Hydrochlo′′rate of Mor′phine.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF MURIATE OF
MORPHINE; SYRUPUS MORPHIÆ MURIATIS (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.) Solution
of muriate of morphia, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 17 fl. oz.; mix. Each fl.
oz. contains 1/4 gr. of the muriate.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 teaspoonfuls.
=Syrup of Hydrocyanic Acid.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDROCYANICI. The Paris
Codex orders a syrup, in which 200 parts (by weight) contain 1 part (by
weight) of officinal medicinal hydrocyanic acid, containing 10 per cent.
of anhydrous acid.
=Syrup of Hypophosphate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI HYPOPHOSPHITIS.
(Wood.) _Prep._ Granulated sulphate of iron, 480 gr.; hypophosphite of
lime, 326 gr.; diluted phosphoric acid, 1 fl. oz.; water, 1-1/2 oz.;
syrup, 3 dr. Dissolve without heat the iron in the acid, mixed with the
water; rub the hypophosphite to fine powder, and pour on it the solution
of sulphate of iron; rub together for two or three minutes; then pour the
mixture on a piece of damp calico, and squeeze out the liquid; filter the
solution so obtained, and add to it seven times its volume of syrup.
=Syrup of Hypophosphite of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CALCIS HYPOPHOSPHITIS.
(Churchill.) _Prep._ Hypophosphite of lime, 1 part; syrup, 100 parts.
=Syrup of Hypophosphite of Potash.= See SYRUP OF THE HYPOPHOSPHITES.
=Syrup of Hypophosphite of Soda.= See SYRUP OF THE HYPOPHOSPHITES.
=Syrup of Hyposulphite of Soda.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SODÆ HYPOSULPHITIS.
(Mouchon.) _Prep._ Hyposulphite of soda, 1 oz.; water, 12 oz.; sugar, 33
oz. Dissolve with a gentle heat, and filter.
=Syrup of the Hypophosphites.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITICUS. _Prep._
Hypophosphite of lime, potash, and soda, 1 part each, dissolved with heat
in syrup, 100 parts.——_Dose_, 1 dr.
=Syrup of Hyssop.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYSSOPI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ As syrup of
coltsfoot.
=Syrup of Iceland Moss.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LICHENIS. Iceland moss deprived of
its bitterness, 1 oz.; syrup, 32 oz. Make a concentrated decoction of the
moss, strain and add the syrup, and boil to a proper consistence.
=Syrup of Indian Sarsaparil′la.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HEMIDESMI (B. P., Ph. D.),
L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D.) Indian sarsaparilla (_Hemidesmus Indicus_——Brown),
bruised, 4 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; infuse for 4 hours, and to the
strained and defecated infusion add twice its weight of sugar. Tonic,
diuretic, &c.——_Dose_, 2 to 4 fl. dr.; in nephritic complaints, and in
some others, instead of sarsaparilla.
2. (B. P.) Hemidesmus, bruised, 1; refined sugar, 7; boiling distilled
water, 5; infuse 4 hours, strain, add the sugar, and dissolve. The product
should weigh 10-1/2 oz., and measure 8. Sp. gr. 1·335.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.
=Syrup of I′odide of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI (B. P., Ph. L.,
E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Mix iodine, 1 oz., and iron wire 3 dr.,
with distilled water, 8 fl. oz., and heat the solution until it assumes a
greenish colour; then strain it, evaporate it to about 4 fl. oz., and add
to it of white sugar, 10 oz.; lastly, when the syrup has cooled, add as
much water as may be necessary, that it may measure exactly 15 fl. oz.,
and keep it in a well-stoppered black glass bottle. The formulæ of the Ph.
E. & D. are nearly similar, a fl. dr. of each containing about 5 gr. of
the pure dry iodide. This syrup is tonic and resolvent, and
hæmatinic.——_Dose_, 15 or 20 drops to 1 fl. dr.; in anæmia, debility,
scrofula, &c.
2. (B. P.) Iron wire, 1; iodine, 2; refined sugar, 28; distilled water,
13. Make a syrup with the sugar and 10 of the water, and keep it hot. Put
into a strong soda-water bottle, covered with a cloth, the iron wire, the
iodine, and 3 of the water, shake them together until the froth of the
mixture becomes white, filter whilst still hot into the syrup. The product
should be made up by water to weigh 43 or to measure 31-1/2. Sp. gr.
1385.——_Dose_, 20 to 60 minims.
=Syrup of Iodide of Iron, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI
COMPOSITUS. (Ricord.) _Prep._ This may be made by adding 1 oz. of the
syrup to 9 oz. of compound syrup of sarsaparilla, both by weight.
=Syrup of Iodide of Iron and Quinine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET QUINIÆ
IODIDI. (Bouchardat.) _Prep._ Digest 1 dr. of iodine with 1/2 dr. of iron
filings and 4 dr. of water, with a gentle heat and frequent agitation,
till the solution is colourless. Filter it rapidly into a vessel
containing 28 oz. of simple syrup. Dissolve also 12 gr. of sulphate of
quinine in 2 dr. of water acidulated with sulphuric acid, and add to the
former.
=Syrup of Iodide of Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANGANESII IODIDI. (M.
Hannon.) Pure hydrated carbonate of manganese, 1 dr.; concentrated
hydriodic acid, q. s. to dissolve it. Mix this solution with 16-1/2 oz. of
sudorific syrup.——_Dose._ From 2 to 6 tablespoonfuls daily.
=Syrup of Iodide of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS POTASSII IODIDI. (P. Cod.)
_Prep._ Iodide of potassium, 1/4 oz.; water, 1/4 oz.; syrup, 9-1/4 oz. (by
weight).
=Syrup of Iodine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS IODINII. (Foy.). _Prep._ Compound
tincture of iodine, 4 dr.; mint water, 4 oz.; syrup, 16 oz.
=Syrup of Iodohydrargyrate of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS IODOHYDRARGYRATIS
POTASSII (Puche). _Prep._ Iodohydrargyrate of potassium, 16 gr.; tincture
of saffron, 2-1/2 dr.; syrup, 16 oz.
=Syrup of Ipecacuan′ha.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS IPECACUANHÆ, L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.)
Ipecacuanha (in coarse powder), 4 oz.; rectified spirit, 15 fl. oz.;
digest for 24 hours at a gentle heat, and strain; add of proof spirit, 14
fl. oz., and again digest and strain, and repeat the process with water,
14 fl. oz.; distil off the spirit from the mixed liquors, evaporate to 12
fl. oz., and filter; next add to the residuum rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz.,
and simple syrup, 7 pints, and mix well.——_Dose._ As an emetic for
infants, 1/2 teaspoonful; for adults, 1 to 1-1/2 fl. oz.; as an
expectorant, 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls.
=Syrup of Iron and Iodide of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI ET POTASSII
IODIDI. _Prep._ Dissolve 1 oz. of iodide of potassium in 6 oz. of hot
water, add 12-1/4 oz. (fl.) of syrup of iodide of iron, and sufficient
simple syrup to make up 1-1/2 pint.
=Syrup of Jalap.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS JALAPINUS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Jalap, 10
dr.; coriander, 1/2 dr.; fennel seed, 1/2 dr.; water, 12 oz.; heat to 212°
F. for twenty minutes, let it stand 24 hours; strain, and make a syrup
with 24 oz. of sugar.
=Syrup of Kermes.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS KERMETIS, SYRUPUS ANTIMONIATUS. _Prep._
Kermes mineral, 20 gr.; syrup of squills, 1-1/2 oz.; syrup of marshmallow,
1-1/2 oz. Mix.
=Syrup of Lactate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI LACTATIS. (Cap.) _Prep._
Lactate of iron, 1 dr.; boiling distilled water, 6 oz.; pure sugar, 12
oz.——_Dose_, 2 to 4 dr.
=Syrup of Lacto-phosphate of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CALCIS
LACTO-PHOSPHATIS. (P. Vincent.[219]) _Prep._ Burnt bones, 155 gr.;
hydrochloric acid, 310 gr.; liquid ammonia, 200 gr.; concentrated lactic
acid, distilled water, of each q. s.; sugar, 18-1/2 oz.; leave together
for some time the bone ash and the acid until effervescence ceases, then
add distilled water, 500 gr.; precipitate with the ammonia, filter, and
well wash the precipitate with distilled water, until the washings cease
to give a precipitate with nitrate of silver. Leave to drain for 12 hours,
after gently heating in a porcelain capsule, and add sufficient lactic
acid to dissolve the precipitate; add sufficient distilled water to make
the product weigh 9-1/2 oz.; filter, and add the sugar; make dissolve with
a gentle heat.
[Footnote 219: ‘Pharm. Journ.’]
=Syrup of Lactucarium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LACTUCARII. (U. S.) _Prep._
Lactucarium, 1 troy oz.; syrup, 14 oz. (o. m.); proof spirit, q. s.; rub
the lactucarium with the proof spirit to a syrupy consistence, transfer to
a percolator and percolate with proof spirit until 8 oz. (o. m.) of
tincture have been obtained. Evaporate this portion in a water bath at
160°F. to 2 oz. (o. m.). Mix it with the syrup made hot, and strain
immediately.
=Syrup of Le′mon.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LIMONIS (B. P.), SYRUPUS LIMONUM (Ph. L.
& E.), SYRUPUS CITRI MEDICÆ. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Lemon juice (strained or
defecated), 1 pint; white sugar, 2-1/2 lbs.; dissolve by a gentle heat,
and set it aside; in 24 hours remove the scum, decant the clear portion,
and add of rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz. The Edinburgh College omits the
spirit. A pleasant refrigerant syrup in fevers, &c.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 fl.
dr., in any diluent. With water it forms an excellent extemporaneous
lemonade.
2. (B. P.) Fresh lemon peel, 2; lemon juice, strained, 20; refined sugar,
36. Heat the lemon juice to the boiling point, and having put it into a
covered vessel with the lemon peel, let them stand until they are cold,
then filter and dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid with a gentle
heat. The product should weigh 56 and measure 41.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
=Syrup of Lettuce.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LACTUCÆ. (P. Cod.) Dissolve 2 oz. of
extract of lettuce in 8 times its weight of cold water, filter, and add 6
lbs. 2 oz. of syrup, which, when boiling, has a specific gravity of 1·26.
=Syrup of Lime.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CALCIS. (Trousseau.) _Prep._ Slake, 2-1/2
dr. of quicklime, with 3 oz. of water, and add it to 32 fl. oz. of simple
syrup; boil 10 minutes and filter. This is usually diluted with 4 parts of
syrup. Given in diarrhœa.
=Syrup of Liquorice.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS GLYCYRRHIZÆ. _Prep._ Liquorice root,
4 oz.; boiling water, 16 oz.; digest, strain, and make a syrup with sugar.
=Syrup of Lobelia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LOBELIÆ. (Mr Proctor.) _Prep._ Vinegar
of lobelia, 6 oz.; sugar, 12 oz. Dissolve in a gentle heat.
=Syrup of Malate of Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANGANESII MALATIS. (M.
Hannon.) _Prep._ Malate of manganese, 1 oz.; simple syrup, 16 oz.; spirit
of lemon peel, 2 dr.——_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 1 dr.
=Syrup of Manna.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANNÆ. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Dissolve 3 oz. of
manna in 12 oz. of water, strain and filter; then add 16 oz. of sugar, and
make it into a syrup.
=Syrup of Mercury.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HYDRARGYRI. _Prep._ “There are several
forms for mercurial syrups, but they all appear liable to serious
objection. Plenk:——Quicksilver, 1 dr.; powdered gum Arabic, 3 dr.; syrup,
2 oz.; triturate and gradually add 1 oz. of water. Larrey:——Sudorific
syrup, 1 pint; bichloride of mercury, 5 gr.; muriate of ammonia, 5 gr.;
extract of opium, 5 gr.; Hofman’s anodyne liquor, 1/2 dr.——_Dose_, 1/2 oz.
to 1 oz. Creron’s syrup consists of mercurial ether (4 gr. of sublimate to
2 dr. of ether), 2 dr.; syrup, 8 oz.” (Beasley.)
=Syrup of Marshmal′low.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ALTHÆÆ (Ph. L. & E.), L. _Prep._
1. (Ph. L.) Marshmallow root, fresh and sliced, 1-1/2 oz.; distilled water
(cold), 1 pint; macerate for 12 hours, press out the liquor, strain it
through linen, and add to the strained liquor twice its weight of white
sugar (about 3 lbs.); dissolve by a gentle heat, and, when cold, add of
rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz., or q. s. See SYRUP OF COCHINEAL.
2. (Ph. L. 1836.) Take of fresh marshmallow root, bruised, 8 oz.; water, 4
pints; boil down to one half, and express the liquor when it is cold; set
it aside for 24 hours, that the fæces may subside, then decant off the
clear liquid, and, having added to it of sugar, 2-1/2 lbs., boil the whole
to a proper consistence. The formula of the Ph. E. is similar.
_Obs._ This is a popular demulcent and pectoral.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 fl. dr.;
in coughs, &c. either alone or added to mixtures.
=Syrup of Milk.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LACTIS. Reduce skimmed milk by gentle
evaporation to one half, and add twice its weight of sugar.
=Syrup of Monosulphide of Sodium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SODII MONOSULPHIDI. (P.
Cod.) Crystallised monosulphide of sodium, 44 gr.; distilled water, 1 oz.;
syrup, 94 oz. (by weight).
=Syrup of Mugwort.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ARTEMISIÆ. As SYRUP OF WORMWOOD.
=Syrup of Mugwort, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ARTEMISIÆ COMPOSITUS. (P.
Cod.) _Prep._ Take of fresh tops of mugwort, pennyroyal, catmint, and
savine, of each 2 oz.; fresh roots of elecampane, lovage, and fennel, of
each 88 gr.; fresh tops of wild marjoram, hyssop, feverfew, rue, and
basil, of each 1 oz.; aniseed, 1/4 oz.; cinnamon, 1/4 oz.; all properly
divided; rectified spirit, 2-1/2 oz. (by weight); water, 30 oz.; syrup of
honey, 12-1/2 oz. (by weight). Put the plants in a vessel over a water
bath, pour on the water mixed with the spirit, let it stand 24 hours, and
then distil over 3-1/2 oz. (by weight). On the other hand, press the
residue of the distillation, clarify with white of egg, and add sugar, 25
oz.; then make into a syrup, which, when boiling, has the sp. gr. 1·26.
Take the weight and evaporate until it has lost weight, equal to that of
the distilled liquid, then add the syrup of honey, and lastly, when nearly
cold, the distilled liquid, and strain.——_Dose_, 2 to 12 dr.
=Syrup of Mul′berries.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MORI (B. P., Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1.
(Ph. L.) Juice of mulberries, strained, 1 pint; sugar, 2-1/2 lbs.;
dissolve by a gentle heat, and set the solution by for 24 hours; then
remove the scum, decant the clear liquid, and add of rectified spirit,
2-1/2 fl. oz. Used as a colouring and flavouring, when alkalies and earths
are not present. Syrup of red poppies (_rhœados_), slightly acidulated
with tartaric or dilute sulphuric acid, is very generally sold for it.
2. (B. P.) Mulberry juice, 20; refined sugar, 32; rectified spirit, 2-1/2;
heat the juice to the boiling point, and, when it has cooled, filter it;
dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid by a gentle heat, and add the
spirit. The product should weigh 54. Sp. gr. 1·33.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
=Syrup of Mu′′riate of Morphia.= See SYRUP OF HYDROCHLORATE OF MORPHINE.
=Syrup of Opium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS OPII. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Extract of opium,
87-1/2 gr., dissolve in 6 dr. of cold water, and mix with sufficient syrup
to make up 6-1/4 lbs. (1 in 500).
=Syrup of Orange Flowers.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS AURANTII FLORIS (B. P.) _Prep_.
Orange-flower water, 8; refined sugar, 48; distilled water, 16, or a
sufficiency; heat the sugar and water together, strain, and when nearly
cold add the orange-flower water. When finished should weigh 72 and
measure 54. Sp. gr. 1·33.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
=Syrup of Orange Juice.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS E SUCCO AURANTIORUM. (Ph. E.,
1744.) _Prep._ Orange juice, 1 lb.; sugar, 2 lbs. Dissolve by heat.
=Syrup of Or′ange Peel.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS AURANTII (B. P., Ph. L., E., &
D.), S. CITRI AURANTII, S. É CORTICIBUS AURANTIORUM, L. _Prep_. 1. (Ph.
L.) Dried orange peel, 2-1/2 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 pint;
macerate for 12 hours in a covered vessel, press out the liquor, simmer it
for 10 minutes, and then complete the process as directed for SYRUP OF
COCHINEAL. In the Ph. E. & D., and Ph. L. 1836, no spirit is ordered.
2. (B. P.) Tincture of orange peel, 1; syrup, 7; mix.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
3. (Wholesale.)——_a._ From fresh orange peel, 18 oz. (or dried, 3/4 lb.);
sugar, 18 lbs.; water, q. s.
_b._ From tincture of orange peel, 1 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 19 fl. oz.;
mix. An agreeable flavouring and stomachic.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 fl. dr.
=Syrup, Pectoral.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PECTORALIS. (Ph. L. 1746.) Black
maidenhair, 5 oz.; liquorice root, 4 oz.; boiling water, 4 pints; macerate
for some hours, strain, add to the infusion twice its weight of sugar, and
make a syrup.
=Syrup of Pepsine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PEPSINÆ. (Corvisart.) _Prep._ 6 parts
of pepsin in 20 parts of cold water, and added to 70 parts of acidulated
syrup of cherries.
=Syrup of Persulphuret of Iron.= SYRUPUS FERRI PERSULPHURETI.
(Bouchardat.) _Prep._ Reduce 10 oz. of syrup by evaporation to 9 oz., and
add 2 oz. hydrated persulphuret of iron in a gelatinous state; mix, and
keep in a close bottle.——_Dose_. A teaspoonful two or three times a day in
scrofulous and cutaneous affections. As an antidote for poisoning by the
salts of lead, mercury and copper. Give a teaspoonful frequently.
=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS. (B. P.)
_Prep._ Granulated sulphate of iron, 224 gr.; phosphate of soda, 200 gr.;
acetate of soda, 74 gr.; dilute phosphoric acid, 5-1/2 oz.; refined sugar,
8 oz.; distilled water, 8 oz. Dissolve the sulphate of iron in 4 oz. of
the water, and the phosphate and acetate of soda in the remainder; mix the
two solutions, and, after careful stirring, transfer the precipitate to a
calico filter, and wash it with distilled water till the filtrate ceases
to be affected with chloride of barium. Then press the precipitate
strongly between folds of bibulous paper, and add to it the dilute
phosphoric acid. As soon as the precipitate has dissolved, filter the
solution, add the sugar, and dissolve without heat. The product should
measure exactly 12 fluid ounces. One fluid drachm contains 1 grain of
phosphate of iron.
In the preparation of this syrup as much expedition as possible should be
used in washing and pressing the precipitate of phosphate of iron formed.
It is best washed by decantation. The water employed should be just
previously boiled to expel oxygen; the protosulphate of iron should be
entirely free from persulphate, and clear crystals of phosphate of soda
should be chosen. Mr Howie (whose suggestions the previous ones are in
substance) proposes the use of bicarbonate of soda instead of acetate, the
phosphate of iron being soluble to a considerable extent in the acetic
acid liberated, if acetate of soda be employed. Mr W. H. Jones[220] gives
a process for the preparation of this syrup, which consists in dissolving
metallic iron in phosphoric acid and water, and then adding the solution
to syrup.
[Footnote 220: ‘Pharm. Journ.,’ 3rd series, vol. v, p. 541.]
=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS
COMPOSITUS; PARRISH’S CHEMICAL FOOD; SYRUP OF THE COMPOUND PHOSPHATES;
SYRUPUS PHOSPHATICUS. (Mr E. Parrish, U. S.) Dissolve sulphate of iron, 10
dr., in boiling water, 2 oz.; and phosphate of soda, 12 dr., in boiling
water, 4 oz. Mix, and wash the precipitated phosphate of iron. Dissolve
phosphate of lime, 12 dr., in 4 oz. of boiling water, with enough
hydrochloric acid to make a clear solution; precipitate with liquid
ammonia, and wash precipitate. Add to the fresh precipitates glacial
phosphoric acid, 20 dr., dissolved in 4 dr. of water; when clear, add
carbonate of soda, 2 scruples, and carbonate of potassa, 1 dr., and then
sufficient hydrochloric acid to dissolve the precipitate. Now add water to
make the solution measure 22 oz. old measure, and add powdered cochineal,
2 dr.; mixed sugar, 32 troy oz.; apply heat, and, when the syrup is
formed, strain it and add orange-flower water, 1 oz.——_Dose._ A
teaspoonful. In addition to phosphate of iron and phosphate of lime this
syrup contains smaller quantities of the alkaline phosphates. Mr Howie
points out that Parrish is incorrect in stating that this syrup contains 1
gr. of phosphate of iron and 2-1/2 gr. phosphate of lime in the fluid
drachm, if this statement be compared with his formula, which by
calculation will be found to give ·715 gr. of phosphate of iron and 2 gr.
of phosphate of lime for the fluid drachm, even if none of the former were
wasted in the process. Mr Howie deprecates the use of hydrochloric acid
sometimes had recourse to in preparing the syrup, and he adds that the
purest sugar only should be used, and that made from beet-root should be
carefully avoided. See a valuable paper by Mr Howie on this subject,
‘Pharm. Journ.,’ 3rd series, vol. vi, p. 804.
=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron and Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRIPHOSPHATIS
ET MANGANESII. _Prep._ Dissolve 6 dr. of glacial phosphoric acid in a
small quantity of water, add 72 gr. of phosphate of iron, and 48 gr. of
phosphate of manganese; apply heat to dissolve, then add sugar, 10 oz.,
and water up to measure of 12 oz.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.
=Syrup of Phosphate of Iron, with Quinine and Strychnia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS
FERRI PHOSPHATIS, CUM QUINIA ET STRYCHNIA.
=Syrup of Phosphate of Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANGANESII PHOSPHATIS.
(M. Hannon.) _Prep._ Phosphate of manganese, 1/2 dr.; spirit of tolu, 3
oz. 3 dr; syrup of bark, 5 oz.; spirit of lemon peel, 1-1/2 dr.; powder of
tragacanth, 10 gr. Mix quickly and preserve in a well-stoppered bottle.
=Syrup of Phosphate of Quinine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS QUININIÆ PHOSPHATIS.
_Prep._ Phosphate of quinine, 96 gr.; water, 13-1/2 fl. dr.; syrupy
phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1·500), 2-1/2 fl. dr.; syrup, 10 fl. dr. Mix the
acid with the water, add the quinine, and filter into the syrup.
=Syrup of Phosphate of Zinc.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ZINCI PHOSPHATIS. _Prep._
Phosphate of zinc, 192 gr.; water, 11 fl. dr.; syrupy phosphoric acid (sp.
gr. 1·500), 5 fl. dr.; syrup, 10 fl. oz. Rub the phosphate with the water,
add the acid and filter into the syrup.
=Syrup of Phosphoric Acid.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACIDI PHOSPHORICI. _Prep._
Phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1·454), 1/2 oz.; syrup, 32-1/2 oz. (both by
weight). Syrup of raspberries may be substituted for simple syrup.
=Syrup of Pomegranate-root Bark.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CORTICIS RADICIS GRANATI.
(Guibort.) _Prep._ Obtain from 1 lb. of powdered bark of pomegranate root
4 lbs. of infusion by percolation. Boil this with 28-1/2 oz. of syrup till
reduced to 2 lbs.
=Syrup of Pop′pies.= _Syn._ SYRUP OF WHITE POPPIES; SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS (B.
P., Ph. L. & E.), S. P. SOMNIFERI, L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Poppy capsules,
coarsely powdered, free from seeds, 36; rectified spirit, 16; refined
sugar, 64; boiling distilled water, a sufficiency; macerate the poppy
capsules in 80 of the water. Infuse for 24 hours, then pack in a
percolator, and, adding more of the water, allow the liquor slowly to pass
until 320 have been collected or the poppies are exhausted; evaporate the
liquor by a water bath until it is reduced to 60; when quite cold add the
spirit; let the mixture stand for 12 hours and filter. Distil off the
spirit, evaporate the remaining liquor to 40, and then add the sugar. The
product should weigh 104 and measure 78-3/4. Sp. gr. 1·32.——_Dose_, 1 dr.;
10 to 20 minims for children, increasing cautiously.
2. (Ph. L.) Poppy-heads, dried, bruised, and without the seed, 3 lbs.;
boiling water, 5 galls.; boil down to 2 galls., press out the liquor,
evaporate the expressed liquid to 2 quarts, strain it whilst hot, and set
it aside for 12 hours; next decant the clear portion from the fæces, boil
this down to 1 quart, and dissolve in it sugar, 5 lbs.; lastly, when cold,
add of rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz. “Each fl. oz. is equivalent to 1 gr. of
dry extract.” In the Ph. E. & Ph. D. 1826 no spirit is ordered.
3. (Wholesale.) Extract of poppies, 1-1/2 lb.; boiling water, 2-1/2
galls.; dissolve, clarify, or filter, so that it may be perfectly
transparent when cold, then add of white sugar, 44 lbs., and dissolve.
_Obs._ Syrup of poppies is anodyne and soporific.——_Dose._ For an infant,
1/4 to 1/2 teaspoonful; for an adult, 2 to 4 fl. dr. According to M.
Chereau, its tendency to fermentation is prevented by the addition of 32
parts of sugar of milk to every 1000 parts of the syrup.
=Syrup of Potassio-tartrate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI
POTASSIO-TARTRATIS. _Prep._ Dissolve 4 dr. of potassio-tartrate of iron in
4 dr. of cinnamon water, and mix the solution with 16 oz. of syrup.
=Syrup of Pyrophosphate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI PYROPHOSPHATIS.
(Parrish.) _Prep._ Pyrophosphate of iron in scales, 16 gr.; syrup, 1 fl.
oz.
=Syrup of Pyrophosphate of Iron and Ammonia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI
PYROPHOSPHATIS ET AMMONIÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Pyrophosphate of iron with
citrate of ammonia, 1 dr.; water, 2 dr.; syrup, 12 oz.
=Syrup of Quinine with Coffee.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS QUINIÆ CUM CAFFEA. _Prep._
Prepare 1-1/2 pint of clear infusion from 4 oz. of roasted coffee;
dissolve it in 5 lbs. of refined sugar, and add to the syrup 1-1/2 dr. of
sulphate of quinine dissolved in a little water, with the addition of a
few drops of sulphuric acid.
=Syrup of Raspberry.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACETI RUBI IDŒA. (P. Cod.) _Prep._
Raspberry vinegar, 10 oz. (by weight); sugar, 17-1/2 oz.; boil them
together.
=Syrup of Red Pop′pies.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS RHŒADOS (Ph. L. & E.), S.
PAPAVERIS RHŒADOS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Petals of the red poppy, 1 lb.;
boiling water, 1 pint; mix in a water bath, remove the vessel, macerate
for 12 hours, press out the liquor, and, after defecation or filtering,
complete the process as directed for SYRUP OF COCHINEAL.
2. (Wholesale.) From dried red-poppy petals, 3 lbs,; boiling water, q. s.;
white sugar, 44 lbs.; as the last.
_Obs._ Syrup of red poppies is chiefly employed for its fine red colour. A
little acid brightens it. The colour is injured by contact with iron,
copper, and all the common metals.
=Syrup of Red Roses.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ROSÆ (B. P.), SYRUPUS ROSÆ GALLICÆ
(Ph. E. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E.) Dried petals of the red rose, 2 oz.;
boiling water, 1 pint; pure sugar, 20 oz.; as the last.
2. (Ph. D.) Dried petals of the gallic rose, 2 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint;
boil in a glass or porcelain vessel until the colour is extracted, strain
with expression, and, after defecation, add to the clear decanted liquor
twice its weight of white sugar. Astringent and stomachic; chiefly used as
an adjunct in mixtures, &c.
3. (B. P.) Dried rose petals, 1; refined sugar, 15; boiling distilled
water, 10; infuse the petals in the water 2 hours, squeeze through calico,
heat the liquor to the boiling point, and filter; add the sugar and
dissolve with heat. The product should weigh 23 and measure 17-1/4. Sp.
gr. 1·335.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
=Syrup of Rhatany.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS KRAMERIÆ. (P. Cod.) As syrup of
catechu.
=Syrup of Rhu′barb.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS RHEI (B. P.). _Prep._ 1. (B. P.).
Rhubarb, in coarse powder, 2; coriander fruit, in powder, 2; refined
sugar, 24; rectified spirit, 8; distilled water, 24; mix the rhubarb and
coriander, pack them in a percolator, pass the spirit and water,
previously mixed, slowly through them, evaporate the liquid that has
passed until it is reduced to 13, and in this, after it has been filtered,
dissolve the sugar with a gentle heat.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.
2. (P. Cod.) Bruised rhubarb, 3 oz.; cold water, 16 fl. oz.; macerate for
12 hours, filter, and add of white sugar, 32 oz.
3. (Ph. U. S.) Take of rectified spirit, 8 fl. oz.; water, 24 fl. oz.;
rhubarb (coarsely powdered), 2 oz.; (mixed with) sand, an equal bulk, or
q. s.; make a tincture by percolation, evaporate this, over a water bath,
to 13 fl. oz., and dissolve it in 2 lbs. of white sugar. An excellent
formula.
4. (Wholesale.) Rhubarb (bruised), 1-3/4 lb.; cold water, q. s.; sugar, 20
lbs.; as No. 1. Stomachic and purgative.——_Dose._ For an infant, 1/2 to 1
teaspoonful; for an adult, 1/2 to 3/4 fl. oz., or more.
=Syrup of Rhubarb and Senna.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS RHEI ET SENNÆ. (Ph. E.,
1745.) _Prep._ Rhubarb, 1 oz.; senna, 2 oz.; fennel seed, 2 dr.; cinnamon,
2 dr.; boiling water, 2-1/2 pints; macerate for 12 hours, strain, and boil
with 3 lbs. of sugar to a syrup.
=Syrup of Rhubarb (Spliced).= _Syn._ SYRUPUS RHEI AROMATICUS, L. _Prep._
(Ph. U. S.) Rhubarb, 2-1/2 oz.; cloves and cinnamon, of each 1/2 oz.;
nutmeg, 1/4 oz. (all bruised); proof spirit, 32 fl. oz.; macerate for 14
days (or percolate), strain, gently evaporate to 16 fl. oz., filter whilst
hot, and mix the liquid with simple syrup (gently warmed), 4-3/4 pints. A
cordial laxative.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful; in infantile
constipation, diarrhœa, &c.
=Syrup of Ros′′es.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ROSÆ (Ph. L.), SYRUPUS ROSÆ CENTIFOLIÆ
(Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Dried petals of damask roses (_Rosa
centifolia_), 7 oz.; boiling water, 3 pints; macerate for 12 hours,
filter, evaporate in a water bath to 1 quart, and add of white sugar, 6
lbs.; and, when cold, rectified spirit, 5-1/2 fl. oz.
2. (Wholesale.) From rose leaves, 1 lb.; sugar, 19 lbs.; water, q. s.; as
the last. Gently laxative.——_Dose_, 1/4 to 1 fl. oz. It is usual to add a
few drops of dilute sulphuric acid, to brighten the colour. Alkalies turn
it green.
=Syrup of Rue.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS RUTÆ, L. _Prep._ Take of oil of rue, 12 to
15 drops; rectified spirit, 1/2 fl. oz.; dissolve, and add it to simple
syrup, 1 pint.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful; in the flatulent colic of
children. An infusion of 1/2 oz. of the herb is sometimes substituted for
the solution of the essential oil.
=Syrup of Saf′fron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS CROCI (Ph. L., E., & D.), L. _Prep._
1. (Ph. L.) Hay saffron, 5 dr. (10 dr.——Ph. E; 1/2 oz.——Ph. D.); boiling
water, 1 pint; macerate in a covered vessel for 12 hours, then strain the
liquor, and add of white sugar, 3 lbs., q. s., and rectified spirit, 2-1/2
fl. oz., or q. s. in the manner directed under SYRUP OF COCHINEAL. The Ph.
E. & D. omit the spirit.
2. (Wholesale.) Hay saffron, 6 oz.; boiling water, 6 quarts; white sugar,
24 lbs.; as the last. Used for its colour and flavour; the first is very
beautiful.
=Syrup of Salicin.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SALICINI. _Prep._ Salicin, 1 dr.;
boiling water, 1 oz.; sugar, 2 oz.
=Syrup of Santonate of Soda.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SODÆ SANTONATIS. This formula
is recommended because of the adaptability of its administration to
children; the syrup being of very pleasant taste. It is made as
follows:——Powdered santonate of soda, 5 grams; simple syrup, 900 grams;
syrup of orange flower, 100 grams. Suspend the santonate in 250 grams of
the syrup, and heat it over a spirit-lamp until dissolved; add the
remainder of the syrup, then the syrup of orange flower, and mix
carefully. A tablespoonful or 20 grams of this syrup will contain 10
centigrams of santonate, or the equivalent of 5 centigrams of santonin.
For adults the dose might be double, or a syrup made containing 20
centigrams to the tablespoonful.
=Syrup of Sarsaparil′la.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SARZÆ (Ph. L. & E.), SYRUPUS
SARSAPARILLÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Take of sarsaparilla (sliced), 3-1/2
lbs.; boil it in water, 2 galls., down to one half; pour off the liquor,
and strain it whilst hot; again boil the sarsaparilla. in another gall. of
water down to one half, and strain; evaporate the mixed liquors to 1
quart, and in these dissolve of white sugar, 8 oz.; lastly, when the syrup
has cooled, add to it of rectified spirit, 2 fl. oz.
2. (Ph. E. & Ph. L. 1836.) Sarsaparilla (sliced), 15 oz.; boiling water, 1
gall.; macerate for 24 hours, boil to 2 quarts, strain, add of sugar, 15
oz., and boil to a syrup.
3. (Wholesale.) Take of extract of sarsaparilla, 3 lbs.; boiling water, 3
quarts; dissolve, strain, and add of white sugar, 12 lbs. Alterative and
tonic.——_Dose_, 2 to 4 dr. See SARSAPARILLA.
=Syrup of Sarsaparil′la, Compound.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SARZÆ COMPOSITUS, L.;
SYROP DE CUISINIER, Fr. _Prep._ (Ph. U. S.) Sarsaparilla (bruised), 2
lbs.; guaiacum wood, rasped, 3 oz; damask roses, senna, and liquorice
root, bruised, of each 2 oz.; diluted alcohol (proof spirit), 10 wine
pints (1 gall. imperial); macerate for 14 days, express, filter through
paper, and evaporate in a water bath to 4 wine pints (3-1/4 pints,
imperial); then add of white sugar, 8 lbs.; and, when cold, further add of
oils of sassafras and aniseed, of each 5 drops, and oil of partridge berry
(_Gaultheria procumbens_), 3 drops, previously triturated with a little of
the syrup.
_Obs._ This is an excellent preparation; but the rose leaves might be well
omitted.——_Dose_, 1/2 fl. oz. 3 or 4 times a day, as an alterative, tonic,
and restorative. The syrup of the P. Cod. is made with water instead of
spirit, and is inferior as a remedy to the preceding.
=Syrup of Sarsaparilla, Ioduretted.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SARSÆ IODURETI.
(Ricord.) _Prep._ Syrup of sarsaparilla, 31 parts; iodide of potassium, 1
part.
=Syrup of Senega.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SENEGÆ. (U. S.) _Prep._ Senega in
moderately fine powder, 4 troy oz.; sugar, 15 troy oz.; proof spirit, 2
pints (o. m.) Introduce the senega into a percolator and pour on the proof
spirit; when finished, evaporate the percolate by a water bath at 160° F.
to 8 oz. (o. m.); filter, add the sugar, dissolve by a gentle heat, and
strain whilst hot.
=Syrup of Sen′na.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SENNÆ (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), L. _Prep._
1. (Ph. L.) Take of senna, 3-1/2 oz.; fennel seed (bruised), 10 dr.;
boiling water, 1 pint; macerate for 6 hours, with a gentle heat; then
strongly press out the liquid through linen, and dissolve in it of manna,
3 oz.; next add this solution to treacle, 3 lbs., previously evaporated
over a water bath until a little of it, on being cooled, almost concretes,
and stir them well together.
2. (Ph. E.) Senna, 4 oz.; boiling water, 24 fl. oz.; infuse, strain, add
of treacle, 48 oz., and evaporate to a proper consistence.
Aperient.——_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.
3. (B. P.) Senna, broken small, 8 oz.; oil of coriander, 4-1/2 minims;
refined sugar, 12 oz.; distilled water, 50 oz.; or a sufficiency;
rectified spirit, 1 oz.; digest the senna in 3/4 of the water twenty-four
hours at a temperature of 120°, press, and strain; digest the marc in the
remainder of the water six hours, press, and strain; evaporate the mixed
liquors to 5 oz.; when cold add the rectified spirit containing the oil of
coriander; filter, and wash the filter with water to make up to 8 oz.; add
the sugar, and dissolve with gentle heat. The product should weigh 21 oz.,
and measure 16 oz. Sp. gr. 1·310.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
=Syrup of Senna with Manna.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SENNÆ CUM MANNA. (Ph. G.)
_Prep._ Infuse 10 oz. of senna leaves and 1 oz. of bruised fennel seeds
for some hours in 205 pints of hot water; strain, and dissolve in the
strained liquor 15 oz. of manna. Pour off 5-1/2 oz. (by weight) of liquid
from the sediment, and dissolve it in 3 lbs. 2 oz. of sugar.
=Syrup, Simple.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS (B. P., Ph. L.), SYRUPUS SIMPLEX (Ph. E. &
D.), L.
1. (Ph. L.) White sugar, 3 lbs.; distilled water, 1 pint; dissolve by a
gentle heat.
2. (Ph. E. & Ph. L. 1836.) Pure sugar, 10 lbs.; boiling water, 3 pints.
3. (Ph. D.) Refined sugar (in powder——crushed), 5 lbs.; distilled water, 1
quart.
4. (B. P.) Refined sugar, 6; distilled water, 3; dissolve the sugar in the
water with the aid of heat, and when cool add water to make the product
weigh 9 and measure very nearly 7. Sp. gr. 1·33.
5. (Wholesale.) Finest double refined sugar, 44 lbs.; distilled water,
2-3/4 gall.; make a syrup.
_Obs._ This preparation should be as white and transparent as water. Used
as capillaire, &c., and to give cohesiveness and consistence to
pulverulent substances in the preparation of electuaries, pills, &c.
=Syrup of Snails.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS LIMACIBUS (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Vine snails,
deprived of their shells and of the black portions, and cut up, 2 oz.;
wash in cold water and then boil with 10 oz. of water to 7 oz.; then add
10 oz. of sugar.
=Syrup of Soap Wort.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SAPONARIÆ. From the root, the same as
syrup of coltsfoot.
=Syrup of Squills.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SCILLÆ (B. H., Ph. E. & D.), L. _Prep._
1. (Ph. E.) Vinegar of squills, 3 pints; white sugar (in powder), 7 lbs.;
dissolve by a gentle heat.
2. (Ph. D.) Vinegar of squills, 8 fl. oz.; refined sugar (in powder), 1
lb.; dissolve.
3. (B. P.) Vinegar of squills, 20; refined sugar, 40; dissolve with the
aid of heat.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 dr.
4. (Wholesale.) Take of vinegar of squills (perfectly transparent), 14
lbs.; double refined sugar, 28 lbs.; dissolve in a stoneware vessel, in
the cold, or at most by a very gentle heat.
_Obs._ This syrup, like the last, should be as clear as water, and nearly
colourless.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 fl. dr., as an expectorant; in chronic coughs
and asthma. In large doses it proves emetic.
=Syrup of Squills, Compound.= =Syn.= HIVE SYRUP; SYRUPUS SCILLÆ
COMPOSITUS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. U. S.) Squills and senega, of each, bruised, 5
oz.; water, 1/2 gall.; boil to a quart; add of sugar, 4-1/2 lbs.;
evaporate to 3 pints, or a proper consistence, and dissolve in it, whilst
hot, of potassio-tartrate of antimony (in powder), 1 dr.
_Obs._ This syrup is a popular expectorant in the U. S., where it is known
as hive syrup.——_Dose._ As an expectorant, 20 to 30 drops, for adults; for
children, 5 to 10 drops; in croup, 10 drops to 1/2 fl. dr., repeated until
it vomits.
=Syrup of Stinking Hellebore.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS HELLEBORI FŒTIDI. _Prep._
Sprinkle the fresh leaves of bear’s foot with vinegar, and express the
juice. Boil this with twice its weight of sugar.
=Syrup of Stramonium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS STRAMONII. From the tincture as
syrup of belladonna.
=Syrup of Strychnia.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS STRYCHNIÆ. (P. Cod.) The Paris Codex
orders a syrup containing 1/4 gr. of sulphate of strychnia in 1000 gr. of
syrup.
=Syrup, Sudorific.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SUDORIFICUS. (Foy.) Sarsaparilla, 6
oz.; guaiacum raspings, 6 oz.; water, 3 pints. Macerate for 24 hours,
evaporate to 1-1/2 pint; strain, and make into a syrup with 2-1/2 lbs. of
sugar.
=Syrup of Sulphate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI SULPHATIS. (Willis.)
_Prep._ Sulphate of iron, 1 dr.; water, 2 dr.; syrup, 16 oz.
=Syrup of Sulphate of Quinine.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS QUININÆ SULPHATIS. (P.
Cod.) _Prep._ Dissolve 30 gr. of sulphate of quinine in 4 dr. of water,
with 1/2 dr. of dilute sulphuric acid, and mix the solution with 13 oz. of
white syrup.
=Syrup of Sulphuret of Potassium.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS POTASSII SULPHURETI. (P.
Cod.) _Prep._ Liver of sulphur, 8 gr.; water, 16 gr.; syrup, 1 oz.
=Syrup of Superphosphate of Iron.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS FERRI-SUPERPHOSPHATIS.
(Mr Greenish.) _Prep._ Superphosphate of iron, 2 scruples; simple syrup, 1
fl. oz.
=Syrup, Symphytic.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS SYMPHYTI; BOYLE’S SYRUP. (Ph. E. 1745.)
_Prep._ Fresh comfrey root, 1/2 lb.; plantain leaves, 1/2 lb.; bruise,
express the juice, boil to half, and make a syrup with an equal weight of
sugar.
=Syrup of Tannin.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS TANNINI. (Foy.) _Prep._ Tannin, 2 oz.;
water, 16 oz.; sugar, 32 oz.
=Syrup of Tar.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PICIS. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Tar water, 5-1/4
oz.; sugar, 10 oz. Dissolve by water bath, and filter through paper.
=Syrup of Tartaric Acid.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACIDI TARTARICI. (P. Cod.)
_Prep._ Tartaric acid, 1 oz.; water, 2 oz,; sugar, 6 lbs. 1 oz. Dissolve
in the cold.
=Syrup of Tartrate of Manganese.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS MANGANESII TARTRATIS.
Made with tartrate of manganese, as syrup of malate of manganese.
=Syrup of Tolu′.= _Syn._ BALSAMIC SYRUP; SYRUPUS TOLUTANUS (B. P., Ph. L.,
E., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Balsam of Tolu, 10 dr. (1 oz.——Ph. D.);
boiling distilled water, 1 pint; boil in a covered vessel for 1/2 an hour,
frequently stirring, then cool, strain, and dissolve in the liquor sugar,
2-1/2 lbs.
2. (Ph. E.) Simple syrup (warm), 2 lbs.; tincture of Tolu, 1 oz.; mix by
degrees, and agitate them briskly together in a closed vessel.
3. (B. P.) Balsam of Tolu, 1-1/4; sugar, 32; water, 20; boil the balsam
half an hour, adding water when required; when cold make up to 16, filter,
add the sugar, and dissolve. The product weighs 48 and measures 36. Sp.
gr. 1·33.——_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.
4. (Wholesale.) To warm water, 23 lbs., add tincture of Tolu, gradually,
until it will bear no more without becoming opaque; then cork down the
bottle, and occasionally agitate until cold; when quite cold, filter it
through paper, and add of the finest double-refined sugar, 44 lbs.;
lastly, promote the solution, in a closed vessel, by a gentle heat, in a
water bath.
_Obs._ This syrup should be clear and colourless as water; but, as met
with in the shops, it is usually milky. It is strange that the London
College should have omitted from their formula the usual addition of
rectified spirit, although this syrup, perhaps more than any other, would
be benefited by it.
Syrup of Tolu is pectoral and balsamic.
=Syrup of Valerian.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS VALERIANÆ. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Infuse 1
lb. of bruised valerian in 4 lbs. of boiling water for six hours; strain,
and press; then pour upon the marc 2 lbs. more of boiling water, or q. s.
so as to obtain 4-1/2 lbs. of infusion, including the product of the first
infusion; filter, and add 1 lb. of valerian water, and then dissolve in
it, by the aid of a water bath, 10 lbs. of sugar.
=Syrup of Vanilla.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS VANILLÆ. _Prep._ Vanilla, 2 oz.; white
sugar, 18 oz.; water, 9 oz. Beat the vanilla with a few drops of spirit,
then with part of the sugar, and water, q. s. to form a soft paste; add
the rest of the sugar and water, and digest for 18 or 20 hours in a glass
vessel placed in a water bath. Strain and clarify with white of egg if
required.
=Syrup, Velno’s Vegetable.= According to Dr Paris and Sir B. Brodie, this
celebrated nostrum is prepared as follows:——Young and fresh burdock root,
sliced, 2 oz.; dandelion root, 1 oz.; fresh spearmint, senna, coriander
seed, and bruised liquorice root, of each 1-1/2 dr.; water, 1-1/2 pint;
boil down gently to a pint, strain, add of lump sugar, 1 lb., boil to a
syrup; and, lastly, add a small quantity of corrosive sublimate,
previously dissolved in a little spirit. Used as an alterative and
purifier of the blood.
=Syrup of Vin′egar.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ACETI, L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Take of
vinegar (French, in preference), 11 fl oz.; white sugar, 14 oz.; and make
a syrup.——_Dose_, 1 dr. to 1 fl. oz.; as an expectorant, in coughs and
colds, or diffused through any mild diluent, as a drink in fevers. A more
agreeable preparation is that of the P. Cod., made by dissolving 30 parts
of sugar in 16 parts of raspberry vinegar.
=Syrup of Vi′olets.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS VIOLARUM, SYRUPUS VIOLÆ (Ph. L. & E.),
L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Macerate violet flowers, 9 oz., in boiling water, 1
pint, for twelve hours, then press, strain, and set aside the liquid, that
the fæces may subside; afterwards complete the process with sugar, 3 lbs.,
and rectified spirit, 2-1/2 fl. oz. (or as much of each as may be
necessary), in the way which has been ordered concerning syrup of
cochineal.
2. (Ph. E.) Fresh violets, 1 lb.; boiling water, 2-1/2 pints; infuse for
24 hours in a covered vessel of glass or earthenware, strain off the
liquor (with gentle pressure), filter, and dissolve in the liquid white
sugar, 7-1/2 lbs.
3. (Wholesale.) From double-refined white sugar, 66 lbs.;
‘anthokyan,’[221] 11 lbs.; water, 22 lbs., or q. s.; dissolve in
earthenware.
[Footnote 221: The expressed juice of violets, defecated, gently heated in
earthenware to 192° Fahr., then skimmed, cooled, and filtered; a little
spirit is next added, and the next day the compound is again filtered.]
_Uses._ Syrup of violets is gently laxative.——_Dose._ For an infant, a
teaspoonful.
_Obs._ Genuine syrup of violet has a lively violet-blue colour, is
reddened by acids, turned green by alkalies, and both smells and tastes of
the flowers. It is frequently used as a test. A spurious sort is met with
in the shops, which is coloured with litmus, and slightly scented with
orris root. The purest sugar, perfectly free from either acid or alkaline
contamination, should alone be used in the manufacture of this syrup. The
Ph. E. orders the infusion to be strained without pressure; and the P.
Cod., and some other Ph., direct the flowers to be first washed in cold
water.
=Syrup of Wild Cherry Bark.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS PRIMI VIRGINIANÆ. (U. S.)
_Prep._ Moisten 5 troy. oz. of coarsely powdered bark of wild cherry and
water; let it stand 24 hours, then put it into a percolator, adding water
till 16 oz. (o. m.) of liquid are obtained. To this add 2-1/4 troy lbs. of
sugar in a bottle and agitate until it is dissolved.
=Syrup, Wilks’.= See SYRUP OF GARLIC, COMPOUND.
=Syrup of Worm′wood.= _Syn._ SYRUPUS ABSINTHII, L.; SIROP D’ABSINTHE, Fr.
_Prep._ (P. Cod.) Tops of wormwood (dried), 1 part; boiling water, 8
parts; infuse for 12 hours, strain, with expression, and dissolve in the
liquor twice its weight of sugar. Bitter, tonic, and stomachic.——_Dose_, 1
to 3 fl. dr.
=Syrups for Aerated Waters.= 1. _a._ _Lemon Syrup._——Dissolve 1 oz. of
citric acid in 4 oz. of water, and add to 9 pints of simple syrup; also
add 4 fl. oz. of mucilage of acacia and half a fluid ounce of tincture of
lemon.
_b._ Grate off the yellow rind of lemons and beat it up with a sufficient
quantity of granulated sugar. Express the lemon-juice; add to each pint of
juice 1 pint of water and 3-1/2 lbs. of granulated sugar, including that
rubbed up by the rind. Warm until the sugar is dissolved, and strain.
_c._ Dissolve 6 dr. of tartaric acid and 1 oz. of gum Arabic in pieces in
1 gallon of simple syrup, then flavour with 1-1/2 fl. dr. of best oil of
lemon. Or flavour with the saturated tincture of the peel in Cologne
spirits.
2. _a._ _Orange Syrup._ To be prepared from the fruit in the same manner
as _b_, Lemon Syrup.
_b._ Dissolve 6 dr. of citric acid in 1 gall. of simple syrup, and add 2
fl. dr. of fresh oil of orange in 2 oz. of alcohol, or, instead of the
alcohol solution of the oil, use the saturated tincture, obtained by
macerating the fresh peel for ten days in sufficient Cologne spirits to
cover. The lemon and orange syrups made from the fruit, after being
strained, may be diluted with an equal bulk of simple syrup. One dozen of
the fruit is sufficient to make 1 gallon of finished syrup.
3. _Vanilla Syrup._ See SYRUP.
4. _Syrup of Coffee._ See SYRUP.
5. _Strawberry and Raspberry Syrups._ Mash the fresh fruit, express the
juice, and to each quart add 3-1/2 lbs. of granulated sugar. The juice,
heated to 180° Fahr. and strained or filtered previous to dissolving the
sugar, will keep for an indefinite time. See also STRAWBERRY ESSENCE,
FACTITIOUS.
6. _Pine-apple Syrup._ Expressed juice of pine-apple, 1 pint; sugar, 2
lbs. Boil gently, and when cold, filter.
7. _Nectar Syrup._ Mix 3 parts of vanilla syrup with 1 each of pine-apple
and lemon syrup.
8. _Sherbet Syrup._ Mix equal parts of orange, pine-apple, and vanilla
syrup.
9. _Grape Syrup._ Mix 1/2 pint of brandy, 1/4 oz. of tincture of lemon,
and sufficient tincture of red sanders, with 1 gall. of syrup.
10. _Cream Syrup._ Condensed milk, 1 pint; water, 1 pint; sugar, 1-1/2 lb.
Heat to boiling, and strain.
11. _Orgent Syrup._ Cream syrup and vanilla syrup, of each 1 pint; oil of
bitter almonds, 4 minims.
12. _Ginger Syrup._ Syrup, 7-1/2 fl. oz.; essence of ginger (1 part of
ginger to 4 of spirit), 1/2 oz.
13. _Syrup of Chocolate._ Chocolate, 8 oz.; syrup, sufficient; water, 1/2
pint; white of 1 egg. Grate the chocolate and rub it in a mortar with the
egg. When thoroughly mixed, add the water gradually, and triturate till a
uniform mixture is obtained. Finally, add syrup to 4 pints, and strain.
=TABASHEER.= A deposit chiefly composed of silica, found in the joints of
the bamboo. When dry it is opaque, but possesses the property of becoming
transparent when placed in water. Its deposition in the nodes and joints
of the bamboo appears to be due to a diseased condition of these parts.
Tabasheer is much and unduly prized by the natives of India as a tonic and
constitutional restorative, and is chewed mixed with betel. It has the
least refractive power on light of any body known.
=TABES DORSALIS.= A disease of the posterior column of the spinal cord,
resulting in incoordination of the movements of the legs, sometimes
spreading to the upper limbs, so that the patient in walking throws out
the legs with a jerk, and brings them down violently upon the heels. Such
patients are popularly called “Stampers.”
=TABLETTES.= [Fr.] See LOZENGES and SAVONETTES.
=TACAMAHACA.= The resinous substance known by this name, is believed to be
obtained from the _Fagara octandra_ (of Linnæus), a large tree growing in
the island of Curaçoa and in Venezuela. The juice, which exudes from the
tree spontaneously, becomes hard upon exposure. The commercial article
varies greatly in size, sometimes occurring in irregular-shaped pieces of
one or two inches in diameter, whilst at others it is met with no larger
than a mustard seed. The pieces are usually of a reddish-brown or light
yellow colour. They have a resinous agreeable odour, with a balsamic,
bitter, slightly acrid taste. Tacamahaca dissolves partially in alcohol,
and entirely so in ether and fixed oils. It is composed of resin and a
little volatile oil. There are several varieties of this substance. At one
time Tacamahaca enjoyed a high reputation as an internal remedy for
urinary and scorbutic affections. It is now only occasionally employed in
medicine as an ingredient in ointments and plaster. Sometimes it enters
into the composition of incense. In properties it is very similar to the
turpentines.
=TAF′FETAS.= Plasters on silk are occasionally so called. For TAFFETAS
ANGLICUM, see COURT PLASTER; for TAFFETAS VESICANS, see VESICANTS.
=TALC.= _Syn._ FOLIATED TALC; UBRUC. A transparent, foliated, siliceous
magnesian mineral, flexible, but not elastic, found in Scotland, the
Tyrol, and elsewhere. It is used as a cosmetic, to impart a silky
whiteness to the skin; also in the composition of _rouge végétal_, and to
give a flesh-like polish to alabaster figures. A second and harder species
of this mineral (FRENCH CHALK, SOAPSTONE, STEATITE; CRETA GALLICA) is
employed as a crayon by carpenters, glaziers, and tailors, and forms the
boot-powder of the boot-makers. Writing executed with it on glass, even
after being apparently removed by friction, becomes again visible when
breathed upon.
=TAL′LOW= and other fats are commonly purified by melting them along with
water, passing the mixed fluids through a sieve, and letting the whole
cool slowly, when a cake of cleansed fat is obtained.——Another plan is to
keep the tallow melted for some time, along with about 2% of oil of
vitriol, largely diluted with water, employing constant agitation, and
allowing the whole to cool slowly; then to remelt the cake with a large
quantity of hot water, and to wash it well.——Another method is to blow
steam for some time through the melted fat. By either this or the
preceding process a white hard tallow may be obtained.——Some persons add a
little nitre to the melted fat, and, afterwards, a little dilute nitric or
sulphuric acid, or a solution of bisulphate of potash. Others boil the fat
along with water and a little dilute nitric or chromic acid, or a mixture
of bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid; and afterwards wash it
thoroughly with water. These methods answer well for the tallow or mixed
fats of which ordinary candles are made.
Tallow converted into stearic acid by saponification is readily hardened
and bleached, if moderately pure. A mixture composed of 1 part of oxalic
acid and 2000 parts of water is sufficient to bleach 1000 parts of stearic
acid. The mode of operating is as follows:——Throw the stearic acid, cut
into small pieces, into a vessel of cold water, and turn on steam; as soon
as it has melted and assumed a turbid appearance, add the solution of
oxalic acid, and boil the mixture. After boiling for 3/4 hour, long
threads appear in the liquid; the liquid itself, which previously was of a
greyish colour, becomes black, and the threads unite together. The boiling
must now be discontinued, and the contents of the vessel, having been
allowed to settle for three or four hours, must be drawn off into the
coolers.
As commercial stearic acid frequently contains undecomposed tallow, as
well as various foreign matters, this process is occasionally
unsuccessful. To obviate the inconveniences connected with the use of this
impure material, the candle may be run at two operations, as
follows:——“The stearic acid, treated as above, is exposed for a month to
the sun, by which means the foreign matters are oxidised, and the bleached
stearic acid acquires a dirty yellow colour; the oxidised blocks are then
melted in water containing a little sulphuric acid, at about 150° Fahr.;
an addition of about 10 per cent. of good white wax (or spermaceti) is
next made, and the whole boiled for half an hour; the white of an egg,
previously beaten up in a quart of water, is then added to each 1 cwt. of
stearic acid, the temperature of the mass having been reduced to 100°, or
at most 120° Fahr., after which the mixture is again well stirred and
boiled, when the liquid soon becomes clear, which is seen by the dark
colour it assumes.
“This mixture of stearic acid and wax or spermaceti is very suitable for
forming the exterior coating of the candle; it is transparent, and of
perfect whiteness, and, as it is devoid of oxalic acid, it does not injure
the moulds; whilst at the same time, as it is less fusible than pure
stearic acid, candles made with it do not run. The first coating may be
run hot without crystallising; the interior of the candle, being protected
from without against too sudden a cooling, may also be run somewhat hot;
by this means the candle acquires a whiteness and a transparency which
cannot be realised by other processes.” (‘Le Moniteur Industriel.’)
The sulphuric acid saponification of inferior tallow and other solid or
semi-solid fatty bodies is now carried out on a very large scale for
producing the cheaper varieties of ‘stearine candles.’ For this purpose,
the tallow or fat is mixed with 5 or 6% of concentrated sulphuric acid,
and exposed to a steam heat of 350° to 360° Fahr. After cooling, the black
mass thus obtained crystallises to a tolerably solid fat, which is well
washed once or twice with water, or high-pressure steam, and is then
submitted to distillation by the aid of steam heated to about 560° Fahr.
The product of the distillation is beautifully white, and may be at once
used for making candles. It is better, however, to first submit it to the
processes of cold and hot pressing, whereby a much more solid fat is
obtained.
According to M. Pohl, palm oil or palm tallow is most easily purified by
simple exposure to a high temperature, provided it has been first well
defecated. When quickly heated to about 465° Fahr., and kept at that
temperature for from 5 to 15 minutes, it is completely decoloured. The
product has a slight empyreumatic odour, but this disappears by age,
exposure, or saponification, and the natural violet odour of the oil
returns. Cast-iron pans should be employed in the process, and should be
only 2-3rds filled, and well covered during the operation.
By the distillation of sulphurated palm oil in closed vessels, at a heat
ranging from 570° to 600° Fahr., from 68% to 75% of a mixture of palmitic
and palm-oleic acid passes over, of which 25% to 30% is colourless, hard,
and crystalline, and the rest darker and softer. (Pohl.) The residuum in
the still is a fine hard pitch. See CANDLES, FAT, GLYCERIN, OILS (Fixed),
STEARIC ACID, &c.
=TAMAR′A.= A mixed spice used in Italian cookery, consisting of cinnamon,
cloves, and corianders, of each 2 parts; aniseed and fennel seed, of each
1 part.
=TAM′ARIND.= _Syn._ TAMARINDUS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. The pulp or
preserved fruit or pod of the _Tamarindus Indica_, or tamarind tree.
Tamarind pulp is refrigerant and gently laxative. Mixed with water, it
forms a grateful acidulous drink in fevers.——_Dose_, 1/4 oz. and upwards.
_Composition of the Tamarind._——Vanquelin.
Citric acid 9·40 per cent.
Tartaric ” 1·55 ”
Malic ” 0·45 ”
Bitartrate of potash 3·25 ”
Sugar 12·50 ”
Besides gum, vegetable jelly, parenchyma, and water.
=TANKS.= The difference between water-tanks and cisterns is not very
obvious. Perhaps the definition the most nearly representing the general
idea respecting them would be, that whilst both were receptacles for
water, in tanks water would be stored for a longer period than in
cisterns, which supplying the constantly recurring needs of a house or a
building of any kind would be more frequently filled and emptied; although
in many instances there might be no such distinction between them, and
they might be regarded as synonymous. In whatever sense the terms may be
understood, the remarks that follow as to their construction and
management have a common application.
The materials for tanks and cisterns for the reception of water consist of
stone, cement, brick, slate, iron, zinc, and lead. Of these materials, the
best, although the dearest, is slate. The slate cistern, however, is
occasionally liable to leakage, a defect mostly arising from the
employment of mortar instead of cement for joining the slabs.
Wrought-iron cisterns and tanks as well as the pipes in connection with
them are in very general use. The tendency of both to corrosion by the
action of the water is considerably reduced by coating the insides with
Portland cement or a vitreous glaze.
Mr Burn advocates the employment of a compound of tar, which, he says,
most effectually protects them. Zinc, although cheap, and little acted
upon by water, is seldom employed for cisterns. Dr Osborne says he has
seen several cases of zinc poisoning, caused by drinking water that had
passed through zinc pipes, or had stood in zinc pails. Equal, if not
greater risk is incurred when drinking-water is kept in lead cisterns, or
is made to run through lead pipes. In setting up cisterns or tanks made of
stone or cement, common mortar must not be used, as lime is taken up and
the water is rendered hard in consequence.
In seasons of drought it is by no means an unusual occurrence for many
rural districts to lack a sufficiency of water, the limited supply of
which entails considerable suffering, sometimes terminating fatally upon
farm stock, with frequent loss to the owners. Few persons, perhaps, can
form a correct idea of the immense quantity of water that in the shape of
rain falls even in the least humid portions of our islands. If this rain,
which is now allowed to run waste, were properly collected and stored, it
would form a valuable resource in times and at places where there was a
dearth or scarcity of this necessary element.
Mr Bayley Denton, writing on this subject, says:——“Take an ordinary
middle-class house in a village with stabling and outbuildings, the space
of ground covered by the roofs will frequently reach 10 poles, while the
space covered by a farm-labourer’s cottage and outbuildings will be 2-1/2
poles.
Assuming that the roof is slate and the water dripping from it is properly
caught by eave-troughing, and conducted by down-pipes and impervious
drain-pipes into a water-tight tank sufficiently capacious to prevent
overflow under any circumstances, and that by this method 20 inches of
water from rain and dew are collected in the course of the year, the
private houses will have the command of 28,280 gallons, and the cottage
7070 gallons in a year.... A tank 16 feet long, and ten feet wide, will
hold 1000 gallons in every foot of depth, and where the water is not
wanted for drinking, it need not be covered, except with a common boarded
floating roof of half-inch boards fastened together. This floating roof
keeps the water clean, and prevents evaporation.”[222]
[Footnote 222: ‘On the Storage of Water,’ by Bayley Denton.]
Leakage of pipes of any kind into a cistern or tank should be particularly
guarded against. Another important precaution claiming adoption is to see
that the overflow-pipe is not directly connected with the sewer, for if it
be, the sewer gases will rise through it, and being prevented escaping
from the cistern because of its covering, will become absorbed by the
water. To obviate this, the overflow-pipe is curved, so as to force a
syphon trap; but this device conduces to a sense of false security, since
it mostly fails owing to the evaporation of the water in it, or to the
gases forcing their way through it. The overflow-pipe, therefore, should
never have direct communication with the sewer, but should always end
above ground, and discharge over a trapped grating into it. For similar
reasons the same tanks or cisterns should never supply the water used for
culinary or drinking purposes and also the water-closets.
To the water in the tanks attached to these latter, some disinfectant
substance should from time to time be added; more particularly during hot
weather.
Unless a cistern be efficiently protected, particularly if it be placed in
an exposed situation, various disgusting and filthy substances, such as
the ordure of birds, cats, rats, and dead insects, &c., will be liable to
fall into it, and foul its contents. This must not only be guarded against
by the proper means, but even where the contamination may not be
suspected, or likely to occur, the cistern should be frequently examined
and periodically cleansed; part of the proper carrying out of which should
consist in always running off the water remaining in it and renewing it
with fresh.
The London and General Water Purifying Company have adopted an excellent
idea in connection with tanks and cisterns; they fit them with filters, so
that the water drawn from the pipes shall have been submitted to
filtration previous to delivery.
=TAN′NATE.= A salt of tannic acid.
=TAN′NER’S BARK.= The best of this is oak bark; but the bark of the
chestnut, willow, and larch, and other trees which abound in tannin, are
also used for preparing leather.
=TAN′NIC ACID.= C_{27}H_{22}O_{17}. _Syn._ TAN, TANNIN, GALLO-TANNIC
ACID†; TANNINUM, ACIDUM TANNICUM (B. P., Ph. L., D., & U. S.), L. A
peculiar vegetable principle, remarkable for its astringency and its power
of converting the skins of animals into leather.
_Prep._ 1. (Pelouze.) From galls, in moderately fine powder, by
percolation, in a closed vessel, with sulphuric ether that has been
previously agitated with water. After some time the percolated liquid will
be found divided into two distinct portions, the lower and heavier one
being a watery solution of tannic acid, and the upper one an ethereal
solution of gallic acid and colouring matter. Fresh ether must be passed
through the powder as long as the lower stratum of liquid continues to
augment. The two fluids are now carefully separated, and after the heavier
one has been well washed with ether, it is gently evaporated to dryness,
preferably under the receiver of an air pump, or over sulphuric acid. The
ether may be recovered unaltered from the ethereal solution, by cautious
distillation in a retort connected with a Liebig’s condenser supplied with
ice-cold water. _Prod._ About 40%.
2. (Ph. D.) From galls, in tolerably fine powder, 8 oz., and a mixture of
sulphuric ether, 3 pints, with water, 5 fl. oz.; by percolation, in
successive portions, like the last; the aqueous solution of tannic acid
being evaporated, and finally dried at a heat not exceeding 212° Fahr.
_Prop., &c._ Pure tannic acid is perfectly white, but as ordinarily met
with it has a slight yellowish colour, owing to the action of the air; it
is uncrystallisable; possesses a powerful and purely astringent taste,
without bitterness; is freely soluble in water, less so in alcohol, and
only very slightly in ether; it reddens vegetable blues; when boiled with
acids, it assimilates water and splits into gallic acid and grape sugar;
when heated in the dry state, it suffers decomposition, metagallic and
pyrogallic acids being formed; it unites with the bases, forming salts
called tannates, which are characterised by striking a deep black with the
persalts of iron (ink), and forming a white precipitate with gelatin.
E. Schmidt[223] gives the following comparative method of determining
tanning materials, stating, preliminarily, “that the question to be solved
is, knowing that a certain weight of pure tannin is required to obtain a
certain result, how much of another tanning body, _e.g._ the extract of a
wood, is required to produce the same result? None of the published
methods for the determination of tannin is sufficiently precise, easy, and
rapid for industrial purposes.”
[Footnote 223: Chem. News, from ‘Bull. de la Soc. Chem. de Paris.’]
The author proposes a modification of Pibram’s method with sugar of lead,
the modification being as follows:
A. _Preparation of the Test Liquor._ Fifty grams neutral acetate of lead
are dissolved in 400 grams of alcohol, of 92 per cent., and distilled
water is added to make up 1 litre.
On the other hand, 1 gram of tannin is dissolved in 40 grams of alcohol of
the same strength, and the solution is made up with water to the bulk of
100 c.c. This being done, 10 c.c. of the tannin solution are mixed with
20 c.c. of water, and heated to 60°. The lead liquor is then run into the
hot solution from a burette, graduated to tenths of a c.c., so long as a
precipitate is formed. At this temperature, and with these alcoholised
liquids, the precipitate forms and settles rapidly. Iodide of potassium
may be used as an indicator to show excess of lead, proceeding in the same
manner as is done with ferrocyanide in titrating phosphates with nitrate
of uranium. If we suppose that to precipitate 10 c.c. of the tannin
solution 28° of the lead liquor have been required, then 2·8 c.c. of the
latter = 0·10 gram of tannin.
B. _Preparation of the Sample to be tested._ Suppose that chestnut bark is
to be examined. It is coarsely powdered, and 10 grams are mixed with an
equal volume of washed sand, and exhausted with water at 50° or 60° C. The
filtered liquid is evaporated to dryness in a water bath in a tarred
porcelain capsule. After evaporation the capsule is weighed, which shows
the yield of the bark in aqueous extract. This is taken up in 40 grams of
alcohol at 92°, and water is added to make up 100° c.c. The liquid is
filtered if needful. In this manner the resinous, albuminoid, pectic, and
gummy matters are got rid of.
C. _Titration._ The liquid thus prepared is divided into two parts. The
first, one third of the entire volume, serves for direct determination of
the acetate of lead. Suppose that a gram of the dry extract of chestnut
has required, for 10 c.c. of the tannin liquor, in three successive
experiments, 16°, 17°, and 16° of the burette, which corresponds to 57 per
cent. of tannin. Thus figure 57 represents not only tannin, but every
other substance capable of precipitating acetate of lead.
The tannin is then absorbed with bone black, previously washed with
hydrochloric acid, and dried at 100° C. in the following manner:——We act
with bone black upon the tannin liquor, and on a solution of pure tannic,
prepared at a standard somewhat lower than that indicated for the extract
by the first direct titration. In the present case this solution of tannin
should be prepared at 55 per cent.
From one and the same glass tube, about 1 centimètre in diameter, we cut
off two lengths of 20 centimètres each, and we draw out each at one of its
ends. The two tubes are fixed perpendicularly with the points downwards,
and plugged with a little carded cotton. Into each is put 10 grams of the
bone black, pouring into one of them the second part of the tannin liquor
under examination, and into the other the same volume of the pure solution
of pure tannin at 55 per cent.
Twenty c.c. of the tannin liquor (which will be found to have retained
its original brown colour in spite of the bone black) are now heated to
60° C., and the standard lead liquor is added from the burette as before.
Two successive trials show 16° = 8° for 10 c.c. in place of the 16° found
for 10 c.c. on direct titration. On the other hand, 20 c.c. of the
solution of pure tannin require 14°, or 7° for 10 c.c. Thus we see that
in the tannin liquor (chestnut extract) there is a certain quantity of
matter which acts upon the standard lead solution like tannin,
corresponding to 1° of the lead liquor, _i. e._ to 357 thousandths of a
centigram of tannin; 28°, therefore, correspond to 10 centigrams. The
figure 57, obtained by direct titration, is, therefore, too high by 3·57
per cent., and the extract contains 57 - 3·57 = 53·43 per cent. of tannin.
_Uses, &c._ The value of substances containing tannin in the preparation
of leather is well known. In its pure form it is used as an astringent in
medicine; internally, in diarrhœa, hæmorrhages, as a tonic in dyspepsia,
&c.; externally, made into a gargle, injection, or ointment.——_Dose_, 1 to
10 gr., in the form of pills or solution. See GALLIC ACID, &c.
=TAN′NIN.= See TANNIC ACID.
=TAN′NING.= When the skin of an animal, carefully deprived of hair, fat,
and other impurities, is immersed in a dilute solution of tannic acid, the
gelatin gradually combines with that substance as it penetrates inwards,
forming a perfectly insoluble compound, which resists putrefaction
completely; this is tanned leather. In practice, lime water is used for
cleansing and preparing the skin, water acidulated with oil of vitriol for
‘raising’ or opening the pores, and an infusion of oak bark, or sometimes
of catechu, or other astringent matter, as the source of tannic acid. The
process itself is necessarily a slow one, as dilute solutions only can be
safely used. Skins intended for the curriers, to be dressed for ‘uppers,’
commonly require about 3 weeks; and ‘thick hides,’ from 12 to 18 months.
Of late years various ingenious contrivances have been adopted, with more
or less success, to hasten the process of tanning skins and hides. Among
these may be mentioned the employment of stronger tan solutions, the
application of a gentle heat, puncturing the skins to afford more ready
access for the liquid to their interior parts, and maceration in the tan
liquor under pressure, either at once or after the vessel containing them
has been exhausted of air by means of an air-pump. On the merit of these
several methods it has been remarked “that the saturated infusions of
astringent barks contain much less extractive matter, in proportion to
their tannin, than the weak infusions; and when the skins are quickly
tanned in the former, common experience shows that it produces leather
which is less durable than leather slowly formed.” (Sir H. Davy.) “100
lbs. of skin, quickly tanned in a strong infusion of bark, produce 137
lbs. of leather; while 100 lbs., slowly tanned in a weak infusion, produce
only 117-1/2 lbs.” “Leather thus highly (and hastily) charged with tannin
is, moreover, so spongy as to allow moisture to pass readily through its
pores, to the great discomfort and danger of persons wearing shoes made of
it.” (Ure.)
According to Mr G. Lee, much of the original gelatin of the skin is wasted
in the preliminary processes to which they are subjected, more especially
the ‘liming’ and ‘bating,’ He says, that 100 lbs. of perfectly dry hide,
cleaned from extraneous matter, should, on chemical principles, afford at
least 180 lbs. of leather.
MOROCCO LEATHER is prepared from goat or sheep skins, which, after the
action of lime water and a dung bath, are slightly tanned in a bath of
sumach. They are subsequently grained, polished, &c.
RUSSIA LEATHER is generally tanned with a decoction of willow bark, after
which it is dyed, and curried with the empyreumatic oil of the birch tree.
It is the last substance which imparts to this leather its peculiar odour
and power of resisting mould and damp. See LEATHER, TANNIC ACID, TAWING,
&c.
=TANTALIC ACID.= _Syn._ TANTALIC ANHYDRIDE; COLUMBIC ACID. Rose believed
this substance to be a dioxide, to which he gave the formula TaO_{2}; but
the subsequent researches of Marignac, and the crystalline form of
potassic tantalic fluoride 2KF, TaF_{5}, seem to show that it is to be
regarded rather as Ta_{2}O_{5}.