(Ph. Bor.) Liquor of potassa, 1 oz.; water, 2 oz.; mix in a porcelain
capsule, apply heat, and gradually add of resin of guaiacum (in powder), 6
dr., or as much as it will dissolve; next decant or filter, and evaporate
to a pilular consistence.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr.; in chronic rheumatism,
various skin diseases, &c.
=Soap I′odine.= _Syn._ SAPO IODURATUS, L. _Prep._ From Castile soap
(sliced), 1 lb.; iodide of potassium, 1 oz.; (dissolved in) water, 3 fl.
oz.; melt them together in a glass or porcelain vessel, over a water bath.
Excellent in various skin diseases; also as a common soap for scrofulous
subjects.
=Soap of Jal′ap.= See JALAP, SOAP OF.
=Soap, Larch.= _Syn._ SAPO LARICIS. (Dr Moore.) _Prep._ Dissolve 12 oz. of
white curd soap in 24 oz. of rose water on a steam bath. Infuse 4 oz. of
wheat bran in 10 oz. of cold water for 24 hours, and express. Add to the
last, 3 oz. of pure glycerin. Dissolve 6 dr. of extract of larch bark in 1
oz. of boiling water. Mix these solutions with the dissolved soap,
evaporate over a steam bath to a proper consistence, and pour into moulds
to cool. For the local treatment of psoriasis.
=Soap, Macquer’s Acid.= _Syn._ SAPO VITRIOLICUS, L. _Prep._ From Castile
soap, 4 oz.; softened by heat and a little water, and then continually
triturated in a mortar with oil of vitriol (added drop by drop).
Detergent. Used where alkalies would be prejudicial.
=Soap, Marine.= _Patent._ This is made by substituting cocoa nut oil for
the fats and oils used in the manufacture of common soap. It has the
advantage of forming a lather with salt water.
=Soap, Mercu′′rial.= _Syn._ SAPO HYDRARGYRI. (M. Herbert.) 1. _Prep._
Dissolve 4 oz. of quicksilver in its weight of nitric acid without heat;
melt in a porcelain basin by water bath 18 oz. of veal suet, and add the
solution, stirring the mixture till the union is complete. To 5 oz. of
this ointment, add 2 oz. of solution of caustic soda (1·33), porphyry
slag, till a soap is formed, which is completely soluble in water. For
external use, alone, or dissolved in water, in some cutaneous diseases.
2. SAPO MERCURIALIS, L. _Prep._ (SAPO SUBLIMATIS CORROSIVI.) From Castile
soap (in powder), 4 oz.; corrosive sublimate, 1 dr.; (dissolved in)
rectified spirit, 1 fl. oz.; beaten to a uniform mass in a porcelain or
wedgwood-ware mortar.
3. (SAPO HYDRARGYRI, PRECIPITATI ALBI——Sir H. Marsh.) _Prep._ Beat 12 oz.
of white Windsor soap in a marble mortar, add 1 dr. of rectified spirit, 2
dr. of white precipitate, and 10 drops of otto. Beat the whole to a
uniform paste.
4. (SAPO HYDRARGYRI, PRECIPITATI RUBRI——Sir H. Marsh.) From white Windsor
soap, 2 oz.; nitric oxide of mercury (levigated), 1 dr.; otto of roses, 6
or 8 drops; (dissolved in) rectified spirit, 1 to 2 fl. dr.; as the last.
Both the above are employed as stimulant detergents and repellants, in
various skin diseases; also as SAVON ANTISYPHILITIQUE.
=Soap of Subacetate of Lead.= _Syn._ SAPO SATURNI (Bristol Infirmary).
_Prep._ Boil 1 lb. of white soap in 4 pints of rain water; when the soap
is dissolved add 1 oz. of camphor pulverised with spirit, and mixed with 2
oz. of liquid subacetate of lead, stir the whole till cold.
=Soap, Sul′phuretted.= _Syn._ SAPO SULPHURIS, SAPO SULPHURATUS, L. _Prep._
(Sir H. Marsh.) From white soap, 2 oz.; sublimed sulphur, 1/4 oz.; beaten
to a smooth paste in a marble mortar with 1 or 2 fl. dr. of rectified
spirit strongly coloured with alkanet root, and holding in solution otto
of roses, 10 or 12 drops. In itch and various other cutaneous diseases.
=Soap, Tar.= _Syn._ SAPO PICIS LIQUIDÆ, SAPO PICEUS, L. _Prep._ From tar,
1 part; liquor of potassa and soap (in shavings), of each 2 parts; beat
them together until they unite. Stimulant. Used in psoriasis, lepra, &c.
=Soap, Tur′pentine.= _Syn._ STARKEY’S SOAP; SAPO TEREBINTHINÆ, S.
TEREBINTHINATUS, L.; SAVON TÉRÉBINTHINE, Fr. _Prep._ (P. Cod.)
Subcarbonate of potash, oil of turpentine, and Venice turpentine, equal
parts; triturate them together, in a warm mortar, with a little water,
until they combine; put the product into paper moulds, and in a few days
slice it, and preserve it in a well-stopped bottle.
=SOAPS (Toilet).= Of toilet soaps there are two principal varieties:——
1. (Hard.) The basis of these is, generally, a mixture of suet, 9 parts,
and olive oil, 1 part, saponified by caustic soda; the product is
variously scented and coloured. They are also made of white tallow, olive,
almond, and palm-oil soaps, either alone or combined in various
proportions, and scented.
2. (Soft.) The basis of these is a soap made of hog’s lard and potash,
variously scented and coloured.
3. Guido Schnitzer, writing to ‘Dingler’s Journal’ (cciii, 129-132),[173]
says that the use of sodium silicate (ordinary water-glass) has proved of
great value in the manufacture of palm oil and cocoa-nut oil soaps, as it
increases their alkalinity, and gives to them greater hardness and
durability. It is for these reasons the silicate is much used in the
manufacture of toilette soaps.
[Footnote 173: ‘Journ. of Chem. Soc.,’ new series, vol. x.]
He states that during the American war, when the price of resin soap
reached a high price, sodium silicate was much used as a substitute in
soap making. The soap is found to be the more active and durable in
proportion to the amount of silica in the silicate.
Schnitzer made a series of experiments in order to discover a mixture
which, on fusing, will yield a silicate as rich as possible in silica,
without being insoluble in boiling water, and he found the following
proportions yielded on fusion the best silicate for the above purposes:——
100 parts of soda ash (containing 91 per cent, of Na_{2}CO_{3}), and 180
of sand. In the solution of silicate obtained on treatment with boiling
water, the proportion of the Na_{2}O to the SiO_{2} would then be as 1 to
2·9.
After long boiling with water, there ordinarily remains a slimy residue,
which, on boiling up with fresh dilute soda-lye for a long time, furnishes
a concentrated solution of silicate. This residue, consisting of silica,
with insoluble higher silicates, was boiled with soda solution at 6°
Baume, and the solution concentrated to 40° Baume, when the proportion
therein of Na_{2}O to SiO_{2} was found to be as 1 to 1·, and on cooling
those crystallised out, sodium silicate of the formula Na_{2}SiO_{3} ×
8H_{2}O, in white foliated crystals.
On the small scale the perfume is generally added to the soap melted in a
bright copper pan by the heat of a water bath; on the large scale it is
mixed with the liquid soap, at the soap-maker’s, before the latter is
poured into the frames.
The following are examples of a few of the leading toilet soaps:[174]
[Footnote 174: See also SAVONETTES.]
=Soap, Bitter Al′mond.= _Syn._ SAVON D’AMANDE, Fr. _Prep._ From white
tallow soap, 56 lbs.; essential oil of almonds, 3/4 lb.; as before.
=Savon au Bouquet.= [Fr.] _Prep._ From tallow soap, 30 lbs.; olive-oil
soap, 10 lbs.; essence of bergamot, 4 oz.; oils of cloves, sassafras, and
thyme, of each 1 oz.; pure neroli, 1/2 oz.; brown ochre (finely powdered),
1/2 lb.; mixed as the last.
=Soap, Cin′namon.= _Prep._ From tallow soap, 14 lbs.; palm-oil soap, 7
lbs.; oil of cinnamon (cassia), 3 oz.; oil of sassafras and essence of
bergamot, of each 1/2 oz.; levigated yellow ochre, 1/2 lb.
=Soap, Float′ing.= _Prep._ From good oil soap, 14 lbs.; water, 3 pints;
melted together by the heat of a steam or water bath, and assiduously
beaten until the mixture has at least doubled its volume, when it must be
put into the frames, cooled, and cut into pieces. Any scent may be added.
=Soap, Glycerin.= Any mild toilet soap being liquefied, glycerin is
intimately mixed with it in the proportion of from a 20th to a 25th of the
weight of the soap. Sometimes a red, and others an orange tint is given to
it. The scent usually consists of bergamot, or rose geranium, mixed with a
little oil of cassia, to which sometimes a little oil of bitter almonds is
added.
2. (Spon.) 40 lbs. of tallow, 40 lbs. of lard, and 20 lbs. of cocoa-nut
oil, are saponified with 45 lbs. of soda lye, and 5 lbs. of potash lye, of
40° Baume, when the soap is to be made in the cold way. To the paste then
add, pure glycerin 6 lbs., oil of Portugal, 1/2 oz., oil of bergamot, 1/3
oz., bitter almond oil, 5 oz., oil of vitivert, 3 oz.
=Soap, Hon′ey.= _Prep._ 1. From palm-oil soap and olive-oil soap, of each
1 part; curd soap, 3 parts; melted together and scented with the oil of
verbena, rose-geranium, or ginger-grass.
2. From the finest bright-coloured yellow soap, scented with the oils of
ginger-grass and bergamot.
=Soap, Liquid Glycerin——Glycerinseife, Flüssige.= Sesame or cotton-seed
oil is saponified with sufficient caustic potash, and while moist is
dissolved in six times its weight of spirit of wine. The solution is
filtered, five-sixths of the spirit is distilled from a water bath, and
the cooled residue is reduced to the consistence of thin honey, with a
mixture of 2 parts glycerin and 1 part spirit. It is then perfumed.
=Soap, Musk.= 1. A good ox suet or tallow soap is generally used for the
basis of this. The scent is composed of a mixture of essence of musk, with
small quantities of the oils of bergamot, cinnamon, and cloves. The
quantity of musk must be regulated by the amount of fragrance required.
The soap is usually coloured with caramel.
2. Another kind is made with tallow and palm-oil soap, to which is added a
mixture of the powders of cloves, roses, and gilliflowers, oil of
bergamot, and essence of musk. The colouring matter is brown ochre.
=Soap, Musk.= As CINNAMON SOAP, but with essence of musk, supported with a
little essence of bergamot and oil of cloves, as perfume, and burnt sugar,
to colour.
=Soap, Naples.= From olive oil and potash.
=Soap, Orange-flower.= As SAVON À LA ROSE, with oil of neroli or essence
de petit grain, supported with a little of the essence of ambergris and
Portugal, for perfume.
=Soap, Palm-oil.= _Syn._ VIOLET SOAP. Made of palm oil and caustic soda
lye. It has a pleasant odour of violets and a lively colour.
=Soap, Pearl.= _Syn._ ALMOND CREAM; CRÊME D’AMANDES, Fr. _Prep._ From a
soap made of lard and caustic potash lye; when quite cold it is beaten in
small portions at a time in a marble mortar, until it unites to form a
homogeneous mass, or ‘pearls,’ as it is called; essence of bitter almonds,
q. s., to perfume, being added during the pounding.
=Savon à la Rose.= [Fr.] _Prep._ From a mixture of olive-oil soap, 36
lbs.; best tallow soap, 24 lbs. (both new and in shavings); water, 1
quart; melted in a covered bright copper pan, by the heat of a water bath,
then coloured with vermilion (finely levigated), 2-1/2 oz.; and, after the
mixture has cooled a little, scented with otto of roses, 3 oz.; essence of
bergamot, 2-1/2 oz.; oil of cloves and cinnamon, of each 1 oz.
=Soap, Rondeletia.= This is merely cinnamon soap scented with the essence
made with mixed essential oils, &c., known as rondeletia. It is coloured
with brown or yellow ochre.
=Soap, Sha′′ving.= See PASTE (Shaving).
=Soap, Transpa′′rent.= _Prep._ From perfectly dry almond, tallow, or soft
soap, reduced to shavings, and dissolved, in a closed vessel or still, in
an equal weight of rectified spirit, the clear portion, after a few hours’
repose, being poured into moulds or frames; after a few weeks’ exposure to
a dry atmosphere, the pieces are ‘trimmed up’ and stamped, as desired. It
may be scented and coloured, at will, by adding the ingredients to it
while in the soft state. A rose colour is given by tincture of archil; and
yellow, by tincture of turmeric or annotta. It does not lather well.
=Soap, Windsor.= _Syn._ SAPO VINDESORÆ, S. VINDESORIENSIS, L. _Prep._ 1.
(WHITE; S. V. ALBUS.) The best ‘English’ is made of a mixture of olive
oil, 1 part, and ox tallow or suet, 9 parts, saponified by caustic soda.
‘French Windsor-soap’ is made of hogs’ lard, with the addition of a
little palm oil. That of the shops is merely ordinary curd soap, scented
with oil of caraway, supported with a little oil of bergamot, lavender, or
origanum. To the finer qualities a little of the essences of musk and
ambergris is occasionally added. 1-1/2 lb. of the mixed scents is the
common proportion per cwt.
2. (BROWN; S. V. FUSCUS.) This merely differs from the last in being
coloured with burnt sugar, or (less frequently) with umber. Originally it
was the white variety, that had become mellow and brown with age.
=SO′DA.= See SODIUM.
=SO′DIUM.= Na. _Syn._ NATRIUM. The metallic base of soda. It was first
obtained by Sir H. Davy, in 1807, by means of a powerful galvanic battery;
but it may be more conveniently and cheaply procured, in quantity, by the
method described under POTASSIUM. The process, when well conducted, is,
however, much easier and more certain than that for the last-named metal.
_Prep._ The anhydrous carbonate of sodium, 6 parts, is dissolved in a
little water, and the solution mixed with charcoal in fine powder, 2
parts, and charcoal in small lumps, 1 part; the whole is then evaporated
to dryness, transferred to an iron retort, and treated in the manner
described at page 1353.
_Obs._ Very important improvements have been made in the manufacture of
this metal by Deville, consisting partly in the simplification of the
receiver, and partly in the addition of carbonate of calcium to the
mixture, which addition appears to facilitate the reduction of the sodium
in a most remarkable manner.
_Prop., &c._ Sodium is a soft silver-white metal, scarcely solid at common
temperatures, fuses at 194° Fahr., and volatilises at a red heat; it
oxidises very rapidly in the air; when placed on the surface of cold
water, it decomposes that liquid with great violence, but generally
without flame, in which it differs from potassium; on hot water it burns
with a bright yellow flame——in both cases a solution of pure soda being
formed. Sp. gr. ·972; it is more malleable than any other metal, and may
be easily reduced into very thin leaves (Ure); its other properties
resemble those of potassium, but are of a feebler character. With oxygen
it forms two oxides; with chlorine, a chloride (common salt); and——with
bromine, iodine, fluorine, &c., bromide, iodide, fluoride, &c., all of
which may be obtained by similar processes to the respective compounds of
potassium, which, for the most part they resemble.
_Uses._ Until recently sodium has been regarded as a mere mechanical or
philosophical curiosity; it has now, however, become of great practical
importance, from being employed in the manufacture of the metals
aluminium, magnesium, &c.
_Tests._ Sodium salts are recognised by their solubility in water, and by
their giving a precipitate with none of the ordinary reagents. They give a
rich yellow colour to the colourless Bunsen or the pale blue blowpipe
flame. They can, to a certain extent, be also distinguished from potassium
salts by the carbonate being an easily crystallisable salt, effervescing
in dry air; the carbonate of potassium being crystallised with difficulty,
and deliquescent. Platinum chloride does not give a precipitate with
sodium chloride; neither does picric acid, perchlorate of ammonium, nor
tartaric acid.
=Sodium, Acetate of.= NaC_{2}H_{3}O_{2}. _Syn._ ACETATE OF SODA; SODÆ
ACETAS (B. P., Ph. D.), L. Prepared from carbonate of sodium as the
corresponding potassium salt; but the resulting solution is evaporated to
a pellicle, and set aside to crystallise. Its crystals are striated
oblique rhombic prisms; it effloresces slightly in the air, and is soluble
in 4 parts of water at 60° Fahr. Diuretic.——_Dose_, 20 to 40 gr.
=Sodium, Aluminate.= This salt has of late been in extensive demand by the
calico printer and dyer. In France it is obtained from banxite, a native
hydrate of aluminate, by treatment with caustic or carbonate of soda. If
caustic soda be employed, the powdered banxite is boiled with a solution
of the alkali, whereas if carbonate of soda be used, it is fused with the
banxite in a reverbatory furnace. By the first process the resulting
aluminate of soda is dissolved in water, and evaporated to dryness, forms
the commercial article. If prepared by ignition, the semifused mass is
lixiviated with water, and then evaporated to dryness. Aluminate of soda
prepared as above occurs as a white powder, of a greenish-yellow hue, and
dry to the touch.
It is equally soluble in both hot and cold water, and readily decomposed
by carbonic and acetic acids, bicarbonate and acetate of soda, chloride of
ammonia, &c. Dr Wagner states that it is used for the preparation of lake
colours, the induration of stone, in the manufacture of artificial stone,
and for the saponification of fats in the manufacture of stearin candle
manufacture, also in the preparation of an opaque, milky-looking glass, or
semi-porcelain.
Aluminate of soda may likewise be procured from cryolite, as described
under ALUM.
=Sodium Arseniates.= _Syn._ SODÆ ARSENIAS (B. P.). Arsenious acid, 10 oz.;
nitrate of soda, 8-1/2 oz.; dried carbonate of soda, 5-1/2 oz.; boiling
distilled water, 35 fl. oz. Reduce the dry ingredients separately to fine
powder, and mix them thoroughly in a porcelain mortar. Put the mixture
into a large clay crucible and cover it with the lid. Expose it to a full
red heat till all effervescence has ceased, and complete fusion has taken
place. Pour out the fused salt on a clean flagstone, and as soon as it has
solidified and while it is still warm put it into the boiling distilled
water, stirring diligently. When the salt has dissolved filter the
solution through paper, and set it aside to crystallise. Drain the
crystals, and having dried them rapidly on filtering paper, enclose them
in a stoppered bottle.
=Sodium, Benzoate.= _Syn._ SODÆ BENZOAS. (B. Cod.) _Prep._ Heat gently
benzoic acid and water, and add caustic soda, q. s. to neutralise the
acid. Filter, evaporate, and crystallise over sulphuric acid under a
bell-glass.
=Sodium, Bisulphate.= _Syn._ ACID SULPHATE, SODÆ BISULPHIS. _Prep._
Dissolve crystallised carbonate of soda in twice its weight of water, and
pass sulphurous acid in excess through the solution. Set it aside to
crystallise. Its solution is used to preserve subjects.
=Sodium, Bromide of.= _Syn._ SODII BROMIDUM. Prepared as bromide of
potassium.
=Sodium, Carbonate of.= Na_{2}CO_{3}. 10Aq. _Syn._ CARBONATE OF SODA,
MONO-CARBONATE OF SODA, SUBCARBONATE OF S.†, Salt of barilla†; SODÆ
CARBONAS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. The carbonate of sodium of commerce
(WASHING SODA) was formerly prepared from the ashes of seaweed, and other
marine vegetables, in a somewhat similar manner to that by which carbonate
of potassium is obtained; but it is now usually obtained from chloride of
sodium by the action of heat, sulphuric acid, and carbonaceous matter.
[Illustration: Scotch Soda Furnace.]
_Prep._ 1. (From common salt or sulphate of sodium.) The latter is
generally obtained by decomposing the former with sulphuric acid, the
evolved gas being passed into water, or through flues filled with coke,
over which a very small stream of cold water constantly flows, by which it
is condensed, and forms ‘LIQUID HYDROCHLORIC ACID,’ a substance afterwards
consumed, in large quantities, in the manufacture of chloride of lime, and
for other purposes. The sulphate of sodium, obtained from this or any
other source, is well mixed with an equal weight of chalk or limestone,
and about half its weight of small coal, each being previously ground to
powder, and the mixture is exposed to a strong heat in a ‘reverbatory
furnace’ (see _engr._) until the decomposition of the sulphate is
complete, the mass during the calcination being frequently stirred about
with a long iron rod; the semi-liquid is now raked into an iron trough,
where it is allowed to cool, whilst the furnace is recharged with fresh
materials. The crude dark-grey product, thus obtained, is known as ‘ball
alkali,’ or ‘British barilla,’ and usually contains about 22 or 23% of
pure hydrate of sodium. This is now lixiviated with tepid water, and the
solution, after defecation, evaporated to dryness; the residuum is mixed
with a certain quantity of sawdust, coal-dust, or charcoal, and roasted in
a reverberatory furnace, at a heat not exceeding 700° Fahr., until all the
sulphur is expelled. The product is the ‘soda-ash,’ ‘soda salt,’ or
‘British alkali,’ of commerce, and contains about 50% of pure sodium,
partly in the state of carbonate, and partly as hydrate, the remainder
being chiefly sulphate of sodium and common salt. When this is purified by
solution in water, defecation, evaporation, and crystallisation, it
furnishes commercial crystallised carbonate of soda. When this last is
redissolved, and the filtered solution is carefully crystallised, it
constitutes the ordinary carbonate of sodium used in pharmacy and
medicine.
Another process for the preparation of commercial carbonate of sodium,
known as the ‘ammonia process,’ has of late years met with considerable
adoption. The history of this process, together with the process itself,
are thus described by Dr R. Wagner:[175] “Six years ago (he was writing in
1873), when the international jury at the Paris Exhibition expressed their
opinion upon the state of the soda industry at that time, all the judges,
whether practical or theoretical men, believed that Leblanc’s process
(that previously described) would hold the field for a long time yet. This
seemed still more probable, since a process had just been introduced for
recovering the sulphur from the soda residues. At that time all the soda
in use was prepared by this process, excepting a comparatively small
amount obtained from Chili saltpetre and cryolite, although there were
already tangible indications that soda could be made on a larger scale by
another method, which would be cheaper than Leblanc’s process.
[Footnote 175: ‘Journal of Applied Chemistry.’]
“The chemical section of the international jury at the Vienna Exposition,
under the presidency of Professor A. W. Hofmann, constituted a congress of
chemical technology. By its labours during the course of the summer this
congress of scientific men was able to authenticate the very important
fact that although Leblanc’s process might in the future possess some
importance for certain branches of the industry, yet in most places
another soda process would be introduced in the immediate future, and
entirely supersede that of Leblanc. Since the time of the Paris Exhibition
this new process has grown from a small germ to a strong tree.
“The process in question, and which is called by Professor Hofmann ‘the
ammonia process,’ is not new, from either a chemical or scientific point
of view. It belongs to the same methods as those in which oxide of lead,
bicarbonate of magnesia, quicklime, alumina, silicate of alumina, oxide of
chromium, or fluosilicic acid are employed to decompose chloride of
sodium, and convert it directly into soda or its carbonate. None of these
attempts met with a success deserving of notice; although for a century
past efforts have been made to render them practically operative. The new
process is founded upon a reaction noticed over thirty years ago——that of
bicarbonate of ammonia upon a strong solution of common salt. The greater
part of the sodium is precipitated as bicarbonate, while chloride of
ammonium remains in solution, from which the ammonia for a second
operation is expelled by quicklime. The carbonic acid necessary to convert
the ammonia into bicarbonate of ammonia, and thus make the process a
continuous one, is obtained by heating the bicarbonate of soda to convert
it into the simple carbonate.
“The sensation which the ammonia process has created in industrial circles
will render a brief history of its development not uninteresting.
“So far as I know, Harrison, Dyer, Grey, and Hemming were the first to
patent the ammonia process in Great Britain in 1838. Great expectations
were excited by it, but it soon sank into oblivion.
“Thirty or forty years ago the manufacture of soda was by no means at the
head of the great branches of industry; at that time, too, ammonia was not
to be had cheaply and in immense quantities, and that branch of machine
building which has furnished the necessary apparatus for chemical
industries did not exist. Besides this, Anton, of Prague, in 1840, claimed
to have proved that in the ammonia process a very considerable portion of
the common salt still remained undecomposed.
“After a sleep of sixteen years the ammonia process again entered the
field. On the 26th of May, 1854, Turck took out a patent in France, and on
the 21st June, the same year, Schlœsing, chemist of the Imperial Tobacco
Factory at Paris, took out a patent for France and Great Britain. The
mechanical portion and machinery for Schlœsing’s process were designed by
Engineer E. Rolland, director of the tobacco factory. In 1855 a company
was organised to work this process. An experimental manufactory was
started at Puteaux, near Paris, but, owing to its situation and
arrangements, as well as the salt monopoly, it could not produce soda
cheap enough to compete with the other process, and hence, in 1858, the
experiment was abandoned. Schlœsing and Rolland were of the opinion that
sooner or later the new process must come into use in making soda.
“It must here be noticed that in 1858 Professor Heeren, of Hanover,
subjected the ammonia process to a very careful test in his laboratory.
“From his experiments and calculations it was ascertained that this
process was better adapted to the manufacture of the bicarbonate than of
the simple protocarbonate of soda.
“To render this sketch more complete and historically true, it must be
mentioned that T. Bell, of England, took out a patent, Oct. 13th, 1857,
for a new soda process, which in principle and practice was almost
literally the same as that of Dyer.
“It was known when the jury was working at Paris in 1867 that essential
improvements had been introduced into the ammonia process by the efforts
of Marguerite and De Sourdeval, of Paris, and James Young, of Glasgow. A
more important fact, however, is that Solvay and Co., of Conillet, in
Belgium, actually exhibited at the Paris Exhibition carbonate of soda
prepared by this new process.
“Since that time the ammonia process has been developed and perfected to
such an extent, especially by Solvay, Honigmann, and Prof. Gerstenhœfer,
that as early as February, 1873, A. W. Hofmann, in his introduction to the
third group of the catalogue of the Exhibition of the German Empire, was
able to make this remark:——‘At all events the ammonia process is the only
one which threatens to become an important competitor of the now also most
exclusively employed process of Leblanc.’ The Vienna Exposition has since
proved the truth of this assertion.
“There are now large works in England, Hungary, Switzerland, Westphalia,
Thueringia, and Baden, which employ the improved ammonia process, and some
of them make fifteen tons of soda per day.
“The advantages of the new process over that of Leblanc are very evident,
although the details of the process have not yet been made public.
“The chief advantage consists in the direct conversion of salt into
carbonate of soda, and next from the fact, that from a saturated brine
only the sodium is precipitated, with none of the other metals of the
mother liquor. Besides this, the product is absolutely free from all
sulphur compounds, the soda is of a high grade, the apparatus and utensils
are very simple, there is a great saving of labour and fuel, and no
noxious gases and waste products are produced, which is of importance from
a sanitary point of view. The only weak point of the ammonia process is
the loss of chlorine, which is converted into worthless chloride of
calcium.
“The effect which the general introduction of the new soda process will
exert upon large chemical industries in general, and especially upon the
consumption of sulphur, the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and chloride of
lime, cannot be overlooked.”
3. Another method for the direct preparation of soda and potash from their
chlorides is described in the ‘Bayerisches Industrie und Gewerbe
Blatt.’[176] The process is thus described by its author, Herr E. Bohlig:
[Footnote 176: ‘New Remedies,’ 1878, 4.]
1. Magnesium oxalate (freshly prepared when newly starting, but, after the
first operation, obtained as a dry product in the next step) is allowed
to drain, and then mixed in a large vat with the proper quantities of
sodium chloride, or concentrated brine and hydrochloric acid, after which
it is allowed to stand a few hours. Decomposition takes place almost
instantaneously; all the magnesium goes into solution in form of syrupy
magnesium chloride, while all the sodium and oxalic acid are deposited as
a crystalline acid salt (acid sodium oxalate, or binoxalate of sodium).
Since the magnesium oxalate is always obtained of the same composition and
in the same quantity, it is sufficient to determine its weight once for
all, and to take each time the previously common amounts of common salt.
The acid need not be weighed either; it must be added in just sufficient
quantity to destroy the milky appearance which the mixture first assumes.
The reaction is as follows:
MgC_{2}O_{4} + HCl + NaCl = NaHC_{2}O_{4} + MgCl_{2}
Magnesium + Hydrochloric + Sodium = Sodium Magnesium
oxalate. acid. chloride. binoxalate. chloride.
The crystalline powder of sodium binoxalate is transferred to large
draining filters, washed with water until the acid solution of magnesium
chloride is removed, and worked up, as below described, while still moist.
The acid solution of magnesium chloride is made use of several times in
succession as so much hydrochloric acid, together with a quantity of fresh
acid sufficient for the reaction. Finally, when the magnesium chloride has
inconveniently accumulated, it is worked up by itself into magnesia and
hydrochloric acid.
2. In order to obtain the soda, the sodium binoxalate is brought together
with an equivalent quantity of magnesium carbonate and water in a tight
cask. As soon as the remaining air has been nearly expelled by the
generated carbonic acid gas, the cask is closed, and a stirring mechanism
set in motion.
A pressure gauge attached to the cask indicates a gradual rise of the
pressure to two atmospheres, but, on continual stirring, this diminishes,
until, finally, the gauge stands again at 0°. The cask now contains a
concentrated solution of sodium bicarbonate, and a precipitate of
magnesium oxalate, which latter, being coarsely granular, is easily
separated from the liquid, and is used over again, after washing, for a
new operation.
The solution of sodium bicarbonate is boiled for a short time with
magnesia, obtained in distilling magnesium chloride, and both are thereby
converted into simple carbonates. Both reactions are shown in the
following scheme:
1. NaHC_{2}O_{4} + MgCO_{3} = NaHCO_{3} + MgC_{2}O_{4}
Sodium + Magnesium = Sodium Magnesium
binoxalate. carbonate. bicarbonate. oxalate.
2. 2NaHCO_{3} + MgO = Na_{2}CO_{3} + MgCO_{3} + H_{2}O
Sodium + Magnesia. = Sodium + Magnesium + Water
bicarbonate. carbonate. carbonate.
As the solution of sodium carbonate, after concentration to 40°B., is
incapable of dissolving or retaining in solution any sodium oxalate, it
follows that the whole of the oxalic acid is recovered. The magnesia which
is required for the purpose is obtained by distilling magnesium chloride,
which thereby splits up into hydrochloric acid and magnesia. One half of
the latter receives, as we have seen, its carbonic acid by boiling with
sodium bicarbonate; the other half is placed, whilst still moist, upon
trays in great wooden closets, through which the gases of the furnace
pass, and is thereby carbonated. The process may also be so modified that
the sodium binoxalate is first decomposed by caustic magnesia, and that
magnesium carbonate is afterwards added.
The whole mixture is then transferred to a stirring cask, provided with
openings for the passage of cooled furnace gases, whereby the caustic soda
present is very soon carbonated.
3. As soon as a large quantity of magnesium chloride solution has
accumulated, it is tested as follows:——A small sample is mixed, while
boiling, with magnesium oxalate, as long as the latter is dissolved, and
then allowed to cool. There should be no crystalline deposit of sodium
binoxalate formed, a proof that the solution does not contain any sodium
chloride in excess, and is fit for distillation. It is first neutralised
by adding some more magnesia, and evaporated over a naked fire in large
kettles to a doughy consistence, short of driving off the hydrochloric
acid. It is then transferred into the ordinary soda furnace, where it is
distilled with a moderate fire. The eliminated hydrochloric acid is
condensed in the usual manner.
The residuary mass should not be heated red hot, so as not to impair its
porosity or its ready affinity for carbonic acid. If, however, the
first-mentioned test shows the magnesium chloride to contain sodium
chloride the whole mass must be mixed with magnesium oxalate, and after
removal of the precipitated sodium oxalate, saturated with magnesia and
distilled. The same process, in all its details, may also be employed for
the manufacture of potassa and its carbonate.
4. Another method of manufacture of commercial soda is by treating the
mineral cryolite (a double fluoride of sodium and aluminium) with either
caustic, or hydrate of lime. The results of the reaction are caustic soda,
sodium aluminate, and calcium fluoride.
The aluminate and caustic soda being both soluble in water, a stream of
carbonic acid is passed through the solution containing them, whereby all
the soda becomes converted into carbonate, whilst the alumina is thrown
down as an insoluble precipitate. In the wet way, if enough hydrate of
lime be employed, all the soda may be obtained in the caustic condition.
This process is largely used in Germany. Various other processes for the
manufacture of commercial soda have been devised, some of which are still
followed, whilst others, being impracticable, have collapsed.
Mr Kingzett, in his work on the alkali trade, has described most of them.
When anhydrous carbonate of sodium is required (SODÆ CARBONAS EXSICCATA,
B. P., Ph. L.; SODÆ CARBONAS SICCATUM, Ph. E. & D.), the crystallised
carbonate is heated to redness, and, when cold, powdered.
_Prop., &c._ Carbonate of sodium forms large, transparent, oblique rhombic
prisms, which, as ordinarily met with, and of the formulæ
Na_{2}CO_{3}.10Aq; but by particular management may be had with fifteen,
nine, seven, or sometimes with only one molecule of water of
crystallisation (Fownes); it is soluble in twice its weight of water at
60°, and less than an equal weight at 212° Fahr. As a medicine it is
deobstruent and antacid, and is given in doses of 10 to 30 gr. It is also,
occasionally, used to make effervescing draughts. When taken in an
overdose it is poisonous. The antidotes are the same as for carbonate of
potassium. The crude carbonate is largely employed in the manufacture of
soap, glass, &c.
Fifty three gr. of the dried carbonate are equal to 143 of the
crystallised salt. The medicinal properties of both are similar. It has,
however, the disadvantage of being difficultly soluble in water.
The ordinary carbonate of sodium generally contains either sulphates or
chlorides, or both; and these may be detected as under CARBONATE OF
POTASSIUM. “When supersaturated with nitric acid, it precipitates only
slightly, or not at all, chloride of barium or nitrate of silver; and 143
gr. require at least 960 grain-measures of solution of oxalic acid” (B.
P.). At a high temperature 100 gr. lose 62·5 gr. of water.
=Sodium, Bicarbonate of.= NaHCO_{3}. _Syn._ SESQUICARBONATE OF SODA, SODÆ
BICARBONAS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.). This salt can be prepared in exactly
the same manner as the corresponding salt of potassium. Another method is
as follows:——Take of crystallised carbonate of sodium, 1 part; dried
carbonate of sodium, 2 parts (both in powder); triturate them well
together, and surround them with an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas, under
pressure; let the action go on until no more gas is absorbed, which will
generally occupy 10 to 14 hours, according to the pressure employed, then
remove the salt, and dry it at a heat not above 120° Fahr.
_Prop., &c._ A crystalline white powder; it is soluble in 10 parts of
water at 60° Fahr., but it cannot be dissolved in even warm water without
partial decomposition; it is more pleasant tasted and more feebly alkaline
than the carbonate of the same base. When absolutely pure it does not
darken turmeric paper, or only very slightly. The dose is from 10 to 40
gr., as an antacid and absorbent. It is much employed in the preparation
of effervescing powders and draughts, for which purpose
20 gr. of commercial bicarbonate of sodium
\------------------\/--------------------/
are taken with
/------------------/\---------------\
18 gr. of crystallised tartaric acid;
17 gr. of crystallised citric acid; or
1/2 fl. oz. of lemon juice.
The quantity of bicarbonate any given sample contains may be approximately
determined by well washing 100 gr. of the salt with an equal weight of
water, and filtering the solution. The residuum left upon the filter,
dried at a heat of 120° Fahr., and weighed, gives the per-centage of pure
bicarbonate of sodium present (very nearly). The solution of this in water
will give only a very trifling white precipitate with corrosive sublimate;
whilst the filtered portion, which was used to wash the salt, will give a
red one, if it contains the simple carbonate of sodium.
=Sodium, Chloride of.= NaCl. _Syn._ SODII CHLORIDUM (B. P., Ph. L., & D.),
SODÆ MURIAS (Ph. E.), L. This important and wholesome compound appears to
have been known in the earliest ages of which we have any record. It is
mentioned by Moses (Gen. xix, 26), and by Homer in the Iliad (lib. ix,
214). In ancient Rome it was subjected to a duty (_vectigal salinarium_);
and even at the present day a similar tax furnishes no inconsiderable
portion of the revenue of certain nations. Common salt forms no small
portion of the mineral wealth of England, and has become an important
article of commerce in every part of the known world. The principal
portion of the salt consumed in this country is procured by the
evaporation of the water of brine springs. It is also prepared by the
evaporation of sea-water (hence the term ‘sea-salt’), but this process has
been almost abandoned in England, being more suited to hot dry climates or
to very cold ones.
_Var._ BAY SALT; SAL MARINUS, SAL NIGER; imported from France, Portugal,
and Spain, and obtained from sea-water evaporated in shallow ponds by the
sun; large-grained and dark-coloured.——BRITISH BAY SALT, CHESHIRE
LARGE-GRAINED S.; by evaporating native brine at a heat of 130° to 140°
Fahr.; hard cubical crystals. Both of the above are used to salt
provisions for hot climates, as they dissolve very slowly in the brine as
it grows weaker. CHESHIRE STOVED SALT, LUMP S., BASKET S.; obtained by
evaporating the brine of salt springs; small flaky crystals.——LONDON’S
PATENT SOLID SALT; Cheshire rock salt, melted and ladled into
moulds.——ROCK SALT, FOSSIL S.; SAL GEMMÆ, SAL FOSSILIS; found in mineral
beds in Cheshire; has commonly a reddish colour; chiefly exported for
purification.
_Prop._ Pure chloride of sodium is fixed in the air; crystallises in
anhydrous cubes, which are often grouped into pyramids or steps; dissolves
in about 2-1/2 parts of water at 60° Fahr.; its solubility is not
increased by heat; it is slightly soluble in proof spirit; insoluble in
alcohol; decrepitates when heated; fuses at a red heat, and volatilises at
a much higher temperature.
_Pur., &c._ The common salt of commerce contains small portions of
chloride of magnesium, chloride of calcium, and sulphate of calcium; and
hence has commonly a slightly bitter taste, and deliquesces in the air. To
separate these, dissolve the salt in 4 times its weight of pure water, and
drop into the filtered solution, first, chloride of barium, and then
carbonate of sodium, as long as any precipitate falls; filter, and
evaporate the clear fluid very slowly, until the last crystallises, which
is pure chloride of sodium. (‘Thomson’s Chem.,’ ii, 377.) For medical
purposes the Ph. E. orders the salt to be dissolved in boiling water, and
the solution to be filtered and evaporated over the fire, skimming off the
crystals as they form, which must then be quickly washed in cold water,
and dried. A solution of pure salt is not precipitated by a solution of
carbonate of ammonium, followed by a solution of phosphate of sodium; a
solution of 9 gr. in distilled water is not entirely precipitated by a
solution of 26 gr. of nitrate of silver. (Ph. E.)
_Uses._ Common salt is stimulant, antiseptic, and vermifuge, and is hence
employed as a condiment, and for preserving animal and vegetable
substances. It is also occasionally used in medicine, in clysters and
lotions.
=Sodium, Dried Sulphate of.= _Syn._ SODÆ SULPHAS EXSICCATA, EFFLORESCED
GLAUBER SALT. Expose the crystals to a warm dry air till they fall into
powder. They lose half their weight. The dose is reduced in like
proportion.
=Sodium, Effervescing Citro-tartrate of.= _Syn._ SODÆ CITRO-TARTRAS
EFFERVESCENS. (B. P.) _Prep._ Mix thoroughly, powdered bicarbonate of
soda, 17 oz.; tartaric acid, 8 oz.; and citric acid, 6 oz.; place in a
dish or pan of suitable form, heated to between 200° and 220° Fahr., and
when the particles begin to aggregate, stir assiduously till they assume a
granular form. By means of suitable sieves separate the granules of
uniform and most convenient size. Preserve in well-closed bottles.
=Sodium, Ethylate.= Prepared as POTASSIUM ETHYLATE, substituting sodium
for potassium. Properties similar to ethylate of potassium.
=Sodium, Hydrate of.= NaHO. _Syn._ HYDRATE OF SODA, SODIUM HYDRATE,
CAUSTIC SODA; SODÆ HYDRAS. _Prep._ Exactly in the same manner from
carbonate of sodium as potassium hydrate is prepared from carbonate of
potassium.
The ‘Pharmaceutical Journal’[177] states that a pure hydrate of sodium is
now manufactured from metallic sodium by the following method:——A deep
silver vessel, of a hemispherical form, and capable of holding about four
gallons of water, is employed. Into this vessel, which is cooled
externally with a current of cold water, is placed a very little water,
and upon the water is placed a cube of metallic sodium, of about half an
inch in diameter.
[Footnote 177: 3rd series, i, 65.]
The vessel is made to revolve, so as continually to bring fresh portions
of liquid into contact with the metal, and by this means explosion is
avoided. When the first cube of metal has dissolved, and yielded a thick
syrupy liquid, a little more water and a second cube of metal are added,
and the reaction allowed to take place, as before, the vessel being kept
in motion all the time. In this manner several pounds of sodium may be
worked up into soda.
The thick syrup so resulting is next evaporated down, heated to redness,
fused, and poured into a mould.
Inasmuch as the price of sodium is five shillings a pound, the yield of
soda from 1 lb. of metal being about 1-3/4 lb., it is plain that the
alkali so prepared must be cheap.
The danger of explosions (which, however, are not likely to occur if
proper care is taken) necessitates the employment of skilled labour in
this manufacture, and constitutes a very serious drawback to the
commercial success of the process.
Greyish, semitranslucent, deliquescent masses, very soluble in water, and
bearing a very great resemblance to the corresponding potassium compound.
=Sodium, Hypochlo′′rite of.= _Syn._ CHLORINATED SODA, CHLORIDE OF SODA‡;
SODA CHLORINATA, L. _Prep._ (Dr Christison.) Dried carbonate of sodium, 19
parts, are triturated with water, 1 part, and the mixture placed in a
proper vessel, and exposed to the prolonged action of chlorine gas,
generated from a mixture of chloride of sodium, 10 parts; binoxide of
manganese, 8 parts; sulphuric acid, 14 parts; (diluted with) water, 10
parts.
=Sodium Hypophosphate.= See PHOSPHORUS.
=Sodium, Hyposul′phite of.= Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}. _Syn._ SODÆ HYPOSULPHIS, L.
_Prep._ 1. Dried carbonate of sodium, 1 lb.; flower of sulphur, 10 oz.;
mix, and slowly heat the powder in a porcelain dish until the sulphur
melts; stir the fused mass freely to expose it to the atmosphere until the
incandescence flags, then dissolve the mass in water, and immediately boil
the filtered liquid with some flowers of sulphur; lastly, carefully
concentrate the solution for crystals.
2. A stream of well-washed sulphurous anhydride gas is passed into a
strong solution of carbonate of sodium, which is then digested with
sulphur at a gentle heat during several days; by evaporating the solution
at a moderate temperature, the salt is obtained in large and regular
crystals.
3. (Capaun’s process.) Boil a dilute solution of caustic soda with sulphur
to saturation, then pass sulphurous acid gas into the solution until a
small portion, when filtered, is found to have a very pale yellow colour;
when this is the case, it must be filtered and evaporated, as before.
4. (P. Cod.) Dissolve carbonate of sodium, 8 parts, in water, 16 parts;
add of sublimed sulphur, 1 part, and pass sulphurous acid gas, in excess,
into the solution; next boil the liquid in a glass matrass for a few
minutes, filter, gently evaporate the filtrate to 1-3rd its volume, and
set it aside in a cool place to crystallise.
_Prop., &c._ Hyposulphite of sodium crystallises in four-sided prisms,
which, in the dry state, are unalterable in the air; it is freely soluble
in water. It may be perfectly freed from sulphide of sodium by agitating
it with about half its weight of alcohol; the alcohol dissolves out the
sulphide, which may then be easily separated. This salt is now very
extensively used in the practice of photography, also as an ‘antichlore,’
to extract the last traces from paper pulp.
=Sodium, Iodide of.= NaI. _Syn._ SODII IODIDUM. _Prep._ As IODIDE OF
POTASSIUM. This, as well as the bromide, crystallises in clear or whitish
cubes, deliquescent, and soluble in water. Used in medicine in the same
manner as the corresponding potassium salts.
=Sodium and Iron, Pyrophosphate of.= _Syn._ SODÆ ET FERRI PYROPHOSPHAS,
NATRUM PYROPHOSPHORICUM FERRATUM. (Ph. G.) _Prep._ Dissolve 20 oz. of
pyrophosphate of soda in 40 oz. of cold distilled water, and add,
gradually, to the solution, and with constant stirring, 8 oz. (by weight)
of solution of perchloride of iron (Ph. G.), previously diluted with 22
oz. of distilled water, as long as the precipitate is redissolved. Filter,
and to the clear, bright green liquid thus obtained pour in 100 oz. (by
weight) of rectified spirit, wash the precipitate with more spirit, press
it between blotting paper, and dry by a gentle heat.
=Sodium Lactate.= _Syn._ SODII LACTAS. _Prep._ Let lactate acid be diluted
with three parts of water; saturate whilst boiling with sodium
bicarbonate; then evaporate, and run into flakes.
Sodium lactate is a very deliquescent salt. The solution evaporated to the
consistence of a syrup deposits flattened prismatic crystals, and stellar
groups of needles.
=Sodium, Ni′trate of.= NaNO_{3}. _Syn._ CHILI SALTPETRE, CUBIC NITRE; SODÆ
NITRAS, L. This salt occurs native like ordinary nitre, and is chiefly
imported into England from South America. It is largely employed as a
manure, in the preparation of nitric acid, and, recently, in the
manufacture of fireworks, on account of the comparative slowness with
which it burns. It is deliquescent and very soluble in water.
=Sodium, Nitrite of.= _Syn._ SODÆ NITRIS. (B. P., 1864.) Mix nitrate of
soda, 1 lb., and charcoal, recently burned, and in fine powder, 1-1/4 oz.,
thoroughly in a mortar, and drop the mixture in successive portions into a
clay crucible, heated to a dull redness. When the salt has become quite
white, raise the heat so as to liquefy it, pour on to a clean flagstone,
and when it has solidified break into fragments, and keep in a stoppered
bottle.
=Sodium, Oxide of.= Na_{2}O. _Syn._ ANHYDROUS SODA. _Prep._ By burning dry
metallic sodium in air. White powder, very deliquescent, and soluble in
water, forming pure sodium hydrate.
=Sodium, Phos′phate of.= Na_{2}PO_{4}.12Aq. _Syn._ COMMON TRIBASIC
PHOSPHATE OF SODA, RHOMBIC P. OF S.; SODÆ PHOSPHAS (B. P., Ph. L., E., &
D.). _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E.) Take of powdered bone ashes, 10 lbs.; sulphuric
acid, 44 fl. oz.; mix, add gradually of water 6 pints, and digest for 3
days, replacing the water which evaporates; then add 6 pints of boiling
water, strain through linen, and wash the residue on the filter with
boiling water; mix the liquors, and, after defecation, decant and
evaporate to 6 pints; let the impurities again settle, and neutralise the
clear fluid, heated to boiling, with a solution of carbonate of sodium in
slight excess; crystals will be deposited as the solution cools, and by
successively evaporating, adding a little more carbonate of sodium to the
mother liquor till it is feebly alkaline, and cooling, more crystals may
be obtained; these must be kept in close vessels. The formula of the Ph.
D. is nearly similar. It is placed in the Materia Medica of the B. P. and
Ph. L.
2. (Funcke.) To ground calcined bones, diffused through water, add a
little dilute sulphuric acid to saturate any carbonate of calcium present;
when effervescence ceases, dissolve the whole in nitric acid, q. s.; to
this solution add as much sulphate of sodium as the bone ash used, and
distil the whole to recover the nitric acid; the residuum is treated with
water, and the resulting solution filtered, evaporated, and crystallised.
_Prop., &c._ It forms very beautiful oblique rhombic prisms, of the
formula Na_{2}H,PO_{4},12H_{2}O, which effloresce in the air, dissolve in
about 4 parts of cold water and in 2 parts at 212° Fahr., and fuse when
heated. As a medicine it is mildly aperient, in doses of 1/2 to 1 oz., or
even more; and antacid in doses of 20 to 30 gr., frequently repeated. It
has a purely saline taste, resembling that of culinary salt, and is
commonly taken in broth or soup.
=Sodium Pyrophosphate (Crystallised).= _Syn._ SODÆ PYROPHOSPHAS
CRYSTALLISATA. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ This salt may be obtained by heating,
gently at first, and afterwards to a red heat, crystallised phosphate of
sodium in a platinum crucible until all the water is driven off, and the
salt has become fused. Dissolve the fused mass in water, filter, and
concentrate until it has a density of 1·20, and crystallise in the cold.
=Sodium, Salicylate of.= _Syn._ SODÆ SALICYLUS. _Prep._ Made by
neutralising a solution of pure salicylic acid with caustic soda, and
evaporating to dryness. It must be purified by crystallisation from
alcohol. Antipyretic; given in acute rheumatism.——_Dose_, 10 to 20 grams.
=Sodium Santonate.= _Syn._ SODÆ SANTONAS. This salt is made by digesting
an alcoholic solution of santonic acid with carbonate of soda,
evaporating, redissolving in strong alcohol, and crystallising.
=Sodium, Sesquicarbonate of.= Na_{4}H_{2}(CO_{3})_{3}. A salt found native
on the banks of the soda lakes of Sotrena, in Africa, whence it is
exported as ‘Trona.’
=Sodium Silicate.= See GLASS, SOLUBLE.
=Sodium, Stan′nate of.= Na_{2}SnO_{3}. _Prep._ (Greenwood & Co.) Caustic
soda, 22 lbs., is heated to low redness in an iron crucible, when nitrate
of sodium, 8 lbs., and common salt, 4 lbs., are added; when the mixture is
at a ‘fluxing heat,’ 10 lbs. of feathered block tin is stirred in with an
iron rod, both the stirring and heat being continued until the mass
becomes red hot and ‘pasty,’ and ammoniacal fumes are given off. The
product may be purified by solution and crystallisation. Patented. (See
_below_.)
=Sodium, Stan′nite of.= _Prep._ (Greenwood & Co.) From caustic soda,
13-1/2 lbs.; feathered block tin and common salt, of each 4 lbs.; as the
last. Patented. Both the above are used to prepare tin mordants (about 12
oz. to water, 1 gall.). The stannate and stannite of potassium are
prepared in a similar manner.
=Sodium Sulphate.= _Syn._ SODÆ SULPHIS. _Prep._ Pass sulphurous acid to
saturation through a solution of carbonate of soda. Used internally for
sarcina ventriculi, and externally as an application in skin diseases of
fungous origin. Hyposulphate of soda is employed in the same cases.
=Sodium, Sul′phate of.= Na_{2}SO_{4}.10Aq. _Syn._ GLAUBER’S SALT; SODÆ
SULPHAS (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), SAL CATHARTICUS GLAUBERI†, L. This is
obtained as a secondary product in various chemical processes; but it may
be easily formed directly from its constituents.
_Prop., &c._ It forms transparent, six-sided, irregular, channelled
prisms, with dihedral summits, of the formulae Na_{2}SO_{4}10H_{2}O, which
effloresce in the air, and fall to an opaque white powder; soluble in
about 3 parts of water at 60°, and in considerably less at 100° Fahr., but
at a higher temperature its solubility rapidly lessens; insoluble in
alcohol; fuses when heated. It is seldom wilfully adulterated. When pure
the solution is neutral to test paper; nitrate of silver throws down
scarcely anything from a dilute solution; nitrate of baryta more, which is
not dissolved by nitric acid. It loses 55·5% of its weight by a strong
heat.
_Uses._ It is purgative, but being extremely bitter-tasted, is now less
frequently used than formerly. Its nauseous flavour is said to be covered
by lemon juice.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 oz. The dried salts (SODÆ SULPHAS
EXSICCATA) is twice as strong. LYMINGTON GLAUBER’S SALT is a mixture of
the sulphates of soda and potassa obtained from the mother liquor of sea
salt.
=Sodium, Sul′phide of.= _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Saturate a solution of caustic
soda (sp. gr. 1·200) with sulphuretted hydrogen, closely cover up the
vessel, and set it aside that crystals may form; drain, press them in
bibulous paper, and at once preserve them in a well-closed bottle. Used to
make mineral waters, and in certain skin diseases.
Of this salt Dr Ringer says——“it possesses the property of preventing and
arresting suppuration, and stopping the formation of pus. Given for boils
and carbuncles; it also produces excellent results.——_Dose._ For adults,
1/10th of a grain, mixed with sugar of milk every hour or two on the
tongue.
The anhydrous sulphides resemble closely and are prepared in the same
manner as the potassium sulphides.
=Sodium, Sulpho-Carbolate.= _Syn._ SODÆ SULPHO-CARBOLAS. (Pareira.)
_Prep._ Mix two volumes of pure carbolic acid with one volume of sulphuric
acid in a flask, and heat the mixture to 280° or 290° F. for five minutes.
Let cool, dilute, and saturate with carbonate of soda, evaporate, and
crystallise. The other sulpho-carbolates may be prepared in the same
manner.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 gr., in phthisis and zymotic diseases;
externally, as a lotion in ozæna and fetid ulcers.
=Sodium, Sulpho-Salicylate of.= _Syn._ SODÆ SULPHO-SALICYLAS. Mr J.
Williams obtains this salt by treating very pure salicylic acid with about
twice its weight of sulphuric acid, then adding carbonate of barium, and
decomposing the sulpho-salicylate of barium by sulphate of soda (see
‘Pharm. Journ.,’ Sept. 30th, 1876).
=Sodium Sulphovinate.= _Syn._ SODII SULPHOVINAS. _Prep._ Sulphovinic acid
is first prepared by pouring gradually, with great care, and increasingly
stirring with a glass rod, 1000 grams of 60° sulphuric acid into 1000
grams of rectified 96° alcohol. The mixture is left for some hours in
contact, then diluted with 4 litres of distilled water, and afterwards
saturated with pure barium carbonate.
When the saturation is complete the barium sulphate is allowed to deposit
on a filter. The solution of barium sulphovinate is then decomposed with
pure carbonate of soda until it ceases to give a precipitate.
The liquid, evaporated in a water bath, is left to crystallise. If
necessary the crystals are purified by recrystallisation. They should be
kept in well-closed flasks.
Sodium sulphovinate crystallises in hexagonal tables, which are slightly
unctuous to the touch, and very soluble in water and in alcohol. If heated
in a capsule they give off, at 120°, the alcohol which they contain in
combination. They become gradually deprived of bitterness. Sodium
sulphovinate ought not to contain sulphuric acid, nor have an acid taste.
It should not be precipitated by barium chloride, and especially by
soluble sulphates. The possession of either of these properties is a proof
of faulty preparation, and that a portion of the sulphovinic acid has been
decomposed. In such a case it should be rejected.
Sulphovinate of soda is said to be a very effective, and by no means
unpleasant, saline aperient, and to be unattended with subsequent
constipation. The dose is from 5 to 6 dr.
=Sodium, Tartrate of, and Potassium.= KNaC_{4}H_{4}O_{6}.4Aq. _Syn._
TARTRATE OF POTASSA AND SODA, ROCHELLE SALT, SEIGNETTE’S S., TARTARISED
SODA†; SODÆ TARTARATA (B. P.), SODÆ, POTASSIO-TARTRAS (Ph. L.), SODÆ ET
POTASSÆ TARTRAS (Ph. E. & D.), SODA TARTARIZATA,†, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.
1836.) Take of carbonate of sodium, 12 oz.; boiling water, 2 quarts;
dissolve, and add, gradually, of powdered bitartrate of potassium, 16 oz.
(or q. s.); strain, evaporate to a pellicle, and set it aside to
crystallise; dry the resulting crystals, and evaporate the mother liquor
that it may yield more of them. The formulæ of the other colleges are
nearly similar.
_Prop., &c._ Large, transparent, hard, right rhombic prisms, often
occurring in halves; slightly efflorescent; soluble in 5 parts of water at
60° Fahr. Its “solution neither changes the colour of litmus nor of
turmeric. On the addition of sulphuric acid, bitartrate of potassium is
thrown down; on adding either nitrate of silver or chloride of barium
nothing is thrown down, or only what is redissolved by the addition of
water.” (Ph. L.) By heat it yields a mixture of the pure carbonates of
potassium and sodium.
Potassio-tartrate of sodium is a mild and cooling laxative.——_Dose_, 1/4
to 1 oz., largely diluted with water. It forms the basis of the popular
aperient called SEIDLITZ POWDERS.
=Sodium, Vale′′rianate of.= NaC_{5}H_{6}O_{2}. _Syn._ SODÆ VALERIANAS (Ph.
D.), L. _Prep._(Ph. D.) Dilute oil of vitriol, 6-1/2 fl. oz., with water,
1/2 pint; then dissolve of powdered bichromate of potassium, 9 oz., with
the aid of heat, in water, 3-1/3 pints; when both solutions have cooled,
put them into a matrass, and having added of fusel oil (alcohol
amylicum——Ph. D.) 4 fl. oz., shake them together repeatedly until the
temperature, which first rises to 150°, has fallen to 80° or 90° Fahr.; a
condenser being connected, next apply heat so as to distil over about 4
pints of liquid; saturate this exactly with a pint, or q. s., of solution
of caustic soda, separate the liquid from the oil which floats upon the
surface, and evaporate it until the residual salt is partially liquefied;
the heat being now withdrawn, and the salt concreted, this last, whilst
still warm, is to be divided into fragments, and preserved in well-stopped
bottles.
_Obs._ This salt is intended to be used in the preparation of the
VALERIANATES OF IRON, QUININE, and ZINC.
=SOILS.= These are classified by agriculturists according to their chief
ingredients, as loamy, clayey, sandy, chalky, and peaty soils. Of these
the first is the best for most purposes, but the others may be improved by
the addition of the mineral constituents of which they are deficient. Sand
and lime or chalk are the proper additions to clayey soils, and clay
gypsum, or loam, to sandy and gravelly ones. Clayey soils are expensive to
bring into a fertile state; but when this is once effected, and they are
well manured, they yield immense crops of wheat, oats, beans, clover, and
most fruits and flowers of the rosaceous kinds.
The fertilisation of soils is suggested partly by chemical analysis,
practical experience, and geological observations. In cases where a barren
soil is examined with a view to its improvement it is, when possible,
compared with an extremely fertile soil in the same neighbourhood, and in
a similar situation; the difference given by their analyses indicates the
nature of the manure required, and the most judicious methods of
cultivation; and thus a plan of improvement is suggested, founded upon
scientific principles.
The analysis of soils may be briefly and generally described as follows:——
1. The general character of the soil, as loamy, sandy, stony, rather
stony, &c., being noted, 3 or 4 lbs. of it, fairly selected as an average
specimen, may be taken during a period of ordinary dry weather. From this,
after crushing or bruising the lumps with a piece of wood, all stones of a
larger size than that of a filbert may be picked out, and their proportion
to the whole quantity duly registered.
2. 1000 grains of the remainder may be next dried by the heat of boiling
water, until the mass ceases to lose weight; and, afterwards, exposed to a
moist atmosphere for some time. The loss of weight in the first case, and
the increase of weight in the second, indicate the absorbent powers of the
soil.
3. The matter from No. 2, freed from siliceous stones by garbling, may be
gradually heated to dull redness in a shallow open vessel, avoiding waste
from decrepitation, &c. The loss of weight, divided by 10, gives the
percentage quantity of vegetable or organic matter present (nearly).
4. Another 1000 grains (see No. 1) may be next washed with successive
portions of cold water as long as anything is removed. The residuum, after
being dried, indicates the proportion of sand and gravel (nearly).
5. Another portion of the soil (100, 200, or more gr., according to its
character) is tested in the manner described under CARBONATE and
ALKALIMETRY. The loss of weight in carbonic acid indicates the quantity of
CARBONATE of lime present in the sample examined; 22 gr. of the former
being equal to 50 gr. of the latter.
6. Another like portion of the soil may be gently boiled for 4 or 5 hours,
along with dilute hydrochloric acid, in a flask furnished with a long
glass tube passing through the cork, to prevent loss (see ETHER); after
that time the whole must be thrown upon a filter, and what refuses to pass
through (silica) washed with distilled water, dried, ignited, and weighed.
7. The filtrate and washings from No. 6 are next successively treated for
alumina (pure clay), lime, phosphate of lime, phosphoric acid, oxide of
iron, alkalies (potassa or soda), ammonia (both ready formed and latent),
&c. &c., in the manner noticed under GLASS, GUANO, and the names of the
respective substances referred to. See AGRICULTURE, MANURES, &c.
=SOL′ANINE.= _Syn._ SOLANI, SOLANINA, L. A peculiar basic substance,
obtained from the leaves and stem of _Solanum Dulcamara_ or
_bitter-sweet_, and other species of the _Solanaceæ_.
=SOL′DERING.= The union of metallic surfaces by means of a more fusible
metal fluxed between them. The method of autogenous soldering, invented by
M. De. Richmont, is an exception to this definition. In all the cases
surfaces must be perfectly clean, and in absolute contact, and the air
must be excluded, to prevent oxidation. For this last purpose the brazier
and silversmith use powdered borax made into a paste with water; the
coppersmith, powdered sal ammoniac; and the tinman, powdered resin.
Tin-foil applied between the joints of fine brass work, first wetted with
a strong solution of sal ammoniac, makes an excellent juncture, care being
taken to avoid too much heat. See SOLUTION (Soldering), and _below_.
=SOL′DERS.= _Prep._ 1. (For copper, iron, and dark brass.) From copper and
zinc, equal parts; melted together. For pale brass more zinc must be used.
2. (Fine solder.) From tin, 2 parts; lead, 1 part. Melts at 350° Fahr.
Used to tin and solder copper, tin plates, &c.
3. (For German silver.) From German silver, 5 parts; zinc, 4 parts; melted
together, run into thin flakes, and then powdered. Also as No. 7.
4. (Glazier’s.) From lead, 3 parts; tin, 1 part. Melts at 500° Fahr.
5. (For gold.) Gold, 12 pennyweights; copper, 4 do.; silver, 2 do.
6. (For lead and zinc.) From lead, 2 parts; tin, 1 part.
7. (For pewter, Britannia metal, &c.) From tin, 10 parts; lead, 5 parts;
bismuth, 1 to 3 parts.
8. (For silver.) From fine brass, 6 parts; silver, 5 parts; zinc, 2 parts.
9. (For tin plate.) From tin, 2 parts; lead, 1 part. The addition of
bismuth, 1 part, renders it fit for pewter.
=SOLE.= The _Solea vulgaris_, a well-known fish. It is perhaps more
frequently eaten than any other flat fish, and, when skilfully cooked,
exceeds them all in delicacy, nutritiousness, and flavour.
=SOLU′TION.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO, L. Under the head of solutions (SOLUTIONES),
in pharmacy, are properly included only those liquids which consist of
water, or an aqueous menstruum, in which has been dissolved an appropriate
quantity of any soluble substance to impart to the liquor its peculiar
properties. When spirit is the menstruum, the liquid receives the name of
alcoholic solution, spirit, or tincture. In the B. P. and the Ph. L. & D.
aqueous solutions are named LIQUORS (LIQUORES), whilst in the Ph. E., and
in the old pharmacopœias generally, they are termed WATERS (AQUÆ).
The following list embraces all the solutions of the British
pharmacopœias, with a few others likely to be useful to the reader. Some
other preparations to which the name has been given will be found under
LIQUORS, TINCTURES, &c.
=Solution of Ac′etate of Ammo′′nia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR OF ACETATE OF AMMONIA,
WATER OF A. OF A., MINDERERUS’ SPIRIT; AMMONIÆ ACETATIS LIQUOR (B. P.),
LIQUOR AMMONIÆ ACETATIS (Ph. L. & D.), AMMONIÆ ACETATIS AQUA (Ph. E.), L.
_Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) From dilute acetic acid, 1 pint; exactly neutralised
by sesquicarbonate of ammonia (in coarse powder), 9 dr., or q. s. Sp. gr.
1·022.
2. (Ph. E.) Distilled vinegar (preferably from French vinegar), sp. gr,
1·005, 24 fl. oz.; carbonate (sesquicarbonate) of ammonia, 1 oz., or q. s.
Sp. gr. 1·011.
3. (Ph. D.) Sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 2-1/2 oz.; dilute acetic acid, 3
pints. Sp. gr. 1·012.
4. (B. P.) Carbonate of ammonia, 3-1/4, or sufficient; acetic acid (28 per
cent.), 10; distilled water, 50. Dissolve the carbonate in the acid, and
add the water.
_Prop., &c._ Free from colour and odour. It changes the colour neither of
litmus nor turmeric. Sulphuretted hydrogen being dropped in, it is not
discoloured, neither is anything thrown down on the addition of chloride
of barium. What is precipitated by nitrate of silver is soluble in water,
but especially so in nitric acid. Potassa being added, it emits ammonia;
and sulphuric acid being added, it gives off acetic vapours. The fluid
being evaporated, what remains is completely destroyed by heat.
_Uses, &c._ Solution of acetate of ammonia is a very common and excellent
febrifuge and diaphoretic, and, in large doses, aperient saline liquor.
Taken warm, in bed, it generally proves a powerful sudorific; and as it
operates without heat, it is much used in febrile and inflammatory
disorders. Its action may likewise be determined to the kidneys, by
walking about in the cold air.——_Dose_, 2 to 6 dr., twice or thrice daily,
either by itself or along with other medicines. _Externally_, as a
discutient and refrigerant lotion; and diluted (1 oz. to 9 oz. of water),
as a collyrium in chronic ophthalmia. For this last purpose it must be
free from excess of ammonia.
5. (Concentrated.) Saturate acetic acid, sp. gr. 1·038, 1/2 gall., with
carbonate of ammonia (in powder), 2-1/2 lbs., or q. s.; carefully avoiding
excess.
_Obs._ This article is in great demand in the wholesale drug trade, under
the name of ‘concentrated liquor of acetate of ammonia’ (LIQ. AMMON. ACET.
CONC.). It is very convenient for dispensing. One fl. dr. added to 7 fl.
dr. of water forms the LIQUOR AMMONIÆ ACETATIS of the Ph. L.
=Solution of Acetate of Lead.= See SOLUTION OF DIACETATE OF LEAD.
=Solution of Acetate of Morphia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR MORPHIÆ ACETATIS (B. P.,
Ph. L., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Acetate of morphia, 4 dr.; acetic
acid, 15 drops; distilled water, 1 pint; proof spirit, 1/2 pint; mix, and
dissolve. Sixty drops (minims) contain 1 gr. of acetate of
morphia.——_Dose_, 5 to 15 or 20 drops.
2. (B. P.) Acetate of morphia, 4 gr.; diluted acetic acid, 8 minims;
rectified spirit, 2 dr.; distilled water, 6 dr.; dissolve in the mixed
liquids.——_Dose_, 10 to 60 minims.
3. (Ph. D.) Acetate of morphia, 82 gr.; rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz.;
distilled water, 15 fl. oz. 120 drops (minims) contain 1 gr. of the
acetate.——_Dose_, 10 to 45 or 50 drops, or similar to that of tincture of
opium.
4. (Magendie.) Each fl. dr. contains 1-1/2 gr. of acetate
(nearly).——_Dose_, 5 to 15 drops. Anodyne, hypnotic, and narcotic; in
those cases in which opium is inadmissible. See MORPHIA.
=Solution of Aconitia.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO ACONITIÆ (Dr Turnbull). _Prep._
Aconitia, 1 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 dr. To be applied externally by means
of a sponge in neuralgic and rheumatic affections.
=Solution of Al′um (Compound).= _Syn._ BATE’S ALUM WATER; LIQUOR ALUMINIS
COMPOSITUS (Ph. L.), AQUA ALUMINOSA COMPOSITA †, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Alum
and sulphate of zinc, of each 1 oz.; boiling water, 3 pints; dissolve, and
filter (if necessary). Detergent and astringent. Used as a lotion for old
ulcers, chilblains, excoriations, &c.; and, largely diluted with water, as
an eye-wash and injection.
=Solution of Ammo′′nia.= See LIQUOR OF AMMONIA.
=Solution of Ammo′′nio-ni′trate of Sil′ver.= _Syn._ HUME’S TEST; SOLUTIO
ARGENTI AMMONIATI (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Nitrate of silver (pure
crystallised), 44 gr.; distilled water, 1 fl. oz.; dissolve and add
ammonia water, gradually, until the precipitate, at first thrown down, is
very nearly, but not entirely, redissolved. Used as a test for arsenic.
=Solution of Ammo′′nio-sul′phate of Cop′per.= _Syn._ LIQUOR CUPRI
AMMONIO-SULPHATIS (Ph. L.), CUPRI AMMONIATI SOLUTIO (Ph. E.), C. A. AQUA,
L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Ammonio-sulphate of copper, 1 dr.; water, 1 pint;
dissolve, and filter. Stimulant and detergent. Applied to indolent ulcers,
and, when largely diluted, to remove specks on the cornea; also used as a
test for arsenic.
=Solution for Anatom′ical Preparations, &c.= _Syn._ ANTISEPTIC SOLUTION.
_Prep._ 1. Nearly saturate water with sulphurous acid, and add a little
creasote.
2. Dissolve chloride of tin, 4 parts, in water, 100 parts, to which 3% of
hydrochloric acid has been added.
3. Dissolve corrosive sublimate, 1 part, and chloride of sodium, 3 parts,
in water, 100 parts, to which 2% of hydrochloric acid has been added.
4. Mix liquor of ammonia (strong) with 3 times its weight (each) of water
and rectified spirit.
5. Sal ammoniac, 1 part; water, 10 or 11 parts. For muscular parts of
animals.
6. Sulphate of zinc, 1 part; water, 15 to 25 parts. For muscles,
integuments, and cerebral masses.
7. (Dr Babington.) Wood naphtha, 1 part; water, 7 parts; or wood naphtha
undiluted, as an injection.
8. (Sir W. Burnett.) Concentrated solution of chloride of zinc, 1 lb.;
water, 1 gall. The substances are immersed in the solution for 2 to 4
days, and then dried in the air.
9. (Gannal.) Alum and culinary salt, of each 1/2 lb.; nitre, 1/4 lb.;
water, 1 gall.
10. (Goadsby.)——_a._ From bay salt, 2 oz.; alum, 1 oz.; bichloride of
mercury, 1 gr.; water, 1 pint. For ordinary purposes.
_b._ To the last add of bichloride of mercury, 1 gr.; water, 1 pint. For
very tender tissues, and where there is a tendency to mouldiness.
_c._ From bay salt, 1/4 lb.; bichloride of mercury, 1 gr.; water, 1 pint.
For subjects containing carbonate of lime.
_d._ From bay salt, 1/4 lb.; arsenious acid, 10 gr.; water, 1 pint;
dissolve by heat. For old preparations.
_e._ To the last add of bichloride of mercury, 1 gr. As the last, when
there is a tendency to the softening of parts; and, diluted, for mollusca.
These solutions are approved of by Prof. Owen.
11. (M. Réboulet.) Nitre, 1 part; alum, 2 parts; chloride of lime, 4
parts; water, 16 or 20 parts; to be afterwards diluted according to
circumstances. For pathological specimens. 12. (Dr Stapleton.) Alum,
2-1/4 oz.; nitre, 1 dr.; water, 1 quart. For pathological specimens.
13. (For FEATHERS——Beasley.) Strychnia, 16 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 pint.
_Obs._ These fluids are used for preserving ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS,
OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, &c., by immersing them therein, in close
vessels; or, for temporary purposes, applying them by means of a brush or
piece of rag. The presence of corrosive sublimate is apt to render animal
substances very hard. See PUTREFACTION.
=Solution, Antiseptic.= (See _above_.)
=Solution of Arseniate of Ammonia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR ARSENIATIS AMMONIÆ.
(Hosp. Of St Louis.) _Prep._ Arseniate of ammonia, 4 gr.; distilled water,
4 oz.; spirit of angelica, 2 dr.——_Dose_, 12 to 30 minims. There are other
formulæ for the solution, differing in strength from the above.
Dr Neligan gives us Biett’s:——Arseniate of ammonia, 1-1/2 gr.; distilled
water, 3 oz.; spirit of angelica, 6 dr.——_Dose_, 1 to 3 dr.
Bouchardat says 6 gr. to 8 oz. of distilled water.——_Dose._ From 12 drops
to 1 dr.
=Solution of Arseniate of Soda.= _Syn._ LIQUOR ARSENIATIS SODÆ. PEARSON’S
ARSENICAL SOLUTION. _Prep._ Arseniate of soda, 4 gr.; distilled water, 4
oz.——_Dose_, 12 minims to 30.
=Solution of Arseniate of Soda.= (B. P.) _Syn._ LIQUOR SODÆ ARSENIATIS.
_Prep._ Dissolve arseniate of soda (rendered anhydrous by a heat not
exceeding 300° Fahr.) 4 gr. in distilled water, 1 oz.——_Dose_, 5 to 10
minims.
=Solution, Arsenical.= _Syn._ MINERAL SOLUTION; SOLUTIO ARSENICALIS,
SOLUTIO MINERALIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Devergie.) As SOLUTION OF ARSENITE OF
POTASSA, Ph. L., but of only 1-50th the strength, and flavoured with
compound spirit of balm, and coloured to a deep rose with cochineal.
2. (Pearson.) Arseniate of soda, 4 gr.; water, 4 fl. oz.;
dissolve.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 drops during the day. (See _below_.)
=Solution of Arse′′nious Acid.= See DROPS, AGUE, and ARSENIOUS ACID.
=Solution of Ar′senite of Potas′sa.= _Syn._ FOWLER’S MINERAL SOLUTION;
LIQUOR POTASSÆ ARSENITIS. (Ph. L.), LIQUOR ARSENICALIS (B. P., Ph. E., D.,
& U. S.), L. _Prep._ (B. P., Ph. L., & E.) Arsenious acid, coarsely
powdered, and carbonate of potassa, of each 80 gr.; distilled water, 1
pint; boil until dissolved, and add, to the cold solution, compound
tincture of lavender, 5 fl. dr.; water, q. s. to make the whole exactly
measure a pint. Tonic, antiperiodic, and alterative.——_Dose_, 4 or 5
drops, gradually and cautiously increased; in agues and various scaly skin
diseases. It is preferably taken soon after a meal. See ARSENIOUS ACID,
&c.
=Solution of Atropia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR ATROPIÆ (B. P.). _Prep._ Atropia, 4
gr.: rectified spirit, 1 dr.; dissolve, and add water, 7 dr.;
mix.——_Dose_, 1 minim.
=Solution of Auro-Chloride of Gold.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO AURI AMMONIO-CHLORIDI.
(Furnari.) _Prep._ Ammonio-chloride of gold, 8 gr.; distilled water and
rectified spirit, of each 10 oz.——_Dose._ A teaspoonful morning and
evening in sugared water for dysmenorrhœa and amenorrhœa.
=Solution of Bimeconate of Morphiæ.= SOLUTIO MORPHIÆ BIMECONATIS. There is
no standard formula for this preparation. It is made about the same
strength as tincture of opium. The following contains 1 gr. in 84
minims:——Bimeconate of morphia, 10 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 dr.; distilled
water, 13 dr.
=Solution of Bismuth and Citrate of Ammonia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR BISMUTHI ET
AMMONIÆ CITRATIS (B. P.). Purified bismuth, 1; nitric acid, 2; citric
acid, 2; solution of ammonia, a sufficiency; mix the nitric acid with an
ounce of distilled water, and add the bismuth in successive portions. When
effervescence has ceased, apply for ten minutes a heat approaching that of
ebullition, and decant the solution from any insoluble matter. Evaporate
the solution until it is reduced to 2, then add the citric acid previously
dissolved in 4 of distilled water, and afterwards the solution of ammonia
in small quantities at a time, until the precipitate formed is
redissolved, and the solution is neutral or slightly alkaline to test
paper; dilute with distilled water to the volume of 20.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1
dr.
=Solution of Bromine.= _Syn._ LIQUOR BROMINII. (Pourche.) _Prep._ Bromine,
1 part; distilled water, 40 parts.——_Dose_, 5 or 6 drops, 3 times a day. A
stronger solution (1 part to 10) is sometimes used externally.
=Solution of Carbon (Detergent).= _Syn._ LIQUOR CARBONIS DETERGENS. This
name is applied to an alcoholic solution of coal tar. Properly diluted it
is used externally in skin diseases.
=Solution, Brandish’s.= See SOLUTION OF POTASSA.
=Solution, Burnett’s.= A solution of chloride of zinc. See SOLUTION FOR
ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS (_above_), also DISINFECTING COMPOUNDS.
=Solution of Camphor, Carbonated.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO CAMPHORÆ CARBONICA.
(Swediaur.) _Prep._ Water saturated with carbonic acid gas, 2 lbs.;
powdered camphor, 3 dr.
=Solution of Camphor and Chloroform.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO CAMPHORÆ ET
CHLOROFORMI. (Messrs Smith.) _Prep._ Camphor, 3 dr.; chloroform, 1 fl. dr.
Dissolve. For exhibiting camphor with yolk of egg in emulsions.
=Solution of Carbolic Acid.= FOR THE TOILETTE. _Prep._ Crystallised
carbolic acid, 10 parts; essence of millefleur, 1 part; tincture of
Quillai Saponaria, 50; water, 1000 parts. Mix. The saponine replaces soap
with advantage. The above should be employed diluted with 10 times its
bulk of water, for disinfecting the skin, for washing the hands, after any
risk of contagion, inoculation, &c.
=Solution of Car′bonate of Ammo′′nia.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF SESQUICARBONATE
OF AMMONIA, CARBONATE OF AMMONIA WATER; LIQUOR AMMONIÆ SESQUICARBONATIS
(Ph. L.), AQUA AMMONIÆ CARBONATIS (Ph. E.). _Prep._ (Ph. L. & E.)
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 4 oz.; distilled water, 1 pint; dissolve.
Stimulant and antacid.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 1 fl. dr., in water.
=Solution of Carbonate of Magnesia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR MAGNESIÆ CARBONATIS (B.
P.) _Prep._ Dissolve separately, each in 1/2 a pint of distilled water,
sulphate of magnesia, 2 oz.; and carbonate of soda, 2-1/2 oz. Heat the
solution of sulphate of magnesia to the boiling point, add the solution of
carbonate of soda, and boil together until carbonic acid ceases to be
evolved. Collect the precipitated carbonate of magnesia, and wash until
what passes ceases to give a precipitate with chloride of barium. Mix the
precipitate with a pint of distilled water, and in a suitable apparatus,
charge with pure washed carbonic acid gas. Retain excess of carbonic acid
under pressure for 24 hours. Filter to remove undissolved carbonate, and
again pass carbonic acid into the solution. Keep in a bottle securely
closed. (This contains about 13 gr. of carbonate of magnesia in each fluid
ounce.)
=Solution of Carbonate of Potas′sa.= _Syn._ OIL OF TARTAR†, WATER OF
SUBCARBONATE OF POTASH†; LIQUOR POTASSÆ CARBONATIS (Ph. L. & D.), L. P.
SUBCARBONATIS†, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Carbonate of potassa, 20 oz. (10
oz.——Ph. D.); water, 1 pint; dissolve and filter (or decant). Sp. gr.——Ph.
L., 1·473; Ph. D., 1·310.——_Dose_, 10 drops to 1 dr., as an antacid, &c.
=Solution of Carbonate of So′da.= _Syn._ SUBCARBONATE OF SODA WATER†; SODÆ
CARBONATIS LIQUOR (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.) Carbonate of soda (in
crystals), 1-1/2 oz.; distilled water, 1 pint. Sp. gr. 1·026.——_Dose_, 1/4
to 1-1/2 fl. oz., as an antacid; in heartburn, dyspepsia, &c.
=Solution of Chloride of Antimony.= _Syn._ ANTIMONII CHLORIDI LIQUOR (B.
P.). _Prep._ Dissolve black sulphide of antimony in boiling hydrochloric
acid. Used as an escharotic, and in the preparation of oxide of antimony.
=Solution of Chlo′′ride of Ar′senic.= _Syn._ LIQUOR ARSENICI
HYDROCHLORICUS (B. P.), LIQUOR ARSENICI CHLORIDI (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1.
(Ph. L.) Arsenious acid (in coarse powder), 1/2 dr.; hydrochloric acid,
1-1/2 fl. dr.; distilled water, 1 fl. oz.; boil until the solution of the
arsenious acid is complete, and, when cold, add enough distilled water to
make the whole exactly measure a pint.——_Dose_, 4 to 5 drops.
2. (B. P.) Arsenious acid, 80 gr.; hydrochloric acid, 2 dr.; distilled
water, 20 oz.; boil the two acids with 4 oz. of the water until a solution
is effected, then add sufficient distilled water to make up 20
oz.——_Dose_, 2 to 8 minims.
=Solution of Chloride of Ba′′rium.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF MURIATE OF BARYTA†;
LIQUOR BARII CHLORIDI (Ph. L. & D.), SOLUTIO BARYTÆ MURIATIS (Ph. E.), L.
_Prep._ (Ph. L. & E.) Dissolve chloride of barium, 1 dr. (1 oz.——Ph. D.),
in water, 1 fl. oz. (8 oz. Ph. D.), and filter the solution. Sp. gr. (Ph.
D.) 1·088.——_Dose_, 5 drops, gradually increased to 10 or 12, twice or
thrice daily; in scrofula, scirrhous affections, and worms; _externally_,
largely diluted, as a lotion in scrofulous ophthalmia.
=Solution of Chloride of Cal′cium.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF MURIATE OF LIME†;
CALCII CHLORIDI LIQUOR (Ph. D.), CALCIS MURIATIS SOLUTIO (Ph. E.). _Prep._
1. (Ph. L. 1836.) Fused chloride of calcium, 4 oz. (crystals, 8 oz.——Ph.
E.); water, 12 fl. oz.; dissolve, and filter.
2. (Ph. D.) Fused chloride of calcium, 3 oz.; water, 12 oz. Sp. gr.
1·225.——_Dose_, 10 drops to 1 dr., or more; in scrofulous and glandular
diseases, &c.
=Solution of Chloride of Zinc.= _Syn._ LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDI (B. P.).
_Prep._ Granulated zinc, 8; hydrochloric acid, 22; solution of chlorine,
q. s.; carbonate of zinc, 1/4; distilled water, 10. Mix the acid and water
in a porcelain dish, add the zinc, and apply a gentle heat to promote the
action until gas is no longer evolved; boil for half an hour, supplying
the water lost by evaporation, and allow the product to cool. Filter it
into a bottle, and add solution of chlorine by degrees, with frequent
agitation until a brown sediment appears. Filter the liquid into a
porcelain basin, and evaporate until it is reduced to the bulk of 20.
=Solution of Chlo′′rinated Lime.= _Syn._ BLEACHING LIQUID, SOLUTION OF
CHLORIDE OF LIME‡, S. OF HYPOCHLORITE OF LIME; SOLUTIO CALCIS HYPOCHLORIS,
S. CALCIS CHLORIDI, CALCIS CHLORINATÆ LIQUOR (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph.
D.) Chlorinated lime (‘chloride of lime’), 1/2 lb.; water, 1/2 gall.;
triturate them together, then transfer the mixture to a stoppered bottle,
and shake it repeatedly for the space of 3 hours; lastly, filter through
calico, and preserve it in a well-stopped bottle.
2. Chloride of lime (dry and good, and rubbed to fine powder), 9 lbs.;
tepid water, 6 galls.; mix in a stoneware bottle capable of holding 8
galls., agitate frequently for a day or two, and, after 2 or 3 days’
repose, decant the clear portion, and keep it in well-corked bottles, in a
cool situation. If filtered, it should be done as rapidly as possible, and
only through coarsely powdered glass in a covered vessel.
3. LIQUOR CALCIS CHLORATÆ (B. P.). _Prep._ Blend well together, by
trituration in a large mortar, 1 lb. of chlorinated lime with 1 gall. of
water, transfer the mixture to a stoppered bottle, and shake it frequently
for the space of 3 hours; pour it on a calico filter, and let the solution
which passes through be kept in a well-stoppered bottle. Sp. gr. 1·035.
_Obs._ The last is the usual strength sold in trade, under various
attractive names, to give it importance. It is used as a disinfectant,
bleacher, and fumigation; and, diluted with water, as a lotion, injection,
or collyrium, in several diseases. See HYPOCHLORITE OF CALCIUM.
=Solution of Chlorinated lime, Spirituous.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO CALCIS
CHLORIDI, SPIRITUOSA. (Chevallier). _Prep._ Chloride of lime, 3 dr.;
distilled water, 2 oz.; rectified spirit, 2 oz. Mix and filter.
=Solution of Chlorinated Potas′sa.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF CHLORIDE OF
POTASH‡, S. OF HYPOCHLORITE OF POTASSA, JAVELLE’S BLEACHING LIQUID;
SOLUTIO POTASSÆ HYPOCHLORIS, LIQUOR POTASSÆ CHLORIDI, L. POTASSÆ
CHLORINATÆ, L.; EAU DE JAVELLE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. Dissolve carbonate of
potassa, 1 part, in water, 10 parts, and pass chlorine gas through the
solution to saturation.
2. Chloride of lime (dry and good), 1 part; water, 15 parts: agitate them
together for an hour; next dissolve of carbonate of potassa, 2 oz., in
water, 1/4 pint; mix the two solutions, and after a time either decant or
filter.——_Uses, &c._ As the last.
=Solution of Chlorinated Soda.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF CHLORIDE OF SODA‡, S.
OF HYPOCHLORITE OF SODA, LABARRAQUE’S DISINFECTING LIQUID; SOLUTIO SODÆ
HYPOCHLORIS, HYPOCHLORIS SODICUS AQUA SOLUTUS (P. Cod.), LIQUOR SODÆ
CHLORINATÆ (Ph. L. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.), Carbonate of soda (in
crystals), 1 lb.; water, 1 quart; dissolve, and pass through the solution
the chlorine evolved from a mixture of common salt, 4 oz.; binoxide of
manganese, 3 oz.; sulphuric acid, 2-1/2 fl. oz. (4 oz.——Ph. L. 1836);
diluted with water, 3 fl. oz.; placed in a retort, heat being applied to
promote the action, and the gas being purified by passing through 5 fl.
oz. of water before it enters the alkaline solution.
2. (Ph. D.) Chlorinated lime, 1/2 lb., and water, 3 pints, are triturated
together in a marble mortar, after which the mixture is transferred to a
stoppered bottle, agitated frequently during three hours, and then
filtered through calico; in the mean time carbonate of soda (cryst.), 7
oz., is dissolved in water, 1 pint; the two solutions are next mixed, and,
after agitation for about 10 minutes, the whole is filtered as before. The
filtrate is to be preserved in a well-stopped bottle.
3. (B. P.) Dissolve 12 oz. of carbonate of soda in 36 oz. of distilled
water, and put the solution into a glass vessel. Mix black oxide of
manganese, 4 oz., and hydrochloric acid, 15 fl. oz., in a glass flask,
with a bent tube attached by means of a cork to its mouth, apply a gentle
heat, and with a suitable arrangement cause the gas evolved to pass first
through a wash-bottle containing 4 oz. of water, and then into the
solution of carbonate of soda, regulating heat so that the gas shall be
slowly but constantly introduced. When the disengagement of chlorine has
ceased, transfer the solution which has absorbed it to a stoppered bottle,
and keep in a cool and dark place. Sp. gr. 1·103.
_Obs._ This solution is used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and bleaching
liquid.——_Dose_, 20 to 30 drops, in any bland fluid, in scarlet fever,
sore throat, &c.; it is also made into a lotion, gargle, injection, and
eye-water. Meat in a nearly putrid state, unfit for food, is immediately
restored by washing or immersion in this liquid.
=Solution of Chlo′′rine.= _Syn._ CHLORINE WATER; SOLUTIO CHLORINII, LIQUOR
CHLORINI (Ph. L. & D.), CHLORINEI AQUA (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) On
binoxide of manganese (in powder), 2 dr., placed in a retort, pour
hydrochloric acid, 1 fl. oz., and pass the chlorine in distilled water,
1/2 pint, until it ceases to be evolved.
2. (Ph. E.) Muriate of soda (common salt), 60 gr.; red oxide of lead, 350
gr.; triturate them together, and put them into 8 fl. oz. of distilled
water, contained in a stoppered bottle; then add of sulphuric acid, 2 fl.
dr.; and having replaced the stopper, agitate the whole, occasionally,
until the oxide of lead turns white; lastly, after subsidence, pour off
the clear liquid into another stoppered bottle.
3. (Ph. D.) Introduce into a gas bottle peroxide of manganese (in fine
powder), 1/2 oz.; add of hydrochloric acid, 3 fl. oz., (diluted with)
water, 2 fl. oz.; apply a gentle heat, and cause the evolved gas to pass
through water, 2 fl. oz., and then into a 3-pint bottle containing
distilled water, 20 fl. oz., and whose mouth is loosely plugged with tow;
when the air has been entirely displaced by the chlorine, cork the bottle
loosely, and shake it until the chlorine is absorbed; it should now be
transferred to a pint stoppered bottle, and preserved in a dark and cool
place.
(B. P.) LIQUOR CHLORI. _Prep._ Put 1 oz. of black oxide of manganese, in
fine powder, into a gas bottle, and having poured upon it 6 fl. oz. of
hydrochloric acid, diluted with 2 oz. of distilled water, apply a gentle
heat, and by suitable tubes cause the gas, as it is developed, to pass
through 2 oz. of distilled water placed in an intermediate small phial,
and thence to the bottom of a 3-pint bottle containing 30 oz. of distilled
water, the mouth of which is loosely plugged with tow. As soon as the
chlorine ceases to be developed, let the bottle be disconnected from the
apparatus in which the gas has been generated, corked loosely, and shaken
until the chlorine is absorbed. Lastly, introduce the solution into a
green bottle furnished with a well-fitting stopper, and keep it in a cool
and dark place. Sp. gr. 1·003. One fluid ounce contains 2·66 grains of
chlorine.
_Prop., &c._ Irritant and acrid, but, when largely diluted, stimulant and
antiseptic.——_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 fl. dr., in 1/2 pint of water, sweetened
with a little sugar, in divided doses, during the day; in scarlatina,
malignant sore throat, &c. On the large scale, liquid chlorine may be
procured by passing the gas obtained by any of the methods named under
CHLORINE into water, until it will absorb no more.
=Solution of Cit′rate of Ammo′′nia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR AMMONIÆ CITRATIS (B.
P., Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Dissolve citric acid, 3 oz., in distilled
water, 1 pint; and to the solution add of sesquicarbonate of ammonia (in
powder), 2-1/2 oz., or q. s. to exactly neutralise the liquor.——_Dose_, 2
to 6 fl. dr.
=Solution of Citrate of Magne′sia.= _Syn._ SOLUTION MAGNESIÆ CITRATIS. See
MAGNESIUM, CITRATE OF.
(B. P.) Carbonate of magnesia, 100 gr.; citric acid, 200 gr.; syrup of
lemons, 1/2 fl. oz.; bicarbonate of potash in crystals, 40 gr.; water,
q. s. Dissolve the citric acid in 2 oz. of the water, and having added the
carbonate of magnesia, stir until it is dissolved. Filter the solution
into a strong half-pint bottle, add the syrup and water sufficient to
nearly fill the bottle, then introduce the bicarbonate of potash, and
immediately close the bottle with a cork, which should be secured with
string or wire, afterwards shake till the bicarbonate has
dissolved.——_Dose_, 5 to 10 fl. oz.
=Solution of Citrate of Morphia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR MORPHIÆ CITRATIS, SOLUTIO
M. C., L. _Prep._ (Magendie.) Pure morphia, 13 gr.; citric acid, 8 or 10
gr.; water, 1 fl. oz.; tincture of cochineal, 2 fl. dr.——_Dose_, 3 to 12
drops.
=Solution of Citrate of Potash.= _Syn._ LIQUOR POTASSÆ CITRATIS. NEUTRAL
MIXTURE. (Ph. U. S.) _Prep._ Citric acid, 1/2 troy oz.; bicarbonate of
potash, 330 gr.; water, 8 oz.
=Solution of Copai′ba.= See SOLUTION, SPECIFIC.
=Solution of Cor′rosive Sub′limate.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF CHLORIDE OF
MERCURY; LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI BICHLORIDI† (Ph. L.). _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.)
Corrosive sublimate and sal ammoniac, of each 10 gr.; water, 1 pint,
dissolve.——_Dose._ As an alterative, 10 to 30 drops; as an antisyphilitic,
1/2 to 2 fl. dr., in simple or sweetened water. It must not be allowed to
touch anything metallic. It also forms a most useful lotion in various
skin diseases.
2. See LOTION, MERCURIAL.
=Solution of Cyanide of Potassium.= _Syn._ LIQUOR POTASSII CYANIDI.
(Laming.) _Prep._ Cyanide of potassium, 22 gr.; proof spirit, 9 fl. dr.
This is the strength of his hydrocyanic acid, which contains 1 gr. of real
acid in 1 fl. dr. Magendie’s medicinal hydrocyanate of potash consists of
cyanide of potassium dissolved in 8 times its weight of distilled water.
=Solution of Delphinia.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO DELPHINIÆ. (Dr Turnbull.)
Delphinia, 1 scruple; rectified spirit, 2 oz. For outward use.
=Solution of Diac′etate of Lead.= See SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.
=Solution, Donovan’s.= See SOLUTION OF HYDRIODATE OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY
(_below_).
=Solution, Escharotic (Freyburg’s).= _Syn._ SOLUTIO ESCHAROTICA, L.
_Prep._ From camphor, 30 gr.; corrosive sublimate, 60 to 100 gr.;
rectified spirit, 1 fl. oz.; dissolve. In syphilitic vegetations, and
specially condylomes. It is spread over the diseased surface, either at
once or after the application of a ligature.
=Solution of Flints.= _Syn._ LIQUOR OF FLINTS; LIQUAMEN SILICUM, LIQUOR
POTASSÆ SILICATIS, L. _Prep._ 1. Soluble glass dissolved in water.
2. (Bate.) Powdered quartz, 1 part; dry carbonate of potash, 2 parts (3
parts——Turner); triturate them together, fuse the mixture in a Hessian
crucible, and allow the resulting glass to deliquesce by exposure in a
damp situation.——_Dose_, 5 or 6 to 30 drops; in gouty concretions, stone,
&c. “It resolves the stone, and opens obstructions.” See SOLUBLE GLASS.
=Solution, Gannal’s.= { See SOLUTION FOR
=Solution, Goadsby’s.= { ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS.
=Solution, Goulard’s.= See SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.
=Solution, Hahnemann’s Prophylac′tic.= _Syn._ LIQUOR BELLADONNÆ, SOLUTIO
PROPHYLACTICA, L. _Prep._ From extract of belladonna (alcoholic), 3 gr.;
distilled water, 6 fl. dr.; rectified spirit, 2 fl. dr.; dissolve. Used
against scarlet fever.——_Dose_, 2 or 3 drops for a child under 12 months;
and an additional drop for every year above that age to maturity.
=Solution of Hartshorn, Succinated.= _Syn._ LIQUOR CORNU CERVI SUCCINATUS.
(P. Cod.) Neutralise true spirits of hartshorn (or a solution of 1 oz. of
salt of hartshorn in 1 oz. of water) with acid of amber.
=Solution of Hydri′odate of Ar′senic and Mer′cury.= _Syn._ DONOVAN’S
SOLUTION; SOLUTIO ARSENICI ET HYDRARGYRI IODIDI, ARSENICI ET HYDRARGYRI
HYDRIODATIS LIQUOR. (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Donovan.) Triturate metallic
arsenic, 6·08 gr., mercury, 15·38 gr., and iodine, 50 gr., with alcohol, 1
fl. dr., until dry; to this add, gradually, of distilled water, 8 fl. oz.,
and again well triturate; next put the whole into a flask, add of
hydriodic acid, 1/2 fl. dr., and boil for a few minutes; lastly, when
cold, add distilled water, q. s. to make the whole measure exactly 8 fl.
oz.
2. (Ph. D.) Pure arsenic (in fine powder), 6 gr.; pure mercury, 16 gr.;
pure incline, 50-1/2 gr.; alcohol, 1/2 fl. dr.; triturate as before, add,
gradually, of water, 8 fl. oz., heat the mixture until it begins to boil,
and, afterwards, make up the cold and filtered solution to exactly 8 fl.
oz. 6 fl. dr.
3. (Wholesale.) From metallic arsenic, 61 gr.; iodine, 500 gr.; mercury,
154 gr.; rectified spirit, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; distilled water, 2 quarts;
hydriodic acid, 5 fl. dr.; as No. 1; the product being made up with
distilled water so as to measure exactly 4 pints, or 80 fl. oz., or to
weigh 5 lbs. 1-1/4 oz. (av.), when cold.
_Obs._ Great care must be taken that the whole of the arsenic be
dissolved, which can only be effected by the most careful trituration.
Soubeiran recommends the employment of 1 part, each, of the respective
iodides, with 98 parts of water, as furnishing a simpler and equally
effective product, proportions which are almost exactly those employed by
Mr Donovan.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 drops, twice or thrice a day, preferable
soon after a meal; in lepra, psoriasis, lupus, and several other scaly
skin diseases. It is a most valuable medicine in these affections.
=Solution of Hydrochlo′′rate of Mor′phia.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF MURIATE OF
MORPHIA; LIQUOR MORPHIÆ HYDROCHLORATIS (Ph. L.), SOLUTIO MORPHIÆ MURIATIS
(Ph. E.), MORPHIÆ MURIATIS LIQUOR (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.)
Hydrochlorate of morphia, 4 dr.; proof spirit, 1/2 pint; distilled water,
1 pint; dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat. 60 drops (minims) of this
solution contain 1 gr. of hydrochlorate of morphia.——_Dose_, 5 to 15 or 20
drops.
2. (Ph. E. & D.) Muriate of morphia, 90 gr.; rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz.;
distilled water, 15 fl. oz. 107 drops (minims) contain 1 gr. of the
hydrochlorate.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 or 40 drops, or nearly as laudanum.
3. (Apothecaries’ Hall.) Muriate of morphia, 16 gr.; rectified spirit, 1
fl. dr.; water, 1 fl. oz.; 30 drops (minims) contain 1 gr.——_Dose_, 3 to
10 drops. See SOLUTION OF ACETATE OF MORPHIA, &c.
=Solution of Hypochlo′′rite of Lime.= Solution of chlorinated lime.
=Solution of I′odide of Ar′senic.= _Syn._ LIQUOR ARSENICI PERIODIDI, L.
_Prep._ (Wackenroder.) Each drachm contains 1/8 gr. of teriodide of
arsenic; equivalent to 1/48 gr. of metallic arsenic, and 1/10 gr. (nearly)
of iodine.
=Solution of Iodide of Mer′cury and Potas′sium.= _Syn._ LIQUOR
IODOHYDRARGYRATIS POTASSII IODIDI, L. _Prep._ (Dr Channing.) Iodide of
potassium, 3-1/2 gr.; binoxide of mercury, 41/2 gr.; distilled water, 1
fl. oz.; dissolve.——_Dose_, 2 to 5 or 6 drops, three times a day, much
diluted; in dyspepsia, indurations, enlargement of the spleen, dropsy, &c.
=Solution of Iodide of Potas′sium (Compound).= _Syn._ IODURETTED WATER,
COMPOUND SOLUTION OF IODINE; LIQUOR POTASSII IODIDI COMPOSITUS (Ph. L. &
D.), LIQUOR IODINEI COMPOSITUS (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. & D.)
Iodide of potassium, 10 gr.; iodine, 5 gr.; water, 1 pint;
dissolve.——_Dose_, 1 to 6 dr.; in the usual cases where iodine is
employed.
2. (Ph. E.) Iodide of potassium, 1 oz.; iodine, 2 dr.; water, 16 fl. oz.
This is 30 times as strong as the preceding.——_Dose_, 5 to 20 drops.
=Solutions of Iodine.= _Syn._ LIQUOR IODI (B. P.). _Prep._ Dissolve 20 gr.
of iodine and 30 gr. of iodide of potassium in 1 oz. of distilled water.
(Lugol’s.) _Syn._ SOLUTIONES IODINII VEL IODURETÆ. _Prep._ Ioduretted
waters, Nos. 1, 2, and 3; iodine, 1-1/2 gr., 2 gr., and 2-1/2 gr.; water,
1 pint. _Drops._——Iodine, 1 scruple; iodide of potassium, 2 scruples;
water, 9 dr. _Lotions, &c._——Iodine, 1-1/2 gr. to 3 gr.; iodide of
potassium, 3 gr. to 6 gr.; water, 1 pint. _Rubefacient._——Iodine, 1 pint;
iodide of potassium, 2 parts; water, 12 parts. _Caustic._——Iodine, 1 part;
iodide of potassium, 1 part; water, 2 parts.
=Solution of Iodide of Iron.= _Syn._ LIQUOR FERRI IODIDI. (Ph. U. S.).
_Prep._ Mix 2 oz. (troy) of iodine with 5 oz. of water, and add 1 oz.
(troy) of iron filings, stir frequently, and heat the mixture gently till
it assumes a greenish colour; then filter into a glass bottle containing
12 oz. of powdered sugar, and after it has passed, pour distilled water on
the filter, until the filtered liquor, including the sugar, measures 20
oz., last shake the bottle till the sugar is dissolved.——_Dose_, 15 minims
to 1 dr.
=Solution of Iodine with Hemlock.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO IODINII CUM CONIO. Dr
SCUDAMORE’S SOLUTION. For inhaling. Iodine, 6 gr.; iodide of potassium, 6
gr.; rectified spirit, 2 dr.; water, 5 oz. 6 dr. From 1/2 dr. to 5 dr. of
this solution, with 1/2 dr. of tincture of hemlock to be added to warm
water at 120° F. in a glass inhaler, and used twice a day. Two thirds of
the ingredients are first put into the inhaler, and the rest added when
half the time for inhaling has elapsed.
=Solution of I′ron (Alkaline).= _Syn._ LIQUOR FERRI ALKALINI, L. _Prep._
(Ph. L. 1824.) Iron filings, 2-1/2 dr.; nitric acid, 2 fl. oz.; water, 6
fl. oz.; dissolve, decant, gradually add of solution of carbonate of
potash 6 fl. oz., and in 6 hours decant the clear portion. This was
intended as an imitation of Stahl’s Tinctura Martis Alkalina. It is tonic,
emmenagogue, &c.——_Dose_, 20 to 60 drops.
=Solution of Iron and Alum.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO FERRI ALUMINOSA. (Swediaur.)
Calcined sulphate of iron, 10 scruples; alum, 5 scruples; water sufficient
to dissolve them; sulphuric acid, 15 drops.——_Dose_, 10 to 15 drops. Once
a celebrated nostrum in Germany, under the name of _Tinctura nervosa_.
=Solution, Javelle’s.= See SOLUTION OF CHLORINATED POTASH.
=Solution, Labarraque’s.= See SOLUTION OF CHLORINATED SODA.
=Solution of Lime.= _Syn._ LIME WATER; SOLUTIO CALCIS HYDRATIS, LIQUOR
CALCIS (Ph. L. & D.), AQUA CALCIS (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Upon the
lime, 1/2 lb., first slaked (by sprinkling it) with a little of the water,
pour the remainder of water, 12 pints, and shake them well together (for 5
minutes——Ph. D.); immediately cover the vessel, and set it aside for three
hours; then keep the solution with the remaining lime (equally divided) in
stoppered glass vessels, and, when it is to be used, decant the required
portion from the clear solution (replacing it with more water, and
agitating briskly, as before——Ph. E.).
LIQUOR CALCIS (B. P.). _Syn._ Lime water. Put 2 oz. of slaked lime into a
stoppered bottle containing 1 gall. of distilled water, and shake well for
two or three minutes. After 12 hours the excess of lime will have
subsided, and the clear solution may be drawn off with a siphon as it is
required for use, or transferred to a green glass bottle furnished with a
well-ground stopper.
_Obs._ Cold water dissolves more lime than hot water. 1 pint of water at
32° Fahr. dissolves 13-1/4 gr., at 60° it dissolves 11-1/2 gr., but at
212° only 6-1/2 gr. (Phillips.)
_Uses, &c._ Lime water is antacid, astringent, antilithic, tonic and
vermifuge.——_Dose._ A wine-glassful, or more, 2 or 3 times a day, in milk
or broth; in dyspepsia, diarrhœa, calculous affections, &c.; and,
externally, as a detersive and discutient lotion.
=Solution of Lime (Saccharated).= (B. P.) _Syn._ LIQUOR CALCIS
SACCHARATUS. _Prep._ Slaked lime, 1; refined sugar (in powder), 2;
distilled water, 20; digest for some hours and strain.——_Dose_, 15 to 60
minims in milk.
=Solution of Lithia, Effervescing.= _Syn._ LIQUOR LITHIÆ EFFERVESCENS. (B.
P.) _Prep._ Mix 10 gr. of carbonate of lithia and 1 pint of water in a
suitable apparatus, and charge with carbonic acid gas under a pressure of
7 atmospheres. Keep in bottles securely corked.
=Solution, Mackenzie’s.= _Prep._ From nitrate of silver, 20 gr., dissolved
in distilled water, 1 fl. oz. Used to wash the throat and fauces, and to
sponge the trachea, in affections of those parts.
=Solution of Magne′sia.= _Syn._ AERATED MAGNESIA WATER, CARBONATED M. W.,
FLUID MAGNESIA, CONDENSED SOLUTION OF M., CONCENTRATED S. OF M.; LIQUOR
MAGNESIÆ CARBONATIS, AQUA M. C., L.; EAU MAGNESIENNE, Fr. _Prep._
(Dinneford’s.) Water and Howard’s heavy carbonate of magnesia, in the
proportion of 17-1/2 gr. of the latter to every fl. oz. of the former, are
introduced into a cylindrical tinned copper vessel, and carbonic acid,
generated by the action of sulphuric acid on whiting, is forced into it by
steam power for 5-1/2 hours, during the whole of which time the cylinder
is kept in motion. Sir J. Murray’s is similar. The Paris Codex orders
recently precipitated carbonate of magnesia to be used while still moist.
Antacid and laxative. See FLUID MAGNESIA.
=Solution, Min′eral.= See SOLUTION OF ARSENITE OF POTASSA.
=Solution of Mor′phia.= See SOLUTIONS OF ACETATE, HYDROCHLORATE, and
SULPHATE.
=Solution of Myrrh, Alkaline.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO MYRRHÆ ALKALINA. (Swediaur.)
_Prep._ Carbonate of soda, 1 dr.; myrrh, 2 oz.; boiling water, 8 oz.
Digest in a water bath for 2 days, frequently stirring, and strain.
=Solution of Nitrate of Mercury (Acid).= _Syn._ LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS
ACIDUS (B. P.). _Prep._ Mercury, 4; nitric acid, 5; distilled water,
1-1/2; mix the nitric acid with the water in a flask, and dissolve the
mercury in the mixture without the application of heat. Boil gently for 15
minutes, cool, and preserve the solution in a stoppered bottle. Used
alone, as a caustic; 1 to 2 minims to 1 oz. of water, as a gargle; and 1
minim to 2 oz. of water, as an injection in gonorrhœa.
=Solution of Nitrate of Mercury and Ammonia.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO HYDRARGYRI ET
AMMONIÆ NITRATIS. WARD’S WHITE DROP. _Prep._ Nitrate of ammonia and
mercury in crystals, 1 part; rose water, 3 parts; digest till dissolved.
=Solution of Nitrate of Sil′ver.= _Syn._ LIQUOR ARGENTI NITRATIS (Ph. L.),
SOLUTIO A. N. (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Nitrate of silver (cryst.), 1
dr. (40 gr.——Ph. E.); distilled water, 1 fl. oz. (1600 gr.——Ph. E.);
dissolve. Used as an escharotic, &c. It should be kept from the light. See
LOTION, NITRATE OF SILVER, &c.
=Solution of O′pium (Sed′ative).= See LIQUOR.
=Solution of Oxysulphate of Iron‡.= _Syn._ LIQUOR FERRI OXYSULPHATIS, L.
_Prep._ From sulphate of iron (in powder) and nitric acid, of each 3 dr.;
triturated together for 15 minutes, and then dissolved in distilled water,
1-1/2 fl. oz.——_Dose_, 5 or 6 to 12 drops.
=Solution of Perchloride of Iron.= _Syn._ LIQUOR FERRI PERCHLORIDI (B.
P.). _Prep._ Stronger solution of perchloride of iron (see _below_), 1;
distilled water, 3.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 minims.
=Solution of Perchloride of Iron (Stronger).= _Syn._ LIQUOR FERRI
PERCHLORIDI FORTIOR (B. P.). _Prep._ Iron wire, 2 oz.; hydrochloric acid,
12 oz.; nitric acid, 9 dr.; distilled water, 8 gr. Mix 8 of the
hydrochloric acid with the water, and pour the mixture on the iron wire,
applying a gentle heat, so that the whole of the metal may be dissolved;
filter the solution, and add to it the remainder of the hydrochloric and
nitric acids; heat the mixture briskly, until, on the sudden evolution of
red fumes, the liquid becomes of an orange-brown colour, then evaporate by
the heat of a water bath until it is reduced to 10 fl. oz. Used as an
application to diphtheritic patches, for injecting nævi, as a powerful
styptic, and in the preparation of SOLUTION OF PERCHLORIDE OF IRON. (See
_above_.)
=Solution of Perchloride of Mercury.= _Syn._ LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI
PERCHLORIDI (B. P.). _Prep._ Corrosive sublimate, 10 gr.; chloride of
ammonium, 10 gr.; distilled water, 20 oz.; dissolve.——_Dose_, 30 to 120
minims.
=Solution of Perchloride of Mercury (Compound).= _Syn._ LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI,
PERCHLORIDI COMPOSITUS, LIQUOR MERCURIELLE NORMALE (Mialhe). _Prep._
Distilled water, 16 oz,; chloride of sodium, 16 gr.; chloride of ammonium,
16 gr.; white of 1 egg, perchloride of mercury, 4 gr. Beat the white of
egg with the water, filter, dissolve the salts in the liquid and filter
again.
=Solution of Permanganate of Potassa.= _Syn._ LIQUOR POTASSÆ PERMANGANATIS
(B. P.). _Prep._ Permanganate of potassa, 4 gr.; distilled water, 1 oz.;
dissolve. Diluted with 40 parts of water, it is used as a gargle or as a
cleansing wash for diseased surface.——_Dose_, 2 to 4 dr.
=Solution of Perni′trate of Iron.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF PERSESQUINITRATE OF
IRON; FERRI PERNITRAS LIQUOR (Ph. D.), SOLUTIO PERSESQUINITRAS FERRI
(Kerr), L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.). Take of pure nitric acid, 3 fl. oz.; water,
16 fl. oz.; mix, add fine iron wire, 1 oz.; dissolve, and to the clear
solution add as much water as will make the whole measure 1-1/2 pint. Sp.
gr. 1·107.——_Dose_, 5 or 6 to 30 drops, or more; in passive hæmorrhages,
mucous discharges, chronic diarrhœa with prostration, &c.
=Solution of Persulphate of Iron.= _Syn._ LIQUOR FERRI PERSULPHATIS.
_Prep._ Sulphate of iron, 8; sulphuric acid, 3/4; nitric acid, 3/4;
distilled water, 12. Add the sulphuric acid to 10 of the water, and
dissolve the sulphate of iron in the mixture with the aid of heat. Mix the
nitric acid with the remaining 2 of the water, and add the dilute acid to
the solution of sulphate of iron. Concentrate the whole by boiling until,
by the sudden evolution of ruddy vapours, the liquid ceases to be black,
and acquires a red colour. A drop of the solution is now to be tested with
ferricyanide of potassium, and if a blue precipitate be formed, a few
additional drops of nitric acid should be added, and the boiling renewed,
in order that the whole may be converted into persulphate of iron. When
the solution is cold, make up the quantity to 11 by the addition, if
necessary, of distilled water. Used in making several preparations of
iron; it is also a good styptic.
=Solution of Phosphoric Ether.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO PHOSPHORI ÆTHEREA. _Prep._
Sliced phosphorus, 5 gr.; rectified ether, 1 oz.; mix, set the bottle in a
dark place for 3 or 4 days, shaking occasionally, and decant.
=Solution for Plate.= _Syn._ PLATE LIQUOR; SOLUTIO PRO ARGENTO, L. _Prep._
From alum, cream of tartar, and common salt, of each 1 oz.; water, 1/2
gall.; dissolve. Used to increase the lustre and whiteness of silver
plate, the articles being boiled in it.
=Solution of Potas′sa.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF HYDRATE OF POTASSA, LIQUOR OF
POTASSA, POTASH WATER, CAUSTIC P. W.; LIQUOR POTASSÆ (B. P., Ph. L.),
AQUA POTASSÆ (Ph. E.), POTASSÆ CAUSTICÆ LIQUOR (Ph. D.), AQUA KALI PURI†,
LIXIVIUM SAPONARUM†, AQUA KALI CAUSTICUM†, LIXIVIUM CAUSTICUM†, L. _Prep._
1. (Ph. L.) Lime (recently burnt), 8 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1
gall.; sprinkle a little of the water on the lime in an earthen vessel,
and, when it is slaked and fallen to powder, add of carbonate of potassa
15 oz., dissolved in the remainder of the water; bung down, and shake
frequently, until the mixture is cold, then allow the whole to settle, and
decant the clear supernatant portion into perfectly clean and
well-stoppered green-glass bottles. Sp. gr. 1·063. It contains 6·7% of
pure potassa.
2. (Ph. E.) Carbonate of potassa (dry), 4 oz.; quicklime, 2 oz.; water, 45
fl. oz.; boiling briskly for a few minutes after each addition of the milk
of lime; to yield at least 35 fl. oz., by decantation, after 24 hours’
repose in a deep, narrow, glass vessel. Sp. gr. 1·072.
3. (Ph. D.) Pure carbonate of potassa, 1 lb.; distilled water, 1 gall.;
dissolve, heat the solution to the boiling point in a clean iron vessel,
gradually add to it of fresh quicklime, 10 oz., previously slaked with
water, 7 fl. oz., and continue the ebullition for 10 minutes, with
constant stirring; next allow it to cool out of contact with the air, and,
when perfectly clear, decant it by means of a syphon, and bottle it as
before. Sp. gr. 1·068.
4. (B. P.) Carbonate of potash, 2; slaked lime, 1-1/2; distilled water,
20; dissolve the carbonate of potash in the water, and having heated the
solution to the boiling point in a clean iron vessel, gradually mix the
slaked lime, and continue the ebullition for 10 minutes with constant
stirring; decant the clear liquid.——_Dose_, 15 to 60 minims 3 times a day
in beer, milk, or _Mistura Amygdalæ_.
5. (Wöhler.) Nitrate of potassa, 1 part, is mixed, in alternate layers,
with clippings of sheet copper, 2 or 3 parts, and then heated to moderate
redness for about 1/2 an hour in a copper or iron crucible; when cold, the
potassa is washed out with distilled water, and the solution, after repose
in a closed vessel, decanted as before. Not a trace of copper can be
detected in the liquid. The clippings may be again used if mixed with a
little fresh metallic copper.
6. (Wholesale.) From carbonate of potash (kali), 1 lb., and quicklime, 1/2
lb., to each gall. of water.
7. (BRANDISH’S ALKALINE SOLUTION; LIQUOR POTASSÆ BRANDISHII.) From
American pearlashes, 6 lbs.; quicklime and wood ashes (from the ash), of
each 2 lbs.; boiling water, 6 galls. (old meas.); to each gall. of the
clear product is added 12 or 15 drops of oil of juniper. This ‘solution’
is much asked for in trade. Ordinary liquor of potassa is generally sold
for it.
_Pur._ “Nothing, or scarcely anything, is thrown down from this solution
on the addition of lime water; and when it has been first saturated by
nitric acid, no precipitate falls on the addition of carbonate of soda,
chloride of barium, or nitrate of silver. What is thrown down by
bichloride of platinum is yellowish.” (Ph. L.)
_Uses, &c._ Liquor of potassa is antacid, diuretic, resolvent, and
lithontriptic.——_Dose_, 10 to 30 or 40 drops, in any bland diluent (not
acidulous); in heartburn, gout, calculi, indurations, scrofula, lepra,
psoriasis, &c.
_Obs._ Quicklime fails to abstract the carbonic acid from the alkaline
carbonates in solutions much stronger than those above referred to. Weaker
solutions may, however, be easily concentrated by evaporation in iron
vessels. See POTASSIUM, HYDRATE OF, and _below_.
=Solution of Potas′sa (Effervescing).= _Syn._ LIQUOR POTASSÆ EFFERVESCENS
(B. P.); EFFERVESCING POTASH WATER, SUPERCARBONATE OF POTASSA W.; AQUA
POTASSÆ EFFERVESCENS (Ph. E.), A. P. SUPERCARBONATIS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L. &
E.) Bicarbonate of potash, 1 dr.; distilled water, 1 pint; dissolve, force
in carbonic acid gas in excess, and keep it in a well-stoppered bottle.
Resembles soda water, but sits better on the stomach. It is almost
specific in the early stages of scurvy.
(B. P.) Dissolve 30 gr. of bicarbonate of potash in one pint of distilled
water, filter, pass in washed carbonic acid (obtained by the action of
sulphuric acid on chalk) up to a pressure of 7 atmospheres. Keep in
bottles closely secured.
_Obs._ An excellent substitute for this preparation is to pour a bottle of
soda water into a tumbler containing 20 gr. of powdered bicarbonate of
potash, and to drink it immediately.
=Solution of Potas′sio-tar′trate of An′timony.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO ANTIMONII
POTASSIO-TARTRATIS, ANTIMONII TARTARIZATI LIQUOR (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ (Ph.
D.) Tartarised antimony, 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 7 fl. oz.; distilled
water, 1 pint; dissolve. Strength, doses, and uses, similar to those of
antimonial wine (which _see_), than which it keeps better.
=Solution, Prophylac′tic.= See HAHNEMANN’S SOLUTION.
=Solution of Protonitrate of Mercury.= _Syn._ LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI NITRICI
(PROTO-NITRATIS) (G. Ph.). _Prep._ Protonitrate of mercury, 1 oz.;
distilled water, 9 oz.; nitric acid (1·185), 46 gr. Filter.——_Dose_, 1 to
5 drops.
=Solution of Sesquicar′bonate of Ammonia.= See SOLUTION OF CARBONATE OF
AMMONIA.
=Solution of Sil′icate of Potas′sa.= See SOLUTION OF FLINTS.
=Solution of So′da.= _Syn._ SOLUTION OF HYDRATE OF SODA, LIQUOR OF SODA,
CAUSTIC SODA WATER; LIQUOR SODÆ (B. P., Ph. L.), SODÆ CAUSTICÆ LIQUOR (Ph.
D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Carbonate of soda, (cryst.), 32 oz.; lime, 9
oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 gall.; proceed as for solution of
potassa. “In 100 gr. are contained 1 gr. of (pure) soda.” (Ph. L.) Sp. gr.
1·061.
2. (Ph. D.) Carbonate of soda (cryst.), 2 lbs.; fresh-burned lime, 10 oz.;
water, 1 gall. 7 fl. oz.; as liquor of potassa. Sp. gr. 1·056.
3. (B. P.) Carbonate of soda, 7; slaked lime, 3; distilled water, 40;
dissolve the carbonate in the water, boil in a clean iron vessel,
gradually mixing the lime, and stirring constantly for ten minutes; decant
into a green-glass bottle, with air-tight stopper. Sp. gr. 1·047.——_Dose_,
1/2 to 1 dr.
=Solution of Soda (Effervescing).= _Syn._ SODA WATER; LIQUOR SODÆ
EFFERVESCENS, AQUA S. E. (Ph. E.), A. S. SUPERCARBONATIS, SODÆ CARBONATIS
AQUA ACIDULA, L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Bicarbonate of soda, 1 dr.; distilled
water, 1 pint; dissolve, and force carbonic acid gas into the solution
under pressure. Used as an antacid and grateful stimulant, often proving
gently laxative. The soda water of the shops cannot be substituted for
this preparation, as, in opposition to its name, it is usually made
without soda. (B. P.) Half the strength.
=Solution, Sol′dering.= _Prep._ Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid nearly
to saturation, add 1-5th part of powdered sal ammoniac, and simmer for 5
minutes. Used to make solder flow easily and take well; applied with a
feather. See SOLDERING.
=Solution, Speci′fic (Frank’s).= _Syn._ SPECIFIC SOLUTION OF COPAIBA;
LIQUOR COPAIBÆ ALKALINA, L. _Prep._ Take of balsam of copaiba, 2 parts;
liquor of potassa (Ph. L.), 3 parts; water, 7 parts; boil the mixture for
2 or 3 minutes, put it into a separator, and allow it to stand for 5 or 6
days; then draw it off from the bottom, avoiding the upper stratum of oil,
and to the clear liquid add of sweet spirit of nitre (perfectly free from
acid), 1 part; should it turn foul or milky, a very little liquor of
potassa will usually brighten it; if not, place it in a clean separator,
and let it stand, closely covered, for a few days, and then draw it off
from the bottom as before, when it will be perfectly transparent, without
filtering. Some persons add the sweet spirit of nitre whilst the solution
is still warm, mix it in as rapidly as possible, and immediately cork or
fasten up the vessel. This is a good way when the article is wanted in a
hurry, but is objectionable from the loss of spirit thereby occasioned,
and the danger, without care, of bursting the separator.
_Obs._ A receipt for this article, upon the authority of Battley, has been
going the round of the pharmaceutical works for many years. It is as
follows:——Take 12 oz. of balsam of copaiba, and 6 oz, of calcined
magnesia; rub together, add a pint of proof spirit, filter, and then add
1/2 oz. of sweet spirits of nitre. (‘Gray’s Supplement.’) The product of
this formula, utterly unlike ‘Frank’s Specific Solution,’ is a colourless
tincture, scarcely flavoured with copaiba, and holding very little of the
active matter of the balsam in solution, owing to the compound formed with
the magnesia being insoluble in spirit. Such is the affinity of this earth
for copaiba (copaibic acid), that it will even take it from caustic
potassa. See COPAIBA, and its preparations.
=Solution of Strychnia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR STRYCHNIÆ (B. P.). _Prep._
Strychnia, in crystals, 4 gr.; dilute hydrochloric acid 6 minims;
rectified spirit, 2 dr.; distilled water, 6 dr.; mix the hydrochloric acid
with 4 dr. of the water, and dissolve the strychnia in it by means of
heat; then add the spirit and the remainder of the water.——_Dose_, 4 to 10
minims.
=Solution of Subac′etate of Lead.= _Syn._ LIQUOR OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD, L.
OF DIACETATE OF L.†, GOULARD’S EXTRACT; LIQUOR PLUMBI, L. PLUMBI
DIACETATIS (Ph. L.), PLUMBI DIACETATIS SOLUTIO (Ph. E.), PLUMBI
SUBACETATIS LIQUOR (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Acetate of lead, 27
oz.; litharge, in fine powder, 16 oz.; water, 3 quarts; boil for 1/2 an
hour, constantly stirring, and then add enough distilled water to make the
whole measure 3 quarts; lastly, filter, if required, and keep it in a
closed vessel. The proportions, ordered in the Ph. E. are similar. Sp. gr.
1·260.
2. (Ph. D.) Acetate of lead, 6 oz.; litharge, 4 oz.; distilled water, 1
quart; boil, &c., as before; to produce 1 quart. Sp. gr. 1·066. (B. P.)
the same.
3. (Wholesale.) From finely powdered litharge, 32 lbs.; distilled vinegar,
32 galls.; boil in a perfectly bright copper pan for 2 hours, cool, add
water to make up 32 galls., again simmer for 1 minute, cover up the
vessel, and in an hour decant the clear portion. Common trade strength.
(See _below_.)
=Solution of Subacetate of Lead (Dilute).= _Syn._ GOULARD, GOULARD’S
LOTION, GOULARD’S WATER; LIQUOR PLUMBI DIACETATIS DILUTUS (Ph. L.), PLUMBI
SUBACETATIS LIQUOR COMPOSITUS (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Liquor of
diacetate of lead, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; proof-spirit, 2 fl. dr.; distilled
water, 1 pint; mix.
2. (Ph. D.) Solution of subacetate of lead and proof spirit, of each 2 fl.
oz.; distilled water, 1/2 gall.; mix, filter, and preserve it in a
well-stoppered bottle.