EXERCISE.
The muscles, or moving power of the body. Their number and character.
Philosophy and necessity of exercise. Why young women should study
these. Various kinds of exercise. 1. Walking. 2. Gardening and
agriculture. 3. House-keeping. 4. Riding. 5. Local
exercises.--Difficulty of drawing the public attention to this subject.
The slavery of fashion. Consequences of the of fashionable neglect of
exercise. A common but shocking sight.
This is a highly important subject; and it is connected with an unusual
variety of topics. I beg the reader to exercise a little patience,
therefore, if, on this account, I extend it to an unusual length.
It should not be forgotten, that the human body is moved from place to
place, at the direction of the will, through the intervention of what
are called muscles--of which there are in connection with the whole
human frame, from four hundred to five hundred.
They are long bundles or portions of lean flesh, usually a little
flattened and somewhat rounded at their edges, and terminating at one
end--often at both--in a harder, flatter, white substance, called
tendon, which is fastened to the bone.
But I need not--and indeed I cannot--in a work like this, enter upon a
minute account of the human frame, or of any considerable portion of
it; especially so considerable a portion of it as the bony and muscular
systems. For such information, I must refer the reader to the work
alluded to in a previous chapter--"The House I Live In"--and, if her
leisure time will justify it, to still more extended works on anatomy
and physiology, which can be easily obtained.
Of the philosophy, and even the necessity, of exercise, however, I need
only say, in the present place--in addition to what has been said
already--that much of human health and happiness depends on the proper
development, and cultivation, and daily exercise of the whole muscular
system; and that the health, and happiness, and usefulness of young
women, are not less dependent on the right condition of the physical
frame--the bones and muscles among the rest--than in the case of other
classes of persons. I might even say, that of all classes of people in
the world--parents and teachers alone excepted--young women are most
imperiously called upon to attend to this subject.
It will now be my object to speak of the various kinds of exercise for
young women; and to treat of them in what I conceive to be the order of
their value.
1. _Walking_.--If I were residing in Great Britain, and writing for the
perusal of young women there, I suppose it would hardly be necessary to
urge very strongly the importance of walking as an exercise; for we are
told by accredited travellers, that not only females of the middle and
lower classes, but those of rank, also, are accustomed to this form of
exercise, to an extent which would surprise the young women of this
country. Neither do they go out attired in such a manner that a single
drop of water would annoy them, or spoil their happiness; but they go
prepared for the task. They have, as I understand, their coarser
clothes, and shoes, and head-dresses, for the purpose.
But here, in the United States--among the female sex,
especially--walking, like house-keeping and agriculture, has been, of
late years, regarded as drudgery--fit for none but the poor, or the
mean, or the eccentric. And when performed, it is seldom done in the
love of it.
Now it is well known to those who have studied the subject of exercise,
that, though walking is of inestimable importance--second, in all
probability, to no other form of mere exercise--it is, nevertheless, of
far the most value, when it is undertaken and pursued with pleasure.
While, therefore, I recommend it to young women, I do it in the hope
that they will not regard it as task-work--as mere drudgery. I hope
they will regard it as a source of pleasure and happiness.
To render it such, something more is required than merely to walk, in a
solitary manner, to a certain stone, or tree, or corner, or house--the
mind all the while unoccupied by any thing agreeable or useful--and
then to return as listless as they came. Such exercise, it is true,
will move the limbs, and do much to keep the bones and muscles in a
healthy state; and by the gentle agitation which is induced, will
promote the circulation of all the fluids, and the due performance of
all the functions of the body--except the function which pertains to
the brain and nervous system. It will do all this, I say; but it will
not do it so well, if the exercise is performed as a piece of
task-work, as it would if it were done cheerfully and voluntarily.
I counsel the young woman, therefore, who wishes to derive the utmost
possible benefit from walking, to contrive to make the exercise as
agreeable as possible. To this end, she should endeavor to have before
her--I mean before her mind--an agreeable object; or at least she
should be accompanied by an agreeable companion. Both are desirable;
but one of the two is indispensable.
As to the kind of object which should be held in view, I cannot, of
course, say much; nor need I--for it makes but little difference, so
far as the physical benefit to be derived from it is concerned. In
regard to the moral and intellectual advantages, however, which are to
be derived from it--to herself and to others--it makes a very great
difference indeed. She who goes in company with one or two, or a small
number of companions, on some benevolent errand--some work of mercy to
the ignorant, the sick, or the distressed--at once secures all the
physical, the intellectual, and the moral advantages to be derived by
herself, and confers inestimable blessings on others.
Let it not be said that it is not he duty of young women to go on such
errands of mercy. I know of no neighborhood, containing the small
number of twenty families, in which there are not individuals who need
to be fed, clothed, enlightened, encouraged, warmed or elevated. The
more elevated their present condition, as a general rule, the more can
be done to raise them still higher. The destruction of the poor, is
their poverty; and in like manner, the destruction of the ignorant, is
their ignorance. People must know something, in order to know more; and
in like manner, must they possess something, in order to value our
charities, and make a wise use of them.
If it should be urged, that in speaking of the advantages of walking, I
have hitherto addressed myself to a small class of the community,
only--that those who are compelled to labor, have not the time
necessary for walks of love, instruction or charity--I reply, that this
does not lessen the importance of what has been said to those
individuals to whom it is applicable. Walking is nature's own exercise;
and will always be her best, when it can be performed. Nor would many
in New England think themselves so poor as to be unable to afford it,
were they aware of a tenth part of its general importance, and did they
but know how to live orderly and systematically. Two hours of active
walking a day, are worth a great deal; and no one who can walk briskly
and cheerfully, and without very great fatigue, _three_ hours, need to
complain of want of exercise. I must omit, of course, in a work like
this, intended for young women, the mention of any motion more rapid
than walking. Running, to those who have passed into their teens, would
be unfashionable; and who could endure the charge of disregarding the
fashions? Who could risk the danger of being regarded as a romp?
I am informed by a traveller of the most undoubted veracity, that
females of the highest classes, in some parts of Europe--the daughters
of Fellenberg, the Swiss educator, for example--do not hesitate, at
times, to engage in the athletic and healthy exercises of skating and
coasting. I have even been told that the same remark might be applied,
to some extent, to the females of the state of Maine.
2. _Gardening and Agriculture._--Here again I shall be treading on
dangerous ground, as I am fully aware. As in the former ease, however,
so in the present, I shall not be wholly alone. There are those who
have dared to jeopardize their reputation by insisting on light
agricultural and horticultural employments for females, young and old,
who cannot, or who suppose they cannot find time for walking; and to
the list of this sort of unfashionables, my name, I suppose, must be
added. To those who do not and cannot enjoy the benefit of active and
pleasurable walking abroad, these employments are unquestionably the
best substitutes. When these are wholly depended upon for exercise,
however, they should be pursued at least from two to four hours in a
day; and the constitutions of some will require much more than even
four hours.
Let not the hardy, healthy young woman alone, be employed in this
manner. It is useful and necessary, indeed, to her; but it is still
more so to her in whom, to a light skin with light eyes and hair, are
joined a slender frame, a narrow chest, and an unnatural and sickly
delicacy. Whether this delicacy is the result of staying in the house,
almost entirely secluded from light, air, and the extremes of heat and
cold, or is inherited, makes very little difference. She who has it
needs a great deal of exercise.
3. _House-keeping_.--Next to walking, and agricultural and
horticultural exercise, house-keeping--or, as it is familiarly called,
house-work--is probably the most healthy, and ought to be the most
agreeable. And yet the bare statement of the fact, will be enough to
induce many a fair reader, as I doubt not, to turn aside with pain and
disgust.
The reasons why this employment is so healthy, are many and various.
One is found in the fact, that it requires such a variety of exercise.
Like farming and gardening, it calls into action, in the course of a
day, and especially in the course of a week, nearly every considerable
muscle of the body.
All these exercises seem, at first view, to have some advantages over
walking. It should be remembered however, that nearly every muscle, and
tendon, and bone in the whole human frame, is agitated, if it is not
employed, in walking; and if the limbs are employed much the most,
still the continued action of the whole body, though gentle, is in a
few hours quite sufficient for all the purposes of health.
Every young woman should be determined to attend to, and understand,
every kind of house-work. If a few kinds--as washing, for example--seem
to be beyond her strength, she should only attend to them in part,
according as she is able. It is pitiable to see a young woman of
twenty, twenty-five or thirty, who cannot make bread, or iron a shirt,
or boil a pudding--ay, and who cannot make and mend clothes, if
necessary--simply because she has never been required to do it. Still
more pitiable is it, as I have already said, to find those who have
never done it, because they thought it would be demeaning
themselves--or because they have acted upon the principle of doing
nothing for themselves or others, as long as they can help it.
It is scarcely possible that a young woman twenty years of age, has not
had ample opportunities for learning to do all kinds of house-work,
provided it has been her fixed resolution to improve them; and I am
fully assured that house-keeping, actively and cheerfully pursued, in
all its parts, is sufficient to secure a tolerable measure of health to
every individual. And yet I am equally confident, that if walking, or
out-of-door labor, were superadded to this, in the way I have proposed
and recommended, she would derive from it many important advantages,
besides being still healthier. Indeed, no person, in any employment
whatever, is so healthy as to exclude all possibility of further
improvement. It is not yet known how healthy an individual may become.
4. _Riding._--Horseback exercise, for those who cannot enjoy any of the
three modes of which I have already spoken, is excellent. It is
particularly valuable where there is a tendency to lung complaints,
whether induced by wearing too tight a dress, or in any other manner.
It should not be forgotten, however, that if the chest is very greatly
diseased, this exercise may be one of the worst which could be taken.
As to riding in a carriage, unless it is an open one, I must honestly
say I do not like it, as an exercise for those who can secure that
which is better. Indeed, except for a medicinal purpose, I always
prefer one of the three kinds named above. And as for medicine, I would
have young women so live, and especially so exercise, as to have no
occasion for it. But on this subject I intend to say something in
another place.
I do not believe life is long enough, in general, to allow us to
indulge, to any great extent, either in what are commonly regarded as
passive exercises, or in amusements, _as such:_ I speak now of those
who are above twelve years of age. Not that those who are over twelve,
do not need amusement. I would have every thing amusing--or at least
interesting. I mean simply to say, that walking, and running, and
gardening, and farming, and house-keeping, usually involve enough of
physical exercise for health; and that where these are duly attended
to--or even any one of them--what are commonly called amusement's will
hardly be needed. In earlier life, they unquestionably may be. But I do
not think well of passive exercises for any person, so long as they can
be avoided. And heterodox as the advice may be regarded, I cannot help
counselling the young, above all, never to ride in an easy carriage, or
a railroad, or in a steamboat or other vessel or ship, as long as they
can pursue the lawful purposes of life, in a lawful and proper manner,
by means of walking. It is soon enough to ride when we cannot walk.
Those who are desirous to glorify God in _whatever they do_, as Paul
expresses it, will understand and feel the force of what I am now going
to say; while those who make it their business, in this world, to seek
happiness, without being careful to do it through the medium of
personal excellence or holiness, will perhaps only smile at what they
suppose is a mere eccentricity of opinion.
5. _Local Exercise_.--I have intimated that the bones and muscles, the
brain and nerves, the stomach and intestines, the liver, the chyle
apparatus, the lungs, and the skin; are all more or less exercised and
benefited by walking, running, gardening, house-keeping, or riding on
horseback. Still, other exercises will be necessary, in addition to all
these. But much that I wish to say on these points will be found in
subsequent chapters. It is only necessary for me to observe, in this
place, that all the organs of the body, internal or external, together
with all the senses, require, nay, demand, their appropriate or, as I
might say, their particular exercise; and this, not only daily, but
some of them much oftener.
The brain and nervous system require observation and reflection; and
even, in my view, considerable hard study. This is their appropriate
and necessary exercise. There are, indeed, those who exercise their
brains too much; but for one who suffers from thinking too much, a
dozen suffer from thinking too little.
The stomach and intestines require such food as will call them into
proper action. That which is highly difficult of digestion may cause
them to over-act; and this, to those whose vital powers are feeble,
would be injurious. On the other hand, that which is too easy of
digestion, will not afford the stomach exercise enough; and hence, in
time, if its use is long continued, will be equally injurious. But once
more. Concentrated substances--substances, I mean, consisting of pure
nutriment, or that which is nearly so--such as oil, sugar, gum, &c.--do
not afford the right kind of exercise to the stomach; for it is the
appropriate work of this organ, and of the other internal organs--and
not of machinery of human invention--to separate the nutritious part
from that which is innutritious; and, therefore, that food affords the
best sort of labor to the stomach which contains, along with a full
supply of nutriment, a good deal of innutritious substance.
The exercise of the lungs consists not only in their full and free
expansion in breathing, but in speaking, singing, &c., and even in
laughing. Physiologists also consider sneezing, coughing and crying,
especially the latter, as having their advantages, in early infancy,
and perhaps, in same circumstances, even afterward.
In like manner do the eye and the ear, the tongue and the teeth, the
hands and the face--and indeed every part of the system--require their
appropriate exercise. This is not true of the merest infancy and
childhood alone, but also, for the most part, of youth and manhood.
Conversation, to a certain extent, is, for aught I know, as necessary
to the health of the vocal organs, as to that of the lungs. Nor are the
benefits of mastication confined wholly to the process of digestion. It
is fully believed by distinguished physiologists, that the teeth
themselves will last longer for being considerably used; and they seem
to be borne out in this conclusion by facts. But if this is the case,
what are we to think of the importance of light to the eye, sound to
the ear, employment to the hands, &c.?
It is extremely difficult to induce the young to pay any attention to
this important subject, as a matter of duty, even in some of its most
obvious points and parts. Some of them will, it is true, use exercise
enough of a particular kind, and at particular times; but the idea of
attending to it as a matter of duty, is exceedingly hard for them to
receive or entertain.
Few things are more pitiable, than the sight of young persons of either
sex, so entirely enslaved to fashion, that they dare not labor in the
garden, or the kitchen, or even walk briskly, lest somebody should
observe and speak of it. It is not to be wondered at--trained as the
young of both sexes are, to demand incessant excitement--that they
should dislike walking, and every thing else of the more active kind,
and sigh for the chaise, the coach, the sleigh, the car and the
steamboat; but it does seem to me strange, that contrary to nature,
they should seek their happiness in passive exercises alone, forgetful
of their limbs, and hands, and feet. It is passing strange, that any
tyrant should be able--even Fashion herself--so to change the whole
current of human feeling, as to make a sprightly buoyant young girl of
ten years of age, become at thirteen a grave, staid or mincing young
woman, unable--rather, unwilling--to move except in a certain style,
and then only with an effort scarcely exceeded by the efforts of those
who are suffering from inquisitorial tortures.
No young woman who has a conscientious desire for improvement, and who
is acquainted with the merest elements of physiological knowledge,
could or would submit, for one day, to such abominable tyranny. She
could not but be afraid thus to disobey the natural and reasonable laws
of her Maker.
The consequences of this premature inactivity of the human frame, on
the future well being of that frame, have never been half told: nor do
I know that they can be--at least for some time to come.
I scarcely ever prescribed for one of these _staid_ young women,
without very great pain. To see a machine evidently made by its
Almighty Architect for a great deal of motion, and made to run on with
exactness for a hundred years or more, (were due care taken to preserve
it in good order,) completely deranged, because Fashion says that
motion is ungraceful or unbecoming--what, in a physical point of view,
can be more lamentable!
To see woman denied, daily, by Fashion's nonsensical decrees, the
pleasure which every healthy person feels in the use of his limbs, with
their hundreds of muscles and tendons, and kept not only inactive, but
almost secluded from air and light--who is not almost ashamed that he
belongs to the same species? Yet such things are quite common among as,
and they are constantly becoming more so.