At the present time there are in operation many more ways of preserving
partridges than ever before. Indeed, the history of preserving these
birds up to about 1860 could hardly be written for lack of material. For
some strange reason, at the period when stubbles were cut long (and the
author has shot in them a foot high as lately as 1870), and when
partridges sat so close to the points of dogs that to all appearances
they could have been easily exterminated, they nevertheless seemed to
require no artificial assistance, and even no designed limitation of the
reduction to the breeding stock. Perhaps it was that the close crouching
of the birds in good covert was the natural method of assuring safety,
and it may be that birds that could escape detection by the dogs could
also escape it by the foxes and the vermin.
The wilder the game is, and the more it runs, the more scent it gives
out to denote its presence to dogs; and with guns ahead, the birds that
flush wild do not escape in driving, so that increase of wildness is not
all in favour of the game even upon shooting days, and for the other 360
days of the year may possibly be against them, and in favour of the
vermin that hunts by smell.
Whether this protection by the wits assists birds on their nests at all,
and if so, as much as the loss of scent does, is too wide a question to
enter upon here. It is only necessary to remark upon that subject that
partridge preservation is to be divided, broadly speaking, into two
systems: first, that which protects birds against foxes; second, that
which is not called upon to add this heavy duty to the keeper’s ordinary
business.
Roughly generalising, it is only in Norfolk and Suffolk where the
keepers are not troubled with the fox question, and consequently it is
only there that partridges can be safely left alone to find their own
salvation. But this system can go too far even in those favoured
counties, and naturally we find energetic shooters who try all round,
declaring that Norfolk and Suffolk are “played out.” As a matter of
fact, the very ease of preservation in those counties has done them a
great deal of comparative injury, because, while they have been going
back, or at least standing still, other counties have been going ahead
in a wonderful manner. Probably the progress made in Nottinghamshire,
Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Cambridgeshire is far greater than anything
done in the Eastern Counties, compared with what the respective stocks
were in those districts twenty-five years ago.
The first phenomenal partridge preservation and the first break away
from the system of letting birds preserve themselves occurred at Elvedon
in the sixties of last century. Then large numbers of partridges were
reared by hand on that estate, and at the same time, or a little later,
a great many people began to rear partridges by hand. One of these was
Lord Ducie, in Oxfordshire. The plan adopted there was to exchange
pheasants’ eggs for those of partridges with anyone who would bring the
latter; consequently, it may be said that Lord Ducie was one of the
first men to prefer partridge shooting to covert shooting. Now, on the
contrary, a very great many people set the partridge up as the first
game bird, and his popularity is growing.
But to return to the hand rearing of partridges: the difficulty of this
business is twofold. First, it is generally believed that the birds must
be fed with ants’ eggs to make a success. Second, it is asserted that
tame bred partridges “pack,” and that without old birds to lead them
these packs are likely to travel for miles and be lost to those to whom
they belong.
The first charge against hand rearing is not exactly true, because Lord
Ducie’s keeper succeeded in rearing large quantities of partridges
without the use of ants’ eggs. The author as a boy and in an amateurish
way reared birds about the same period, but by the use of ants’ eggs,
and consequently that experience does not go for much, because there is
no difficulty in the task where plenty of these insects are to be found
to feed the birds entirely for the first six weeks.
The trouble arises when there are some ants’ eggs but not enough to go
round, for this food has the effect of setting the young birds against
everything else. Lord Ducie’s partridges were mainly fed upon meal of
some kind, although the writer forgets what it was. Another precaution
that was taken was to distribute the coops very widely along the sides
of corn-fields, and there is no doubt that this plan obliged the birds
to hunt for insect food at a much earlier age than if they had been kept
upon ants’ eggs. Unfortunately, the chicks will not eat the ants
themselves; otherwise the getting of ant-hills to cart to the birds
would go three times as far as it does, for there are generally twice as
many wingless ants as there are eggs to every nest.
The second charge against these tame birds is that they grow too wild in
packs and fly right away, and this is a fact beyond all dispute.
However, it has been said that cock partridges will sometimes take to
young birds reared by hens, if the bachelor partridges are themselves
penned in the neighbourhood when the little chicks are first carried
from the sitting boxes to the coops. There appears here to be a possible
future for hand rearing without its old disadvantage of packing.
Probably most people will think that the cock partridge is better
occupied in assisting his own proper mate to raise the very big coveys
that are now manufactured by the joint efforts of birds and keepers.
This partnership arrangement came about when the keeper at The Grange
discovered how easy it was, with proper precautions, to make up the
nests of _sitting_ partridges to 20 or more eggs. The result of this was
that, although eggs had for many years been changed during the laying
period, to effect cross breeding, it now became possible to employ the
partridges themselves to do the work of foster-mothers—a vocation that
farmyard hens had only half performed hitherto, and done their part
badly. All destroyed nests, as well as those that looked likely to be
destroyed, could now have their eggs hatched without the intervention of
those fowls that always want to start laying again just as they are most
desired to keep their foster game chicks from “sowing wild oats.”
Obviously The Grange plan would not have been of much use had not a very
careful record been kept of when each bird began to sit; for it was
necessary that eggs added after the laying season should only be those
in precisely the same advanced state of incubation as those already in
the nest. Someone has said that the cock bird goes off with the first
chicks hatched, and leaves the hen to manage the other eggs; but this is
not so, and if added eggs are twenty-four hours behind the others they
will generally be left unhatched in the nest.
Probably all the great partridge estates have advanced as far as this.
It marks the time at Holkham in the north of Norfolk as well as Orwell
Park in the south of Suffolk. But although these two estates are hard to
beat in the matter of big days, the partridge yield is not the highest
per acre on either of these celebrated estates, and never has been. At
Holkham about 8000 birds on 12,000 acres is the most that has been done.
At Orwell 6000 birds upon 18,000 acres is not regarded as bad. Both of
these estates are considered the best possible land for partridges, and
both of them have also the advantage that foxes are particularly scarce
in the districts of Norfolk and Suffolk. No Hungarian birds have ever
been used at Holkham, although eggs are exchanged for fresh blood. At
Orwell this method is also practised, and as many as 1000 eggs in a
season have been obtained from Cumberland and Hampshire, by exchange
with Sir R. Graham and Lord Ashburton. Nests are made up to 20 eggs at
Orwell, and occasionally eggs are placed under hens until hatched, when
the young birds are given to old partridges on the point of hatching
out. But here the appearance of the old sitting birds is relied upon to
indicate when that time comes. Thus, when two partridges are seen
sitting on the same nest, it is taken for granted that the egg-chipping
stage has been reached.
Holkham has been the most famous partridge estate for a century, but
much of this fame is owing to the fact that it is a very large estate,
naturally well suited for game, and especially for partridges. Besides
this, it was one of the first upon which partridge driving was
practised, and this method seems to have raised the stock by double. At
the same time, the system of only using the same beat once in the season
limits the kill enormously.
This estate has beaten all previous records for a single day’s shooting
by a bag of 1671 birds in 1905. Naturally the thought at once occurs
that the Holkham _must_ be the best system; but when we understand that
this beat is made upon 2000 acres in 20 drives to 8 guns, and that this
is the total season’s bag of the very best beat in the very best
partridge land in England, and remember also that on 8000 acres of the
best land only 4749 birds were bagged as the whole season’s work, but
all in four days, the question arises, What would Holkham do in the
season if it were subjected to the most modern methods of preservation?
Another splendid estate for game, and one similar to Holkham in size and
dryness of land, is Euston. The Duke of Grafton has in a letter to the
_Times_ repudiated the idea that partridges are preserved at Euston by
the plan adopted there for pheasants. On the contrary, the partridge
preserving at Euston has been of the same character as elsewhere in
Norfolk and Suffolk. The ill-named “Euston plan” was not wanted there
for partridges, and was applied only to pheasants, and to them not as
has been very often described. The great difference between the Euston
pheasant system and the latest method with partridges, erroneously
described and applied to Euston, is that in the case of pheasants at
Euston the birds are not kept sitting on sham or bad eggs while their
own are being incubated. They are, according to the Duke’s letter,
allowed to sit on their own eggs, and when the latter are chipping they
are given more eggs in the same forward condition—such eggs as have been
picked up out of destroyed nests.
The system that is not employed at Euston, then, either for partridges
or pheasants, is that in which the period of incubating is _shortened_
for the wild bird by picking up all her eggs as laid and incubating them
under barndoor poultry.
By this latter plan the period of incubation of any individual bird can
be pretty nearly what the keeper wishes it to be, and its length will
greatly depend upon the number of foxes, the nature of the soil, and the
situation of the nests. The success of this system on Mr. Pearson
Gregory’s property in the great fox-hunting county of Lincolnshire was
perhaps the origin of ill-naming the plan after Euston, and came about
because of Mr. Pearson Gregory’s tenancy of Euston.
That the minor assistance should have enabled 6000 wild pheasants to be
killed at Euston per annum is sufficiently remarkable, and is a fact due
to the objection of the Duke of Grafton to hand rearing, and to the
initiative of the clever Euston keeper, who found a middle course that
turned out even better than hand rearing. But in the absence of foxes,
as Lord Granby has remarked, the soil breeds game at Euston, and it is
not to be supposed that the same system would suffice either upon a clay
soil where rain could drown out the nests or where foxes abound. For
such districts the essence of the new plan is the shortening of the
incubating period, or the “clear” egg system. The clear eggs used are
necessarily, and unobjectionably, pheasants’ eggs, as those of
partridges should not exist, and when they do exist are discovered too
late to be of any use for that season.
It was probably in the Newmarket district of Cambridgeshire where the
system of the short incubation period for partridges was first put into
practice; for, as has been observed, there is no such great need of it
in the sandy soils of Norfolk and Suffolk, which drain themselves, and
besides have not to contend with foxes. Possibly Stetchworth was one of
the first, if not the actual first, estate where it became a recognised
practice to take eggs and keep the birds sitting upon clear pheasants’
eggs until a number of 25 partridges’ eggs were chipped and ready to
place under the sitting bird, which might have been sitting but ten days
instead of the usual twenty-four. On various occasions this plan has
been described as if it were new, and an emergency plan, at Stetchworth
in 1905; but that is by no means the case, as it is the plan by which
the most hostile forces of nature in the shape of bad seasons have been
rendered comparatively harmless. Any plan that permits bags of about 500
birds and upwards per day to be made for many days, and in spite of such
seasons as the last five, three of which were wet and the fourth and
fifth bad with thunderstorms, must be wonderful.
Not content with the short incubation system, Lord Ellesmere has tried
every other at Stetchworth. Hungarian partridges in small quantities
have been attempted, and also the French system of preservation by
pairing birds in pens. When the author last heard about the latter
system, the results were not to be compared for a moment with those of
the real wild birds assisted by the short incubation plan.
Another place where all the systems have been tried (except the French,
as far as is known to the writer) is Rushmore, in Wilts, where Mr. Glen
Kidston has achieved a revolution in partridge preservation and vermin
killing. He is a believer in making it the keeper’s business to keep
down rats, and as a matter of fact that is another lesson that Norfolk
and Suffolk might learn from less naturally favoured counties. Where
this business is left to the farmers it is not properly done. As the
keepers have killed nearly 5000 rats in a season at Rushmore, it goes
without saying how the partridges’ eggs would have fared had these
horrible creatures been left to raid upon them. Unquestionably the
greatest service that keepers can ever do to farmers is to keep down
rats. Hand rearing and Hungarian eggs have been largely employed at
Rushmore, where there are plenty of ants’ eggs for all comers, and
plenty of space in which to distribute the partridge coops in
turnip-fields, and it is said not close enough together to make
“packing” a thing to be feared.
The principle that numbers bring disease is not feared at Rushmore, for
although as many as 1200 hand-reared birds were lost in a few days in
1904, the next season saw better results than ever.
The Duke of Portland has converted his Welbeck property of light
limestone subsoil into a great partridge district, and has employed
large quantities of Hungarian birds to effect the change, having turned
out as many as 1200 birds at one time. Like Rushmore, the Duke’s
property is not well watered, and there is no doubt whatever that
running or stagnant water is not necessary to young partridges when at
large. At any rate, there are a number of very fine partridge estates on
which it would be quite impossible for the birds to drink, except the
dew, until they were able to delight in flights of three-parts of a
mile. At Moulton Paddocks, near Newmarket, Mr. F. E. R. Fryer, who is as
admirable as a preserver as he is as a shot, supplies pans of water in
his fields for the partridges. He adjoins those great shootings of
Chippenham and Cheveley, and as he has scored nearly 1½ birds to the
acre, or 700 birds on 500 acres in the year, his management must be
beyond reproach. That is more than twice as many birds per acre as at
Lord Leicester’s fine place, Holkham; but then with such neighbours as
Mr. Fryer has, it is a less difficult task to keep a very high stock on
a small than upon a large place.
In Oxfordshire, Mr. J. F. Mason, of Eynsham Hall, has reverted to the
system that his neighbour Lord Ducie practised in the Chipping Norton
district in the sixties of last century. That is, he breeds large
quantities of partridges by hand; but the wet destroyed his chances in
1905.
In Scotland, Sir John Gladstone has had admirable success with Hungarian
eggs, and Sir William Gordon Cumming has tried the French system on a
larger scale than most people. At Stetchworth the partridge keepers have
no pheasant rearing to do; and of course this is the case where there
are no pheasants reared by hand, as at Euston in Suffolk and Honingham
in Norfolk. At the latter place, Mr. Fellowes, lately Minister of
Agriculture and a great farmer, makes his estate of 4500 acres yield
nearly 3000 partridges, and also 1200 _wild bred_ pheasants. In the New
Forest, Lord Montague manages to kill about 4000 more pheasants than he
rears by hand, and there is no doubt that the latest phase of
preservation is directly opposite to that of ten and fifteen years ago,
when the keepers did everything possible for the pheasants and
practically nothing for the partridges.
Crosses with the Mongolian pheasants have been tried in many places, and
they are everywhere reported easy to rear,—some people have said as easy
as chickens,—but they have not been tried, as far as is known to the
author, in the wild state, and whether the ease of rearing by hand will
be confirmed in that state of nature will make very much difference to
the future of pheasant preserving. On the other hand, several people
have reported that the cross-bred Mongolian birds drive away the common
birds from the food, and for this reason they will not be continued in
at least one quarter. At the same time, they are said to fly higher than
the birds we have already, but that again is not much of a
recommendation, since our pheasants can be made to fly high enough by
judicious handling, and no pheasants will fly high unless circumstances
compel them to do so.
The author believes that the map system of partridge preservation was
originated by Marlow, the keeper at The Grange, in Hampshire, and it is
entirely due to this plan that the Euston system with the pheasants, and
the short incubation system with partridges, as practised at
Stetchworth, was made possible. The map is an important item in the
organisation of preservation on this last-named estate, where, amongst
other eggs that are carried out to partridges sitting on unfertile
pheasants’ eggs, are a number of chipped Hungarian partridges’ eggs.
This plan of mixing the Hungarian eggs with those of the home birds is
the best and surest way of effecting a cross of blood in the following
year.
It would not be wise to compare Stetchworth bags with those of Holkham,
because the conditions are so different. At the former a day consists of
a dozen drives, at the latter of about 22, or that was the number when
the record 4749 in four days was made. Then Lord Leicester and Lord Coke
appear to select guns for their deadliness, whereas Lord Ellesmere
generally has a family party. Besides this, probably few people would
consider the soil of The Six Mile Bottom district, which is the
adjoining shooting to Lord Ellesmere’s Stetchworth property, to be equal
to that of Norfolk and Suffolk as natural game country. At any rate,
even in the 1905 dry year, a great many partridges were driven off their
nests by a three days’ rain and deserted, some of them entirely, others
only for a few days. Here the system was equal to the occasion, for
those that came back to the clear pheasants’ eggs were given chipped
partridges’ eggs to go off with, and those that did not had only
deserted bad pheasants’ eggs in some cases, and when it was otherwise
the keepers were there to save the situation, for the nests and their
low situations were indicated on the map.
It has been shown above that even hand rearing cannot be relied upon, as
in Oxfordshire, to save the situation in spite of adverse elements; but
the latest phase of partridge preserving is a combination of three
methods—namely, 1st, the introduction of Hungarians; 2nd, the French
system; and 3rd, artificial incubation. It has often been affirmed that
the French system has failed badly in this country, but probably that is
entirely due to want of carefulness in matters of the smallest detail.
At any rate, Sir William Gordon Cumming makes each penned pair of
Hungarians produce an average of 19 young. This is so remarkable and so
satisfactory that it must be related in detail. In the first place, the
matrimonial relations are never forced, but those birds that have
refused to mate in the big pens where they have been since November are
turned loose. The affections of the others having been under
observation, each pair is removed to a circular pen of 27 feet diameter.
It has been observed that when a hen bird dies the cock will generally
take on her duties. The success obtained by this method of only three
years’ standing is already quite wonderful, and the season of 1905
resulted in doubling the bags, and also in a much larger breeding stock
being left. Sir William Gordon Cumming believes that given good weather
the bag will again be doubled, so that there is reason to believe that
there is, after all, no “best” about the new systems, but that a
combination of all may be better than any. Sir William Cumming adds that
after doubling his bag two years in succession he has left in the second
more birds to breed than he usually commences the shooting season with.
The following are explanatory letters from Sir W. Gordon Cumming and his
keeper:—
“ALTYRE, FORRES, N.B.
“26. 1. 06
“DEAR SIR,—I have adopted what is called the ‘French system’ of
partridge rearing for the last two years. Formerly I used to buy 20
couple of Hungarians and turn them loose at different parts of my
estate. I could see no appreciable difference in the result. I have now
built a pen, 40 by 60 yards, into which I turn 60 couple Hungarians male
and female in equal (?) proportions about the middle of November. A man
is told off to feed and look after them. The birds are ‘brailed’ before
being put in—_i.e._, a small specially constructed strap confines some
of the upper wings—sufficient to prevent flight. The pen is supplied
with gravel, bushes, water, etc., turfed 3 feet all round, and
plentifully trapped outside. Rats and cats are to be dreaded. About the
pairing-time the man in charge is constantly on the watch for any couple
who appear to be inclined to matrimony—it is a mistake to think that any
two birds will marry, they are extremely particular on the point, and
many remain celibates altogether. Any amorous couple is quietly herded
into one of two pens which are in the enclosure, and at once transferred
to a separate establishment, where are some 30 small circular pens,
about 27 feet in diameter, and there they reside till eggs result. The
first lot of eggs is usually transferred to a hen; the next batch is
looked after by the partridges themselves; occasionally a hen dies, when
the cock will nearly always take up her duties. Any birds that refuse to
pair are simply turned out. I calculate we averaged 19 young birds to
every couple so treated last season. I commenced serious shooting late
in September, and more than doubled my bag of last season, leaving on
November 10, 1905, a larger stock of birds at expiration of the shooting
season than I have usually commenced with. Of course we are largely
dependent on fine weather at the time of hatching, and have been very
lucky the last two years. If the fortune continues this year, I expect
to nearly double my bag of last year. I have probably given you some
information of which you are already quite aware. If I have neglected
any point, I shall be glad to write you further; or if you would like to
communicate with Mr. Bell, Gordonstoun, Elgin, N.B., my head keeper, he
would doubtless be able to make clear certain points that do not strike
me at present. I may mention that I have taken almost entirely to
driving birds—a system rarely, if ever, adopted on many estates
elsewhere in the neighbourhood hitherto, and with marked success within
a sporting view, and as regards result of the day. But we have much to
learn in this respect, and I think a little more experience would have
been beneficial in many ways.
“My Hungarians are supplied by Major C. Ker Fox, and have always turned
up in good condition; any found dead or weakly on arrival, he readily
replaces. I have shot Hungarian birds in their own country, and never
thought I could detect any difference between them and our own: last
year’s batch, however, were much redder in colour than any I have
previously seen.—Yours very faithfully,
“(Signed) W. GORDON CUMMING”
“GORDONSTOUN, ELGIN
“_Sept. 29th, 1906_
“G. T. TEASDALE-BUCKELL, Esq.
“SIR,—As regards our method of increasing partridges, I will try and
explain, and answer your questions as well as I can. I have no
hesitation in saying to get up a large stock our system is the best. I
say this after many years’ experience with partridges.
“1. Do I pick up first-laid eggs? _No_, unless she lays more than 24,
then I reserve them for another nest; sometimes I allow them 26, not
more.
“2. Yes, she would lay again; but I believe strongly in early chicks.
[This is an answer to a question as to whether the hen would lay again
after beginning to sit.—The Author.]
“3. I don’t take them gradually, or at any time, unless they lay 30 or
40, as they sometimes do; then I take them after they have laid 24, or
not until they sit or brood.
“4. Our success this season (1906) is almost 19 to the brood.
“5. I have not tried an unpaired cock partridge to take chicks, but I
think he will, as the ones I tried had lost their partners long before I
tried them: this was always successful.
“6. How to obtain the average turn-out of chicks. Some birds lay more
than they are able to hatch; these eggs are given to barndoor fowls
along with other eggs that are laid outside, by wild birds, on roadsides
and dangerous places: these eggs are given to the fowls _only_ on the
_days_ that the _partridges_ in the _pens_ start to _brood_, so that
they hatch out at the _same time_. Say one hen broods June 1st, you can
make her up in the way I have stated by setting 4 or 6 eggs on the same
date under a fowl, according to the number (as you like) the partridge
has. You can put more eggs in below fowl next day, if 3 or 4 partridges
have then brooded. This is the great advantage: there is no waste of
eggs on a partridge estate. I could turn out 30 chicks to the brood,
only I think 18 or 20 quite sufficient. Without outside help at all,
with eggs that are over-laid in pens, the coveys will easily run from 16
to 18 to a brood. This is not a hay-growing place, but if any nests were
going to be spoiled by the cutting of hay they can all be put to account
by this system.
“In wet weather you can turn out chicks on dry ground.
“On large estates I would give each keeper 10 or 12 pens for the paired
birds; this would give them an interest, and greatly help their show on
shooting days.
“Sir William must have grasped a wrong idea about me taking away her
[partridge’s] first consignment of eggs. I interfere as little as
possible with them and their nests at that time. To take away their
first eggs would throw them too late; this would mean probably three
weeks later, or thereabouts.
“When I said I have had a large experience with partridges I did not
mean in this system, but I have always been among partridges and have
seen lots of plans tried, but I am convinced this is the best.—I remain,
same time sir, your obedient servant,
“(Signed) ROBERT BELL”
One word must be added to the above letters: it is not safe to rely on
imported Hungarian, and home produced, partridges’ eggs hatching in the
same number of days; the former will often take the longer.