1867 P. tabulaeformis Carriere, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510.
1881 P. leucosperma Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xxvii. 558.
1899 P. yunnanensis Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253.
1901 P. funebris Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177.
1902 P. Henryi Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550.
1906 P. densata Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 416.
1906 P. prominens Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 417.
1911 P. Wilsonii Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3.
Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from
10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external
and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate clusters. Conelets
mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique,
tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous, pale
tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid,
the posterior scales often larger and more prominent.
A tree of cold-temperate and subalpine levels, growing on the
mountains of central and western China, and at lower altitudes in the
north and in Corea. It is recognized by its tenaciously persistent
cones with a remarkable change in color. It is constantly confused
with P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, neither of which grows
spontaneously in China. From the former it differs in leaf-section and
bud (the bud of P. sinensis is never white), from the latter in the
lustre and the color variation of its cone, and from both in the
frequent obliquity of its cone and in the frequent presence of
trimerous leaf-fascicles.
Of the two varieties of this species, densata and yunnanensis (Shaw in
Sargent, Pl. Wilson. ii. 17), the former represents the extreme
oblique form of cone, the latter represents the longest dimensions of
cone and leaf. The effect of environment on this species can be seen
in figs. 202, 203, from a lower slope and rich soil, and fig. 204,
from a high rocky ledge in the same locality.
Plate XXIII.
Fig. 201, Cone of var. densata. Fig. 202, Cone of var. yunnanensis.
Fig. 203, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var.
yunnanensis. Fig. 204, Cone and leaf-fascicle from a rocky ledge.
Fig. 205, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of the
typical form. Fig. 206, Seeds. Fig. 207, Conelet and its enlarged
scale.
36. PINUS INSULARIS
1837 P. taeda Blanco, Fl. Filip. 767 (not Linnaeus).
1847 P. insularis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
1854 P. khasiana Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv. 18; Icon. Pl.
Asiat. tt. 367, 368.
1868 P. kasya Royle ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 390.
Spring-shoots uninodal, glabrous. Leaves from 12 to 24 cm. long, in
fascicles of 3, rarely of 2, very slender; resin-ducts external, rarely
with a medial duct. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long,
ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent; apophyses
lustrous, nut-brown, convex or elevated along a transverse keel, the
posterior scales of some cones larger and more prominent than the
anterior scales, the mucro usually deciduous.
A species of the Philippines and of northern Burmah. In both countries
it is locally exploited for wood and resin. It differs from the common
form of P. sinensis by its much longer leaves, and from its var.
yunnanensis, which it more resembles, by its much more slender and
pliant leaves. Moreover its cone, so far as I can learn, is not yellow
at maturity, but brown.
Plate XXIII.
Figs. 208, 209, Three cones. Fig. 210, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
leaf-section.
[Illustration: PLATE XXIII. P. MERKUSII (198-200), SINENSIS (201-207),
INSULARIS (208-210)]
=XI. AUSTRALES=
Pits of the ray-cells small. Leaf-hypoderm biform or variable.
Spring-shoots uninodal in some, multinodal in other species. Cones
dehiscent at maturity.
This group combines the dehiscent cone of the Lariciones with the
wood-anatomy of the serotinous Pines. Also the multinodal spring-shoot
first appears here and is gradually developed among the species,
absent in Nos. 37-39, sometimes present in Nos. 40-43, and prevalent
in Nos. 44-47.
All the species are of the Western Hemisphere, and among them may be
found the biform hypoderm of the leaf, the internal resin-duct, and
the total absence of external resin-ducts, characters common in
American Hard Pines. The eastern species are quite constant in their
characters and present no varietal forms; the western species, on the
other hand, are very variable. This difference may be due to the even
level and slight climatic differences of the Atlantic states and to
the remarkable diversity of altitude and climate of the western states
and Mexico.
Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thick.
Cones large, attaining 12 cm. or more in length.
Prickles of the cone inconspicuous.
Bark-formation late 37. pseudostrobus
Bark-formation early 38. Montezumae
Prickle of the cone conspicuous 39. ponderosa
Cones small, 7 cm. or less in length 40. teocote
Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thin.
Spring-shoots mostly uninodal.
Prickle of the cone slender, sometimes deciduous.
Cones mostly oblique 41. Lawsonii
Cones symmetrical 42. occidentalis
Prickles of the cone stout and persistent 43. palustris
Spring-shoots multinodal.
Resin-ducts internal 44. caribaea.
Resin-ducts mostly medial.
Prickle of the cone stout 45. taeda
Prickle of the cone slender.
Bark-formation late 46. glabra
Bark-formation early 47. echinata
37. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS
1839 P. pseudostrobus Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
1839 P. apulcensis Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
1842 P. tenuifolia Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 92.
1846 P. orizabae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 237, f.
Spring-shoots uninodal, conspicuously pruinose. Bark-formation late, the
cortex of young trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 5, sometimes of 6,
from 15 to 30 cm. long, drooping; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm variable
in amount, often in very large masses, the outer walls of the endoderm
thick. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, ovate or
ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, deciduous and often leaving a few
basal scales on the trees; apophyses rufous or fulvous brown, flat,
elevated or, in one variety, prolonged in various degrees, the
prolongations nearly uniform or much more prominent on the posterior
face of the cone, the mucro usually deciduous.
A species of the subtropical and warm-temperate altitudes of Mexico
and Central America. Its range includes both eastern and western
slopes of the northern plateau. Its northern limit is in Nuevo Leon,
and it probably reaches in Nicaragua the southern limit of pines in
the Western Hemisphere. It is distinguished from all its associates by
the smooth gray trunk of the young trees, by their long internodes,
and by their drooping gray-green foliage.
Some cones of this species develop protuberances of all degrees of
prominence up to the curious cone collected in Oaxaca by Nelson (var.
apulcensis, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 12, fig. 8). There is also a
remarkable difference in the amount of leaf-hypoderm. On many trees of
the western part of the range this tissue forms septa across the green
mesophyll. Such partitions are sometimes met in other species, P.
Pringlei or P. canariensis, where the hypoderm is abundant. But in P.
pseudostrobus they appear in some leaves of weak, as well as of strong
hypoderm (var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 13, ff. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8).
Plate XXIV.
Fig. 211, Cone. Fig. 212, Two cones of var. tenuifolia. Figs. 213,
214, Two cones of var. apulcensis. Fig. 215, Magnified section of 3
leaves of var. tenuifolia. Fig. 216, Magnified section of 2 leaves
of the species. Fig. 217, Bud destined to produce staminate flowers.
Fig. 218, Ten-year old branch showing smooth cortex. Fig. 219, Young
and mature trees in open growth.
[Illustration: PLATE XXIV. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS]
38. PINUS MONTEZUMAE
1817 P. occidentalis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. ii. 4 (not Swartz).
1832 P. Montezumae Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, i. 39, t. 22.
1839 P. Devoniana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
1839 P. Hartwegii Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
1839 P. Russelliana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
1839 P. macrophylla Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
1840 P. filifolia Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.
1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93
(as to cone).
1841 P. radiata Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 443 (as to leaves).
1847 P. Grenvilleae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 77, f.
1847 P. Gordoniana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 79, f.
1847 P. Wincesteriana Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 158, f.
1847 P. rudis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
1847 P. Ehrenbergii Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
1858 P. Lindleyana Gordon, Pinet. 229.
1891 P. Donnell-Smithii Masters in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199.
Spring-shoots uninodal, slightly or not at all pruinose. Bark-formation
early, the branches becoming dark and rough. Leaves prevalently in
fascicles of 5, but varying from 3 to 8, extremely variable in length,
attaining 45 cm. at subtropical levels; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
sometimes uniform, more commonly multiform, the outer walls of the
endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the prickle often reflexed. Cones of
many sizes, attaining in warm localities 30 cm. in length, ovate-conic
or long-conic, symmetrical, often curved, deciduous and often leaving a
few scales on the tree; apophyses dull, rarely lustrous, nut-brown, or
of various shades of fuscous brown to nearly black, flat, tumid,
pyramidal or sometimes slightly protuberant, the prickle rarely
persistent.
This species ranges from the mountains of northern Durango to the
volcanoes of Guatemala, or possibly farther south. It is found at all
altitudes where Pines can grow except on the tropical levels of
Guatemala. Its more hardy forms have been successfully grown in the
milder parts of Great Britain and northern Italy. It is felled for
lumber in many parts of Mexico.
This sturdy Pine and its numberless variations present the most
remarkable example of adaptation in the genus. The variations are
mostly those associated with changes of environment--dimensions of
cone and leaf and the number of leaves in the fascicle. These are so
accurately correlated with altitude and exposure, and are so
imperceptibly graded, that no specific segregations among them have
yet been successfully established.
The type-specimen figured by Lambert does not show the longest cone
and leaf of this species. They are better represented by specimens
which have been named P. filifolia. Such dimensions prevail in
subtropical localities. At temperate altitudes these dimensions are
much reduced, but here are found a longer form of cone and leaf (var.
Lindleyi, Loudon) and a shorter form (var. rudis, Shaw). At still
higher altitudes and up to the timber-limit the var. Hartwegii,
Engelmann, with short leaves and a small nearly black cone is found.
Among these varieties there is no such sharp distinction as these
definitions imply. All dimensions of fruit and foliage and the various
brown and black shades of the cone blend into each other through
endless intergradations. A monograph of this species, by one who could
devote some years to it on the superb volcanoes and in the delightful
climates where this tree abounds, would be a valuable contribution to
science.
Plate XXV. (Cones and leaves much reduced.)
Fig. 220, Cone and leaves of Lambert's plate. Figs. 221, 222, Longer
cones and leaves of the species. Fig. 223, Cone and leaves of var.
Lindleyi. Fig. 224, Cones and leaves of var. rudis. Fig. 225, Cone
and leaves of var. Hartwegii. Fig. 226, Magnified leaf-sections.
Figs. 227, 228, Two forms of the dermal tissues of the leaf,
magnified. Fig. 229, Habit of the tree.
[Illustration: PLATE XXV. PINUS MONTEZUMAE]
39. PINUS PONDEROSA
1836 P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson's Agric. Man. 354.
1847 P. Benthamiana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189.
1848 P. brachyptera Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 89.
1848 P. macrophylla Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 103
(not Lindley).
1853 P. Jeffreyi Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
1854 P. Engelmanni Carriere in Rev. Hort. 227.
1855 P. Beardsleyi Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 286, t. 6.
1855 P. Craigana Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 288, t. 7.
1858 P. Parryana Gordon, Pinet. 202 (not Engelmann).
1859 P. deflexa Torrey in Emory's Rep. ii. 1, 209, t. 56.
1878 P. arizonica Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 260.
1889 P. latifolia Sargent in Gar. & For. ii. 496, f. 135.
1894 P. apacheca Lemmon in Erythea, ii. 103, t. 3.
1897 P. Mayriana Sudworth in Bull. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric. 21.
1897 P. scopulorum Lemmon in Gar. & For. x. 183.
1900 P. peninsularis Lemmon, W. Am. Conebear. 114.
Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Bark-formation early. Leaves
prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 2 to 5 or more, from 12
to 36 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or multiform, outer
walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the mucro often
reflexed. Cones from 8 to 20 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical,
deciduous and usually leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses
tawny yellow to fuscous brown, lustrous, elevated along a transverse
keel, sometimes protuberant and reflexed, the umbo salient and forming
the base of a pungent, persistent prickle.
This species ranges from southern British Columbia over the mountains
between the Pacific and the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains,
including the Black Hills of South Dakota, to the northeastern Sierras
of Mexico, to northern Jalisco and Lower California, forming, in many
localities, large forests and furnishing the best Hard Pine timber of
the western United States. It attains its best growth on the Sierras
of California and is, next to P. Lambertiana, the tallest of the
Pines.
Like P. Montezumae, and under like influences, it shows much
dimensional variation, and the leaf-fascicles are heteromerous, with
the larger number in the southern part of its range. Many authors
consider the variety Jeffreyi Vasey to be a distinct species; but
here, it seems to me, too much importance is attached to the pruinose
branchlet, clearly a provision against transpiration and associated
rather with a dry environment than with a species. Most observers
discover many intermediate forms between this variety and the species.
The var. scopulorum Engelm. is the Rocky Mountain form with leaves in
2's and 3's and with small cones passing into P. arizonica, Engelm., a
more southern form with small cones and leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5.
The var. macrophylla (Shaw, Pines Mex. 24), in addition to its long
and stout leaves, bears a cone with protuberant apophyses, somewhat
comparable to the intermediate forms of P. pseudostrobus var.
apulcensis Shaw (l. c.). Fascicles of 6 and 7 leaves are sometimes
found, and specimens that I have collected in Sandia, Durango (issued
by Pringle, through a misunderstanding, under the name P. Roseana,
ined.) show such fascicles on the fertile branches.
Plate XXVI.
Fig. 230, Cone and seed of var. Jeffreyi. Fig. 231, Cone of var.
macrophylla. Fig. 232, Cone of var. scopulorum. Fig. 233, Magnified
leaf-section and cells of leaf-endoderm. Fig. 234, Magnified dermal
tissues of the leaf, showing uniform and multiform hypoderm.
[Illustration: PLATE XXVI. PINUS PONDEROSA]
40. PINUS TEOCOTE
1830 P. teocote Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, v. 76.
Spring-shoots uninodal, or sometimes multinodal. Leaves prevalently in
fascicles of 3, but varying from 3 to 5, from 10 to 20 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform,
endoderm with thick outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones usually very
small, from 4 to 6 cm. long, but with a larger varietal form, ovate to
long-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, the mucro
usually deciduous.
This species grows at temperate altitudes from Chiapas to Nuevo Leon,
associated with temperate Mexican species such as P. patula, P.
leiophylla and others, and is easily recognized by its small cone. The
variety with a larger cone (var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 10) I
have found growing in mixed groves of P. teocote and P. leiophylla. It
resembles the latter in cone and leaf, but lacks the peculiar
character that distinguishes P. leiophylla from all other Mexican
species--the triennial cone. Some of the specimens of Hartweg No. 441
belong here, as well as Pringle's specimens, Nos. 10013, 10018,
distributed as P. eslavae, ined.
Plate XXVII.
Fig. 235, Two cones of the species and the larger cone of the
variety. Fig. 236, Leaf-fascicle and magnified sections of two
leaves. Fig. 237 a, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified; b,
magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. Fig. 238, Habit of the tree.
41. PINUS LAWSONII
1862 P. Lawsonii Roezl ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 64.
1905 P. Altamirani Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 209, t. 99.
Spring-shoots conspicuously pruinose, uninodal or not infrequently
multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, not exceeding 24 cm. in
length; resin-ducts internal, often with one or two medial ducts,
hypoderm biform, endoderm usually with thin outer walls. Conelets
mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long on pliant peduncles, ovate or
ovate-conic, oblique or sometimes symmetrical, deciduous, or persistent
with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid,
often protuberant on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo usually
large and salient, forming a rounded button-like projection, on which
the mucro is wanting.
A subtropical species of central and western Mexico, growing alone or
associated with P. oocarpa, P. Pringlei and the subtropical forms of
P. Montezumae and P. pseudostrobus. It is recognized among its
associate species by its conspicuously glaucous foliage. The cone is
very variable on trees of the same grove, both in size and in the
protuberance of its apophyses. Gordon's specimen in the Kew herbarium
consists of a single detached cone and a few leaves. The leaves differ
from all that I have examined in showing thick-walled endoderm cells,
but the cone corresponds with many of my own collection.
Plate XXVII.
Fig. 239, Three cones. Fig. 240, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
leaf-section. Fig. 241, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm.
[Illustration: PLATE XXVII. P. TEOCOTE (235-238), LAWSONII (239-241)]
42. PINUS OCCIDENTALIS
1788 P. occidentalis Swartz, Nov. Gen. & Sp. Pl. 103.
1862 P. cubensis Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. ser. 2, viii. 530.
1880 P. Wrightii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 185.
Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to 5, from 15
to 22 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with
thin outer walls. Conelets erect, aristate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long,
reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous,
flat or tumid, the umbo often thin and, together with the slender
prickle, bent sharply downward.
This species is confined to San Domingo, Hayti and eastern Cuba. Its
erect conelet and reflexed cone distinguish it from P. caribaea, which
has both its conelet and cone reflexed. Moreover the conelet is
usually, perhaps always, subterminal in P. occidentalis.
Plate XXVIII.
Fig. 247, Cone. Fig. 248, Conelet and enlarged aristate scales. Fig.
249, Magnified sections of two leaves and more magnified dermal
tissues.
43. PINUS PALUSTRIS
1768 P. palustris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1810 P. australis Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 64, t. 6.
Spring-shoots uninodal, rarely multinodal. Buds peculiarly large, white,
and conspicuously fringed with the long free cilia of the bud-scales.
Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 45 cm. long, rigid; resin-ducts
internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets
short-mucronate. Cones from 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, tapering from a
rounded base to a blunt point, symmetrical, deciduous and usually
leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull nut-brown, elevated
along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
a small persistent prickle.
Its thin sap-wood, its very strong heavy wood of large dimensions with
abundant resin of excellent quality make this the most valuable
species of the genus. It ranges over the sandy plain that borders the
Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from southeastern Virginia to eastern
Texas. The northern limit is approximately the centre of the Southern
and Gulf States, with a northern extension in Alabama to the base of
the Appalachian Mountains and to northwestern Louisiana. Its southern
limit lies near the centre of the Florida peninsula.
Among its associates this species is recognized by its large white
fringed bud and its elongated cone. Its leaves attain, on vigorous
trees, the maximum length among Pines, but on most trees the leaves do
not differ in length from the longer forms of those of P. caribaea or
P. taeda. A peculiarity, which it shares with P. caribaea, is the
deciduous scaly bark of mature trees, constantly falling away in thin
irregular scales.
Plate XXVIII.
Figs. 242, 243, Cones and seed. Fig. 244, Bud. Fig. 245, Magnified
leaf-section. Fig. 246, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. The
dermal tissues of fig. 249 also apply to this species.
[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII. P. PALUSTRIS (242-246), OCCIDENTALIS
(247-249)]
44. PINUS CARIBAEA
1851 P. caribaea Morelet in Rev. Hort. Cote d'Or, i. 105.
1864 P. bahamensis Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503.
1880 P. Elliottii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 186,
tt. 1-3.
1884 P. cubensis Sargent in Rep. 10th. Cens. U. S. ix. 202
(not Grisebach).
1893 P. heterophylla Sudworth in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 45.
1903 P. recurvata Rowley in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxx. 107.
Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Buds pale
chestnut-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, or more in its southern
range, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform,
endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed on long peduncles,
mucronate. Cones from 5 to 15 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate,
symmetrical, deciduous and leaving often a few basal scales on the
branch; apophyses lustrous, rufous-brown, tumid, the umbo somewhat
salient and minutely mucronate.
The northern limit of the range of P. caribaea extends from the coast
of southeastern S. Carolina through southeastern Georgia and southern
Alabama to southeastern Louisiana. It is associated with P. palustris,
taeda, serotina, echinata and glabra in this part of its range. It
continues through Florida, where it encounters P. clausa. On the
Bahamas it is the only Pine. On the Isle of Pines it finds in P.
tropicalis another associate. It also grows in Honduras and Guatemala.
The wood and resin of this species are of such excellent quality that
no commercial distinction is made between P. caribaea and P.
palustris.
Plate XXIX.
Fig. 250, Cone from the Isle of Pines. Fig. 251, Small form of cone.
Fig. 252, Large form of cone and binate leaf-fascicle. Fig. 253,
Conelet. Fig. 254, Magnified sections of leaves from binate and
ternate fascicles. Fig. 255, Habit of the tree, contrasted with a
tree of P. palustris in the middle-distance.
[Illustration: PLATE XXIX. PINUS CARIBAEA]
45. PINUS TAEDA
1753 P. taeda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
1788 P. lutea Walter Fl. Carol. 237.
1903 P. heterophylla Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 28 (not Sudworth).
Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 12 to 25 cm.
long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm
biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, their scales
prolonged into a sharp point. Cones from 6 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic,
symmetrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rarely lustrous, elevated
along a transverse keel, the whole umbo forming a stout triangular spine
with slightly concave sides.
The species ranges from southern New Jersey to southern Arkansas,
Oklahoma, eastern Texas and southwestern Tennessee, but does not occur
in the lower half of the Florida peninsula. It is an important
timber-tree, manufactured into all descriptions of scantlings,
boarding and finish, but the wood is of various qualities. It may be
recognized by the spine of its cone in both years of growth. Excepting
the formidable armature of the cone of P. pungens, the spines are the
strongest and most persistent of all the species of eastern North
America.
Plate XXX.
Fig. 264, Cone. Fig. 265, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 266, Magnified
leaf-section. Fig. 267. Magnified scales of the conelet.
46. PINUS GLABRA
1788 P. glabra Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.
Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunks of
mature trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 2, from 9 to 12 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial, hypoderm weak, sometimes of a single row, biform
when of two rows, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed,
mucronate. Cones from 4 to 7 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical,
deciduous on some trees, persistent on others; apophyses pale dull
nut-brown, thin or slightly thickened, the prickle usually deciduous.
A tree that sometimes attains important dimensions, growing singly or
in small groves from the neighborhood of Charleston, S. C., to eastern
Louisiana and central Mississippi, most abundant in a strip of
territory on either side of the northern boundary of Florida. Among
the Pines of the southeastern United States it is the only species
with late bark-formation, and is therefore easily identified.
Plate XXX.
Fig. 256, Cone. Fig. 257, Enlarged scale of the conelet. Fig. 258,
Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 259, Dermal tissues
of the leaf magnified, with a double row of hypoderm cells.
47. PINUS ECHINATA
1768 P. echinata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1788 P. squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.
1803 P. mitis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204.
1803 P. variabilis Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15.
1854 P. Royleana Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f.
Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough
on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm.
long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls.
Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic,
symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or
somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro
more or less persistent.
This species ranges from southeastern New York to northern Florida, to
West Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf States to
eastern Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Missouri and southwestern
Illinois. It is extensively manufactured into material of all kinds
that enters into the construction of buildings. It differs from P.
virginiana in its longer leaves, brittle branches, and much greater
height, from P. glabra in its rough upper trunk, and from both by the
frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles.
Of the six or seven pines of the southeastern United States, this
species covers a larger area and ascends the slopes of the Alleghany
Mountains far enough to meet the northern species, P. virginiana, P.
rigida, and P. strobus. Unlike the western members of this group, P.
echinata and its associates are not variable. Their characters are
singularly constant, as their limited synonymy and total lack of
varietal names attest.
Plate XXX.
Fig. 260, Cone. Fig. 261, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section
from a ternate fascicle. Fig. 262, Magnified leaf-section from a
binate fascicle. Fig. 263, Multinodal branchlet bearing lateral and
subterminal conelets and a ripe cone. Figs. 257, showing mucronate
scales of the conelet, and 259, showing dermal tissues of the leaf,
are applicable also to this species.
[Illustration: PLATE XXX. P. GLABRA (256-259), ECHINATA (260-263), TAEDA
(264-267)]
=XII. INSIGNES=
Pits of the ray-cells small. Cones tenaciously persistent, serotinous in
various degrees. Conelets mucronate or spinose.
Spring-shoots uninodal.
Resin-ducts mostly internal 48. Pringlei
Resin-ducts mostly septal 49. oocarpa
Spring-shoots multinodal.
Cones symmetrical.
Leaf-hypoderm not biform.
Bark-formation late 50. halepensis
Bark-formation early 51. pinaster
Leaf-hypoderm biform.
Cones with slender spines.
Leaves binate.
Cones dehiscent at maturity 52. virginiana
Cones serotinous 53. clausa
Leaves ternate.
Cones dehiscent at maturity 54. rigida
Cones serotinous 55. serotina
Cones with stout spines 56. pungens
Cones oblique or unsymmetrical.
Cones and leaves very short, not exceeding 6 cm.
Cones curved or warped 57. Banksiana
Cones straight 58. contorta
Cones and leaves much longer, more than 7 cm.
Posterior cone-scales gradually larger than
anterior scales.
Bark-formation late 59. Greggii
Bark-formation early 60. patula
Posterior cone-scales abruptly larger than
anterior scales.
Cones with very stout spines 61. muricata
Cones with minute or deciduous prickles.
Bark-formation late 62. attenuata
Bark-formation early 63. radiata
48. PINUS PRINGLEI
1905 P. Pringlei Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 211, t. 100.
Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Leaves ternate, from 15 to
25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal or with an occasional septal duct,
hypoderm biform, in thick masses, often projecting far into the green
tissue and sometimes touching the endoderm. Conelets mucronate. Cones
from 5 to 10 cm. long, reflexed on a rigid peduncle, subsymmetrical or
more or less oblique, tenaciously persistent, often serotinous;
apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow or fulvous brown, convex, the
posterior scales often more prominently developed, the mucro usually
wanting; seed with a perceptibly thickened wing-blade.
A tree with long erect bright green foliage, confined, so far as
known, to the subtropical altitudes of western Mexico. As it grows in
Uruapan, Michoacan, there are two forms of the cone, large and small,
both with the same long rigid leaf.
Plate XXXI.
Figs. 268, 269. Three cones and seed. Fig. 270, Leaf-fascicle and
magnified leaf-section.
49. PINUS OOCARPA
1838 P. oocarpa Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 491.
1842 P. oocarpoides Lindley ex Loudon, Encycl. 1118.
Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, from
15 to 30 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts mostly septal, sometimes internal,
hypoderm biform or multiform. Conelets on very long peduncles,
mucronate. Cones from 4 to 10 cm. long, long-pedunculate, broad-ovate to
ovate-conic, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, persistent, more or less
serotinous; apophysis gray-yellow or greenish yellow of high lustre,
flat or variously convex, delicately and radially carinate, the umbo
often salient, the prickle usually broken away; seed-wing appreciably
thickened at the base of the blade.
A subtropical species, ranging from Guatemala to the northern border
of Sinaloa in northern Mexico; remarkable for the length of the
peduncle of the cone and for the prevalence of septal resin-ducts in
the leaf.
Plate XXXI.
Fig. 271, Three cones and seed. Fig. 272, Leaf-fascicle and
magnified leaf-section. Fig. 273, Cone from northern part of the
range. Fig. 274, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from near
the northern limit.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXI. P. PRINGLEI (268-270), OOCARPA (271-274)]
50. PINUS HALEPENSIS
1762 P. sylvestris Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monspel. 494 (not Linnaeus).
1768 P. halepensis Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1803 P. maritima Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 13, t. 10.
1812 P. resinosa Loiseleur, Nouv. Duham. v. 237, t. 77 (not Aiton).
1815 P. brutia Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. Appx. 1, 75.
1826 P. arabica Sieber ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iii. 886.
1833 P. pyrenaica David in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris, 186
(not Lapeyrouse).
1834 P. hispanica Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 337.
1838 P. pityusa Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 49.
1841 P. carica Don in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 459.
1847 P. persica Strangways ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
1855 P. abasica Carriere, Trait. Conif. 352.
1855 P. Loiseleuriana Carriere, Trait. Conif. 382.
1856 P. Parolinii Visiani in Mem. Ist. Venet. vi. 243, t. 1.
1902 P. eldarica Medwejew in Act. Hort. Tiflis. vi-2, 21, f.
Spring-shoots often multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches ashen
gray and smooth for several years. Leaves binate, from 6 to 15 cm. long;
resin-ducts external, hypoderm uniform. Conelets obscurely mucronate
near the apex. Cones from 8 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or
subsymmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses red with a
lighter or deeper brownish shade, lustrous, flat, convex or
low-pyramidal, radially carinate, the umbo often ashen gray and unarmed.
A tree ranging from Portugal to Afghanistan, and from Algeria to
Dalmatia and to northern Italy and Southern France. It is a vigorous
species in its own home, growing readily in poor soils, but not
successful in colder climates. The wood is resinous and valuable for
fuel. The turpentine industry, once associated with this species, has
gradually been abandoned for the more copious product of P. pinaster.
It is recognized by its lustrous red cones and by the ashen gray
cortex of its branches and upper trunk. Tenore's P. brutia (pyrenaica
of some authors) is founded on a difference in the length of the leaf
and on an erect cone with a shorter peduncle. To recognize species on
such distinctions would not be consistent with the purpose and spirit
of this discussion.
Plate XXXII.
Fig. 279, Two cones. Fig. 280, Cone. Fig. 281, Lateral conelet. Fig.
282, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 283, Dermal tissues of the leaf
magnified.
51. PINUS PINASTER
1768 P. sylvestris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (not Linnaeus).
1789 P. pinaster Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
1798 P. laricio Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 353 (not Poiret).
1804 P. maritima Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 337
(not Lambert).
1826 P. escarena Risso, Hist. Nat. ii. 340.
1835 P. Lemoniana Bentham in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ser. 2,
i. 512, t.
1845 P. Hamiltonii Tenore, Cat. Ort. Nap. 90.
Spring-shoots sometimes multinodal. Bark-formation early. Leaves binate,
from 10 to 20 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
multiform, the inner cells gradually larger, remarkably large in the
angles of the leaf. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 9 to 18 cm.
long, nearly sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical,
persistent, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown or rufous
brown, conspicuously pyramidal, the umbo salient and pungent.
A maritime tree corresponding nearly, in its range, with the preceding
species, but more hardy in cooler climates. It grows from Portugal to
Greece, and from Algeria to Dalmatia, but its area has been much
extended by cultivation. Under favorable conditions it attains large
dimensions, but its exploitation for resin and turpentine tends to
diminish its size and disfigure its habit (Mathieu, Fl. Forest, ed. 4,
611). Its rapid growth, strong root-system, and its ability to thrive
on poor sandy soil, have led to the employment of this species for the
forestation of sand-dunes in France.
The tree can be recognized by its long stout leaves and persistent
brown cones. Its leaf-section is peculiar in the remarkable size of
the inner cells of the hypoderm, especially in the angles of the leaf.
Plate XXXII.
Figs. 275, 276, Cones. Fig. 277, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 278,
Magnified dermal tissues in the angle of the leaf.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXII. P. PINASTER (275-278), HALEPENSIS
(279-283)]
52. PINUS VIRGINIANA
1768 P. virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1789 P. inops Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose; branchlets pliant and tough.
Bark-formation slow, the cortex not rifted for some years. Leaves
binate, from 4 to 8 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
internal duct; hypoderm biform. Conelets with long tapering sharp
scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical,
persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous nut-brown,
somewhat elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, forming a
long slender prickle with a broad base.
Western Long Island to central Georgia and north Alabama, and from
eastern Tennessee to southern Indiana and southeastern Ohio. It is a
low bushy tree in the north, but in the south and west it attains
small timber-size and is locally exploited. It is hardy beyond the
limits of its natural range, growing readily in the vicinity of
Boston. Its short binate leaves, the persistent long prickles of its
cone, and its tough branches, combine to distinguish this Pine from
its associates. The obvious relationship of P. virginiana and P.
clausa places the former in this, rather than in the preceding group.
Plate XXXIII.
Fig. 284, Cones. Fig. 285, Conelet and its enlarged spinose scale.
Fig. 286, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified
dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 287, Buds.
53. PINUS CLAUSA
1884 P. clausa Vasey ex Sargent, Rep. 10th Cens. U. S. ix. 199.
Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation slow, as in the preceding
species. Leaves binate, from 5 to 9 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or
with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform when of two rows of
cells. Conelets with long tapering acute scales. Cones from 5 to 8 cm.
long, reflexed, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, often serotinous;
apophyses lustrous nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo
forming a triangular persistent spine.
A species of limited range, confined to the sandy coast of Alabama and
to Florida. It sometimes attains timber-size, but is usually a low
spreading tree of no commercial importance and never seen in
cultivation. It is recognized by its smooth branches, binate leaves
and numerous, often multiserial, clusters of persistent, often closed,
cones. It is associated with P. caribaea and, in the northern part of
its range, it grows with the other Southern species. By its close
resemblance it may be considered the serotinous form of P. virginiana.
Plate XXXIII.
Fig. 288, Three nodal groups of cones of the same year. Fig. 289,
Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 290, Leaf-fascicle and
magnified leaf-section. Fig. 291, Larger form of the tree.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII. P. VIRGINIANA (284-287), CLAUSA (288-291)]
54. PINUS RIGIDA
1768 P. rigida Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1909 P. serotina Long, in Bartonia, ii. 17 (not Michaux).
Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 14 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
biform. Scales of the conelet abruptly prolonged into a spine. Cones
from 3 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at
maturity or rarely serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, elevated
along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
a slender sharp prickle.
A tree with bright green foliage in spreading tufts. The northern
limit of its range is in southwestern New Brunswick, southern Maine,
central New Hampshire and Vermont, the Thousand Islands of the St.
Lawrence River and central Ohio. It ranges into Pennsylvania and
Delaware at low levels and thence over the Alleghanies into northern
Georgia. It is associated with P. strobus and P. resinosa and, further
south, with P. virginiana. The cones are rarely serotinous, but it is
remarkably like P. serotina in many characters, and is therefore
placed in this group.
Plate XXXIV.
Fig. 292, Cones. Fig. 293, Leaf-fascicle, magnified section through
a fascicle, and magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 294,
Upper part of a tree.
55. PINUS SEROTINA
1803 P. serotina Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 205.
Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial or medial and internal, hypoderm biform. Conelet
long-mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subglobose or short-ovate,
symmetrical, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
slightly elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming the broad
base of a slender, rather fragile prickle.
This species is confined to low wet lands from southeastern Virginia
to northern Florida and central Alabama. It is one of the associated
six timber-Pines of the Southern States and the only one of them with
serotinous cones. Its wood is of like value with that of P. taeda, the
two species being constantly confused by lumbermen. It is never
associated with P. rigida, but its resemblance to that Pine is so
great that it may be regarded as its serotinous form. Its leaf is
longer, its cone usually more orbicular and the prickle weaker.
Plate XXXIV.
Fig. 295, Cone. Fig. 296, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 297,
Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
56. PINUS PUNGENS
1803 P. taeda Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone).
(not Linnaeus).
1806 P. pungens Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198.
1852 P. montana Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller).
Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm.
long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle.
Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously
persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown,
much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout
formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone.
A mountain species ranging from central Pennsylvania to northern
Georgia, with isolated stations in western New Jersey and Maryland. It
is remarkable among the Pines of eastern North America for the size
and strength of the spines of its cone. The armature resembles that of
the cone of the western P. muricata, but with the difference that the
western cone is strongly oblique, the anterior and posterior spines
varying greatly in size.
Plate XXXIV.
Fig. 298, Cone. Fig. 299, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 300,
Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV. P. RIGIDA (292-294), SEROTINA (295-297),
PUNGENS (298-300)]
57. PINUS BANKSIANA
1803 P. Banksiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3.
1804 P. hudsonia Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 339.
1810 P. rupestris Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2.
1811 P. divaricata Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457.
Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones
from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or
variously warped from the irregular development of the scales,
serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex,
the umbo small and unarmed.
The most northern American Pine, growing near the Arctic Circle in the
valley of the Mackenzie River, whence it ranges southeasterly to
central Minnesota and the south shore of Lake Michigan, and easterly
through the Dominion of Canada to northern Vermont, southern Maine,
and Nova Scotia. In the northern part of its range it is the only
Pine, but further south it is associated with P. strobus and P.
resinosa. It is easily identified by its curious curved or deformed
cones.
Plate XXXV.
Fig. 301, Cones. Fig. 302, Biserial cones of the same year.
Fig. 303, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 304,
Habit of the tree.
58. PINUS CONTORTA
1833 P. inops Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. ii. 163,
(not Aiton).
1838 P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211.
1853 P. Murrayana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
1854 P. Boursieri Carriere in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17.
1868 P. Bolanderi Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379.
1869 P. tamrac Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9.
1898 P. tenuis Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77.
Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from
2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique,
persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or
protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the
umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle.
It grows from the valley of the Yukon, near the Alaskan boundary,
along the Pacific coast to Mendocino county, California. It covers the
plains and slopes of British Columbia and follows the Rocky Mountains
into western Colorado, with an outlying station on the Black Hills of
South Dakota. It grows on the Sierras and mountains of southern
California and in northern Lower California. On the seashore this Pine
is of low dense growth, but inland it is a slender tree with a long
tapering stem. It is easily recognized by its very short leaves and
very small cone.
Plate XXXV.
Fig. 305, Cones. Fig. 306, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXV. P. BANKSIANA (301-304), CONTORTA (305, 306)]
59. PINUS GREGGII
1868 P. Greggii Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396.
Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late,
the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm.
long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells.
Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique,
serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the
posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales,
the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous.
This species is known, at present, from specimens collected in the
vicinity of the city of Saltillo, in northeastern Mexico. Were it not
for the difference of bark it might be considered to be a northern
variety of P. patula with shorter erect leaves. With both species the
long peduncle of the conelet becomes overgrown by the basal scales of
the ripe cone, which appears to be sessile. With both, the cones are
in crowded nodal clusters, reflexed against the branch. They are so
much alike that earlier descriptions of P. patula included the smooth
gray bark of P. Greggii. The first correct description of the scaly
red bark of P. patula appeared in the second edition of Veitch's
Manual of Conifers.
Plate XXXVI.
Fig. 311, Cone. Fig. 312, Conelet. Fig. 313, Leaf-fascicle and
magnified leaf-section. Fig. 314, Branch showing erect leaves.
60. PINUS PATULA
1831 P. patula Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.
Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early,
the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves
prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30
cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an
occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells.
Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate
clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and
serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the
posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or
depressed, the mucro wanting.
Patula grows in the warm-temperate climates of Hidalgo, Puebla and
Vera Cruz, in eastern and central Mexico. It can be at once recognized
by its slender drooping foliage, its persistent cones, and its red
upper trunk. It is cultivated in northern Italy and in the warmer
parts of Great Britain.
Plate XXXVI.
Fig. 307, Cone. Fig. 308, Conelet. Fig. 309, Leaf-fascicle and
magnified leaf-section. Fig. 310, Branchlet with drooping leaves.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI. P. PATULA (307-310), GREGGII (311-314)]
61. PINUS MURICATA
1837 P. muricata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441.
1848 P. Edgariana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217.
Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged
into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate
clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses
lustrous nut-brown, abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the
cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the
varying size of the apophysis.
This species grows on the coast of California, in scattered stations
between Mendocino and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the northwest
coast of Lower California and on Cedros Island. It is recognized by
its oblique cones, conspicuously spinose, indefinitely persistent and
very serotinous. The unequal development of its cone-scales
distinguishes the cone from the more symmetrically developed cone of
P. pungens. Fruiting trees of P. muricata may be seen in the Royal
Gardens at Kew.
Plate XXXVII.
Fig. 315, Cone. Fig. 316, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
62. PINUS ATTENUATA
1847 P. californica Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189,
(not? P. CALIFORNIANA, Loiseleur).
1849 P. tuberculata Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218,
f. (not D. Don).
1892 P. attenuata Lemmon in Mining & Sci. Press, lxiv. 45.
Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper
trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial
or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the
conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long,
in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique,
persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone,
where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small
incurved spine.
A tree of slender habit and gray-green foliage, the trunk studded with
persistent nodal cone-clusters; growing on dry mountain slopes, from
southwestern Oregon over the foot-hills of the northern mountains of
California and its coastal ranges as far as the southern slopes of the
San Bernardino Mountains. It attains its best development in the
northern part of its range, but is never a tree of importance. The
serotinous habit is more pronounced in this than in any other species.
It is distinct from P. radiata, its nearest relative, by the color of
the cone, by its smooth upper trunk and by its much smaller size.
The possibility of identifying P. californiana Loiseleur (Nouv. Duham.
v. 293), through a cone said to have been sent to the Museum at Paris,
may cause this name to be applied, by reason of its early date (1812),
to some existing species. Don's radiata and tuberculata, although
considered to be the same species, were nevertheless founded on
different forms of the cone. Under a very narrow conception of
specific limits tuberculata Don might therefore acquire specific rank.
These considerations seem to make it advisable to abandon for this
species the names californica Hartw. and tuberculata Gord. for the
later name attenuata.
Plate XXXVII.
Fig. 317, Cone. Fig. 318, Magnified leaf-section.
63. PINUS RADIATA
1837 P. radiata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
1837 P. tuberculata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
1838 P. insignis Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171.
1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93
(as to leaves).
Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper
trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform.
Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm.
long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong,
oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various
degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the
umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant.
A tall tree with rich green foliage, growing on a strip of coast south
of San Francisco, particularly in Monterey County. It grows also on
the islands forming the Santa Barbara Channel and on the Island of
Guadeloupe, Lower California. It is remarkably successful in the
warmer climates of Europe and of Australasia. The species is distinct
in its peculiar cone with rounded apophyses.
Plate XXXVII.
Figs. 319, 320, Cones. Fig. 321, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
leaf-section. Fig. 322, Leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig.
323, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII. P. MURICATA (315, 316), ATTENUATA (317,
318), RADIATA (319-323)]
=XIII. MACROCARPAE=
Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large.
Leaves long and stout.
This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The
peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the
species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that
differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is
notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both
thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing
in the same leaf.
Wing-blade with a short membranous extension.
Leaves in fascicles of 5 64. Torreyana
Leaves in fascicles of 3 65. Sabiniana
Wing-blade with a long membranous extension, leaves
in fascicles of 3 66. Coulteri
64. PINUS TORREYANA
1855 P. Torreyana Parry ex Carriere, Trait. Conif. 326.
1860 P. lophosperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46.
Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to
33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or
somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones
from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical,
somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal,
the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very
thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of
the spermoderm.
A tree 10 or 12 metres high, often semi-prostrate in exposed
positions, confined to a restricted area on the coast north of San
Diego, California, and to the Island of Santa Rosa. This species
resembles P. Sabiniana in the length of its seed-wing and in the color
of its cone, but is distinct in the short triangular umbo, in its
pentamerous leaf-fascicles and in the mottled dorsal surface of its
nut.
Plate XXXVIII.
Fig. 324, Cone and seed. Fig. 325, Magnified leaf-section.
65. PINUS SABINIANA
1833 P. Sabiniana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747.
Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to
30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large,
their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long,
reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses
chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the
apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a
sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short
membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color.
A tree with sparse gray-green foliage, growing in small groves on the
foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. Its
three leaves and the uniform color of the nut distinguish it from
P. Torreyana. From P. Coulteri it differs in the length of the
membranous portion of the seed-wing and in its gray-green leaves.
Plate XXXVIII.
Fig. 326, Cone. Fig. 327, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 328, Magnified
leaf-section.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII. P. TORREYANA (324, 325), SABINIANA
(326-328)]
66. PINUS COULTERI
1837 P. Coulteri D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440.
1840 P. macrocarpa Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62.
Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to
30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large,
the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long,
reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses
sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from
which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon;
seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the
membranous apex.
Remarkable among Pines for the size and weight of its cones, many
times heavier than the longer cones of P. Lambertiana, illustrating
the great change that the cone-tissues undergo in the gradual
evolution of the species. It is a tree with dark-green foliage,
growing from northern Lower California over the mountains of southern
California to the Santa Lucia range and to Mt. Diablo. It is of no
value except for fuel and for its large nuts. It is best recognized by
its seed. The cone differs from the others of this group in its yellow
color, not unlike that of boxwood.
Plate XXXIX.
Fig. 329, Cone of small size. Fig. 330, Seed, nut and wing. Fig.
331, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 332, Conelet.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX. PINUS COULTERI]
INDEX
Adnate wing, 16
Apinus, Neck.--Pinus, 24
Apophysis of cone, 10
Armature of conelet, 7
Articulate wing, 16
Australes-Group, 62
Balfourianae-Group, 42
Bark, 18
Bases of bracts decurrent and non-decurrent, 1
Bast-tissue of cone, 14
Biform hypoderm, 6
Bloom on branchlet, 2
Bracts, bases of, 1
Branchlet, multinodal, 2
uninodal, 2
Bud, latent, 2
leaf, 1
staminate, 1
Caryopitys, Small = Pinus, 24
Caryopitys edulis Small = Pinus cembroides, 38
Cembra, Opiz = Pinus, 24
Cembra-Subsection, 26
Cembrae-Group, 26
Cembroides-Group, 38
Characters of the genus, 1
Classification of species, 22
Color of cone, 8
Cone, apophysis of, 10
bast tissues of, 14
color of, 8
dimensions of, 8
oblique, 10
peduncle of, 8
persistent, 8
phyllotaxis of, 12
serotinous, 14
symmetrical, 10
Conelet, lateral, 7
pseudolateral, 7
subterminal, 7
Conspectus of Sections &c., 25
Connective of pollen-sacs, 7
Cotyledons, 1
Decurrent bases, 1
Definite phyllotaxis, 12
Dermal tissue of leaf, 4
Dimensions of cone, 8
leaf, 4
Diploxylon-Section, 44
Dorsal umbo, 8
Endoderm, 8
Evolutional characters, 20
External resin-ducts, 6
Fibro-vascular bundle, 6
Flexiles-Group, 28
Flowers, lateral, 7
pistillate, 7
staminate, 7
subterminal, 7
Generic characters, 18
Genus, characters of, 1
Geographical distribution, 24
Gerardianae-Group, 40
Green tissue of leaf, 6
Haploxylon-Section, 26
Hypoderm, biform, 6
multiform, 6
uniform, 6
Indefinite phyllotaxis, 12
Insignes-Group, 76
Internal resin-ducts, 6
Lariciones-Group, 51
Latent buds, 2
Lateral flowers, 7
conelet, 7
Leaf, dermal tissues of, 4
dimensions of, 4
fibro-vascular bundle of, 6
green tissue of, 6
persistence of, 4
primary, 1
resin-ducts of, 6
secondary, 2
stelar tissues of, 6
stomata of, 4
tissues of, 4
Leiophyllae-Group, 44
Longifoliae-Group, 46
Macrocarpae-Group, 90
Medial resin-ducts, 6
Multiform hypoderm, 6
Multinodal branchlet, 2
spring-shoot, 2
Non-decurrent bases, 1
Oblique cone, 10
Paracembra-Subsection, 36
Parapinaster-Subsection, 44
Peduncle of cone, 8
Persistence of leaf, 4
Persistent cone, 8
Phyllotaxis, of cone, 12
definite, 12
indefinite, 12
Pinaster-Subsection, 50
Pineae-Group, 48
Pinus, 24
Pinus abasica Carr. = halepensis, 78
alba-canadensis Prov. = strobus, 36
albicaulis Engelm., 27
Altamirani Shaw = Lawsonii, 68
apacheca Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
apulcensis Lindl. = pseudostrobus, 62
arabica Sieb. = halepensis, 78
aristata Engelm., 44
arizonica Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
Armandi Franch., 30
armena Koch = sylvestris, 54
attenuata Lemm., 88
australis Michx. = palustris, 70
austriaca Hoess = nigra, 58
ayacahuite Ehrenb., 30
bahamensis Grise. = caribaea, 70
Balfouriana Balf., 42
Balfouriana Wats. = aristata, 44
Banksiana Lamb., 84
Beardsleyi Murr. = ponderosa, 66
Benthamiana Hartw. = ponderosa, 66
Bolanderi Parl. = contorta, 84
Bonapartea Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
Boursieri Carr. = contorta, 84
brachyptera Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
brutia Ten. = halepensis, 78
Bungeana Zucc., 40
californica Hartw. = attenuata, 88
canaliculata Miq. = Massoniana, 52
canariensis Smith, 48
caribaea Mor., 70
carica Don = halepensis, 78
cembra L., 27
cembra Thunb. = parviflora, 32
cembroides Gord. = Pinceana, 38
cembroides Newb. = albicaulis, 27
cembroides Zucc., 38
chihuahuana Engelm. = leiophylla, 44
clausa Vasey, 80
contorta Dougl., 84
coronans Litv. = cembra, 27
Coulteri D. Don, 93
Craigana Murr. = ponderosa, 66
cubensis Grise. = occidentalis, 70
cubensis Sarg. = caribaea, 70
dalmatica Vis. = nigra, 58
deflexa Torr. = ponderosa, 66
densata Mast. = sinensis, 60
densiflora Sieb. & Zucc., 52
Devoniana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
divaricata Dum. Cours. = Banksiana, 84
Donnell-Smithii Mast. = Montezumae, 64
echinata Mill., 74
Edgariana Hartw. = muricata, 86
edulis Engelm. = cembroides, 38
Ehrenbergii Endl. = Montezumae, 64
eldarica Medw. = halepensis, 78
Elliottii Engelm. = caribaea, 70
Engelmanni Carr. = ponderosa, 66
escarena Riss. = pinaster, 80
excelsa Hook. = peuce, 34
excelsa Wall., 34
filifolia Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
Finlaysoniana Wall. = Merkusii, 58
flexilis James, 28
flexilis Balf. = albicaulis, 27
formosana Hay. = parviflora, 32
Fremontiana Endl. = cembroides, 38
Frieseana Wich. = sylvestris, 54
funebris Kom. = sinensis, 60
Gerardiana Wall., 42
glabra Walt., 72
Gordoniana Hartw. = Montezumae, 64
Greggii Engelm., 86
Grenvilleae Gord. = Montezumae, 64
Griffithii McClell. = excelsa, 34
halepensis Bieb. = nigra, 58
halepensis Mill., 78
Hamiltonii Ten. = pinaster, 80
Hartwegii Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
Heldreichii Chr. = nigra, 58
Henryi Mast. = sinensis, 60
heterophylla Small = taeda, 72
heterophylla Sudw. = caribaea, 70
hispanica Cook = halepensis, 78
hudsonia Poir. = Banksiana, 84
humilis Link = sylvestris, 54
inops Ait. = virginiana, 80
inops Bong. = contorta, 84
insignis Dougl. = radiata, 88
insularis Endl., 60
Jeffreyi Balf. = ponderosa, 66
kasya Royle = insularis, 60
khasiana Griff. = insularis, 60
Kochiana Klotzsch = sylvestris, 54
koraiensis Mast. = Armandi, 30
koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc., 26
Lambertiana Dougl., 32
lapponica Mayr = sylvestris, 54
laricio Poir. = nigra, 58
laricio Savi = pinaster, 80
latifolia Sarg. = ponderosa, 66
latisquama Engelm. = Pinceana, 38
latteri Mason = Merkusii, 58
Lawsonii Roezl., 68
leiophylla Schl. & Cham., 44
Lemoniana Benth. = pinaster, 80
leucodermis Ant. = nigra, 58
leucosperma Max. = sinensis, 60
Lindleyana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
Llaveana Schiede = cembroides, 38
Loiseleuriana Carr. = halepensis, 78
longifolia Roxb., 46
lophosperma Lindl. = Torreyana, 90
Loudoniana Gord. = ayacahuite, 30
luchuensis Mayr, 56
Lumholtzii Rob. & Fern., 46
lutea Walt. = taeda, 72
macrocarpa Lindl. = Coulteri, 93
macrophylla Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
macrophylla Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
maderiensis Ten. = pinea, 48
mandschurica Laws. = cembra, 27
mandschurica Rupr. = koraiensis, 26
maritima Ait. = nigra, 58
maritima Lamb. = halepensis, 78
maritima Poir. = pinaster, 80
Massoniana Lamb., 52
Massoniana Sieb. & Zucc. = Thunbergii, 56
Mastersiana Hay. = Armandi, 30
Mayriana Sudw. = ponderosa, 66
Merkusii De Vriese, 58
mitis Michx. = echinata, 74
monophylla Torr. = cembroides, 38
montana Lam. = cembra, 27
montana Mill., 54
montana Noll = pungens, 84
Montezumae Lamb., 64
monticola Dougl., 34
morrisonicola Hay. = parviflora, 32
mugho Poir. = montana, 54
mughus Jacq. = sylvestris, 54
mughus Scop. = montana, 54
muricata D. Don, 86
Murrayana Balf. = contorta, 84
Nelsonii Shaw, 40
nepalensis De Chamb. = excelsa, 34
nigra Arnold, 58
nigricans Host = nigra, 58
nivea Booth = strobus, 36
obliqua Saut. = montana, 54
occidentalis H. B. K. = Montezumae, 64
occidentalis Swartz, 70
oocarpa Schiede, 78
oocarpoides Lindl. = oocarpa, 78
orizabae Gord. = pseudostrobus, 62
osteosperma Engelm. = cembroides, 38
Pallasiana Lamb. = nigra, 58
palustris Miller, 70
Parolinii Vis. = halepensis, 78
Parryana Engelm. = cembroides, 38
Parryana Gord. = ponderosa, 66
parviflora Sieb. Zucc., 32
patula Schl. & Cham., 86
peninsularis Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
pentaphylla Mayr = parviflora, 32
persica Strangw. = halepensis, 78
peuce Grise., 34
pinaster Ait., 80
pinaster Bess. = nigra, 58
Pinceana Gord., 38
pindica Form. = nigra, 58
pinea Linn., 48
pityusa Stev. = halepensis, 78
ponderosa Dougl., 66
pontica Koch = sylvestris, 54
porphyrocarpa Laws. = monticola, 34
Pringlei Shaw, 76
prominens Mast. = sinensis, 60
pseudostrobus Lindl., 62
pumila Regel = cembra, 27
pumilio Haenke = montana, 54
pungens Lamb., 84
pyrenaica David = halepensis, 78
pyrenaica Lap. = nigra, 58
quadrifolia Sudw. = cembroides, 38
radiata D. Don, 88
radiata Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
recurvata Rowl. = caribaea, 70
reflexa Engelm. = flexilis, 28
resinosa Ait., 51
resinosa Loise. = halepensis, 78
resinosa Savi = sylvestris, 54
rigida Mill., 82
rotundata Link = montana, 54
Roxburghii Sarg. = longifolia, 46
Royleana Jam. = echinata, 74
rubra Michx.= resinosa, 51
rubra Mill. = sylvestris, 54
rudis Endl. = Montezumae, 64
rupestris Michx. = Banksiana, 84
Russelliana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
Sabiniana Dougl., 90
Salzmanni Dun. = nigra, 58
sanguinea Lap. = montana, 54
sativa Lam. = pinea, 48
scipioniformis Mast. = Armandi, 30
scopifera Miq. = densiflora, 52
scopulorum Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
serotina Long = rigida, 82
serotina Michx., 82
shasta Carr. = albicaulis, 27
sibirica Mayr = cembra, 27
Sinclairii Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
= radiata, 88
sinensis Lamb., 60
squarrosa Walt. = echinata, 74
strobiformis Engelm. = ayacahuite, 30
strobiformis Sarg. = flexilis 28
strobus Linn., 36
strobus Thunb. = koraiensis, 26
sylvestris Baumg. = nigra, 58
sylvestris Gouan = halepensis, 78
sylvestris Linn., 54
sylvestris Lour. = Merkusii, 58
sylvestris Mill. = pinaster, 80
sylvestris Thunb. = Thunbergii, 56
tabulaeformis Carr. = sinensis, 60
taeda Blanco = insularis, 60
taeda Lamb. = pungens, 84
taeda Linn., 72
tamrac Murr. = contorta, 84
tatarica Mill. = sylvestris, 54
tenuifolia Benth. = pseudostrobus, 62
tenuis Lemm. = contorta, 84
teocote Schl. & Cham., 68
terthrocarpa Shaw = tropicalis, 52
Thunbergii Parl., 56
Torreyana Parry, 90
tropicalis Mor., 52
tuberculata D. Don = radiata, 88
tuberculata Gord. = attenuata, 88
uliginosa Neum. = montana, 54
uncinata Ram. = montana, 54
variabilis Lamb. = echinata, 74
Veitchii Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
virginiana Mill., 80
Wilsonii Shaw = sinensis, 60
Wincesteriana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
Wrightii Engelm. = occidentalis, 70
yunnanensis Franch. = sinensis, 60
Pistillate flower, 7
Primary leaf, 1
Pseudolateral conelet, 7
Resin-ducts of the leaf external, 6
internal, 6
medial, 6
septal, 6
Secondary leaf, 2
Sectional characters, 18
Seed, wing of, 16
winged, 16
wingless, 16
Septal resin-ducts, 6
Serotinous cone, 14
Species, classification of, 22
Specific characters, 20
Spring-shoot, 2
Staminate flowers, 7
Stelar tissues of leaf, 6
Stomata of leaf, 4
Strobi-Group, 30
Strobus, Opiz = Pinus, 24
Strobus strobus Small = Pinus strobus, 36
Subsectional characters, 20
Subterminal conelet, 7
flower, 7
Symmetrical cone, 10
Terminal umbo, 8
Tissues of the cone, 12
leaf, 4
wood, 17
Umbo of the cone dorsal, 8
terminal, 8
Uninodal branchlet, 2
spring-shoot, 2
Uniform hypoderm, 6
Variation, 21
Wing of seed, adnate, 16
articulate, 16
Winged seed, 16
Wingless seed, 16
Wood, 17
Wood-strands of the cone, 14
Wood-tissues, 17
Transcriber's Notes:
1. The position of Plates was changed to the end of the section
referencing each.
2. Species names appear to be Capitalized when they are names of persons
or places in this book, as in other material of this period.