CHAPTER XLIII._Tent life with English Gipsies in Norway

So farewell,

The students’ wandering life! Sweet serenades

Sung under ladies’ Windows in the night,

And all that makes vacation beautiful!--

To you, ye cloistered shades of Alcalá,

To you, ye radiant visions of romance,

Written in books, but here surpassed by truth.

LONGFELLOW’S _Spanish Student_.

ALLURING PROMISES--COMPLIMENT TO ENGLISHMEN--TRUE SKETCHES OF

GIPSY LIFE--THE GIPSIES’ ORIGIN--YET A MYSTERY--ESMERALDA--NOAH

AND ZACHARIA--BEFORE THE CURTAIN--THE END.

We have felt that the alluring promises of our fellow voyageurs must not

be neglected. So many copies of this record of our wanderings already

ordered. Even the Birmingham Bagman, of far-seeing speculative mind, had

ordered two copies; this in itself would give confidence. What became of

him we do not know. We trust he did not see fit to follow us, and so get

lost in the Wild recesses of the Horungerne[138]. Again, much curiosity

has been evinced by friends, to know the incidents of our expedition.

Only a short time since, we received the following letter, from a French

gentleman, who, although he has never been in England, is a devoted

student of the English language. We know our friend will not be

offended if we give the letter. There is so much genuineness of feeling

about it, that the reader will not be surprised, if it added another

reason to those mentioned:--

“I learn always English, but I am a dull learner. I not plod on, but I

work on--gift comes by nature. I am steady, and I am not cast down by

unsuccessfulness.

“You are upon a journey; doubtless you shall climb up some hill covered

with snow, or you shall go into some country which the sun dry or dries

up; or you will go into some old castle haunted by the ghosts, but you

cannot light upon such buildings, amongst the Norwegians or in

Australia.

“If you relate, or you give forth, which you saw, send me that writing.

Write a letter, is a hard work to me, but translate, or read, is more

facil.

“I am much pleased by reading the book you have presented me, I read it

over. It affords illustrations of English character--daring, patience,

energy, are the qualities of the Englishmen.

“I remain, &c.”

Again, our intention has been to give some truthful sketches of gipsy

character, divested of any imaginary fiction.

Esmeralda, Noah, and Zachariah are, we believe, a fair average type of

the true tenting gipsy. There has been a scrupulous avoidance of

anything tending to gloss their faults. They are presented to the

reader, rough as they are, surrounded with only such romantic interest

as they derive from the real occurrences, incidents, and adventures,

which occurred in every-day life. We did not leave them any the worse

than we found them; indeed, we trust that some influences may not be

lost on their future. In utilising their rough gipsy energy, no attempt

was made to struggle against the established instincts and traditions of

their race. Past experience shows the inutility of all hope of much

practical result in trying to do so. For some purpose we know not of,

they have fulfilled, and now fulfil, a singular destiny. The facts

before us, as given by the research of many authors, in various parts of

Europe, leave no doubt as to the inscrutable hand of Providence, in

their mission upon earth. Not before that is accomplished, will they,

like other races, be blotted out.

Even to the present time, their origin is a mystery, not yet

solved.[139] Their language, to which they have clung, as the drowning

man clutches the straw, links them undoubtedly to a very early date, a

bygone past, far remote in the history of men and nations.

Esmeralda! Oh, yes, my readers; the Rye has had painful experience of

the Rawnee’s temper. She is now seventeen years of age, five feet eight

inches high, and dark to the extreme gipsy eyes and hair. Yet she is

honest, energetic, and kindly in disposition; which covers a multitude

of faults, in these nomads of the world. She can sing, and she likes to

dance. Yet she has much tact, control, and common sense. Few girls at

Esmeralda’s age would have ventured with the Rye, and her brothers,

over the sea to a distant land. She followed them through all their wild

wanderings.[140] No! Esmeralda has something of the Cleopatra blood,

which is not quite used up.

[Illustration: OLE HALVORSEN, OUR GUIDE.]

Well, readers, after all, Noah is not a bad young fellow, six feet high,

without his boots, about which so much trouble had been taken, and which

cost so much. He is in want of a wife. In camp, and out of camp, his

temper is excellent. Noah at times is chaffy--Noah likes dancing. Noah

is honest, and Noah likes his beer, when camp rules, which are very

stringent, permit it. Noah can pack and pitch tents--can you doubt it?

He packed our donkeys through Norway, and unceasingly rockered his

brother and sister, to use a mild term, whilst they did their share in

that interesting department, and failed to hit his rigid regulations to

a shade.

Well, readers, Zachariah, Mephistopheles, after all is a nice dark young

fellow when you don’t put him out of temper, and then--we won’t say

what. He can fish, go for vand, and light the yog.[141] He is honest--we

hope he won’t be hung; at the same time our experience shows he cannot

be drowned. If you attend our camp, he can play the violin.

[Illustration: LAST GROUP. FAREWELL!]

As we are about to make our parting adieux, do we not hear some call for

Uncle Elijah--Ezekiel--Uncle Sam of Bosbury--the beaux of the village,

the Reindeer hunters, more than all, the pretty girl of Skeaker, and our

many peasant friends. No one answers; where is our guide to lead the

way? Ever ready, our gallant Ole Halvorsen, steps to the front, and for

himself and them bids you all good-by.

Nor shall our gipsy band be wanting at the last. Come, Esmeralda, Noah

and Zachariah--quick! Mephistopheles, to the front. Kind readers, we bid

you all farewell.

And now, adieu I we must leave you,

To wander o’er forest and fell,

Our blessing for ever attend you,

And echo our parting farewell!

[Illustration]

APPENDIX.

PRŒSTEN EILERT SUNDT’S WORKS ON THE NORWEGIAN GIPSIES.

The very important works relating to the Norwegian gipsies which have

been compiled and published for the Norwegian Government, by Prœsten

Eilert Sundt, are peculiarly interesting, not only as affording the most

recent and reliable information regarding this singular people, but from

the many details and facts which are noted, as to their modes of life,

language, religion, customs, and occupations. The first work, “Beretning

om Fante-eller Landstrygerfolket i Norge,” published in Christiania in

1850, followed by another edition, published, Christiania, 1852,[142]

contain the results, and the most reliable information that Prœsten

Sundt, then a candidate for holy orders, could collect during two years’

patient and persevering research. During this period, he was able to

obtain with tolerable accuracy, their probable number, and a great

amount of reliable information, relating to their habits, means of

existence, and, above all, the prospect of inducing them to abandon

their ordinary mode of life. Prœsten Sundt had many facilities to aid

him in accomplishing this undertaking, with the sanction and authority

of the Norwegian Government. He had free access to all local and public

records and documents, and thus had unusual opportunities of satisfying

himself, from time to time, and testing the truth and falsehood of the

accounts given to him by the gipsies. Again, his clerical character was

a ready passport to every village clergyman and Prœstgaard.

Prœsten Sundt describes the Norwegian gipsies as a race of

yellowish-brown, black-haired people, having dark, piercing eyes, and

who are of foreign and suspicious aspect. Wandering incessantly, up and

down the country, they frequent the most devious and solitary roads and

ways between Stavanger and Agershuus, and, northwards, away to

Throndjhem and Finmark.

Their bands vary in number, and consist of men, women, and children,

provided, sometimes, with horses, carts, and some few domestic animals,

particularly pigs. They assume the most varied characters, and some of

them are tinkers, sievemakers, horsedealers, and horse-doctors, and, in

fact, follow many of those occupations generally adopted by the gipsies

of every country, as most compatible with a roving life. Prœsten Sundt

also states that many are plunderers and robbers, and our own experience

has clearly shown, that the gipsies, deservedly or otherwise, have

acquired a very indifferent reputation in Norway.[143] They are clearly

regarded with far less favour than in England, where the romantic life

they lead has furnished endless incidents for the novel, the drama, and

the feuilleton of the press. This, and their strange, wandering life,

and mysterious origin, may account in some degree for the passing

interest they at times create and obtains for them, here and there, _par

souffrance_ though it be, occasional shelter and protection. The

earliest mention, according to Prœsten Sundt, of the gipsies in Norway,

is to be found in an Ordinance of 1589, and he is of opinion that they

did not enter by way of Denmark and South Sweden, but through the north

of Sweden, and Duchy of Finland; in fact, through North Russia.

Another reason stated by Prœsten Sundt, why the gipsies are regarded

with a mixed feeling of fear and aversion, is on account of a belief, of

which the Norwegian peasant cannot altogether divest himself, that the

foreign-looking “Fanter” has power to bewitch both man and beast.

They invest these wanderers with supernatural powers, a power which has

occasionally been attributed to some of the peaceful Laplanders, who

dwell in Norwegian Finmark; for Laing says, in his work on Norway, page

411, when referring to the Laplanders, “The idea of witchcraft is not

entirely worn out; and the bonder have many tales of the supernatural

powers of the old fjelde women.”

Originally, these wanderers were all of pure gipsy blood; but in recent

times they have gradually become, in many instances, mixed with a

section of the Norwegian population, vagrant outcasts or “Skoiern,” a

class which they would at one time have refused all intercourse with;

and the result is, the occasional mixture of fair-haired children.

The blending of such a strain of Norwegian blood would not improve, but

rather have a deteriorating effect. This has not happened to the same

extent in England, where the admixture has often been from those of the

better class of the English population, to the proportionate advantage

of the gipsy tribe.

Yet, even in England, there is a feeling among gipsies, once still

stronger than it is, against mixed marriages, and one of their own

people is generally preferred to the gorgios.

Since the beginning of the present century, Norwegian laws relating to

gipsies have been made much less stringent, and therefore more easily

enforced. The regulations, also, with regard to all persons being

required, at a certain age, to know how to read and write, and to be

confirmed, has consigned many gipsies to prison, until they were

sufficiently instructed, as mentioned at page 301 of this work.

From inquiries made by Prœsten Sundt, it appears that gipsies who

remember “the good old times,” deeply lament their admixture with other

blood, and formerly, according to their accounts, a gipsy woman who had

consorted with a fair-skinned man, became “food for fire;” that is, she

was tied to a stake, and burnt. In the case of male offenders, the old

gipsy law was less severe; for they were expelled the tribe. His

doom--“fallen i brodt”--was pronounced, and he became an outcast for

ever.

It would appear that Prœsten Sundt’s efforts to reclaim the Norwegian

gipsies met with little success, and he found much which led him to

fear, that it is very improbable they will ever adopt the habits of

civilised life. An irrepressible desire to wander seems natural to the

race; and even their children, adopted and well-treated by farmers and

clergymen of the country, generally run away to the woods, in search of

their relatives, as soon as they are able. From the accounts given by

Prœsten Sundt, it would seem that the Norwegian gipsies are much lower

in morality than the gipsies of some other countries. It is a mere

chance if they are baptized; they seldom, if ever, frequent church; an

impenetrable mystery surrounds the death of their aged people. No

Norwegian pastor has ever been present at the burial of a gipsy, unless,

indeed, we except such as may have died in prison. Though Prœsten Sundt

carefully questioned the gravediggers of the parishes wherever he went,

one alone was able to remember that he had once dug a grave for a

gipsy.[144]

Nothing being known as to what becomes of their dead, it is not singular

that the Norwegian people believe that the gipsies kill their aged

parents and relatives, to save themselves the trouble of taking care of

them. This conclusion is quite contrary to our own experience of the

English gipsies, who exhibit great affection towards their aged people,

many of whom have survived to great ages, receiving to the last constant

care and attention.[145]

Prœsten Sundt says the gipsies vehemently deny that they kill their old

people, but state that, in former days, the aged people killed

themselves, and that even yet, weak folk end their days as their fathers

did.

It may be imagined by some, that the gipsies may have been of the same

race as the nomadic Laplanders, but it is conclusively shown that the

Norwegian “Tatare” or “Fantefolket” are not in any way belonging, either

in blood, or in language, to the Laplander of Finmark. With regard to

language, it is entirely different, and we have extracted from Prœsten

Sundt’s work, published in 1852, some words of comparison between the

Norwegian gipsy and the Norwegian Lap, having added the synonymous

English, English gipsy, Hindee, and Sanscrit words.

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

| Ild | Jag | Jaag | Yaque | Aik | Dolla | Yog | Āg | Āgnĭ | Fire. |

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+----------------------- +---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+--------------------+------------------------+---------+

From this comparison of words, it appears that the Romany has no

resemblance or affinity to the Lap; whilst the similarity of the

Norwegian Tater, or gipsy language, to that spoken by the gipsies of all

the countries of which examples are given, leaves no doubt that they

speak one language, peculiar to themselves.

The Norwegian gipsies are mentioned as a warlike race, travelling with

weapons, especially knives, and a dangerous weapon, called “Tjukei.”

This weapon, used by the Norwegian gipsies, is most commonly made of

Bamboo cane, and is about the length of a walking stick, being covered

with hide or leather. The middle of it, where it is held, is covered

with brass, and both ends of the “tjukei” are heavily loaded with lead.

It is formidable, and a blow from it is often most dangerous. The

Norwegian gipsies use this weapon with much skill, twirling it round in

their hand with wonderful rapidity, passing it dexterously from one hand

to the other, in an almost imperceptible manner, a feat which enables

them to continue the combat after an arm is disabled, and also to attack

their opponent where it is least expected. The “tjukei” seems to be used

in similar manner to the Irish shillaly, with which an Irishman is so

expert.

As the Tinklers, or Scottish gipsies, the Norwegian gipsies seem to have

had their feuds and disagreements, ending in severe fighting and

bloodshed. Their animosity and feelings of revenge were doubly

dangerous, from the uncontrolled and strong impulses of their nature,

the full extent of which can scarcely be comprehended by a kairengro, or

housedweller. Even in England, curious instances of wild revenge have

occasionally occurred, resulting in the death of one party. On the

occasion of such contentions in Norway, the women often join in the

fray, and an instance of the ferocity of the gipsy women is given by

Præsten Sundt, as occurring at Ullensaker, some time since, at a fight

which took place between two strong bands of Norwegian gipsies, which

was long remembered in the district. Two of the gipsy women there fought

with such violence and determination, that at last they stood face to

face, without a shred of clothes left for their comfort and convenience.

This hostile encounter of Norwegian Tatare is similar to some of the

gipsy contests mentioned by Simpson as occurring occasionally between

bands of Scotch gipsies; One fight occurred at Rommano, on the 1st

October, 1677, between two gipsy clans--the Fawes and the Shawes--about

some spoil, after Haddington fair, when old Sandie Fawe and his wife

were both killed, and George Fawe dangerously wounded. In the February

following, old Robin Shawe and his three sons were hung for killing

Sandie Fawe and his wife. Dr. Pennecuik erected on the spot a dove-cote

to commemorate the battle, with the following inscription:--

A.D. 1683.

The field of Gipsie blood which here you see,

A shelter for the harmless dove shall be.

Another fierce contest is described as having occurred in the spring of

the year 1772 or 1773, the battle originating from the encroachments of

one tribe on the district assigned to another, the fertile source of

many gipsy quarrels.

This battle happened near Hawick, and, according to Simpson, the

celebrated Alexander Kennedy, a handsome, athletic man, at the head of

his tribe, with little Wull Ruthven, the father-in-law of Kennedy, and

commonly known over the country as the Earl of Hell, and Muckle Wull

Ruthven, a man of uncommon stature and personal strength, with Kennedy’s

wife, Jean Ruthven, and a great number of inferior members of the clan,

males and females, including children, were opposed to old Robert Tait,

Chieftain of his horde, whose forces consisted of Jacob Tait, young

Robert Tait, three of Tait’s sons-in-law, Jean Gordon, old Tait’s wife,

and a train of youths of both sexes, of various ages, composing his

family adherents. The whole of the gipsies were armed with cudgels,

except some of the Taits, who carried cutlasses, and pieces of iron

hoop, notched and serrated, and fixed at the end of sticks.

This fray appears to have been prolonged with desperate determination,

both parties observing silence, and nothing being heard but the heavy

rattle of their sticks, till at last the Earl, who had retired to get

his wounds dressed, seeing his daughter, Kennedy’s wife, dreadfully

wounded, lost heart, and, with the rest of his party, fled, leaving

Kennedy alone, with the infuriated Taits striking at him on all sides.

Kennedy, who handled his cudgel with extraordinary dexterity,

judiciously retreated to the narrow bridge of Hawick, where he was

severely pressed by the Taits, and there is little doubt they would have

killed him, but for his advantageous position. With one powerful sweep

of his cudgel, he disarmed two of the Taits, and felled another to the

ground. Kennedy’s determined stand, single-handed, without a follower

left, against all the Taits, excited a warm interest and sympathy in his

favour among the inhabitants of the town, who had witnessed the conflict

with amazement and horror. When Kennedy broke a cudgel on his enemies

with his powerful arm, they handed him another, till at length a party

of constables arrived to his relief, and apprehended the Taits; but as

none of the gipsies were actually slain, the Taits were afterwards set

at liberty. In this battle, it was said that every gipsy, except

Alexander Kennedy, the brave chief, was severely wounded. Simpson

remarks, that what astonished the inhabitants, was the fierce and

stubborn disposition of the gipsy females, who, when they were knocked

down senseless to the ground, rose again with redoubled vigour and

energy for the fight. This conflict was called by the English gipsies,

the “Battle of the Bridge.”

Many other instances could be given with regard to gipsy contests; but

enough is before the reader to show that the wild, lawless life of the

Norwegian gipsies was formerly equalled by those of Great Britain,

especially in Scotland, where they often carried arms, and in some

instances, their bands were attached to some noble house, from whom they

derived occasionally protection. It is a peculiar feature of their

history, that in almost every country through which they wandered, they

have at times drawn upon themselves the strongest hostility of the

administrators of the law, and very often a policy of extermination; yet

they have still managed to survive, as a distinct people, still clinging

to many of their hereditary usages and nomadic habits with singular

tenacity.

Prœsten Sundt observes, that it is strange, living, as they do, in small

detached bands, they should still retain so many usages, traditions, and

habits in common. The true reason he conceives to be, that their

meetings are more frequent than we could suppose possible.

On the authority of an old gipsy, he states that when a band comes to

cross roads, they are accustomed to place on the right-hand side of the

one they are following, some small twigs of fir, upon which they lay a

small stone, in order that the wind may not displace them. Any one

passing who does not know the meaning of the sign, either does not

attach any importance to it, or, at most, thinks that a child has been

there at play. The object of the sign is to show to another band where

they may meet with their own people; and it is always of great service

to such good “Romany” as may require food and shelter, to be able thus

to distinguish the route by the sign called the “patron,” placed at

intervals on some gipsy trail.

In the winter, the Norwegian gipsies use another sign, which they make

in the snow with their whips. The sign is called by them “faano,” and

resembles a sack with the mouth closed.

These two signs are very useful when two bands agree to travel in

company; for, in order to avoid attracting attention, they are obliged

to have always at least one day’s journey between the two parties; and

it is by the aid of these signs, they are able to follow each other with

ease. At times, too, messengers pass between the bands, to give timely

warning should the authorities he in pursuit of them.

Prœsten Sundt cautiously hesitated to believe this, as well as much

which the gipsies told him; but the authority of Borrow upon this

subject, and from the practical and certain information we ourselves

have gained, as to the use of “patrins,” leave no reason to doubt the

truth of the account given by the Norwegian gipsy.

In August, 1855, a royal proclamation, in reference to further efforts

to be made to control and reclaim, if possible, all Norwegian and

Swedish gipsies, gave additional evidence of the interest with which

they were regarded by the authorities, and a large sum of money having

been voted by the “Storthing,” Prœsten Sundt was enabled to publish his

work, “Forsat Beretning om Fantefolket.” Christiania: 1859.[147] In this

work the author gives most minute particulars concerning the success of

his efforts, and quotes the cases of upwards of four hundred

individuals, who had been maintained at the charge of the State, during

the years 1855-9, at a comparatively trifling expense. The children had

also, in most cases, been placed with peasant families. Prœsten Sundt

gives a vivid picture of the vicissitudes in life of the gipsies, who,

however, cannot be said to be neglected by the authorities. In 1862,

Prœsten Sundt issued a small volume, entitled “Anden Aars Beretning om

Fantefolket,” which contains many interesting and additional particulars

relative to the Norwegian gipsies. This was followed by a Special Report

of 56 pages, issued in 1863, and a small volume of 113 pages, published

in 1865, both relating to the Norwegian gipsies.

II.

Tabulated Comparison of the Norwegian gipsy (Tatersprog), and

the English gipsy (Romanes), showing the similarity of many

words in the two languages, notwithstanding the early separation

of this people, in detached hordes, in two distinct kingdoms.

--------------------+---------------------+------------------------------

PRŒSTEN SUNDT’S | ENGLISH GIPSY. | ENGLISH.

NORWEGIAN GIPSY. | |

--------------------+---------------------+------------------------------

Ava | Av, Avel, Avellin | To come, coming

Bal | Bal | Hair

Balo | Balo | {Pig, swine

| | {Balo Shero, pig’s head

Balivas | Balivas | Bacon

Bar | Bar | Stone

Baro | Boro | Great, fine

Barvaló | Barvelo | Wealth, much

Basscha | Bosch | {Fiddle, to play

| | {Boshamengro, a fiddler

Beng | Beng | The devil

Berro | Bairo | Boat

Besscha | Besh, Beschellay | To sit, sitting

Bittan | Bitty, Bitta | Little

But | {But, Bootsee,} | Much

| {Kissy, Koosee,} |

Dad | Dad | Father

Deia | Daya, Day | Mother

Devel | Dovel, Duvel | God

Diklo | Dicklo | Handkerchief

Dives | Divus | {The day

| | {Cushty divus, good day

Doschta | Doosta | Enough

Drabb | Drabengro | Doctor (one who dispenses

| | medicine)

Dromin | Drom | Road, way

Dummo | Dummo | {The back; Dumo, Turkish

| | { gipsy for back.

Dur | Dur | Long

Döi | Doi | There

Ful | Full | Dirt

Gav | Gav | {Village

| | {Boro gav, town

Giv | Giv | {Corn

| | {Givengro, farmer

Grasni | Grasny | {Mare

| | {Crashnia (Basque Romany)

Grei | Grei, grye | Horse

Gurni | Gurny | Cow

Ja | Jee, jaw, gel | To go

Jila | Gilee, givelee | Song

Juklo | Jukel, Juklo | Dog

Kas | Kas | Hay

Kei | Kei | Here

Ker | Kair | {House

| | {Kairengro, house-dweller

Kil | Kil | Butter

Kokka | {Hokerpen} | A lie, falsehood

| {Hokapen } |

Kokkero | Kokero | Self

Kolliva | Ollivaws | Stockings

Kalo | Calo | Black

| | {Letter, a writing; chinomengree

Lil | Lil | { also used in English

| | { gipsy for letter

Lon | Lon | Salt

Lovo | Lovo | Money

Ma | Maw | Not

Maro | Moro | Bread

Mas | Mass | {Meat

| | {Moolo mas, carrion

Möi | Mouee | Mouth

Matejo | Matcho, Matchee | {Fish

| | {Macho (Basque Romany)

Mommali | Mumlee | Candle

Mors | Moosh | Man

Mulo | Moolo | Dead

Mussi | Moschee | The arm

Nak | Nok | Nose

Nav | Nav | Name

Pab | Pob | {Apples

| | {Pobengree, cider

Pani | Panee | Water

Parikka | Parik | To thank

Patron | Patrin | {Leaf-signal

| | {Patrin (Turkish Romany) leaf

Pi | Pi | To drink

Piro | Peero | The foot

Piri | Piri | Pot or kettle

Por | Por | Feather

Pral | Pal | Brother

Puro | {Puro } | {Old

| {Puru (feminine)} | {Phuro (Turkish Romany)

Pœna | Pen | Sister

Rakra | Rocker | To talk

Rakli | Rackly | Girl

Rankano | Rye | Gentleman

Rani | Rawnee | Lady

Rasscho | Rashei | Priest

Rat | Rat | Blood

Ratti | Ratti | Night

Rup | Rup | Silver

Schelano | Shillino | Cold

Schero | Schero | Head

Siva | Siv | To sow

Sonneka | Soonakey | Gold

Stadi | Stardy | Hat

Summin | Simmin | Soup

Tatto | Tatto | Warm

Tjavo | Chavo | A child

Tjei | Kei | A girl

Tjumma | Chuma | A kiss

Trash | Trash | Fear

Tud | Tud | Milk

| | {The hand

Vascht | {Vastee, Vast,} | {Basta (Basque Romany)

| {Vastro } | {Vast (Turkish Romany)

Vesch | Vesh | Wood, forest

The foregoing comparison of the gipsy language (Romanes), as spoken by

the Norwegian and English gipsies, will probably be sufficient to

satisfy our reader that both languages are the same.

Long as their separation has been, from whatever portion of the world

they came, the Norwegian and English gipsies are evidently one and the

same people.

The circumstances and causes which have separated and scattered this

singular people in detached hordes, to be wanderers in the midst of

civilisation, at present remains an impenetrable mystery.

III.

The following table of comparison of Romany numerals, which we have

arranged, may be interesting. The English gipsy numerals are completed

to ten, partly from Bryant’s collection of English gipsy words,

published in the “Annual Register” of 1785. We do not know any instance

of an English author, since that date, obtaining from the English

gipsies, Romany numerals so high as ten. Hoyland, in his work,

published in 1818, gives a list from Grellmann, whose work was

translated into English by Raper, in 1785. Hoyland also gives some

examples from Bryant, but only verifies, from his own research, the

gipsy numerals up to five, and the numeral ten. Crabb, the gipsies’

friend, who published a work in 1818, gives examples of gipsy numerals

from Grellmann, Hoyland, and Captain Richardson. No other succeeding

authors appear to have been able to make up their list of English gipsy

numerals to ten, without having recourse to Bryant or Grellmann.

Simpson, who has written an interesting work upon the Scotch gipsies, a

work evidently the result of much patient research, gives the Scotch

gipsy numerals as far as ten; but, after six, the remaining numbers

given have evidently no affinity to the Romany language. Either the

gipsies, not knowing the numerals to ten, gave him wrong words, or he

mistook the sound. Although many words of the language may have been

gradually lost, we can only wonder how they have managed to preserve,

through all their wanderings, hardships, and difficulties, this link,

fragmental though it be, to an early past, in some long-forgotten land,

whence they originally came.

TABULATED COMPARISON OF GIPSY NUMERALS.

+----------+------------+------------+----------+-----------+---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+------------+---------------------+----------+

| Yec. | Jikk | Jek | Yeque | Jek | Yek | Yake | Yalk | Ick | Eka | Yek | Yúka | Ēk | Ēk | Ēkā (fem.) | One |

| | | | | | | | | Ek | | | | | | Ēkŭṅ (neu.)[148] | |

| Due. | Dy | Dui | Dui | Dui | Dui | Duée | Duie | Duj | Dui | Dui | Di | Dŏ | Dō | Dwau (m. and f. | Two |

| | | | | | Doi | | | Doj | | | Didi | | | Dwē (neu.) | |

| | Drill | | | | | | | Tri | | | | | Tri | Trisŭ (fem.) | |

| | | | Zoi | | Shov | | | Sof | | Shov | | Shŭt | Shŭt | Khŭt} (mas. fem. | Six |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Shŭsh | | Shŭt} and neu.) | |

| | Schuh, | | | | | | | | | | | Sāt | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Āth | | | |

| | Nin | | | | | | | Eija | | Iniya | Nu | Nŭh | Nau | Nŭvŭ (m. f. & n.) | |

| | | | | | | | | Des | | Des | Dest | | | Dŭs (m. f. and n.) | |

IV.

THE NORWEGIAN POET’S MORTGAGE OR PANTEBREV.

Eg er, som vel Du veit, ein Fjellets Mann,

og derfor dreg til Fjells, so tidt eg kan,

at friska meg paa Fly og bratte Bryn,

og sjaa ikring meg alle store Syn.

Men efter som eg meir paa Alder steig,

og Foten mindre lett frametter seig,

so laut eg soleids sveiva meg og snu,

at eg i Jötunheimen fekk ei Bud,

der eg ein Maanads Tid kan liva vel

og styrkja millom Fjellom Skrott og Sjel.

Eg plassen valde, etter Syn pan mange

ved Bygdins vestre Ende paa ein Tange.

Fraa logne Heim, der ser Du Tinder vaja,

og Sletmarkhö, som likjest Himalaya.

Med kvite Lokkar stend ho som i Tankar

so nett som hægsta Tinden Gaurisankar.

Eg tri fekk med meg til det Byggjeverk,

men endaa er min Pung so litet sterk

at ikke eg, som er ein afsett Kar,

kan löysa in min Part i denne Gard.

Fem Daler hadd’ eg, so var Pungen tom,

og fem og tjuge er den heile Sum.

Men dette vantad Tjug til Samskotslag,

det fekk af Konsul Heftye eg idag.

For dette og den gode Viljen sin

eg gev’n Pant i denne Garden min.

So, om eg döyr, hel dreg af Landet ut,

so eig i Garden han den fjorde Lut,

imot at han fem Daler legger af

til deim, som paa mit Bu kan hava Krav

forutan Alt, som etter Svärt paa Kvitt,

paa Garden kostad verdt i Navnet mitt,

i Fall han ikkje vil, som hender tidt,

til Andre selja dette pantet sit,

og draga pantesummen derifraa

hjaa deim, som Garden etter Auktion faa,

Til kvert eit Nytaar fæer han Renta plent,

i Kongens Mynt med Retten fem procent.

Og so han hev for Gud og Retten sin

der fyrste Pant i Eidsbu Garden min

som vel er ny, men derfor god som gyld,

og fær nok Numer og Matrikulskyld,

og so i Thingets Bok eit serskilt Rum

paa lange, store mugne Folium.

Og saa som Vitne stend her, daa til Svars

Voldmester Thjöme, Archivaren Sars,

som eiga Garden etter Lod og Linje

isaman med med meg--AASMUND OLSEN VINGE.[149]

Christiania, 28de November, 1868.

Til Vitterlighed:

H. J. THJÖME. E. SARS.

Læst, extraheret, og protokolleret ved Maanedsthinget for Vang og Slidre

Thinglag den 16de December, 1868. Det bemærkes at Debitor ei erfares at

have thinglæst Hjemmel paa Pantet, ligesom det ei kan erfares at være

skydsat eller at henhöre under noget Brug, hvorfor nærværende Dokument

er bleven extraheret paa Vangs Sameies Folium.

For Thingl og Anm, 60--sexti skill.

ENGELSCHJÖN.

TRANSLATION OF THE NORWEGIAN POET’S MORTGAGE, OR PANTEBREV.

THE MORTGAGE.

I am, as well you know, a man of the mountains,

And therefore go to the Fjelds as oft as I can,

To freshen myself on craig or broad hillside,

And look around to see as far as I can.

But as I find I’m getting on in years,

And that I am not so fleet of foot as I was,

I lie and bask in the sun, and think

That I should like a hut in Jötunheim,[150]

Where I could live well for a month’s space,

And strengthen body and soul among the fjelds.

I chose the spot, after looking at many,

With the west end of the hut upon a tongue of land.

From the little hut you see the peaks so lofty,

And Sletmarkhö, so much like Himalaya.

Bareheaded, thus I stood in contemplation,

On mighty Gaurisankar’s highest peak.

I took three with me for this building work;

But then my purse is so extremely light,

That I, who am but an humble fellow,

Cannot pay my share in this property.

I had five dollars--so light was my purse,

And five-and-twenty was the sum required.

But this much wanted, twenty in the total,

I got to-day from Mr. Consul Heftye.

For this, and for his kind goodwill,

I give a mortgage on this house of mine.

So, if I die, or if I leave the land,

He shall possess the fourth part of the house

On paying down five dollars to the man

Who may have any claim upon my hut,

Excepting all that, as the receipt does show,

Was spent upon the house in my own name,

In case he will not, as ofttimes occurs,

Sell this, his mortgage, to another man,

Deducting the amount of the mortgage from

That which the house will fetch when sold by

Auction. With each new year he interest shall

Receive, in Royal coin, at legal five per cent.

And thus, before God and the law, he has

The first mortgage on this isthmus house of mine,

Which is quite new, and, therefore, good as gold,

And shall have number and matriculation,

And have a space allotted in the books of the

Court, in their great big, musty folios.

As witnesses appear the Dike inspector,

Thjöme, and the Keeper of the Archives, Sars,

Who own a share and portion in the house,

Together with myself--AASMUND OLSEN VINGE.

Christiania, 28th November, 1868.

Witnesses:

H. J. THJÖME. E. SARS.

Read, extracted, and protocolled at the Monthly Court for the district

of Vang and Slidre, the 16th December, 1868.

It is observed, that the debtor is not aware of having produced any

proof of the mortgage; neither can it be ascertained that it has been

taxed, or that it belongs to any custom, for which reason this document

was extracted on the folio for joint ownership for Vang.

* * * * *

For production and entry, 60--sixty skil.

ENGELSCHJÖN.

We have thought it well to insert in the Appendix, the following notice

from J. P. Laurent’s “Livet i Felten,”[151] relative to Mr. Bennett, so

well known to almost every tourist and sportsman who has visited

Christiania during the last twenty years; and to those of our readers

who have chanced to linger in the quaint old rooms at 17, Store

Strandgade, mentioned at page 52 of this work, the notice may probably

have an additional interest.

“Til min store Sorg erfoer jeg her, at vor Engelskmand under mit Ophold

i Kolding havde forladt Korpset og var dragen til Norge, som han

pludselig havde faaet Lyst til at see. Da jeg anseer det meget uvist, om

han atter faaer Lyst til at vende tilbage hertil, ved Udgangen af

Vaabenstilstanden, og om han overhovedet nogensinde kommer tilbage til

Danmark, baaber jeg ikke, at jeg begaaer en Indiskretionsfejl ved at

navngive dette Menneske, der med saamegen Interesse personlig har fulgt

vor Sag i over et halvt Aar. Da han paa Udrejsen bad Obersten om et

maatte folge Korpset som civil Ledsager, naturligviis uden at staae i

nogetsomhelst Forpligtelsesforhold til Korpset, tilbod han sig at

assistere Lœgerne, og, efterat han var bleven Almindelig kjendt, kaldte

Karlene ham ‘den Engelske Doktor.’ Han hed T. Bennett og Kaldte sig for

Spög: Voluntary assistant to the medical officers of the Danish army.

Inden han forlod Korpset var han afholdt af Alle paa Grund af sin

godmodige Characteer og utrættelige Tjenstvillighed imod Alle. Ved

Retiraden fra Nörre Maestrup efter det natlige Overfald laa en af vore

Jægere syg i den Gaard, Fjenderne havde omringet, og var ganske sikkert

bleven fangen, hvis ikke Bennett havde taget ham paa sin Ryg og slœbt

afsted med ham, saalœnge han Kunde.--Paa Maeschen[152] (_sic_) vandrede

han bestandig paa sin Fod, skjöndt man ikke vilde have nœgtet ham Plads

paa Bagagevognene, og paa lœngere Toure tog han ofte Gevœret eller

Tornystren fra de Trœtteste og bar det ufertrödent.--Naar det var, at vi

laae i Bivouak, eller i lœngere Tid maatte staae opstillede paa et eller

ander Sted uden at turde forlade samme, ilede Bennett stedse omkring og

forskaffede, hvad han kunde, til at vedergvœge Obersten og Officererne

med, og stedse bar han til det Öjemed et Par Flasker Viin i sin

Tornyster. Man kunde vedblive at fortœlle mange lignende Exempler paa

den Hengivenhed, hvormed han fölte sig knyttet til vort Korps, og den

rastlöse Iver, hvormed han strœbte efter at tjene Alle, og vi vare Alle

enige om, at han fortjente en offentlig Udemœrkelse.

“Den nœrmere Anledning til, at han fulgte med os, samt han noble Adfœrd

i den Anledning fortjener ogsaa at omtales. Da Korpset forlod

Kjöbenhavn, var det egentlig en Broder til en af de Frivillige, der

önskede som Civil at ledsage os, i Begyndelsen rigtignok Kun til

Roeskilde, men senere hile Felttoget med. Bennett troede at vœre den

Frivilliges Familie nogen Forbindtlighed skyldig og skrev hjem til den,

at naar den yngre Broder maatte gaae med, vilde han, Bennett, bestandig

ledsage denne og fölge ham hjem, naar han selv vilde. Og da den yngre

Broder forlod Korpset i Ejstrup i Begyndelsen af Juli Maaned, ledsagede

Bennett ham ganske rigtigen til Kjöbenhavn, og blev i den Anledning

forsynet med en sœrdeles smigrende Skrivelse fra vor Oberst. Men neppe

var Bennett kommen til Kjöbenhavn, förend han uopfordret löb omkring til

Officierernes Familier og bragte Hilsener fra Mœnd og Slœgtninge, og

derpaa vendte han tilbage til Armeen og bragte os en Deel personlige

Hilsener fra Hjemmet. Inden han blev mere bekjendt, paadrog han sig

flere Ubehageligheder. Paa Als blev han antagen for en Spion, og i

Haderslev vilde Politiet absolut arrestere ham som Friskaremand til

Engelskmandens store Fornöjelse. Selv Karlene ansaae dette lange

Menneske med stort, rödligt Skjœg og hvidt Halstörklœde for en förloben

tydsk Haandvœrkssvend og holdt Öje med ham paa Marschen, indtil, de

lœrte ham bedre at Kjende.--Endelig bör jeg ogsaa ömtale, at han er

Forfatter af de engelske Vers og Krirgssange, som i afvigte Sommer

fandtes indrykkede i den _Berlingske Tidende_.”

TRANSLATION.

“To my great sorrow, I here learn that our Englishman, during my stay at

Kolding, has left the corps, and gone to Norway, as if he had suddenly

formed a wish to see it. As I consider his return very uncertain

previous to the expiring of the armistice, or whether he will revisit

Denmark at all; whether or no, I wish to mention the person who has

supported our cause with such personal interest for more than half a

year. When he first arrived, the Colonel asked him whether he would

accompany the army in the capacity of a civil officer, of course without

any military obligation towards the corps. He volunteered his assistance

in the medical department, and, after remaining some time with us, and

becoming generally known, the men called him ‘the English Doctor.’ After

this, T. Bennett sportively called himself ‘Voluntary Assistant to the

Medical Officers of the Danish Army.’ Although he has left the corps,

he was esteemed by every one, on account of his kindly character and

earnest desire to be useful to everyone. On the retreat from Nörre

Maestrup, after the nocturnal attack, one of our Jägers was lying in a

yard; the enemy had surrounded it, and he was certain of being taken

prisoner, had not Bennett carried him off on his back, and trudged away

with him as far as he could. On the march he was always on foot,

notwithstanding that he might have had a place on the baggage waggons,

and on longer expeditions he would frequently take muskets or knapsacks

from the weary, and carry them forward. When we happened to be lying in

bivouac, or were forced to stop in any place, without daring to advance

or recede, Bennett always went with the Colonel and officers to

reconnoitre, for which purpose he carried a couple of bottles of wine in

his knapsack. Many similar instances might be related of the devotion

with which he felt himself bound to our army corps, and of his ardent

zeal to be useful to all, and how all our men loved him. He deserved a

public distinction.

“On the last occasion he accompanied us, his noble behaviour again

deserves an excellent report. When the corps first left Copenhagen,

there was a brother of one of our volunteers, who wished to accompany us

in a civil capacity, and, indeed, reached Roeskilde sufficiently, but

his health broke down at the review. Bennett deemed it his duty towards

the volunteer’s family to write, that if the younger brother should

join, he would be a companion to him, and bring him home if he wished

it. And when the younger brother left the army, at Ejstrup, in the

beginning of the month of July, Bennett most kindly went with him to

Copenhagen, and, provided with a most flattering letter from the

Colonel, was to remain there. Scarcely, however, had Bennett reached

Copenhagen, ere he, unsolicitedly, visited the officers’ families,

bringing greetings from friends and kindred, after which he immediately

returned to the army, with many personal messages from home.

“Until he had become better known, he had many annoyances. At Als he was

taken for a spy, and in Hadersleben the police actually wanted to arrest

him, to the Englishman’s great amusement. Our men even looked upon the

tall man, with his fair beard and white neckerchief, as a German

mechanic who had deserted, and kept an eye on him while on the march,

until they learned to know him better.

“I should also finally mention, that he is the author of the English

poem and war songs, which I found last summer printed in the _Berlingske

Tidende_.”

THE END.

_The following Works are advertised by the Author of “Tent Life

in Norway” at his own expense, as either relating to the scenes

of his travels, or to subjects connected with his book, or from

a feeling of personal interest, and a wish to promote their

authors’ success._

HOW TO SEE NORWAY. By JOHN R. CAMPBELL. London: LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.

1871.

THE PLAYGROUND OF EUROPE. By LESLIE STEPHEN, late President of the

Alpine Club.

London: LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., Paternoster Row.

LAST RAMBLES AMONGST THE INDIANS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND THE ANDES.

By GEORGE CATLIN, Author of “Life Amongst the Indians,” &c., &c.

London: SAMPSON LOW, SON & MARSTON, Milton House, Ludgate Hill. 1868.

THE SEVERN VALLEY: A SERIES OF SKETCHES DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL, OF

THE COURSE OF THE SEVERN, &C. By J. RANDALL.

London: JAMES S. VIRTUE, City Road and Ivy Lane. 1862.

A POET’S DAY-DREAMS. By HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN, Author of “Pictures of

Sweden,” “Improvisatore.”

London: RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington Street. 1853.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE THEORY OF REFLECTED-RAY SURFACES, AND THEIR

RELATION TO PLANE REFLECTED CAUSTICS. Also in the APPENDIX, a Theory of

Plane Caustic Curves, identified with the Evolute of the Auxiliary Curve

of Equiangular Intersection. By the Rev. G. F. CHILDE, M.A.,

Mathematical Professor in the South African College, Cape of Good Hope.

Cape Town: Published by J. C. JUTA, Wale Street. 1858.

ON RELATED CAUSTICS OF REFLECTION, AND THE EVOLUTE OF THE LEMNISCATA, AS

DERIVED FROM A CAUSTIC OF THE HYPERBOLA. By the Rev. G. F. CHILDE, M.A.

Cape Town: Published by J. C. JUTA, Wale Street. 1859.

SINGULAR PROPERTIES OF THE ELLIPSOID, AND ASSOCIATED SURFACES OF THE

NORTH DEGREE. Dedicated by permission to his Royal Highness Prince

ALFRED. By the Rev. G. F. CHILDE, M.A., author of “Ray Surfaces,”

“Related Caustics,” &c., Mathematical Professor in the South African

College, Member of the Board of Public Examiners at the Cape of Good

Hope.

MACMILLAN & CO., Cambridge; J. C. JUTA, Cape Town.

THE RELIQUARY: A DEPOSITORY FOR PRECIOUS RELICS, LEGENDARY,

BIOGRAPHICAL, AND HISTORICAL. Edited by LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A.,

Member of the Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.,

&c.

London: JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, Soho Square; Derby: BENROSE & SONS,

Irongate.

BISHOP PERCY’S FOLIO MANUSCRIPT BALLADS AND ROMANCES. Edited by JOHN W.

HALES, M.A., Fellow and late Assistant Tutor of Christ’s College,

Cambridge, and FREDERICK J. FURNIVAL, M.A., of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,

assisted by Professor CHILD, of Harvard University, U.S., W. CHAPPEL,

Esq., &c.

London: N. TRÜBNER & CO., 60, Paternoster Row. 1867.

SOUTH AMERICAN SKETCHES; OR, A VISIT TO RIO JANIERO, THE ORGAN

MOUNTAINS, LA PLATA, AND THE PARANA. By THOMAS WOODBINE HINCHCLIFF,

M.A., F.R.G.S., Author of “Summer Months Among the Alps.”

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, ROBERTS & GREEN. 1863.

SCENES FROM THE SNOW-FIELDS; BEING ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE UPPER ICE-WORLD

OF MONT BLANC, from Sketches made on the spot in the years 1856, 1857,

1858. With Historical and Descriptive Remarks, and a Comparison of the

Chamonix and St. Gervais routes. By EDMUND T. COLEMAN.

“But the feeding of rivers and the purifying of winds are the least of

the services appointed to the hills. To fill the thirst of the human

heart for the beauty of God’s working--to startle its lethargy with the

deep and pure agitation of astonishment--are their higher missions. They

are as great and noble architecture; first giving shelter, comfort, and

rest; and covered also with mighty sculpture and painted

legend.”--RUSKIN.

The Views lithographed and printed in colours by VINCENT BROOKS.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS & ROBERTS. 1859.

THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF CHARNWOOD FOREST. By T. R. POTTER. With

an APPENDIX on the GEOLOGY, BOTANY, and ORNITHOLOGY of the District. The

Geology by J. B. JUKES, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. The Botany by the Rev. ANDREW

BLOXAM, M.A., and CHURCHILL BABINGTON, Esq., Scholar of St. John’s

College, Cambridge; and the Ornithology by CHURCHILL BABINGTON, Esq.

London: HAMILTON, ADAMS, & CO., Paternoster Row; R. ALLEN, Nottingham;

E. ALLEN, Leicester. 1842.

SCRAMBLES AMONGST THE ALPS IN THE YEARS 1860-69. By EDWARD WHYMPER. With

five Maps and 120 Illustrations. Second Edition. Price One Guinea.

London: JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

_Just Published, in 12mo., pages 470, price 16s._

THE LICHEN-FLORA OF GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND, AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. By

the Rev. W. A. LEIGHTON, B.A., F.L.S., F.B.S. Edin.

Apply for Copies to the Author, Luciefelde, Shrewsbury, with P.O.O. or

cheque, and postage 5d.

_Also by the same Author_,

Price One Guinea to Subscribers, and One Guinea and a Half to

Non-Subscribers, A CONSPECTUS OF ALL THE LICHENS HITHERTO DISCOVERED

THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. With Diagnoses, &c.

Apply for copies to the Author, Rev. W. A. LEIGHTON, Luciefelde,

Shrewsbury.

THE BIBLE IN SPAIN. By GEORGE BORROW, Author of “The Gipsies in Spain,”

&c.

London: JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. 1861.

HAPPY THOUGHT HALL. By F. C. BURNAND, Esq.

Published by BRADBURY & AGNEW, 10, Bouverie Street, Whitefriars.

THE ART OF TRAVEL; OR, SHIFTS AND CONTRIVANCES AVAILABLE IN WILD

COUNTRIES. By FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.G.S., Author of “The Explorers in

Tropical South Africa,” and Honorary Secretary to the Royal Geographical

Society.

Published by JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

GUIDE TO THE PYRENEES, FOR THE USE OF MOUNTAINEERS. By CHARLES PACKE.

Second Edition, with Map and Illustrations, 7_s._ 6_d._

THE ALPINE GUIDE. By JOHN BALL, M.R.I.A., late President of the Alpine

Club. Thoroughly revised Editions, in 3 vols., with Maps and other

Illustrations.

GUIDE TO WESTERN ALPS, including Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, and Zermatt,

6_s._ 6_d._

GUIDE TO CENTRAL ALPS, including all the Oberland District, 7_s._ 6_d._

GUIDE TO EASTERN ALPS, price 10_s._ 6_d._

INTRODUCTION on Alpine Travelling in general, and on the Geology of the

Alps, price 1_s._

Each of the three volumes, or parts of the “Alpine Guide,” may be had

with this Introduction prefixed, price 1_s._ extra.

THROUGH NORWAY WITH A KNAPSACK. By W. MATTIEU WILLIAMS. With six Tinted

Views and Map.

London: SMITH, ELDER & CO., 65, Cornhill. 1859.

THE HANDBOOK FOR NORWAY. By T. BENNETT.

Christiania.

CANADA IN 1864: A HANDBOOK FOR SETTLERS. By HENRY T. NEWTON CHESSHYRE,

late R.N., Author of “Recollections Of a Five Years’ Residence in

Norway.”

London: SAMPSON LOW, SON & MARSTON, 14, Ludgate Hill. 1864.

THE GAME BIRDS AND WILD FOWL OF SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Together with an

Account of the Seals and Salt-Water Fishes. Embellished with a Map, and

Illustrations executed in Chrome-Lithography, and 65 Woodcuts. By L.

LLOYD, Author of “Field Sports of the North of Europe” and “Scandinavian

Adventures.”

London: DAY & SON (Limited), 6, Gate Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

1867.

OLD SPORTS AND SPORTSMEN; OR, THE WILLEY COUNTRY. With Sketches of

Squire Forester and his Whipper-in, Tom Moody.

“You all knew Tom Moody, the Whipper-in, well.”

By JOHN RANDALL, F.G.S., Author of “The Severn Valley,” &c. Illustrated

with numerous Engravings.

London: JAMES S. VIRTUE, City Road and Ivy Lane.

BRADBURY, AGNEW, AND CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.