the superintendent of the examination hall addresses a petition to
the Emperor, praying that a day may be fixed for publishing the names
of the successful candidates. This generally takes place on the
10th day of the following month. On the first day of the ceremonies
of publication a table is ordered to be set out in the hall called
Chih Kung Tang, the Hall of Justice unsurpassed. The three chief
examiners, with the two chief superintendents, solemnly take their
places at the table, and on either side, spread out diagonally “like
a goose’s wings,” as the Chinese writer puts it, are the eighteen
junior examiners, all clad in their official robes. All this galaxy of
learning and wisdom is gathered together to witness the breaking of
the seals of the exercises, and to hear the calling out of the names
which are written on the list. Next morning, before daybreak, the list
is rolled up and placed inside a palanquin of honour, richly decorated
with coloured silks; a procession is formed, headed by standard-bearers
carrying emblems, as at a wedding, and the whole heaven is filled with
the sound of drums and of delicate music, gongs being beaten to clear
the road. Immediately behind the palanquin containing the precious
list march the chief examiners and their subordinates, who accompany
it outside the Dragon Gate. This gate of the examination hall is so
called allegorically, because in the same way as the fish rose from
the sea to heaven, and became perfected into the heavenly dragon, so
the successful candidates have, by the grace of learning, cast off the
grosser clay of which they were formed, and have risen to the heaven of
rank and fame. The superintendents of the hall escort the list as far
as the outer gate of the provincial capital, where it is hung up on a
high platform specially erected for the purpose.
When the list has thus been finally published, etiquette requires
that the new Masters of Arts should go and pay their respects to the
chief and junior examiners. At these visits much wine is drunk, and an
adjournment to the theatre takes place, where the party witness the
deadly dulness of an historical piece, relieved, it is true, by the
performance of grossly indecent farces, and by the consumption of the
usual refreshments of fried melon-seeds, sweetmeats, cakes, and tea.
In spite of all the pains taken nominally to insure fairness and
exclude any possibility of trickery, Chinese ingenuity would belie
itself if it did not find means of giving the slip to all law and rule,
and of satisfying greed thereby. Though the candidate’s name is not
known until the papers have been examined and judged, they will be
framed in such a way as to let the examiner know who is the author—as,
for instance, by agreeing beforehand that the briber’s essay shall
begin and end with certain words. On the other hand, if the officers of
the copying and comparing departments have not received their fee, they
can throw any candidate’s work all out of tune with the greatest ease.
Nor is there any appeal. The copy in red ink which is sent in to the
junior examiners stands as the _ipsissima verba_ of the writer. By one
slip a spiteful copyist may spoil the best essay.
The examination for the third and highest degree, that of Chin Shih, or
Doctor, does not differ materially in character from that of Chü Jên
or Master of Arts, except in the fact that whereas the latter is held
in provincial capitals, the former is held only at Shun Tien Fu, at
which city the candidates from every part of the empire have to attend.
The expense and difficulties of what may be a very long and expensive
journey naturally tend to limit the number of aspirants.
After the publication of the list of successful candidates a last
examination is held at Peking in the Imperial palace. According to
their performances in this final test the doctors are divided into
three classes. The first class consists only of the three best men in
order of merit, who are called respectively Chuang Yüan, Pang Yüan, and
Tan Hwa, which might be translated Senior Wrangler, Second Wrangler,
and Golden Spoon; the second class contains from seven to ten names;
and the third class is made up of the remainder, and may consist of two
hundred men or more. At the second part of this examination the doctors
are presented to the Son of Heaven, who in person appoints them to
various offices in the state. The Senior Wrangler is usually employed
as a writer of records in the Forest of Pencils, while the Second
Wrangler and the Golden Spoon are appointed to be correctors. All the
doctors are sure of obtaining some appointment, but not of keeping it
unless they show official capacity, of which the most infallible proof
is the liberal opening of a long purse.
“In the olden time,” writes a native author, “a man need only pass the
degree of Hsin Tsai, or Bachelor, to be sure of obtaining some office
in the state. But nowadays there are too many who buy their rank, so
that a man’s merit is measured by the capacity of his purse, while the
right men are pushed out of the right place. Hence it comes that many a
ripe scholar, if he have but enough means to keep the life within him,
and be a man of spirit to boot, will rather remain in obscurity as a
private individual than be mixed up with such men as hold office. Good
men holding aloof, the officials of the country are but a sorry lot
after all. How can we be surprised if discontent and treason are rife?”
These are the words of a modern scholar, savouring somewhat of sour
grapes, it is true. Yet as early as five hundred years before Christ,
Lao Tsŭ, the founder of the Taoist sect, pointed out the vanity and
hollowness of the system of education and government into which the
country was drifting. “If some men,” said the sage, “would abandon
their learning and cast away their wisdom the people would be benefited
a hundred-fold.” Of all the Chinese philosophers Lao Tsŭ was probably
the one whose teaching of simple virtue approached the nearest to the
Christian standard. Confucius himself, after having had an interview
with him, said to his disciples, “I know how the birds fly, how the
fishes swim, how the beasts run, and the runner may be snared, the
swimmer may be hooked, and the flyer may be shot by the arrow.[20] But
there is the dragon. I cannot tell how he mounts on the wind through
the clouds and rises to heaven. To-day I have seen Lao Tsŭ, and can
only compare him to the dragon.”[21]
It can hardly be said that matters have improved since the old days of
Lao Tsŭ.
[Illustration: PLAN OF PEKING
By permission of “The Times.”
REFERENCE.
1. British Legation.
2. Russian ”
3. American ”
4. German ”
5. Spanish ”
6. Japanese ”
7. French ”
8. Austrian ”
9. Italian ”
10. Imperial Maritime Customs
11. American Mission and Hospital Buildings.
12. British do. do.
13. French Eastern Cathedral and Mission Buildings.
14. French Southern Cathedral and Mission Buildings.
15. French Northern Cathedral and Mission Buildings.
London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.
_Stanford’s Geog^l. Estab^t. London_]
INDEX
Acrobats, 233
Agriculture, soil, etc., 87, 109, 137, 261, 298, 318
Albazines, Russian colony in Peking, 212, Pref. li.
Alcock, Sir Rutherford, at Peking, 177, 182, 184, 189, 240; municipal
system established by, at Shanghai, 40
American commercial interests in China, 263
Ancestor worship and religious rites, 171, 222, 345, Pref. xxix.–xxxiv.
(See also Monks.)
Anti-foreign feeling in China, 29, 39, 238, Pref. vi.–viii. xi. xiv.
xli.
Anting plain, 75
Apakwai, widow, 284–286
Arithmetic, Chinese method of counting on fingers, 248
Army, Chinese, inferiority of, 83; review, 75; war with Japan, 357
Astrology, belief in influence on health, 94
“Beggar’s Bridge,” Peking, 95, 127
Belgian interests in China, 264
Boat women, 2, 18
Books on China, Pref. v. xvi. xli. lviii.
Boots, Chinese pockets, 70, 259
Brenchley, Mr., 312, 313
Brick tea made for Mongolia, 272
British Legation, Peking, described, 66
Bruce, Sir Frederic, 71, 317
Buddhism, Pref. xiii. xiv. xix.
Buildings described—
British Legation, Peking, 66
Hong-kong houses, 3
Interior of a Peking mandarin’s home, 230
Shih-san-Ling, Ming tombs, 156–162, 249
Temples (see that name)
Theatre in Peking, 347
Yuen-Ming-Yuen, Imperial summer palace, 111–116
Burmah, Pref. li.
Business methods, 147
Caffieri, 244
Camels, 322
Candida, Christian convert in seventeenth century, 22, 36
Canton, description of, 17–32; bombardment of, in 1856, 24; population,
24; prosperity of, 29; Shah-Meen, English quarter, 30; temples, 25;
gardens, 30
Capital city, advisability of change, Pref. xliv.–lvii.
Cavagnari, Sir Louis, murder of, at Cabul, Pref. viii.
Céladon, Jaspé, 244
Cemeteries, beauty of sites for, 87, 158
Cha Mai Chu, muleteer, 317
Cha Tao, 254
Chai Ling, Mongolia, 326
Chang Chia Ko̔u, frontier town, Mongolia, 261, 265, 313, 315
Chang Hsi, Mr. Mitford’s servant, 178, 246, 249, 270
Chang Leang, Mongolia, 320
Chang-ma-tsze-chin, Mongolia, 283
Chang-Ping-Chou, scene of tragedy of 1860, 153, 155, 249
Chang-tu-ho, Mongolia, 286
Chien-Lung, Emperor, 65, 100, 101, 335
Chien Mên, gate in Peking, 222
Chien Shêng, class of graduates, 365
Chih Hsien, magistrates of small towns, 364
Chihfu town, 45
Chihli, province in which is Peking, 362, Pref. li.
Chi-ling, or Kylin, 157
Chin Shih, degree, 372
Chinese characteristics, etc.—
Anti-foreign feeling, 29, 39, 238, Pref. vi.–viii. xi. xiv. xli.
Clothing, 185, 190
Country folk, civility of, 96, 129, 294, 304, 345; exception, 138
Dirt of, 34, 95
Domestic life, unknown to foreigners, 229
Ignorance of European life and customs, 124
Inquisitiveness, 96, 123, 258, 295
Noise, love of, 102, 122, 260, 341
Superstitions, a bar to progress, 167
Sweetmeats, fondness for, 171
Thieves, cleverness of, 9
Traders, ability as, Pref. xxxix.
Chinese Mesopotamian treaty, 174
Ching dynasty (the present), Pref. xxiii.–xxv.
Ching Ta̔i, Emperor, 244
Cholera, 204
Chopsticks, 78, 232
Chou-Hsin, Emperor, 214
Christianity (see under Religion)
Chü Jên, degree, 364–372
Chu-Yung-Kwan, town, 253
Chung, Minister of Foreign Office, 237
Chung Ch’êng, Emperor, Pref. xxv.
Chwang Yuen, Chinese senior wrangler, 373
Civilisation of China, ancient _v._ modern, Pref. ix.–xi.
Clement XI., Pope, important decision of, Pref. xxxiii.
Climate and temperature, 80, 87, 106–108, 163, 179, 184, 200, 209, 217,
239, 282, 308, 310, 315, 342; Hong-kong, 12; rain and snow prayed
for, 88, 209, 217, 314
Cloisonné enamel, 126, 244
Clothing, Chinese, 185, 190
Coalfields, 257
Confucius—
Enlightened teaching of, Pref. x. xxxii.; worship of, Pref.
xxix.–xxxiv.; eulogy of Lao Tsŭ, 374
Conolly, Dick, 344
Cooks, Chinese, ability of, 20, 114
Corea, expedition to, by Mr. Thomas, 206–208
Country folk, civility of, 96, 129, 294, 304, 345; exception, 138
Crealock, Mr., 57
Currency, 311
_Cycle_, the, Shanghai paper, quoted, 366, 369
Davis, Sir John, referred to, 150, Pref. v.
Degrees (see under Education)
Denmark, interests in China, 264
Dirt of Chinese, 34, 95
Diseases and medicine—
Chinese doctors and remedies, 93, 107, 116
Cholera, 204
Deafness, 305
Goitres, 305
“Ho ting hung,” poisonous drug, 193
Ophthalmia, 117
Smallpox, 71, 310
Dogs, 23, 82, 96, 164, 246, 275, 281, 285
Domestic life of Chinese, unknown to foreigners, 229
Dominicans, Pref. xxvi. xxx.–xxxiv.
Dragons, myths concerning, 154, 314
Dust storms, 63
Education, early, 361; degrees, 142, 362–373; village school, 303;
morality taught, but not practised, 357
Elgin, Lord, 68
Emperors—
Chien-Lung, 65, 100, 101, 335
Ching Ta̔i, 244
Chou-Hsin, 214
Chung Ch’êng, Pref. xxv.
Dynasties of, Pref. x. xxiii.
Hsien Fêng, 73 (note)
Ka̔ng-Hsi, 212, 302, 345, Pref. xxv. xxvii. xxxi.–xxxv.
Kwang Hsu (reigning), Pref. xlix. lvi.
Ming dynasty established, Pref. xvii.; Ming tombs, 156–162, 249
Ming Ti, Pref. xiii.
Names given to, 160
Shih, builder of the Great Wall, 148
Shun Chih, Pref. xxv.
Tao Kwang, 74
Tung Chi, 73 (note)
Wan Li, Pref. xx.
Wu Wang, 213
Yung Chêng, Pref. xxxv.
Yung-Lo, 159
Empress Tsŭ Hsi (reigning), history of, 73 (note); choice of capital,
Pref. xlvii. xlviii. l. lii.
Empress-dowager, honours paid to, in China, 73 (note)
England, commercial interests in China, 263, Pref. li.; Lord
Salisbury’s policy, Pref. liv.
Execution, Chinese, described, 190–199
Farquhar, Sir Eric, 311, 340, 344
Feet, women’s, 137
Felt, Chinese method of making, 321
Fêng Ming Hsien, Mongolia, 301
“Fêng Shui,” wind and water system, 167
Fireworks, 171
“Flower-boats,” 19
Fohkien, province, 181
Food, ability of Chinese cooks, 20, 114; daily meals in Hong-kong,
13; feasts given by Hêng-Chi, 77–79, 203; breakfast given to
Europeans by a mandarin, 232; restaurant in Peking, 312; in Mongol
yurts, 279; difficulty of obtaining in the country, 331; game,
180; sweetmeats, or “po-po,” 171, 203; brick tea in Mongolia, 272;
“Rice,” term for meals, 138
France, China question and, 263, Pref. li.
Franciscans, Pref. xxvi. xxx.–xxxiv.
Frater, Mr., 128, 150
Funeral, Chinese, 306
Game, 180
Gardens, private, in Canton, 30
Germany, China question and, 263, Pref. xlvii. l.
God (Christian) controversy concerning Chinese name for, Pref. xxvi.
xxix. xxxi.–xxxiv.
Gods and goddesses—
Kwan-Ti, god of war, 201, 223, 273
Kwang-Yin, goddess of mercy, 154
Ti Tsang Wang, 346
Tsai-shên, god of commerce, 172
Tsao, god of the hearth, 220
Wên Shên, god of pestilence, 204
Goitres, 141, 305
Gordon, Gen., 84
Government, Chinese—
Foreign policy, 85, 118, 169, 174–177, 181, Pref. xlvii.–l.; dread of
reform, Pref. xi.; corruption of officials, 360, 370; over-taxation
in the country, 153
Government, foreign, past and future policy, Pref. xliv.–lvii.
Great Wall, 137, 148–150, 273, 318
Gros, Baron, 68, 165, 167
Ha Pa Chiao, Mongolia, 289
Hai Tien, village, 331
Hailstones, formation and size, 310
Han Chang-kwei-ti, merchant, Peking, 347
Hart, Sir Robert, 118, 226
“Heavenly Flowers” (smallpox), 310
Hei Lung Tan, temple, 344
Hêng-Chi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 69, 72, 75–79, 168, 203, 237, 260
Ho Nan, province, Pref. xiii.
“Ho ting hung,” poisonous drug, 193
Hong-kong—
Landing at, 1–3; general description, 3–15; life in, 12; mixed
population of, 5
Horses, 51, 164, 257, 275, 284, 332; horse brigands, 288; horse-fair,
292
House-steamers between Hong-kong and Canton, 16
Hsi an Fu, intended creation of, as capital, by Empress Tsŭ Hsi, Pref.
l. liii.
Hsiang Shui Pu, town, 257
Hsien Fêng, Emperor, 73 (note)
Hsin Pao An, town, 255
Hsin Tsai, 363
Hsü, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 181
Hsü Hsien Shêng, Mr. Mitford’s teacher, 178
Hsüeh, Minister, degradation of, 182
Hsuên Hwa Fu, town, 260
Hsuan Hua Fu, city, 257
Hung Tu̔ng Tien, Mongolia, 297
Hwai Lai Hsien, town, 254
I, Prince of, 360
Inns and lodgings (see under Travelling)
Inquisitiveness of Chinese, 96, 123, 258, 295
Insects, 91, 101, 123, 139, 326
Intemperance, rarity of, in China, 255
Japan, war with China, 357; civilisation of, Pref. viii. x.
Jesuits, history of, in China, Pref. xvii.–xxxvi.
Jews in China, Pref. xii.
Jo Hol, palace in Manchuria, 101
John of Monte Corvino, Pref. xv.
Jugglers, 234
Junks, 18
Kai Fêng, Jewish colony, Pref. xii.
Kambaluk, ancient name for Peking, Pref. xv.
Kang (stove), 133
Ka̔ng-Hsi, Emperor, 212, 302, 345; Pref. xxv. xxvii. xxxi.–xxxv.
Kites, 221
Kou Mên Tzŭ, Mongolia, 295
Kowloon, peninsula, 14
Ku, Mr. Mitford’s teacher, 81, 178
Ku Pei Ko̔u, frontier town, Mongolia, 141–150, 307, 315, 327
Ku-Lin-Shu, village, 129
Kung, Prince of, 67–72, 165, 187, 189, 240
Kwa Ti Erh, Mongolia, 298
Kwa Yo Erh, Mongolia, 304
Kwan-Ti, god of war, 201, 223, 273
Kwang Hsu, Emperor (reigning), Pref. xlix. lvi.
Kwang—Yin, goddess of mercy, 154
Kwei Chao, town, Pref. xlvii.
Kwo Chia Tu̔n, Mongolia, 298
Language—
“Pidgin” English, 4; how Mr. Mitford learnt Chinese, 81, 91;
difficulties of, incident, 342; accurate knowledge of, necessary to
missionaries, Pref. xxxvi.
Lao Tsŭ, founder of Taoist sect, 374
Lao Wo Pu̔, Mongolia, 297
Li, governor of province, 84
Li, herbalist at Ku Pei Ko̔u, 327
Li Hung Chang, Pref. xi. xlix. lvii.
Liang, minister, 213
Liang Kung Fu, British Legation, Peking, 66
Lien Hwa Tan, Mongolia, 318
“Ling Chih,” punishment by slow death, 198
Literary style, importance of, in China, Pref. xix.
Liu, account by, of Ta-Chio-Ssŭ, 333
Liu-Li-Chang, street in Peking, 126, 224
Lizards, 110
Llama Miao, Mongolia, 290–294
Llama temple, Peking, 119
Llamas (see Monks)
Longobardi, Father, Pref. xxii.
Lung Wang Miao, temple, 314
Ma, merchant, Canton, 241–243
Ma Shên Miao, temple, 286
Macao, 32, 264
Maigrot, Bishop, Pref. xxxi. xxxiii. xxxiv.
Manchuria, reigning dynasty from, 360;
Russia and, Pref. li.
Mandarins—
Attainment of rank, 358–374; unprincipled character of, 217, 357;
hostility to foreigners, Pref. vi. xi. xiv. xli.
Martin, Dr., Chinese translation of Wheaton’s _International Law_, 86
Mas, M. de, Spanish Minister, 168
Medicine (see Disease)
Mezzabarba, papal legate to Ka̔ng Hsi, Pref. xxxiv.
Miao Fêng Shan, shrine, 309
Military review, 75
Ming dynasty, Pref. xvii. xxiii.–xxv.
Ming Ti, Emperor who introduced Buddhism, Pref. xiii.
Ming Tombs, Shih-san-Ling, 156–162, 249
Missionaries—
History of early missions, Pref. xv.–xxxvi.; religious dissensions
amongst themselves, Pref. xxix.–xxxiv. xliii.; qualifications
necessary to succeed in China, Pref. xxxvi.–xxxviii.; French, 169;
unwise championship of converts, Pref. xlii.; Russian Mission in
Peking, 210, 212; China Inland Mission, Pref. xliii.
Mi-Yün-Hsien, city, 136, 150
Mobbing Europeans, 258, 319
Mohammedanism, Pref. xiii. xiv.
Mongolia—
Chai Ling, 326
Chang Chia Ko̔u, 313, 315
Chang Leang, 320
Chang-tu-ho, 286
Chinese boundary of, 308
Chinese colonies in, 283, 307
Dogs, 281
Fêng Ming Hsien, 301
Food eaten in yurts, 272, 279
Ha Pa Chiao, 289
Horses (see that name)
Hung Tu̔ng Tien, 297
Kou Mên Tzŭ, 295
Kwa Ti Erh, 298
Kwa Yo Erh, 304
Kwo Chia Tu̔n, 298
Lao Wo Pu̔, 297
Lien Hwa Tan, 318
Llama Miao, 290–294
Mongols, 120, 134, 281, 284
Niu Chuên Tzŭ, 301
Pa Ta, 273
Pan Shan Tu, 276
Passes into, from China, 315
Po Li Nao, 304
Shi Pa Li Tai, 274
Shou Hu Ying, 302
Shui-Hsien-Tszŭ, 295
Steppes, 274
Ta Kao, 324
Ta Liang Ti, 287
Ta Tan, 321
Tu Shih Ko̔u, 318
Tu-ting, 272
Yurts or huts, 277–282
Monks and llamas, 27, 88, 104, 291, 336–339, 341, 344, 345
Morales, Spanish Dominican, 31
Morrison, Dr., quoted, Pref. xiii. xli.
Mu-Chia-Yu, 137
Mules (see under Travelling)
Murray, Mr., 146, 150
Musical instruments, 121, 222, 233, 348
Nanchang, school established by Father Ricci, Pref. xix.
Nanking, meaning of name, 61; suggested as capital in place of Peking,
Pref. xlv.–liv.
Nan-Ko̔u, town and pass, 250–254
Nei Nei Shan, mountain, 256
New Year festivities in Peking, 220–226
Niu Chuên Tzŭ, Mongolia, 301
Niu-Lan-Shan, 130
Nobility of China, 358–360
Noise, Chinese love of, 102, 122, 260, 341
Ophthalmia, 117
Opium smokers and trade, 300; Pref. xxxix.–xli.
Pa Kung, degree, 364
Pa Ta, Mongolia, 273
Pa Ta Chia, “Eight great Families,” 360
Pa Ta Chu, Russian summer quarters, 340
Pa Ta Ling, ruins of, 254
Palikao bridge, 57
Palladius, Archimandrite, 210
Palmerston, Lord, 188, 213
Palmistry, 107, 328
Pan Shan Tu, Mongolia, 276
Pang Yuen, Chinese second wrangler, 373
Pantoja, companion of Father Ricci, Pref. xx.
Pao, mandarin in Chang Chia Ko̔u, 267–269
Parkes, Sir Harry, 38
Partition of China, Pref. l.–liv.
Passport difficulties, 266–269
Peiho river, 48–50, 55
Peking—
“Beggar’s Bridge,” 95, 127
British Legation, 66
Chien Mên gate, 222
Chihli, in province of, 362, Pref. li.
Division into two cities, 61
Dust in, 63
“House of Eternal Prosperity,” restaurant, 312
Kambaluk, ancient name for, Pref. xv.
Llama temple, 119
Liu-li-chang (street), 224
Outrages of 1900, Pref. xliv.–lvii.
_Peking Gazette_, 200
Races, 237
Size and population, 64
Street of Lanterns, 221
Tê Shêng Mên (Victory gate), 246
Theatre, 347–355
Unsuitability of, as capital, Pref. xliv.–liv.
Walls of, 59, 61
Peter the Great, 212
Pi Yün Ssŭ, summer quarters of British Legation, 80, 87–94, 99, 102–111
Pichon, M., French attaché, 204
Pigs and pork, 134
Pigtails, 7, 34
“Pilgrim’s Progress,” Chinese translation, 271
Pin Chun, mission to England, 226–228
Po Li Nao, Mongolia, 304
“Po-po” sweetmeats, 171, 203
Po-Ting-Qua, Canton merchant, 30
Pogojeff, Dr., Russian Legation, 240, 340
Pok Fo Lum, 15
Polygamy, 359
Population, Peking, 64; Hong-kong, 5; Canton, 24
Portugal, interests in China, 264
“Psalm of Life,” Chinese translation, 70
Pu-ta-jên, Chinese for Sir F. Bruce, 71
Races at Peking, 237; at Tientsing, 50
Rain and snow, prayers for, 88, 209, 217, 314
Rebellion, Tai Ping, 37, 40, 83, 98, 176, 217, Pref. vi.
Religion—
Ancestor worship and religious rites, 171, 222, 345, Pref.
xxix.–xxxiv. (see also Monks)
Buddhism, Pref. xiii. xiv. xix.
Christianity, history of, in China, Pref. xiv.–xliv. (see also
Missionaries)
Mohammedanism, Pref. xiii. xiv.
Monks and Llamas (see that name)
Taoism, 374, Pref. xiii.
Toleration of other creeds, Pref. xii. xxxviii.
Ricci, Father, life and work of, Pref. xviii.–xxii. xxix. xxx. xxxvi.
Rice, term for meals, 138
Roads, 57, 253, 300, 331
Rocks, curious shapes, 323;
painting on, 324
Ruggiero, Father, Pref. xviii.
Russia, trade with China, 262, 264; partition question, Pref. li.
Sa, mandarin convicted of theft, 218
Saint François Xavier, Pref. xvii.
Salisbury, Lord, policy of, Pref. liv.
San Ko Lin Sin, General, 105, 358
Sangkolinsin, Mongol chief, 59
Saoul, Corea, 206, 207
Saurin, Mr., 50, 91, 128, 150, 188
Scenery—
Hills near Peking, 86; Hong-kong, 14; between Peking and Great Wall,
137, 141, 149; Nan-Ko̔u and Pass, 250–254; Mongolia, 274, 286, 295,
297, 299, 301, 305, 318, 320, 322
Schall, Father, life and work of, Pref. xxiv.–xxvii. xxix. xxxvi.
School, village, 303
Scorpions, 91, 108
Servants, number of, necessary, 92; ability of cooks, 20, 114
Shah-Meen, English quarter of Canton, 30
Shan Hsi, town, 201, 202
Shang Chuen, where St. François Xavier died, Pref. xvii.
Shang Ti, Christian God, Pref. xxvi. xxix.
Shanghai, general description, 37–41; municipal system established by
Sir R. Alcock, 40
Shantung, insurrection, 83, 98, Pref. vi.; partition question, Pref. l.
li.
Shao Ching Fu, first Jesuit church established at, Pref. xviii.
Shao-To, 110, 114, 145
Shi Pa Li Tai, Mongolia, 274
Shih, Emperor, builder of the Great Wall, 148
Shih-san-Ling, Ming emperors’ tombs, 156–162, 249
Shi-ling, village, 136
Shops and street life, Peking, 120–126, 309; Canton, 21–24, 31;
Tientsing, 52
Shou Hu Ying, Mongolia, 302
Shrines, 154, 252, 309
Shui-Hsien-Tszŭ, Mongolia, 295
Shun Chih, Emperor, Pref. xxv.
Shun Tien Fu, town, 362, 373
Skating, 209
Slave-selling described, 241–243
Smallpox, 71, 310
Spain, interests in China, 264
Ssŭ-Chuan, province, 169
Steppes, Mongolia, 274
Street of Lanterns, Peking, 221
Su, Prince of, 171
Sü, Christian convert in seventeenth century, Pref. xx. xxxvi.
Sü Chia Wei, Roman Catholic mission near Shanghai, Pref. xxii.
Suicide, 202, 360
Sun-Ho, near Peking, 129
Superstition a bar to progress, 167
Sweetmeats, Chinese fondness for, 171, 203
Ta-Chio-Ssŭ, summer quarters of British Legation, 330–338
Ta Kao, Mongolia, 324
Ta Liang Ti, Mongolia, 287
Ta Tan, felt factory, Mongolia, 321
Tai Kung, story of, 214
Tai Ping rebellion, 37, 40, 83, 98, 176, 217, Pref. vi.
Taku Forts, 48
Tan Hwa, golden spoon, 373
Tao Kwang, Emperor, 74
Taoism, 374, Pref. xiii.
Tê Shêng Mên, Victory gate, Peking, 246
Tea trade, 4, 97, 272
Telegraph apparatus, attempt to introduce, by Russian Government, 165
Temples—
“Five Hundred Saints,” Canton, 25
Hei Lung Tan, 344
In hills near Peking, 88
Llama, Peking, 119
Llama Miao, Mongolia, 290–294
Lung Wang Miao, 314
Ma Shên Miao, Mongolia, 286
Pa Ta Chu, Russian Legation summer quarters, 340
“Punishments,” Canton, 25
Ta-chio-Ssŭ, British Legation summer quarters, 330–338
Wang-ta-jên Miao, Mongolia, 287
Wo-Fo-Ssŭ, 99
Theatre, Peking, 347–355
Theatricals at British Legation, 216; village, 341
Thieves, cleverness of, 9
Thomas, Mr., expeditions to Corea, 205–208
Thunderstorms, 289, 310
Ti Tsang Wang, a god, 346
Ti-tu, official at Ku Pei Ko̔u, 144–147
Ti̔en, Heaven or God (Christian), Pref. xxvi. xxix. xxxi.–xxxiv.
Ti̔en-Hou, queen of heaven, 154
Tien Wang, chief of Tai Ping rebellion, 217
Tientsing, general description, 50–54
Tournon, Patriarch of Antioch, Pref. xxxiii.
Trade—
England and America, 263
Canton, 29
Opium, Pref. xxxix.–xli.
Russia, 262, 264
Shanghai, 37
Tea, 4, 97, 272
Tientsing, 53
Traders, ability of Chinese as, Pref. xxxix.
Travelling—
Carts, 151, 247, 312
Hong-kong to Canton, 16
Hong-kong to Shanghai, 33
Inns and lodgings, 130, 142, 258, 273, 277–282, 284, 290, 302, 304,
320, 323, 324, 326, 327
Mules, 247; mule litters, 316, 325; muleteers, 249, 264, 269–271, 317
Passport difficulties, 144–147
Peking to Great Wall, 128–162
Peking to Mongolia, 246–309, 313–329
Roads, 57, 253, 300, 331
Shanghai to Tientsing, 41–50
Tientsing to Peking, 55
Yang-tse-Kiang river, 36
Tree cigala, 101
Tsai-shên, god of commerce, 172
Tsao, god of the hearth, 220
Tsêng Kwo Fan, General, 358; Pref. vii.
Tsu Hsi, Empress (reigning), history of, 73 (note); choice of capital,
Pref. xlvii. xlviii. l. lii.
Tsung-Li-Yamên (Chinese Foreign Office), 181, 190, 240
Tu Mu, town, 255
Tu Shih Kou, Mongolia, 315, 318
Tu-ting, Mongolia, 272
Tuan, Prince, Pref. lii. lvi.
Tung Chi, Emperor, 73 (note)
Tung-Ling, tombs of Ching emperors, 173
Tung-ta-jên, translator of “Psalm of Life,” 69, 70; Preface to
Wheaton’s _International Law_, 86
Tungchou, 56
Valignani, Father, Pref. xviii.
Verbiest, Father, life and work of, Pref. xxvii.–xxix. xxxvi.
Vlangaly, M., Russian minister, 166
Wade, Mr., _chargé d’affaires_ at Peking, 57, 59, 71
Wampoa, 17