While trying on shoes at a shop one morning I was meditating on the
nature of problems, and why it was that I had none to solve, and was
not even sure that I would recognize one should I encounter it in my
rambles. Presently I heard myself asking, “What is a problem?” and the
clerk, probably thinking that the question had been addressed to him,
replied:
“A problem, miss, is to get a number six foot in a number three shoe.
The way I’ve seen it solved seems satisfactory. The last place I
worked we used to mark down shoes on bargain Fridays. I was new at the
place when I learned about problems. I asked the manager one Thursday
night how much to mark down our neat six-dollar gaiters. The manager
instructed me to put up a sign, ‘Shoes marked down one-half.’ Then he
directed me to mark down the size accordingly, and not bother about the
price at all.”
“We don’t do such things in this house,” he went on to state, seeing
that I was more interested in problems at the moment than in footgear,
“but at that place we used to tell our customer we were not sure
that we had anything in stock quite small enough to fit her, unless
perhaps a couple of pairs we happen to have in stock that were ordered
especially for Cinderella (but proved a trifle snug) might serve. We
rarely failed to solve the problem that way.”
While I was down at the farm, I heard a great commotion in the
direction of the sty one morning. Investigation showed that two fat
pigs were lying in the trough, and the remainder of the drove were
exclaiming against that bit of pre-emption with more vehemence than
euphony.
I asked the assembled disputants the cause of the uproar, and was given
to understand that they were discussing the problems of life. I asked
them what were the problems of life, and they said that the pigs on the
outside wanted to get on the inside. I asked why they did not let them
in, and a great big fat hog said:
“We have natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness”; and all pigdom squealed:
“We have natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
“And the object of life is not swill,” said the hog on the inside.
“And the object of life is not swill,” responded the pigs on the
outside.
“We have a right to free assembly and free grunts,” said the hog on the
inside.
“We have a right to free assembly and free grunts,” they all grunted.
“We must restrain our piggish nature,” he said.
“We must restrain our piggish nature,” the echo replied.
And the pigs on the outside were on the outside, and the pigs on the
inside were on the inside.
My intention was to write a chapter on the Philosophy of Pigville. You
see we have books on almost everything except the pig. Our younger
brother is being awfully neglected, though there is much to say and
write on pigs. Carlyle says they are so human. Yet there are some
points of difference between the swine and the human species. I have
seen “gentlemen” who were said to be “as drunk as a hog,” but I have
never seen a pig as “drunk as a gentleman.”
On the surface it appears that all you can say about pigs is swill,
but swill is only a small part. There is the religion of the pigs; the
political economy of the hog; there is the educated pig--he must not
be neglected; then there is a pig morality--why should not our dear
little brother have a morality? I studied them closely and discovered
that they have no monogamistic marriages, and I asked them why they
practiced polygamy. The reply was that to do elsewise would interfere
with the stock market, and anything that interferes with the stock
market is a crime. The same old sow suggested that I should solve their
economic problems. So I called them together and said to them:
“You are pigs, and have pig natures; it is a mistake for you to
restrain your pig nature. You really never do it, but only make a
piggish bluff at repression, which reduces the volume of your lard and
the delicacy of flavor of your hams. Being pigs you should be candid in
your lives. Your natures demand that you root, feed, love, serve and
reproduce your kind, and that you offer your bodies a smoked, salt, or
sugar-cured sacrifice to man, which is your reasonable service and in
consonance with pig destiny. This talk about restraining your piggish
natures is all squeal, and there is neither coherence nor music in it.
You’ll find no peace in resistance, rights, or repression. Be good.”
There was an educated pig in the assembly, and he took issue with me.
“There are certain natural rights,” he proclaimed, “and it is a mistake
to declare that we should not restrain the other pigs from invading the
natural rights of pigs. We deny that any one has the right to deprive
us of our happiness. And my solution of this problem is that the pigs
in the trough, while they have a perfect right to be there, should
submit to a system of taxation whereby their occupancy will tend to the
benefit of the whole drove.”
I never cared for educated pigs, and of all educated pigs I deem the
single-tax variety the least attractive. However, his contention being
based on the wisdom of natural rights, his pig philosophy is of a piece
with that of his human confrère.
Then I went to an entertainment and there saw a problem solved. The
performer had on a table before him two hats. Into one he dropped a
little ball.
“With your kind permission, ladies and gentlemen, one and all,” he
pattered, “I will now, by the mere waving of this magic wand, cause the
little ball to pass from the hat into which you saw me deposit it, into
the other.... So, now it has passed through the substantial material of
both hats without in anywise injuring the fabric of either. But that
is not the most wonderful feature of this act. Observe me now, as I
cause the little ball to return to the hat into which you saw me place
it. By the mere utterance of a magic formula, accompanied with the
proper manipulation of my all-powerful wand, I command the little ball
to get back to the first hat, and ... here, ladies and gentlemen, it
is; and you will observe as I pass the hats around among the audience
that they have not been injured by the passage of the balls.” Everybody
applauded. I have a strong suspicion that the ball never left the hat,
but should I see things like the wise do I would be no fool.
I came very near solving a problem once by guessing the solution. My
guess was right, but the problem turned out to be no problem at all,
else my guess would have proved futile. The problem was stated in these
terms: Given a tub full to the brim with water, and another tub full
of live fish, how comes it that one may drop all the fish, one by one,
into the tub of water, without causing the water to overflow?
My guess was that it was a lie.
I think that there are many problems just like that one. Perhaps they
are all that way.
I rather suspect that one of the chiefest problems of life is of that
same fishy flavor. The problem is: Given a God that is All in All, and
humanity that has only what God grants. How comes it that God gives his
creatures desires which he expects them to suppress?
My guess is that the premises contain a lie.
You are entitled to a guess in your turn. If you get more comfort from
your guess than I get from mine you must have a wonderful capacity for
comfort, and in that case I may be justified in the assumption that you
are a greater (because happier) fool than I.
The religious problem, as I have been told by those in the business,
is how to save man. Human beings, to all appearances, seem to be well
content and loving, but they say they are not. They have information
from somewhere--I know not where--that man is lost; and the problem is
how to save him.
After looking carefully at the problems which people are trying to
solve, I find that a problem is to do things in an “undoable way.”
The social problem that worries our wise men a great deal I have heard
discussed a number of times and various remedies suggested. I once
heard a lecture by a wise man and the problem of peace was his subject;
and the trend of his conversation was that, by having arbitration
instead of war, we will have peace in society, and the problem of life
will then be solved.
Nature has ordained that if you do not comply with her rules that that
particular member of your physical body which violates the law suffers.
When that member escapes punishment another organ or member suffers.
When a man overloads his stomach with liquor, headache follows. It
is identical in the social world. The disregarding of nature’s rules
brings pain in the physical body, or discord in the social organism,
and that pain or discord is not a punishment but a warning. To live
in harmony and peace is nature obeyed. All our troubles come from the
unnatural isms and wasisms which create problems. Nature is broad and
great and openhanded. It is the broad, big untrammeled highway. And
because the wasisms and isms are forever crowding us in the narrow
little alley, men find no room; consequently, we are constantly falling
over one another, and the result is discord and pain. To keep us in
this narrow alley and maintain peace is the problem, and the suggestion
of the wise man is, “The way to have peace is to have peace, and that
is by arbitration to make one or the other of the parties in dispute
shut up, and thereby not annoy the rest.”
It seems to me that all problems are about like this: How can I pinch
the cat’s tail and escape the scratches that are the penalty for
squeezing cats’ tails? The only way that could be done would be for
the cat to take a non-resistant attitude, and if the cat could do that
(which by the way is not cat nature) you could not then pinch its tail.
It seems to me that you cannot have peace by force. You can only have
peace when you remove the inharmonious cause, otherwise it will only
prevent discord from expressing itself. When my child is crying because
of a toothache, it is no remedy for me to tell it to shut up because
the noise annoys me. Suppose she complies with my request (arbitration
having been applied to prevent the expression of discord) would that
stop the toothache? Would you get peace by stopping the expression of
discord? It seems to me if there is anything wrong in the physical or
social world it would be better to remove the cause, and until the
cause is removed, let us have as much discord as possible. If your home
is on fire, you want a 4:11 alarm to wake up the household; and you
are willing that the din and clamor of the alarm should continue until
the wake-up process is complete. The way to remove the cause is to
understand that nature has not given man desires to suppress them. It
is not in prevailing upon man to do things he does not like to do, or
restraining him from things he does like to do that will give us peace.
However, the wise ones are not satisfied to have things natural. That
would be too easy; and therefore they must have problems which can
never be solved. I have no problems and no philosophy of Life to bother
me,--I just live. This conglomeration, the I, with feelings, emotions,
thoughts, pleasures, ambitions, is a wonderful communistic society of
organs harmoniously co-operating with no dictatorship--an anarchistic
dream--each performing for the good of the whole. They have no wish,
no desire, save the desire of the whole. When I walk on the street
my eyes pick out nice clean spots for my feet to step on; when it
would please my stomach to churn some good fruit, my eyes carefully
select, my arms reach out, and my hands pluck the fruit. There is no
jealousy, no bickering. In case of an accident to one member, all the
others rush to assist it. This morning I thought I felt a commotion in
myself. Investigation proved that different members of my body were
each claiming recognition. The eyes claimed that if it would not be for
them the other members could not see a thing and would be helpless;
therefore they ought to have all the glory. The ears said without them
you could not hear. The legs said if they refuse to take me from place
to place I would be in a bad fix. The stomach said that it grinds all
the food for the nourishment. Sex claimed that it is the real thing,
for it is impossible for any other member to have existence except by
its action. And so on every member set up its claim. Before I had time
to straighten things out for them I slipped on a banana peel and then
I saw that it was only imagination, for up went my hands, my body,
and all to regain my equilibrium. No one member can have any pleasure
without sharing in company with all. In milk there is cream, sour milk,
and water. In cream there is butter and buttermilk. In sour milk there
is cheese and water. Can you tell me which drop of it when it comes
from the cow is cream, which is water, and which is cheese? Each part,
each drop of milk, contains all. There is a stomach, a liver, and all
organs of my being in my eye, and still they are eyes. More than that,
everything in this universe is in the I--trees, cows, fishes, the sun,
the sunshine, the rain and wind, the moon and the stars are in the I. I
am the universe, and I in turn am in the trees, in the cow, and in the
sun, being all that I am in the eye. I have eyes and they see certain
things which it pleases me for them to see, and I see that they see. I
have ears and they hear. Certain sounds give me pleasure, and I seek
them, and shun those which give me pain. I have a sense of touch--I
feel with my hands and my body. There are certain things it pleases me
to touch and I touch them; and the touch of others being repulsive,
I avoid them. All members work in harmony without any philosophy. My
stomach (I used to have two) is always at work, and when it is empty it
sets up a clamor; so it gives me pleasure to have my stomach filled,
and neither myself nor my stomach care whether we conflict with the
rights and the wrongs of society so long as we get our stomach filled.
I am very careful of my stomach. I have it surrounded by a wall. My
principal organ, sex, is the most delicate of me; it is protected by
a pair of hips, that no harm may come to it. I am very careful of my
eyes, and let down the lids and cover them when they are not in use or
are in danger. I am very careful of my ears, and they are protected by
frames. I have a brain that does the thinking, and I have a hard skull
to protect it--its private office.
Is it any wonder that we poor fools, we happy fools, laugh at you wise,
whose wisdom undertakes to establish peace by force?
A fool will tell you wise ones that the only way to establish and
maintain peace is to remove the inharmonious conditions that disturb
peace. You have crowded us off nature’s broad highway, and you punish
us for climbing your silly fences, and even for laughing at your flimsy
barriers. Whenever we think it worth while we’ll ignore your imaginary
fences and enjoy our inheritance to the earth unobstructed and unafraid.
Then, ye wise ones, “What are you going to do about it?”
It seems to me that the real problems of the wisest are still before
them.