sons and 50 daughters who were bastards. Being numerous they were called
_Hatun-ayllu_, which means a "great lineage." By another name this
lineage is called _Inaca Panaca Ayllu_. Those who sustain this lineage
at the present time are Don Diego Cayo, Don Felipa Inguil, Don Juan
Quispi Cusi, Don Francisco Chaco Rimachi, and Don Juan Illac. They live
in Cuzco and are Hanan-cuzcos.
Pachacuti was a man of good stature, robust, fierce, haughty, insatiably
bent on tyrannizing over all the world, [_and cruel above measure. All
the ordinances he made for the people were directed to tyranny and his
own interests_]. His conduct was infamous for he often took some widow
as a wife and if she had a daughter that he liked, he also took the
daughter for wife or concubine. If there was some gallant and handsome
youth in the town who was esteemed for something, he presently made some
of his servants make friends with him, get him into the country, and
kill him the best way they could. He took all his sisters as concubines,
saying they could not have a better husband than their brother.
This Inca died in the year 1191. He conquered more than 300 leagues, 40
more or less in person accompanied by his legitimate brothers, the
captains Apu Mayta and Vicaquirao, the rest by Amaru Tupac Inca his
eldest son, Ccapac Yupanqui his brother, and Tupac Inca his son and
successor, with other captains, his brothers and sons.
This Inca arranged the parties and lineages of Cuzco in the order that
they now are. The Licentiate Polo found the body of Pachacuti in
Tococachi, where now is the parish of San Blas of the city of Cuzco,
well preserved and guarded. He sent it to Lima by order of the Viceroy
of this kingdom, the Marquis of Cañete. The _guauqui_ or idol of this
Inca was called _Inti Illapa_. It was of gold and very large, and was
brought to Caxamarca in pieces. The Licentiate Polo found that this
_guauqui_ or idol had a house, estate, servants and women.
XLVIII.
THE LIFE OF TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI[105], THE TENTH INCA.
[Note 105: All authorities agree that Tupac Inca Yupanqui was the
successor of Pachacuti except Betanzos, Santillana and Garcilasso de la
Vega. Betanzos has a Yamqui Yupanqui. Garcilasso gives the reign of
another Inca named Inca Yupanqui between Pachacuti and Tupac Inca. He
was ignorant of the fact that Pachacuti and Inca Yupanqui were the same
person. Santillana follows Garcilasso but calls Pachacuti's other self
Ccapac Yupanqui.]
When Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui died, two _orejones_ were deputed to watch
the body, and to allow no one to enter or go out to spread the news of
his death, until orders had been given. The other Incas and _orejones_
went with Tupac Inca to the House of the Sun and then ordered the twelve
captains of the _ayllus_ of the Inca's guard to come. They came with
2200 men of the guard, under their command, fully armed, and surrounded
the Yupanqui with the fringe, and gave him the other insignia of
sovereignty, as he had now inherited and succeeded his father. Taking
him in the midst of themselves, and of the guards, they escorted him to
the great square, where he was seated, in majesty, on a superb throne.
All the people of the city were then ordered to come and make obeisance
to the Inca on pain of death.
Those who had come with the Inca, went to their houses to fetch presents
to show reverence and do homage to the new Inca. He remained with his
guards only, until they returned with presents, doing homage and
adoring. The rest of the people did the same, and sacrifices were
offered. [_It is to be noted that only those of Cuzco did this, and if
any others were present who did so, they must have been forced or
frightened by the armed men and the proclamation_.]
This having been done, they approached the Inca and said, "O Sovereign
Inca! O Father! now take rest." At these words Tupac Inca showed much
sadness and covered his head with his mantle, which they call
_llacolla_, a square cloak. He next went, with all his company, to the
place where the body of his father was laid, and there he put on
mourning. All things were then arranged for the obsequies, and Tupac
Inca Yupanqui did everything that his father had ordered at the point of
death, touching the treatment of his body and other things.
XLIX.
TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI CONQUERS THE PROVINCE OF THE ANTIS.
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui being dead, and Tupac Inca ruling alone, he
caused all the Sinchis and principal men of the conquered provinces to
be summoned. Those came who feared the fury of the Inca, and with them
the Indians of the province of Anti-suyu, who are the dwellers in the
forests to the eastward of Cuzco, who had been conquered in the time of
Pachacuti his father.
Tupac Inca ordered them all to do homage, adore, and offer sacrifices.
The Antis were ordered to bring from their country several loads of
lances of palm wood for the service of the House of the Sun. The Antis,
who did not serve voluntarily, looked upon this demand as a mark of
servitude. They fled from Cuzco, returned to their country, and raised
the land of the Antis in the name of freedom.
Tupac Inca was indignant, and raised a powerful army which he divided
into three parts. He led the first in person, entering the Anti-suyu by
Ahua-tona. The second was entrusted to a captain named Uturuncu Achachi,
who entered Anti-suyu by a town they call Amaru. The third, under a
captain named Chalco Yupanqui, advanced by way of Pilcopata. All these
routes were near each other, and the three divisions formed a junction
three leagues within the forest, at a place called Opatari, whence they
commenced operations against the settlements of the Antis. The
inhabitants of this region were Antis, called Opataris, and were the
first to be conquered. Chalco Yupanqui carried an image of the Sun.
The forests were very dense and full of evil places; so that they could
not force their way through, nor did they know what direction to take in
order to reach the settlements of the natives, which were well concealed
in the thick vegetation. To find them the explorers climbed up the
highest trees, and pointed out the places where they could see smoke
rising. So they worked away at road making through the undergrowth until
they lost that sign of inhabitants and found another. In this way the
Inca made a road where it seemed impossible to make one.
The Sinchi of the greater part of these provinces of the Antis was
Condin Savana, of whom they say that he was a great wizard and
enchanter, and they had the belief, and even now they affirm that he
could turn himself into different shapes.
Tupac Inca and his captains penetrated into this region of the Antis,
which consists of the most terrible and fearful forests, with many
rivers, where they endured immense toil, and the people who came from
Peru suffered from the change of climate, for Peru is cold and dry,
while the forests of Anti-suyu are warm and humid. The soldiers of Tupac
Inca became sick, and many died. Tupac Inca himself, with a third of his
men who came with him to conquer, were lost in the forests, and wandered
for a long time, without knowing whether to go in one direction or
another until he fell in with Uturuncu Achachi who put him on the route.
On this occasion Tupac Inca and his captains conquered four great
tribes. The first was that of the Indians called Opataris. The next was
the Mano-suyu. The third tribe was called Mañaris or Yanasimis, which
means those of the black mouth: and the province of Rio, and the
province of the Chunchos. They went over much ground in descending the
river Tono, and penetrated as far as the Chiponauas. The Inca sent
another great captain, named Apu Ccuri-machi, by the route which they
now call of Camata. This route was in the direction of the rising of the
sun, and he advanced until he came to the river of which reports have
but now been received, called Paytiti, where he set up the frontier
pillars of Inca Tupac. During the campaign against these nations, Tupac
Inca took prisoners the following Sinchis: Vinchincayua, Cantahuancuru,
Nutan-huari[106].
[Note 106: This expedition of Tupac Inca Yupanqui into the montaña
of Paucartambo, and down the River Tono is important. Garcilasso de la
Vega describes it in chapters xiii., xiv., xv. and xvi. of Book vii. He
says that five rivers unite to form the great Amaru-mayu or Serpent
River, which he was inclined to think was a tributary of the Rio de la
Plata. He describes fierce battles with the Chunchos, who were reduced
to obedience. After descending the River Tono, Garcilasso says that the
Incas eventually reached the country of the Musus (Moxos) and opened
friendly relations with them. Many Incas settled in the country of the
Musus. Garcilasso then gives some account of Spanish expeditions into
the montaña, led by Diego Aleman, Gomez de Tordoya, and Juan Alvarez
Maldonado.
The account in the text agrees, in the main, with that of Garcilasso de
la Vega. Sarmiento gives the names of four Indian tribes who were
encountered, besides the Chunchos.]
During the campaign an Indian of the Collas, named Coaquiri, fled from
his company, reached the Collao, and spread the report that Tupac Inca
was dead. He said that there was no longer an Inca, that they should all
rise and that he would be their leader. Presently he took the name of
Pachacuti, the Collas rose, and chose him as their captain. This news
reached Tupac Inca in Anti-suyu where he was in the career of conquest.
He resolved to march against the Collas and punish them. He left the
forests, leaving Uturuncu Achachi to complete the conquest, with orders
to return into Peru when that service was completed, but not to enter
Cuzco triumphing until the Inca should come.
L.
TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI GOES TO SUBDUE AND PACIFY THE COLLAS.
As the Collas were one of those nations which most desired their
freedom, they entered upon attempts to obtain it whenever a chance
offered, as has already been explained. Tupac Inca Yupanqui resolved to
crush them once for all. Having returned from the Antis, he increased
his army and nominated as captains Larico, the son of his cousin Ccapac
Yupanqui, his brother Chachi, Cunti Yupanqui, and Quihual Tupac. With
this army he advanced to the Collao. The Collas had constructed four
strong places at Llallaua, Asillo, Arapa, and Pucara. The Inca captured
the chiefs and the leader of all, who was Chuca-chucay Pachacuti
Coaquiri, he who, as we have said, fled from Anti-suyu. Afterwards these
were the drummers[107] of Inca Tupac. Finally, owing to the great
diligence of Inca Tupac, although the war occupied some years, the Incas
conquered and subdued all [_perpetrating great cruelties on them_].
Following up his victories, in pursuit of the vanquished, he got so far
from Cuzco that he found himself in Charcas. So he determined to advance
further, subduing every nation of which he received notice. He
eventually prosecuted his conquests so far that he entered Chile, where
he defeated the great Sinchi Michimalongo, and Tangalongo, Sinchi of the
Chilians as far as the river Maule. He came to Coquimbo in Chile and to
the banks of the Maule, where he set up his frontier columns, or as
others say a wall, to show the end of his conquests. From this campaign
he returned with great riches in gold, having discovered many mines of
gold and silver. He then returned to Cuzco.
These spoils were joined with those of Uturuncu Achachi, who had
returned from the forests of the Antis after a campaign of three years.
He was at Paucar-tampu, awaiting the return of his brother, who entered
Cuzco with a very great triumph. They made great feasts to commemorate
the conquests, presenting gifts and granting many favours to the
soldiers who had served with the Inca in these campaigns. As the
provinces of the Chumpi-vilicas saw the power and greatness of Tupac
Inca Yupanqui they came to submit with the rest of Cunti-suyu.
[Note 107: _i.e._ their skins were made into drums.]
Besides this the Inca went to Chachapoyas, and crushed those who had
been suspected, visiting many provinces on the road.
On his return to Cuzco he made certain ordinances, as well for peace as
for war time. He increased the _mitimaes_ which his father had
instituted, as has been explained in the account of his life, giving
more privileges and liberty. Besides, he caused a general visitation to
be made of all the land from Quito to Chile, registering the whole
population for more than a thousand leagues; and imposed a tribute [_so
heavy that no one could be owner of a_ mazorca _of maize, which is their
bread for food, nor of a pair of_ usutas, _which are their shoes, nor
marry, nor do a single thing without special licence from Tupac Inca.
Such was the tyranny and oppression to which he subjected them_]. He
placed over the _tucuricos_ a class of officers called _Michu_[108] to
collect the taxes and tributes.
[Note 108: _Michu_ should be _Michec_ a shepherd, also a governor.
_Michisca_ the governed.]
Tupac Inca saw that in the districts and provinces the Sinchis claimed
to inherit by descent. He resolved to abolish this rule, and to put them
all under his feet, both great and small. He, therefore, deposed the
existing Sinchis, and introduced a class of ruler at his own will, who
were selected in the following way. He appointed a ruler who should have
charge of 10,000 men, and called him _huanu_, which means that number.
He appointed another ruler over 1000, and called him _huaranca_, which
is 1000. The next had charge of 500, called _pichca-pachaca_, or 500. To
another called _pachac_ he gave charge of 100, and to another he gave
charge of 10 men, called _chunca curaca_. All these had also the title
of _Curaca_, which means "principal" or "superior," over the number of
men of whom they had charge. These appointments depended solely on the
will of the Inca, who appointed and dismissed them as he pleased,
without considering inheritance, or succession. From that time forward
they were called _Curacas_, which is the proper name of the chiefs of
this land, and not _Caciques_, which is the term used by the vulgar
among the Spaniards. That name of _Cacique_ belongs to the islands of
Santo Domingo and Cuba. From this place we will drop the name of
_Sinchi_ and only use that of _Curaca_.
LI.
TUPAC INCA MAKES THE YANACONAS.
Among the brothers of the Inca there was one named Tupac Ccapac, a
principal man, to whom Tupac Inca had given many servants to work on his
farms, and serve on his estates. It is to be understood that Tupac Inca
made his brother visitor-general of the whole empire that had been
conquered up to that time. Tupac Ccapac, in making the visitation, came
to the place where his brother had given him those servants. Under
colour of this grant, he took those and also many more, saying that all
were his _yana-cunas_[109], which is the name they give to their
servants. He persuaded them to rebel against his brother, saying that if
they would help him he would show them great favours. He then marched to
Cuzco, very rich and powerful, where he gave indications of his
intentions.
[Note 109: Garcilasso de la Vega says that the meaning of _Yanacona_
is "a man who is under the obligation to perform the duties of a
servant." Balboa, p. 129, tells the same story of the origin of the
_Yanaconas_ as in the text. The amnesty was granted on the banks of the
river Yana-yacu, and here they were called Yana-yacu-cuna, corrupted
into Yana-cona. The Spaniards adopted the word for all Indians in
domestic service, as distinguished from _mitayos_ or forced labourers.]
He intended his schemes to be kept secret, but Tupac Inca was informed
of them and came to Cuzco. He had been away at the ceremony of arming
one of his sons named Ayar Manco. Having convinced himself that his
information was correct, he killed Tupac Ccapac with all his councillors
and supporters. Finding that many tribes had been left out of the
visitation by him, for this attempt, Tupac Inca went in person from
Cuzco, to investigate the matter and finish the visitation.
While doing this the Inca came to a place called Yana-yacu, which means
"black water" because a stream of a very dark colour flows down that
valley, and for that reason they call the river and valley Yana-yacu. Up
to this point he had been inflicting very cruel punishment without
pardoning any one who was found guilty either in word or deed. In this
valley of Yana-yacu his sister and wife, Mama Ocllo, asked him not to
continue such cruelties, which were more butchery and inhumanity than
punishment, and not to kill any more but to pardon them, asking for them
as her servants. In consequence of this intercession, the Inca ceased
the slaughter, and said that he would grant a general pardon. As the
pardon was proclaimed in Yana-yacu, he ordered that all the pardoned
should be called Yana-yacus. They were known as not being allowed to
enter in the number of servants of the House of the Sun, nor those of
the visitation. So they remained under the Curacas. This affair being
finished, the visitation made by Tupac Ccapac was considered to be of no
effect. So the Inca returned to Cuzco with the intention of ordering
another visitation to be made afresh.
LII.
TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI ORDERS A SECOND VISITATION OF THE LAND, AND DOES
OTHER THINGS.
As the visitation entrusted to Tupac Ccapac was not to his liking, the
Inca revoked it, and nominated another brother named Apu Achachi to be
visitor-general. The Inca ordered him not to include the Yana-yacus in
the visitation, because they were unworthy to enter into the number of
the rest, owing to what they had done, Apu Achachi set out and made his
general visitation, reducing many of the Indians to live in villages and
houses who had previously lived in caves and hills and on the banks of
rivers, each one by himself. He sent those in strong fastnesses into
plains, that they might have no site for a fortress, on the strength of
which they might rebel. He reduced them into provinces, giving them
their Curacas in the order already described. He did not make the son of
the deceased a Curaca, but the man who had most ability and aptitude for
the service. If the appointment did not please the Inca he, without more
ado, dismissed him and appointed another, so that no Curaca, high or
low, felt secure in his appointment. To these Curacas were given
servants, women and estates, submitting an account of them, for, though
they were Curacas, they could not take a thing of their own authority,
without express leave from the Inca.
In each province all those of the province made a great sowing of every
kind of edible vegetable for the Inca, his overseers coming to the
harvest. Above all there was a _Tucurico Apu_, who was the
governor-lieutenant of the Inca in that province. It is true that the
first Inca who obliged the Indians of this land to pay tribute of
everything, and in quantity, was Inca Yupanqui. But Tupac Inca imposed
rules and fixed the tribute they must pay, and divided it according to
what each province was to contribute as well for the general tax as
those for _Huacas_, and Houses of the Sun. [_In this way the people were
so loaded with tributes and taxes, that they had to work perpetually
night and day to pay them, and even then they could not comply, and had
no time for sufficient labour to suffice for their own maintenance_.]
Tupac Inca divided the estates throughout the whole empire, according to
the measure which they call _tupu_.
He divided the months of the year, with reference to labour in the
fields, as follows. Three months in the year were allotted to the
Indians for the work of their own fields, and the rest must be given up
to the work of the Sun, of _huacas_, and of the Inca. In the three
months that were given to themselves, one was for ploughing and sowing,
one for reaping, and another in the summer for festivals, and for make
and mend clothes days. The rest of their time was demanded for the
service of the Sun and the Incas.
This Inca ordered that there should be merchants who might profit by
their industry in this manner. When any merchant brought gold, silver,
precious stones, or other valuable things for sale, they were to be
asked where they got them, and in this way they gave information
respecting the mines and places whence the valuables had been taken.
Thus a very great many mines of gold and silver, and of very fine
colours, were discovered.
This Inca had two Governors-General in the whole empire, called Suyuyoc
Apu[110]; one resided at Xauxa and the other at Tiahuanacu in
Colla-suyu.
[Note 110: _Suyu_ a great division of the empire, or a province.
_Yoc_ a terminal particle denoting possession or office.]
Tupac Inca ordered the seclusion of certain women in the manner of our
professed nuns, maidens of 12 years and upwards, who were called
_acllas_[111]. From thence they were taken to be given in marriage to
the _Tucurico Apu_, or by order of the Inca who, when any captain
returned with victory, distributed the _acllas_ to captains, soldiers
and other servants who had pleased him, as gracious gifts which were
highly valued. As they took out some, they were replaced by others, for
there must always be the number first ordained by the Inca. If any man
takes one out, or is caught inside with one they are both hanged, tied
together.
[Note 111: _Aclla_ means chosen, selected.]
This Inca made many ordinances, in his tyrannical mode of government,
which will be given in a special volume.
LIII.
TUPAC INCA MAKES THE FORTRESS OF CUZCO.
After Tupac Inca Yupanqui had visited all the empire and had come to
Cuzco where he was served and adored, being for the time idle, he
remembered that his father Pachacuti had called the city of Cuzco the
lion city. He said that the tail was where the two rivers unite which
flow through it[112], that the body was the great square and the houses
round it, and that the head was wanting. It would be for some son of his
to put it on. The Inca discussed this question with the _orejones_, who
said that the best head would be to make a fortress on a high plateau to
the north of the city.
[Note 112: This district of Cuzco has always been called _Pumap
chupan_ or tail of the puma.]
This being settled, the Inca sent to all the provinces, to order the
tucuricos to supply a large number of people for the work of the
fortress. Having come, the workmen were divided into parties, each one
having its duties and officers. Thus some brought stones, others worked
them, others placed them. The diligence was such that in a few years,
the great fortress of Cuzco was built, sumptuous, exceedingly strong, of
rough stone, a thing most admirable to look upon. The buildings within
it were of small worked stone, so beautiful that, if it had not been
seen, it would not be believed how strong and beautiful it was. What
makes it still more worthy of admiration is that they did not possess
tools to work the stone, but could only work with other stones. This
fortress was intact until the time of the differences between Pizarro
and Almagro, after which they began to dismantle it, to build with its
stones the houses of Spaniards in Cuzco, which are at the foot of the
fortress. Great regret is felt by those who see the ruins. When it was
finished, the Inca made many store houses round Cuzco for provisions and
clothing, against times of necessity and of war; which was a measure of
great importance[113].
[Note 113: This fortress of Cuzco, on the Sacsahuaman Hill, was well
described by Cieza de Leon and in greater detail by Garcilasso de la
Vega, ii. pp. 305--318. Both ascribe it to Inca Yupanqui or his son
Tupac Inca, as does Sarmiento. The extensive edifices, built of masonry
of his period, were no doubt the work of Tupac Inca who thus got credit
for the whole. These later edifices were pulled down by the Spaniards,
for material for building their houses in the city. But the wonderful
cyclopean work that remains is certainly of much more ancient date, and
must be assigned, like Tiahuanacu, to the far distant age of the
monolithic empire.]
LIV.
DEATH OF TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI.