Chuchi Ccapac the next day, which was drawn up ready to fight. Soon
after they came in sight, the two forces attacked each other, and the
battle continued for a long time without either side gaining any
advantage. Inca Yupanqui, who was very dexterous in fighting, was
assisting in every part, giving orders, combating, and animating his
troops. Seeing that the Collas resisted so resolutely, and stood so
firmly in the battle, he turned his face to his men saying in a loud
voice: "O Incas of Cuzco! conquerors of all the land! Are you not
ashamed that people so inferior to you, and unequal in weapons, should
be equal to you and resist for so long a time?" With this he returned to
the fight, and the troops, touched by this rebuke, pressed upon their
enemies in such sort that they were broken and defeated. Inca Yupanqui,
being an experienced warrior, knew that the completion of the victory
consisted in the capture of Chuchi Ccapac. Although he was fighting, he
looked out for his enemy in all directions and, seeing him in the midst
of his people, the Inca attacked them at the head of his guards, took
him prisoner, and delivered him to a soldier with orders to take him to
the camp and keep him safe. The Inca and his army then completed the
victory and engaged in the pursuit, until all the Sinchis and captains
that could be found were captured. Pachacuti went to Hatun-colla, the
residence and seat of government of Chuchi Ccapac, where he remained
until all the provinces which obeyed Chuchi Ccapac, were reduced to
obedience, and brought many rich presents of gold, silver, cloths, and
other precious things.
Leaving a garrison and a governor in the Collao to rule in his name, the
Inca returned to Cuzco, taking Chuchi Ccapac as a prisoner with the
others. He entered Cuzco, where a solemn triumph was prepared. Chuchi
Colla and the other Colla prisoners were placed before the Inca's litter
dressed in long robes covered with tassels in derision and that they
might be known. Having arrived at the House of the Sun, the captives and
spoils were offered to the image of the Sun, and the Inca, or the priest
for him, trod on all the spoils and captives that Pachacuti had taken in
the Collao, which was great honour to the Inca. When the triumph was
over, to give it a good finish, the Inca caused the head of Chuchi
Ccapac to be cut off, and put in the house called _Llasa-huasi_[92],
with those of the other Sinchis he had killed. He caused the other
Sinchis and captains of Chuchi Ccapac to be given to the wild beasts,
kept shut up for the purpose, in a house called _Samca-huasi_[93].
[Note 92: Llasa-huasi. _Llasa_ means weight, from _llasani_ to
weigh. _Huasi_ a house.]
[Note 93: Samgaguacy. This should be _Samca-huasi_, a prison for
grave offences. Serpents and toads were put into the prison with the
delinquents. Mossi, p. 233.]
In these conquests Pachacuti was very cruel to the vanquished, and
people were so terrified at the cruelties that they submitted and obeyed
from fear of being made food for wild beasts, or burnt, or otherwise
cruelly tormented rather than resist in arms. It was thus with the
people of Cunti-suyu who, seeing the cruelty and power of Inca Yupanqui,
humiliated themselves and promised obedience. It was for the cause and
reason stated, and because they were threatened with destruction if they
did not come to serve and obey.
Chuchi Ccapac had subjugated a region more than 160 leagues from north
to south, over which he was Sinchi or, as he called himself, Ccapac or
Colla-Ccapac, from within 20 leagues of Cuzco as far as the Chichas,
with all the bounds of Arequipa and the sea-coast to Atacama, and the
forests of the Musus. For at this time, seeing the violence and power
with which the Inca of Cuzco came down upon those who opposed him,
without pardoning anyone, many Sinchis followed his example, and wanted
to do the same in other parts, where each one lived, so that all was
confusion and tyranny in this kingdom, no one being secure of his own
property. We shall relate in their places, as the occasion offers, the
stories of the Sinchis, tyrants, besides those of the Incas who, from
the time of Inca Yupanqui, began to get provinces into their power, and
tyrannize over the inhabitants.
Inca Yupanqui, as has already been narrated, had given the House of the
Sun all things necessary for its services, besides which, after he came
from Colla-suyu, he presented many things brought from there for the
image of the Sun, and for the mummies of his ancestors which were kept
in the House of the Sun. He also gave them servants and lands. He
ordered that the _huacas_ of Cuzco should be adopted and venerated in
all the conquered provinces, ordaining new ceremonies for their worship
and abolishing the ancient rites. He charged his eldest legitimate son,
named Amaru Tupac Inca, with the duty of abolishing the _huacas_ which
were not held to be legitimate, and to see that the others were
maintained and received the sacrifices ordered by the Inca. Huayna
Yamqui Yupanqui, another son of Inca Yupanqui, was associated with the
heir in this duty.
XXXVIII.
PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI SENDS AN ARMY TO CONQUER THE PROVINCE OF
CHINCHAY-SUYU.
When Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui returned from the conquest of Colla-suyu
and the neighbouring provinces, as has been narrated in the preceding
chapter, he was well stricken in years, though not tired of wars, nor
was his thirst for dominion satisfied. Owing to his age he chose to
remain at Cuzco, as the seat of his government, to establish the lands
he had subdued, in the way which he well knew how to establish. In order
to lose no time in extending his conquests, he assembled his people,
from among whom he chose 70,000 provided with arms and all things
necessary for a military campaign. He nominated his brother, Ccapac
Yupanqui, to be Captain-General, giving him for colleagues another of
his brothers named Huayna Yupanqui, and one of his sons named Apu Yamqui
Yupanqui. Among the other special captains in this army was one named
Anco Ayllo of the Chanca nation, who had remained a prisoner in Cuzco
from the time that the Inca conquered the Chanca's at Cuzco and at
Ichu-pampa. He had ever since been sad and brooding, thinking of a way
of escape. But he dissimulated so well that the Inca treated him as a
brother and trusted him. Hence the Inca nominated him as commander of
all the Chancas in the army. For to each nation the Inca gave a captain
from among their own people, because he would understand how to rule
them and they would obey him better. This Anco Ayllo, seeing there was
an opportunity for fulfilling his desire, showed satisfaction at
receiving this commission from the Inca, and promised to do valuable
service, as he knew those nations whose conquest was about to be
undertaken. When the army was ready to march, the Inca gave the
Captain-General his own arms of gold, and to the other captains he gave
arms with which to enter the battles. He made a speech to them,
exhorting them to achieve success, showing them the honourable reward
they would obtain, and the favours he, as a friend, would show them, if
they served in that war. He gave special orders to Ccapac Yupanqui that
he should advance with his conquering army as far as a province called
Yana-mayu, the boundary of the nation of the Hatun-huayllas, and that
there he should set up the Inca's boundary pillars, and he was on no
account to advance further. He was to conquer up to that point and then
return to Cuzco, leaving sufficient garrisons in the subjugated lands.
He was also to establish posts at every half league, which they call
_chasquis_, by means of which the Inca would be daily informed of what
had happened and was being done[94].
[Note 94: For accounts of the _chasquis_ or Inca couriers see
Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. pp. 49, 60, 119, 120, 121. Balboa, p. 248.
Polo de Ondegardo, p. 169.]
Ccapac Yupanqui set out from Cuzco with these orders, and desolated all
the provinces which did not submit. On arriving at a fortress called
Urco-collac, near Parcos, in the country of Huamanca, he met with
valorous resistance from the inhabitants. Finally he conquered them. In
the battle the Chancas distinguished themselves so that they gained more
honour than the Cuzcos _orejones_ and the other nations.
This news came to the Inca, who was much annoyed that the Chancas should
have distinguished themselves more, and had gained more honour than the
Incas. He imagined that it would make them proud, so he proposed to have
them killed. He sent a messenger ordering Ccapac Yupanqui to lay a plan
for killing all the Chancas in the best way he could devise, and if he
did not kill them, the Inca would kill him. The runner of the Inca
reached Ccapac Yupanqui with this order, but it could not be kept a
secret. It became known to a wife of Ccapac Yupanqui, who was a sister
of Anco Ayllo, the captain of the Chancas. This woman told her brother,
who always longed for his liberty, and now was urgently minded to save
his life. He secretly addressed his Chanca soldiers, putting before them
the cruel order of the Inca, and the acquisition of their liberty if
they would follow him. They all agreed to his proposal. When they came
to Huarac-tambo, in the neighbourhood of the city of Huanuco, all the
Chancas fled with their captain Anco Ayllo, and besides the Chancas
other tribes followed this chief. Passing by the province of Huayllas
they pillaged it, and, continuing their route in flight from the Incas,
they agreed to seek a rugged and mountainous land where the Incas, even
if they sought them, would not be able to find them. So they entered the
forests between Chachapoyas and Huanuco, and went on to the province of
Ruparupa. These are the people who are settled on the river Pacay and,
according to the received report, thence to the eastward by the river
called Cocama which falls into the great river Marañon. They were met
with by the captain Gomez d'Arias, who entered by Huanuco, in the time
of the Marquis of Cañete, in the year 1556. Though Ccapac Yupanqui went
in chase of the Chancas, they were so rapid in their flight that he was
unable to overtake them[95].
[Note 95: Garcilasso de la Vega also gives an account of the flight
of the Chancas under Anco-ayllu or Hanco-hualla, ii. pp. 82, 329.]
In going after them Ccapac Yupanqui went as far as Caxamarca, beyond the
line he was ordered not to pass by the Inca. Although he had the order
in his mind, yet when he saw that province of Caxamarca, how populous it
was and rich in gold and silver, by reason of the great Sinchi, named
Gusmanco Ccapac, who ruled there and was a great tyrant, having robbed
many provinces round Caxamarca, Ccapac Yupanqui resolved to conquer it,
although he had no commission from his brother for undertaking such an
enterprise. On commencing to enter the land of Caxamarca, it became
known to Gusmanco Ccapac. That chief summoned his people, and called
upon another Sinchi, his tributary, named Chimu Ccapac, chief of the
territory where now stands the city of Truxillo on the coast of Peru.
Their combined forces marched against Ccapac Yupanqui, who by a certain
ambush, and other stratagems, defeated, routed and captured the two
Sinchis Gusmanco Ccapac and Chimu Ccapac, taking vast treasure of gold,
silver and other precious things, such as gems, and coloured shells,
which these natives value more than silver or gold.
Ccapac Yupanqui collected all the treasure in the square of Caxamarca,
where he then was; and when he saw such immense wealth he became proud
and vainglorious, saying that he had gained and acquired more than his
brother the Inca. His arrogance and boasting came to the ears of his
sovereign, who, although he felt it deeply and desired an opportunity to
kill him, dissimulated for a time and waited until the return to Cuzco.
Inca Yupanqui feared that his brother would rebel, and for this reason
he appeared to be pleased before the envoys sent by Ccapac Yupanqui. He
sent them back with orders that Ccapac Yupanqui should return to Cuzco
with the treasure that had been taken in the war, as well as the
principal men of the subdued provinces, and the sons of Gusmanco Ccapac
and Chimu Ccapac. The great chiefs themselves were to remain, in their
territories with a sufficient garrison to keep those lands obedient to
the Inca. On receiving this order Ccapac Yupanqui set out for Cuzco with
all the treasure, and marched to the capital full of pride and
arrogance. Inca Yupanqui, who himself subdued so many lands and gained
so much honour, became jealous, as some say afraid, and sought excuses
for killing his brother. When he knew that Ccapac Yupanqui had reached
Limatambo, eight leagues from Cuzco, he ordered his lieutenant-governor
named Inca Capon, to go there and cut off the head of Ccapac Yupanqui.
The reasons given were that he had allowed Anco Ayllo to escape, and had
gone beyond the line prescribed. The governor went and, in obedience to
his orders, he killed the Inca's two brothers Ccapac Yupanqui and Huayna
Yupanqui. The Inca ordered the rest to enter Cuzco, triumphing over
their victories. This was done, the Inca treading on the spoils, and
granting rewards. They say that he regretted that his brother had gained
so much honour, and that he wished that he had sent his son who was to
be his successor, named Tupac Inca Yupanqui, that he might have enjoyed
such honour, and that this jealousy led him to kill his brother.
XXXIX.
PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI PLANTS _MITIMAES_ IN ALL THE LANDS HE HAD
CONQUERED.
As all the conquests made by this Inca were attended with such violence
and cruelties, with such spoliation and force, and the people who became
his subjects by acquisition, or to speak more correctly by rapine, were
numerous, they obeyed so long as they felt the force compelling them,
and, as soon as they were a little free from that fear, they presently
rebelled and resumed their liberty. Then the Inca was obliged to conquer
them again. Turning many things in his mind, and seeking for remedies,
how he could settle once for all the numerous provinces he had
conquered, at last he hit upon a plan which, although adapted to the
object he sought to attain, and coloured with some appearance of
generosity, was really the worst tyranny he perpetrated. He ordered
visitors to go through all the subdued provinces, with orders to measure
and survey them, and to bring him models of the natural features in
clay. This was done. The models and reports were brought before the
Inca. He examined them and considered the mountainous fastnesses and the
plains. He ordered the visitors to look well to what he would do. He
then began to demolish the fastnesses and to have their inhabitants
moved to plain country, and those of the plains were moved to
mountainous regions, so far from each other, and each so far from their
native country, that they could not return to it. Next the Inca ordered
the visitors to go and do with the people what they had seen him do with
the models. They went and did so.
He gave orders to others to go to the same districts, and, jointly with
the _tucuricos_, to take some young men, with their wives, from each
district. This was done and they were brought to Cuzco from all the
provinces, from one 30, from another 100, more or less according to the
population of each district. These selected people were presented before
the Inca, who ordered that they should be taken to people various parts.
Those of Chinchay-suyu were sent to Anti-suyu, those of Cunti-suyu to
Colla-suyu, so far from their native country that they could not
communicate with their relations or countrymen. He ordered that they
should be settled in valleys similar to those in their native land, and
that they should have seeds from those lands that they might be
preserved and not perish, giving them land to sow without stint, and
removing the natives.
The Incas called these colonists _mitimaes_[96], which means
"transported" or "moved," He ordered them to learn the language of the
country to which they were removed, but not to forget the general
language, which was the Quichua, and which he had ordered that all his
subjects in all the conquered provinces must learn and know. With it
conversation and business could be carried on, for it was the clearest
and richest of the dialects. The Inca gave the colonists authority and
power to enter the houses of the natives at all hours, night or day, to
see what they said, did or arranged, with orders to report all to the
nearest governor, so that it might be known if anything was plotted
against the government of the Inca, who, knowing the evil he had done,
feared all in general, and knew that no one served him voluntarily, but
only by force. Besides this the Inca put garrisons into all the
fortresses of importance, composed of natives of Cuzco or the
neighbourhood, which garrisons were called _michecrima_[97].
[Note 96: The system of _mitimaes_ was a very important part of the
Inca polity. It is frequently referred to by Cieza de Leon, and
described by Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. p. 215. See also Balboa, pp. 28,
114,143,249. Molina, pp. 4, 22, 23. Yamqui Pachacuti, pp. 95, 97, Polo
de Ondegardo, p. 161.]
[Note 97: _Michec_ a shepherd, hence a governor. _Rimay_ to speak.]
XL.
THE COLLAS, SONS OF CHUCHI CCAPAC, REBEL AGAINST INCA YUPANQUI TO OBTAIN
THEIR FREEDOM.
After Inca Yupanqui had celebrated the triumphs and festivities
consequent on the conquest of Chinchay-suyu, and arranged the system of
_mitimaes_, he dismissed the troops. He himself went to Yucay, where he
built the edifices, the ruins of which may still be seen. These being
finished, he went down the valley of Yucay to a place which is now
called Tambo, eight leagues from Cuzco, where he erected some
magnificent buildings. The sons of Chuchi Ccapac, the great Sinchi of
the Collao, had to labour as captives at the masonry and other work.
Their father, as has already been narrated, was conquered in the Collao
and killed by the Inca. These sons of Chuchi Ccapac, feeling that they
were being vilely treated, and remembering that they were the sons of so
great a man as their father, also seeing that the Inca had disbanded his
army, agreed to risk their lives in obtaining their freedom. One night
they fled, with all the people who were there, and made such speed that,
although the Inca sent after them, they could not be overtaken. Along
the route they took, they kept raising the inhabitants against the Inca.
Much persuasion was not needed, because, as they were obeying by force,
they only sought the first opportunity to rise. On this favourable
chance, many nations readily rebelled, even those who were very near
Cuzco, but principally the Collao and all its provinces.
The Inca, seeing this, ordered a great army to be assembled, and sought
the favour of auxiliaries from Gusmanco Ccapac and Chimu Ccapac. He
collected a great number of men, made sacrifices _calpa_[98], and buried
some children alive, which is called _capa cocha_, to induce their idols
to favour them in that war. All being ready, the Inca nominated two of
his sons as captains of the army, valorous men, named the one Tupac Ayar
Manco, the other Apu Paucar Usnu. The Inca left Cuzco with more than
200,000 warriors, and marched against the sons of Chuchi Ccapac, who
also had a great power of men and arms, and were anxious to meet the
Incas and fight for their lives against the men of Cuzco.
[Note 98: _Calpa_ means force, vigour; also an army.]
As both were seeking each other, they soon met, and joined in a stubborn
and bloody battle, in which there was great slaughter, because one side
fought for life and liberty and the other for honour. As those of Cuzco
were better disciplined and drilled, and more numerous than their
adversaries, they had the advantage. But the Collas preferred to die
fighting rather than to become captives to one so cruel and inhuman as
the Inca. So they opposed themselves to the arms of the _orejones_, who,
with great cruelties, killed as many of the Collas as opposed their
advance. The sons of the Inca did great things in the battle, with their
own hands, on that day.
The Collas were defeated, most of them being killed or taken prisoners.
Those who fled were followed to a place called Lampa. There the wounded
were cared for, and the squadrons refreshed. The Inca ordered his two
sons, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, to press onward, conquering
the country as far as the Chichas, where they were to set up their
cairns and return. The Inca then returned to Cuzco, for a triumph over
the victory he had gained.
The Inca arrived at Cuzco, triumphed and celebrated the victory with
festivities. And because he found that a son had been born to him, he
raised him before the Sun, offered him, and gave him the name of Tupac
Inca Yupanqui. In his name he offered treasures of gold and silver to
the Sun, and to the other oracles and _huacas_, and also made the
sacrifice of _capa cocha_. Besides this he made the most solemn and
costly festivals that had ever been known, throughout the land. This was
done because Inca Yupanqui wished that this Tupac Inca should succeed
him, although he had other older and legitimate sons by his wife and
sister Mama Anahuarqui. For, although the custom of these tyrants was
that the eldest legitimate son should succeed, it was seldom observed,
the Inca preferring the one he liked best, or whose mother he loved
most, or he who was the ablest among the brothers.
XLI.
AMARU TUPAC INCA AND APU PAUCAR USNU CONTINUE THE CONQUEST OF THE COLLAO
AND AGAIN SUBDUE THE COLLAS.
As soon as the Inca returned to Cuzco, leaving his two sons Tupac Amaru
and Apu Paucar Usnu[99] in the Callao, those captains set out from
Lampa, advancing to Hatun-Colla, where they knew that the Collas had
rallied their troops to fight the Cuzcos once more, and that they had
raised one of the sons of Chuchi Ccapac to be Inca. The Incas came to
the place where the Collas were awaiting them in arms. They met and
fought valorously, many being killed on both sides. At the end of the
battle the Collas were defeated and their new Inca was taken prisoner.
Thus for a third time were the Collas conquered by the Cuzcos. By order
of the Inca, his sons, generals of the war, left the new Inca of the
Collas at Hatun-Colla, as a prisoner well guarded and re-captured. The
other captains went on, continuing their conquests, as the Inca had
ordered, to the confines of Charcas and the Chichas.
[Note 99: Tupac Amaru. _Tupac_ means royal, and _amaru_ a serpent.
_Apu_ a chief, _paucar_ beautiful and _usnu_ a judgment seat.]
While his sons prosecuted the war, Pachacuti their father, finished the
edifices at Tambo, and constructed the ponds and pleasure houses of
Yucay. He erected, on a hill near Cuzco, called Patallata, some
sumptuous houses, and many others in the neighbourhood of the capital.
He also made many channels of water both for use and for pleasure; and
ordered all the governors of provinces who were under his sway, to build
pleasure houses on the most convenient sites, ready for him when he
should visit their commands.
While Inca Yupanqui proceeded with these measures, his sons had
completed the conquest of the Collao. When they arrived in the vicinity
of Charcas, the natives of Paria, Tapacari, Cochabambas, Poconas and
Charcas retreated to the country of the Chichas and Chuyes, in order to
make a combined resistance to the Incas, who arrived where their
adversaries were assembled, awaiting the attack. The Inca army was in
three divisions. A squadron of 5000 men went by the mountains, another
of 20,000 by the side of the sea, and the rest by the direct road. They
arrived at the strong position held by the Charcas and their allies, and
fought with them. The Incas were victorious, and took great spoils of
silver extracted by those natives from the mines of Porco. It is to be
noted that nothing was ever known of the 5000 _orejones_ who entered by
the mountains or what became of them. Leaving all these provinces
conquered, and subdued, Amaru Tupac Inca and Apu Paucar Usnu returned to
Cuzco where they triumphed over their victories, Pachacuti granting them
many favours, and rejoicing with many festivals and sacrifices to idols.
XLII.
PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI NOMINATES HIS SON TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI AS HIS
SUCCESSOR.