SPANISH ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE NEGRITOS
The attention of the Spanish Government was early attracted to the
Negritos and other savages in the Philippines, and their subjection and
conversion was the subject of many royal orders, though unfortunately
little was accomplished. One of the first decrees of the Gobierno
Superior relating especially to the Negritos was that of June 12,
1846. It runs substantially as follows:
In my visits to the provinces of these Islands, having noticed,
with the sympathy that they must inspire in all sensitive souls,
the kind of life and the privations that many of the infidel
tribes, and especially the Negritos who inhabit the mountains, are
forced to endure; and persuaded that it is a duty of all civilized
Governments and of humanity itself to better the condition of
men, who, hidden thus from society, will in time become extinct,
victims of their customs, of the unhealthfulness of the rugged
places where they live, and of our negligence in helping them; and
desirous of making them useful, that some day, influenced by the
benefits of social life, they may enter the consoling pale of our
Holy Mother, the Catholic Church, I hereby decree the following:
ARTICLE 1. The alcaldes and military and political governors of
provinces in whose district there may be tribes or rancherias of
the aforesaid Negritos or of other infidels shall proceed with the
consent of the devoted curas parrocos, whose charity I implore for
them, through their head men or capitanes, to induce them to take
the necessary steps to assemble in villages, lands being given
for that purpose, in places not very near to Christian pueblos,
and seeds of grains and vegetables being furnished that they may
cultivate the land.
* * * * * * *
ART. 3. Two years after the pueblo shall have been formed the
inhabitants thereof shall pay a moderate tribute, which shall
not for the present exceed one real per head, the youths and
children being excepted, obtaining in compensation the usufruct
of the lands which they may hold as their own property so long as
they do not abandon the cultivation, being able to sell to others
under the same conditions with the knowledge of the authority of
the district.
ART. 4. Said authorities and also the priests shall maintain
the greatest zeal and vigilance that the Christian pueblos do
not intrude on those of the infidels or Negritos, neither that
individuals live among them nor that they harass or molest them
on any pretext whatsoever under penalty of being punished. * * *
ART. 5. As I have understood that if the Negritos refuse social
life it is on account of their being warned by the Christians
who employ them in cutting wood, bamboo, and bejuco, and in the
collection of other products of the woods which they inhabit,
the chiefs of the provinces and the justices of the peace shall
take care that no one enters into such contracts with the Negritos
without competent authorization, leaving his name in a register
in order that if he fail to pay the true value of the articles
satisfactory to the Negritos or mistreats them it will be possible
to fix the blame on him and to impose the proper penalty.
Article 6 states that--
It shall not be necessary for the Negritos to embrace the Catholic
faith, but the priests shall go among them to examine their
condition and learn their needs and teach them the advantages of
civil life and the importance of religion.
Article 7 provides for a report every three months from those officers
in charge of such districts.
This all sounds very well, and if carried out might have succeeded
in improving the condition of the unfortunate Negritos, but we can
not find that the provincial officials showed great zeal in complying
with the executive request.
On January 14, 1881, a decree very similar to this was issued. The
first part of this decree related to the newly converted or
"sometidos." But article 7 authorized the provincial authorities
to offer in the name of the State to Aetas and other pagans the
following advantages in exchange for voluntary submission: Life in
pueblos; unity of families; concession of good lands and direction
in cultivating them in the manner which they wished and which would
be most productive; maintenance and clothing during one year; respect
for their usages and customs so far as they did not oppose the natural
law; to leave to their own wishes whether or not they should become
Christians; to buy or facilitate the sale of their crops; exemption
from contributions and tributes for ten years and lastly, government
by local officials elected by themselves under the direct dependency
of the head of the province or district.
These provisions were certainly liberal enough, but they bore little
fruit so far as the Negritos were concerned. Being sent out as
circulars to the chiefs of all provinces, such decrees received scant
attention, each provincial head probably preferring to believe that
they were meant for someone else. Although it sounded well on paper,
the difficulties in the way of successful compliance with such an order
were many. But in one way and another the authorities sought to reach
the hill tribes, though it must be confessed they were actuated rather
by a desire to preserve peace in their provinces and to protect the
plainsmen from the plundering raids of the savages than by motives
of philanthropy in improving the condition of the latter.
The Negritos of Zambales were classed as conquistados and
non-conquistados, according to whether they lived in amicable relations
with the Filipinos or stole carabaos and killed the people whenever
they had the opportunity. The Guardia Civil made many raids into
the mountains for the purpose of punishing the predatory Negritos,
and many are the stories related by old members of that military
organization now living in the province concerning conflicts which
they had with the little black bow-and-arrow men, who always got the
worst of it. Gradually they came to see the futility of resistance. As
a matter of fact these raids were only for the purpose of securing food
and not because of enmity toward the Filipinos. When a group expressed
their desire to live peaceably in their hills they were dubbed
"conquistados" and left alone so long as they behaved. The number
of conquistados grew and the "unconquered" retreated farther into
the mountains. Carabao raids are very infrequent now, for the people
disposed to make them are too remote from the plains and would have
to pass through territory of the settled and peaceable Negritos, who
would inform the party sent in pursuit. But the Constabulary has had
two or three raids of this kind to deal with during the past two years.
Those Negritos still living in a wild state have very simple
government. They simply gather around the most powerful man, whom
they recognize as a sort of chief and whom they follow into raids
on the plains or neighboring tribes of Negritos. But when living
peaceably scattered through their mountains each head of a family
is a small autocrat and rules his family and those of his sons who
elect to remain with him. When he dies the oldest son becomes the
head of the family. Usually, however, a group of families living in
one locality recognizes one man as a capitán. He may be chosen by
the president of the nearest pueblo or by the Negritos themselves,
who are quick to recognize in this way superior ability or greater
wealth. The capitán settles disputes between families.
The next step in the civilizing process is the gathering together to
form villages. This was the end to which the Spaniards worked, but
the process was retarded by the Christianized natives who profited
by trade with the Negritos in forest products and who advised them
to avoid coming under Spanish rule where they would have to pay
tribute. If a community became sufficiently large and bade fair to
be permanent it was made a barrio of the nearest pueblo and given a
teniente and concejales like other barrios. This was the case with
Aglao and Santa Fé, in the jurisdiction of San Marcelino, but Ilokano
immigrants settled in these places and the Negritos gradually withdrew
to the hills and settled in other places, until now there are very few
Negritos actually living in these towns. One old man in Aglao, who once
went to Spain as a servant to an officer, speaks very good Spanish.
In spite of the reprisals made by the Guardia Civil and other
means employed by the Spaniards, Negrito raids went on without much
cessation until 1894. In that year the authorities induced a head
man named Layos to come down to the town of San Marcelino for an
interview. Layos came down about as nature had provided him and was
received with much ceremony by the town authorities. They dressed him
up from head to foot, made him presents, and feasted him for several
days. Then with the customary Spanish pomp, parade of soldiery, and
flare of trumpets, they presented him with a gaudy sash and named him
Capitán General del Monte. He was given charge of all the Negritos
in the district and charged to keep them under control. The sash was
a cheap print affair, but it answered the purpose. The effect of all
this on an untamed savage can be imagined. Layos was impressed. He
went back to the hills with his new treasures and an experience worth
relating. It is said that the robbing and killing of Christian natives
lessened materially after that.
When I was at Cabayan in that district I saw Layos. He was a heavy-set
man of about 38, harelipped, an old ragged shirt and breechcloth
his only apparel, and with nothing of his former grandeur but the
memory. The sash, his badge of office, he said had long since gone
in breechcloths.
In the same year (1894) all Negritos in the Botolan district who would
come down from the mountains were fed for five or six months in hope
that they would settle down and remain. But they were given nothing
to do and were not shown how to work, and when the feeding stopped
they all went back to the hills, the only place where they knew how to
secure sustenance. Although this experiment did not result as desired,
it probably had good effects, for the people of this region are the
farthest advanced to-day and are most inclined to live in villages. I
am informed that since my visit some of the Negritos have moved down to
the Filipino village of Pombato and there are several Negrito children
in the native school. The people of Tagiltil have even expressed a
desire for a school. The presence of several Zambal and halfbreeds
in this village and its nearness to the Filipinos probably account
for its being ahead of other villages in this as in other respects.
APPENDIX A
ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
The paucity of measurements has already been explained, but those that
were taken are given here for what they are worth. I do not attempt
to draw any conclusions from them or undertake any discussion other
than that already given in the chapter on physical features.
In the following tables it should be noted that where the age is
given the number indicates only an estimate, as no Negrito knows his
age. It has been thought better to give these approximate ages than
to leave them out entirely, in order to distinguish the very young
from the middle aged and old:
Measurements of Negritos
No.
| Sex
| | Age
| | | Standing height
| | | | Span of arms
| | | | | Length of nose
| | | | | | Breadth of nose
| | | | | | | Nasal index
| | | | | | | | Length of ear
| | | | | | | | |
1 Female 18 1,408 1,456 35 38 108 57
2 do 35 1,487 1,487 38 38 100 64
3 do 14 1,325 1,325 36 30 83 55
4 do 30 1,440 1,462 36 38 105 55
5 do 40 1,388 1,400 40 43 107 58
6 Male 27 1,520 1,580 41 43 104 60
7 do 20 1,491 1,503 39 47 130 57
8 do 1,440 1,464 40 43 107 57
9 do 1,500 1,538 43 40 93 60
10 do 15 1,357 1,347 34 40 117 54
11 do 1,426 1,483 40 47 117 57
12 Female 20 1,390 1,380 30 37 123
13 do 19 1,265 1,170 35 35 100
14 do 20 1,400 1,410 35 40 114
15 do 1,410 1,375 35 42 120
16 do 1,430 1,435 35 40 114
17 Male 22 1,465 1,485 37 46 124 60
18 do 1,472 1,470 44 40 90 60
19 do 24 1,363 1,404 38 36 94 57
20 do 18 1,473 1,493 40 43 107 57
21 do 19 1,390 1,412 40 42 105 56
22 do 25 1,490 1,490 37 43 116 57
23 do 14 1,282 1,315 35 35 100 52
24 do 1,404 1,438 42 38 90 65
25 Female 19 1,302 1,313 27 38 140 55
26 do 20 1,472 1,538 40 38 95 58
27 Male 1,434 1,497 37 42 113 56
28 do 50 1,421 1,519 40 40 100 60
29 Female 28 1,358 1,418 35 37 105 58
30 do 55 1,333 1,350 40 40 100 60
31 do 1,383 1,435 41 38 92 62
32 do 30 1,285 1,285 34 38 111 55
33 do 50 1,318 1,302 35 40 114 69
34 Male 40 1,342 1,448 38 46 121 62
35 do 20 1,458 1,582 40 42 105 58
36 do 18 1,480 1,536 44 44 100 60
37 do 15 1,500 1,547 41 45 109 60
38 do 28 1,365 1,390 41 49 119 58
39 do 30 1,535 1,570 43 47 109 63
40 Female 15 1,308 1,354 41 35 85 54
41 do 35 1,373 1,368 36 38 105 59
42 do 35 1,355 1,370 40 40 100 60
43 do 16 1,407 1,430 36 36 100 56
44 do 22 1,420 1,466 40 43 107 64
45 Male 1,535 1,581 43 39 90 57
46 do 1,448 1,532 41 40 97 55
47 do 1,476 1,540 40 40 100 59
48 Female 1,396 1,415 40 35 107 60
49 do 20 1,368 1,400 35 40 117 53
50 Male 1,570 1,625 46 43 93 58
51 do 22 1,480 1,545 42 49 116 60
52 do 30 1,600 1,634 49 42 85 62
53 do 35 1,521 1,566 42 47 111 60
54 Female 1,502 1,520 41 39 95 58
55 do 1,410 1,410 32 38 118 60
56 do 16 1,316 1,336 34 38 111 56
57 Male 18 1,425 1,445 42 42 100 56
58 do 23 1,380 1,430 36 45 125 62
No.
| Sex
| | Age
| | | Standing height
| | | | Height of shoulders
| | | | | Span of arms
| | | | | | Width of Shoulders
| | | | | | | Length of hand
| | | | | | | | Length of arm
| | | | | | | | | Height sitting
| | | | | | | | | | Length of foot
| | | | | | | | | | | Length of head
| | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of head
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Cephalic index
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of nose
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of nose
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nasal index
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of ear
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
59 Male 28 1,480 1,227 1,530 375 163 600 1,200 215 189 150 79.3 38 39 102.6 58
60 do 16 1,470 1,227 1,510 370 165 623 1,180 230 175 144 82.2 35 35 100 55
61 do 40 1,520 1,295 1,530 356 170 640 1,224 225 176 145 82.3 39 37 94.8 61
62 do 17 1,490 1,247 1,500 425 145 600 1,203 230 190 153 80.5 33 40 121.2 51
63 do 25 1,510 1,245 1,545 386 175 635 1,215 226 190 150 78.9 40 42 165 54
64 do 18 1,445 1,218 1,500 350 160 600 1,235 220 175 150 85.7 35 37 105.7 50
65 do 28 1,444 1,210 1,540 350 170 605 223 176 141 80 47 40 85.1 64
66 do 30 1,524 1,275 1,620 390 180 675 245 171 158 92.3 40 49 122.5 54
67 do 35 1,550 1,324 1,410 384 180 655 1,255 240 182 145 79.7 40 41 102.5 60
68 do 40 1,500 1,248 1,465 364 180 640 1,290 245 174 145 83.5 46 46 100 66
69 do 35 1,480 1,227 1,550 383 175 650 1,272 225 180 152 84.4 37 37 100 53
70 do 60 1,586 1,370 1,635 373 177 625 246 191 83.2 43 44 102.3 54
71 do 25 1,395 1,169 1,469 342 149 586 207 180 142 78.8 43 36 83.7 58
72 Female 35 1,420 1,165 1,460 334 159 528 211 171 148 86.5 44 35 79.5 52
73 do 33 1,337 1,140 1,380 293 155 539 208 166 141 84.9 41 41 100 55
74 do 27 1,362 1,137 1,407 330 150 558 199 168 147 87.5 42 36 85.9 55
75 Male 30 1,526 1,281 1,524 370 163 616 230 174 140 80.4 42 38 90.4 52
76 do 17 1,435 1,197 1,447 350 160 586 210 170 135 79.3 42 35 83.3 56
77 do 45 1,450 1,270 1,480 322 162 571 213 175 148 84.5 39 38 97.4 64
APPENDIX B
VOCABULARIES
As has been pointed out already, the Negritos of Zambales seem to
have lost entirely their own language and to have adopted that of
the Christianized Zambal. A study of the vocabularies here given
will show that in various sections of the province Zambal is to-day
the language of the Negritos. Differences will be found, of course,
in the dialects of regions which do not come much into contact with
each other, and contact with other dialects creates different changes
in different localities.
The chief difference between the Bolinao dialect and that of the region
south is the substitution of the letter "r" in the former for "l"; as
"arong" for "along," nose; "dira" for "dila," tongue. Yet not a few
words are entirely different. These differences may arise from the use
of synonyms or from misinformation, as I was able to take the Bolinao
vocabulary from only two individuals. This dialect is spoken in the
towns of Bolinao, Anda, Bani, and Zaragoza, although I am informed that
there are even slight differences in the speech of the people of some
of these towns. The towns from Infanta to Iba have the second dialect.
When the Aeta element enters the differences become more apparent,
although the relationship between the differing words may often be
seen; for instance, "sabot," hair, becomes "habot;" "along," nose,
becomes "balongo." But the number of words which bear no relationship
is greater than in the case of the first two dialects. It is possible
that here we find traces of an original Negrito language, but I believe
that all these words can be traced to Malay roots. It will be noticed
also that the two following vocabularies taken from Negritos at Santa
Fé and Subig do not differ materially from the Zambal-Aeta--in fact,
they may be regarded as identical.
The writer can not vouch for the vocabularies from Bataan and Bulacan,
but gives them for the sake of comparison. The words collected by
Montano are mostly Tagalog and differ somewhat from Cooke's. The latter
states that he verified his seven times. The two sets are probably
from different parts of the province. The Dumagat vocabulary from
Bulacan Province, while offering greater differences, is plainly of
Malay origin like all the others.
English Man
Zambal of Bolinao la-la'-ki
Zambal of Iba la-la'-ki
Zambal--Aeta la-la'-ki
Aeta of Santa Fé la-la'-ki
Aeta of Subig ya'-ki
Aeta, Bataan Province la-la-ke'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta'-nun-gu'-bat
English Woman
Zambal of Bolinao ba-bay'-e
Zambal of Iba ba-bay'-e
Zambal--Aeta ba-bay'-e
Aeta of Santa Fé ba-bay'-e
Aeta of Subig ba-bay'-e
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-bay'-e*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mow'-na
English Father
Zambal of Bolinao a'-ma
Zambal of Iba a'-ma
Zambal--Aeta a'-ma
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-pa
Aeta of Subig ba'-pa
Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-pa, ama*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mother
Zambal of Bolinao i'-na
Zambal of Iba i'-na
Zambal--Aeta na'-na
Aeta of Santa Fé in'-do
Aeta of Subig in'-do
Aeta, Bataan Province in'do, inang*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Brother
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat
Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka
Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel
Aeta of Santa Fé ka-pa-tel
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province ka'-ka, kapatid*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Sister
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat
Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka
Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel
Aeta of Santa Fé ka-pa-tel
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province o-pa-tel', kapatid*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Uncle
Zambal of Bolinao ba'-pa
Zambal of Iba ba'-pa
Zambal--Aeta ba'-pa
Aeta of Santa Fé da'-ra
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province ale'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Aunt
Zambal of Bolinao da'-da
Zambal of Iba da'-ra
Zambal--Aeta in'-do
Aeta of Santa Fé da'-ra
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province mama*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Son
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak
Zambal of Iba a'-nak
Zambal--Aeta a'-nak
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nak
Aeta of Subig a'-nak
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak
English Daughter
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak
Zambal of Iba a'-nak
Zambal--Aeta a'-nak
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nak
Aeta of Subig a'-nak
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak na mowna
English Head
Zambal of Bolinao o'-ro
Zambal of Iba o'-lo
Zambal--Aeta o'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé o'-lo
Aeta of Subig la'-bo
Aeta, Bataan Province o'-o, ulo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pun'-tuk
English Hair
Zambal of Bolinao sa-bot'
Zambal of Iba sa-bot'
Zambal--Aeta ha-bot'
Aeta of Santa Fé ha-bot'
Aeta of Subig ha-bot'
Aeta, Bataan Province la-buk', bohoc*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mouth
Zambal of Bolinao bo-bo'-y
Zambal of Iba bo-bo'-y
Zambal--Aeta bo-bo'-y
Aeta of Santa Fé bo-bo'-y
Aeta of Subig bo-bo'-y
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-lu'-go, bebec*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province un'-suk
English Eye
Zambal of Bolinao ma'-ta
Zambal of Iba ma'-ta
Zambal--Aeta ma'-ta
Aeta of Santa Fé ma'-ta
Aeta of Subig ma'-ta
Aeta, Bataan Province ma'-ta*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Nose
Zambal of Bolinao a'-rong
Zambal of Iba a'-long
Zambal--Aeta ba-loñg'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé ba-long'-o
Aeta of Subig ba-long'-o
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-tong', ilong*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province an-gut
English Teeth
Zambal of Bolinao ni'-pen
Zambal of Iba ni'-pen
Zambal--Aeta ni'-pin
Aeta of Santa Fé n-i'-pen
Aeta of Subig ni'-pen
Aeta, Bataan Province nil-pul
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ni'-pon
English Tongue
Zambal of Bolinao di'-ra
Zambal of Iba di'-la
Zambal--Aeta di'-la
Aeta of Santa Fé di'-la
Aeta of Subig di'-la
Aeta, Bataan Province gi'-lo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Ear
Zambal of Bolinao to-tor'-yan
Zambal of Iba to-tol'-yan
Zambal--Aeta tu'-li
Aeta of Santa Fé tu'-li
Aeta of Subig to'-ok
Aeta, Bataan Province tu'-uk, taenga*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta-ling'-a
English Arm
Zambal of Bolinao ta-ki-ay'
Zambal of Iba ta-ki-ay'
Zambal--Aeta ta-ki-ay'
Aeta of Santa Fé ta-ki-ay'
Aeta of Subig ta-ki-ay'
Aeta, Bataan Province tu-ki-ay', camay*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province co-mot'
English Leg
Zambal of Bolinao pa'-a
Zambal of Iba pa'-a
Zambal--Aeta pa'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé pa'-a
Aeta of Subig pa'-a
Aeta, Bataan Province pam'-pa, paa'
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pa'-a
English Chest
Zambal of Bolinao ke-rep'
Zambal of Iba ke-lep'
Zambal--Aeta nib'-nib
Aeta of Santa Fé nib'-nib
Aeta of Subig dub'-dub
Aeta, Bataan Province dub'-dub, debdeb*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province dib'-dib
English Back
Zambal of Bolinao gu-rot'
Zambal of Iba bo-kot'
Zambal--Aeta bo-kot'
Aeta of Santa Fé bo-kot'
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province li'-kul
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Foot
Zambal of Bolinao ay'-e
Zambal of Iba ay'-e
Zambal--Aeta bi'-ti
Aeta of Santa Fé bi'-ti
Aeta of Subig ta-lim-pa-pa'-kan
Aeta, Bataan Province ta-lan-pa'-kin
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Hand
Zambal of Bolinao ga'-met
Zambal of Iba ga'-met
Zambal--Aeta ga'-met
Aeta of Santa Fé ga'-met
Aeta of Subig ga'-met
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-ma-kam'-a-ha
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Finger
Zambal of Bolinao ga-ra-may'-e
Zambal of Iba ga-la-may'-e
Zambal--Aeta ga-la-may'-e
Aeta of Santa Fé ga-la-may'-e
Aeta of Subig da-le'-di
Aeta, Bataan Province da-li-ri, dalin*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Earth
Zambal of Bolinao lu'-ta
Zambal of Iba lu'-ta
Zambal--Aeta lu'-ta
Aeta of Santa Fé lu-ta
Aeta of Subig lu'-ta
Aeta, Bataan Province lul-ta
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pu'-tok
English Sky
Zambal of Bolinao rañg'-it
Zambal of Iba lañg-it
Zambal--Aeta lañg'-it
Aeta of Santa Fé lang'-it
Aeta of Subig lang'-it
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province lang'-ot
English Sun
Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro
Zambal of Iba au'-lo
Zambal--Aeta al'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé al'-lo
Aeta of Subig al'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province a-da'-o
English Moon
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-ran
Zambal of Iba bu'-lan
Zambal--Aeta bu'-an
Aeta of Santa Fé bu'-an
Aeta of Subig bu'-yan
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ina-tal'-lung
English Star
Zambal of Bolinao bi-tu'-un
Zambal of Iba bi-tu'-un
Zambal--Aeta bi-tu'-in
Aeta of Santa Fé bi'-tu-in
Aeta of Subig bi'-tu-in
Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-tu-in
Dumagat, Bulacan Province bu'-ta-tul'-ya
English Cloud
Zambal of Bolinao re'-rem
Zambal of Iba a-la-pa'-ap
Zambal--Aeta da'-yim
Aeta of Santa Fé lo'-om
Aeta of Subig ta'-la
Aeta, Bataan Province u'-wip
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Rain
Zambal of Bolinao ra'-peg
Zambal of Iba a-ba-gat'
Zambal--Aeta u'-ran
Aeta of Santa Fé u'-ran
Aeta of Subig a-ba'-gat
Aeta, Bataan Province ulan*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Thunder
Zambal of Bolinao ko'-dor
Zambal of Iba
Zambal--Aeta cu'-rol
Aeta of Santa Fé ku'-rol
Aeta of Subig ki'-lot
Aeta, Bataan Province da-ug-dug'
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Lightning
Zambal of Bolinao ki'-mat
Zambal of Iba
Zambal--Aeta ki'-mat
Aeta of Santa Fé ki'-mat
Aeta of Subig ki'-mat
Aeta, Bataan Province ma-la'-wut
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Water
Zambal of Bolinao ra'-nom
Zambal of Iba la'-nom
Zambal--Aeta la'-nom
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-nom
Aeta of Subig la'-num
Aeta, Bataan Province la'-num, tubig*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province o'-rat
English Fire
Zambal of Bolinao a-po'-y
Zambal of Iba a-po'-y
Zambal--Aeta a-po'-y
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-po-y
Aeta of Subig a'-po-y
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-po-y*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-po-y
English White
Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ti
Zambal of Iba ma-pu'-ti
Zambal--Aeta ma-pu'-ti
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-pu'-ti
Aeta of Subig ma-pu'-ti
Aeta, Bataan Province maputi*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lup'-say
English Black
Zambal of Bolinao mañg-i'-sit
Zambal of Iba mañg-í'-tit
Zambal--Aeta mañg-i'-tit
Aeta of Santa Fé mang-i'-tit
Aeta of Subig ma'-o-lin
Aeta, Bataan Province maltim*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mal-a-ton'
English Red
Zambal of Bolinao ma-o-dit'
Zambal of Iba ma-ti-bi'-a
Zambal--Aeta ma-o-rit'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-o-rit'
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province mapula*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mat-la
English Yellow
Zambal of Bolinao ma-sil-ya'-o
Zambal of Iba ma-hol-ya'-o
Zambal--Aeta ma-hol-ya'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-hol-ya'-o
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province sa-la-kut'
English Cooked rice
Zambal of Bolinao ka'-nen
Zambal of Iba ka'-nen
Zambal--Aeta ka'-nin
Aeta of Santa Fé ka'-un
Aeta of Subig ka'-nen
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Uncooked rice
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-yas
Zambal of Iba bu'-yas
Zambal--Aeta bu'-ya
Aeta of Santa Fé bu'-ya
Aeta of Subig bu'-ya
Aeta, Bataan Province bigas*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-moy
English Day
Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro
Zambal of Iba au'-lo
Zambal--Aeta al'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé al'-lo
Aeta of Subig al'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province adio
English Night
Zambal of Bolinao ya'-bi
Zambal of Iba ya'-bi
Zambal--Aeta ya'-bi
Aeta of Santa Fé ya'-bi
Aeta of Subig ya'-bi
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province du'-mong
English Cold
Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yep'
Zambal of Iba ma-la-yep'
Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yip'
Aeta of Santa Fé mal-a-yep'
Aeta of Subig mal-a-yep'
Aeta, Bataan Province ma-lam'-ig, maginao*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mag'-id-non
English Hot
Zambal of Bolinao ma-mot'
Zambal of Iba ma-mot'
Zambal--Aeta ma-mot'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-o-mot'
Aeta of Subig ma-o-mot'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-nit'
English Large
Zambal of Bolinao a-la-ki'
Zambal of Iba ma-hi-ban'
Zambal--Aeta mal-hay'
Aeta of Santa Fé mal-hay'
Aeta of Subig mal-hay'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province hun'-ga
English Small
Zambal of Bolinao da-i-te'
Zambal of Iba ma-ca-lug'
Zambal--Aeta may-a'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fé may-a-mo'
Aeta of Subig may-a-mo'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sa-ninp'
English Good
Zambal of Bolinao ma-ong'
Zambal of Iba la'-bas
Zambal--Aeta ma'-ham-pat'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-ham'-pat
Aeta of Subig ma-ham'-pat
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sam'-pat
English Bad
Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yet'
Zambal of Iba ma-la-yet'
Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yit'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-la-yit'
Aeta of Subig ma-la-yit'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lot'
English Rich
Zambal of Bolinao may-a-man'
Zambal of Iba may-a-man'
Zambal--Aeta may-a-man'
Aeta of Santa Fé may-a-man'
Aeta of Subig may-a-man'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-man'
English Poor
Zambal of Bolinao ma-i-dap'
Zambal of Iba ma-i-rap'
Zambal--Aeta ma-i-rap'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-i-rap'
Aeta of Subig ma'-i-rap'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Sick
Zambal of Bolinao ma-sa-kit'
Zambal of Iba ma-sa-kit'
Zambal--Aeta ma-ha-kit'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-ha-kit'
Aeta of Subig ma-in-ha'-kit
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province teoram
English Dead
Zambal of Bolinao na'-ti
Zambal of Iba na'-ti
Zambal--Aeta na'-ti
Aeta of Santa Fé na'-ti
Aeta of Subig na'-ti
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province nalebon
English Here
Zambal of Bolinao i'-ti
Zambal of Iba i'-ti
Zambal--Aeta a-ka-lung'-un
Aeta of Santa Fé bi-er'-i
Aeta of Subig a-ri'-di
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province dian
English There
Zambal of Bolinao i'-sen
Zambal of Iba i'-sen
Zambal--Aeta ba'-hen
Aeta of Santa Fé bay'-hen
Aeta of Subig a-ri'-do
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province dedeyaya
English No
Zambal of Bolinao ka'-i
Zambal of Iba ka'-i
Zambal--Aeta a'-he
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-he
Aeta of Subig a'-he
Aeta, Bataan Province ayaw*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ayenok
English Yes
Zambal of Bolinao ó
Zambal of Iba ya
Zambal--Aeta a'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-o
Aeta of Subig a-o
Aeta, Bataan Province o-o'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province abu-kogid
English To sleep
Zambal of Bolinao ma'-rek
Zambal of Iba ma'-lek
Zambal--Aeta ma-to-lo'-i
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-to-lo'-i
Aeta of Subig ma-to-lo'-i
Aeta, Bataan Province matulog*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province napediak
English To jump
Zambal of Bolinao ru-mok'-zo
Zambal of Iba lu-mok'-zo
Zambal--Aeta mi-tok-tok-pa'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé mag-tok-pa'-o
Aeta of Subig lu-mo'-ko
Aeta, Bataan Province lemokso
Dumagat, Bulacan Province lumowat
English To run
Zambal of Bolinao mo-ray'-o
Zambal of Iba mo-lay'-o
Zambal--Aeta may'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé may'-o
Aeta of Subig may'-o
Aeta, Bataan Province takumbao*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province gumekan
English To fight
Zambal of Bolinao mi-a-wa'-y, raban
Zambal of Iba la'-ban
Zambal--Aeta mi-a-wa'-y
Aeta of Santa Fé mi-awa'-y
Aeta of Subig ina-ki'-a-wa'-y
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province sullo-sum-to-yan
English To eat
Zambal of Bolinao mañg'-an
Zambal of Iba mañg'-an
Zambal--Aeta mañg'-an
Aeta of Santa Fé mañg'-an
Aeta of Subig mañg-an
Aeta, Bataan Province caïn*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mumungan
English To drink
Zambal of Bolinao mi'-nom
Zambal of Iba mi'-nom
Zambal--Aeta mi'-nom
Aeta of Santa Fé mi'-nom
Aeta of Subig mi'-nom
Aeta, Bataan Province minum*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province neniomok
English Tree
Zambal of Bolinao ka'-yo
Zambal of Iba kay'-yo
Zambal--Aeta kay'-yo
Aeta of Santa Fé kay'-yo
Aeta of Subig kay'-yo
Aeta, Bataan Province ka-hoy* kayo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mountain
Zambal of Bolinao ba'-ker
Zambal of Iba ba'-kil
Zambal--Aeta ba'-kil
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-kil
Aeta of Subig ba'-kil
Aeta, Bataan Province bu'-kil
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English River
Zambal of Bolinao i'-log
Zambal of Iba i'-lug
Zambal--Aeta ka-bu-la-san'
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-la
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province sa'-num
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Stone
Zambal of Bolinao ba'-to
Zambal of Iba ba'-to
Zambal--Aeta ba'-to
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-to
Aeta of Subig ba'-to
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-to*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Grass
Zambal of Bolinao di'-kot
Zambal of Iba di'-kot
Zambal--Aeta di'-kot
Aeta of Santa Fé di'-kot
Aeta of Subig di'-kot
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Dog
Zambal of Bolinao a'-so
Zambal of Iba a'-so
Zambal--Aeta a'-ho
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-ho
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Rooster
Zambal of Bolinao ma-nuk'
Zambal of Iba ma-nook'
Zambal--Aeta ma-nook'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-nok'
Aeta of Subig ma-nook'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Hen
Zambal of Bolinao o'-pa
Zambal of Iba tu'-a
Zambal--Aeta tu'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English One
Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ya
Zambal of Iba a'-sa
Zambal--Aeta mi'-ha
Aeta of Santa Fé mi'-ha
Aeta of Subig mi'-ha
Aeta, Bataan Province isa
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin
English Two
Zambal of Bolinao ru'-a
Zambal of Iba lu'-a
Zambal--Aeta lu'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé lu'-a
Aeta of Subig lu'-a
Aeta, Bataan Province delawa*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province adua
English Three
Zambal of Bolinao ta'-ro
Zambal of Iba to'-lo
Zambal--Aeta tat'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé tat'-lo
Aeta of Subig tat'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province tatlo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province telewan
English Four
Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat
Zambal of Iba a'-pat
Zambal--Aeta a'-pat
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-pat
Aeta of Subig a'-pat
Aeta, Bataan Province apat*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Five
Zambal of Bolinao ri'-ma
Zambal of Iba li'-ma
Zambal--Aeta li'-ma
Aeta of Santa Fé li'-ma
Aeta of Subig li'-ma
Aeta, Bataan Province lima*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Six
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nem
Zambal of Iba a'-nem
Zambal--Aeta a'-nam
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nem
Aeta of Subig a'-nem
Aeta, Bataan Province anem*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Seven
Zambal of Bolinao pi'-to
Zambal of Iba pi'-to
Zambal--Aeta pi'-to
Aeta of Santa Fé pi'-to
Aeta of Subig pi'-to
Aeta, Bataan Province pito*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Eight
Zambal of Bolinao ca'-ro
Zambal of Iba ca'-lo
Zambal--Aeta ca'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé oa'-lo
Aeta of Subig oa'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province oalo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Nine
Zambal of Bolinao si'-am
Zambal of Iba si'-am
Zambal--Aeta si'-am
Aeta of Santa Fé si'-am
Aeta of Subig si-am
Aeta, Bataan Province siam*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Ten
Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba ma-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta ma'-po
Aeta of Santa Fé ma,-po
Aeta of Subig ham'-po
Aeta, Bataan Province sampo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mapolo
English Eleven
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-sa'-ya
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-sa
Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-mi'-ha
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-mi-ha
Aeta of Subig la'-bin-mi'-ha
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mopolo-a-isin
English Twelve
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ru'-a
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-lu'-a
Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-lu'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-lu'-a
Aeta of Subig la-bin-lu'-a
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-o-mopolo-adua
English Thirteen
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ta'-ro
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-to'-lo
Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta of Subig la-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Fourteen
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-a'-pat
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-pat
Zambal--Aeta lal-bin-a'-pat
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-a'-pat
Aeta of Subig la-bin-a'-pat
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Twenty
Zambal of Bolinao ru'-an-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta lu-am'-po
Aeta of Santa Fé lu-am'-po
Aeta of Subig lu-am'-pa
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province aduamapolo
English Twenty-one
Zambal of Bolinao rul-an-pu'-ro-sa'-ya
Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo-a'-sa
Zambal--Aeta lu-am-po-mi'-ha
Aeta of Santa Fé lu-am'-po-mi'-ha
Aeta of Subig lu-am'-po-mi'-ba
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Thirty
Zambal of Bolinao ta-ron-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba to'-lom-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta tat-lom-po'
Aeta of Santa Fé tat-lom'-po
Aeta of Subig tat-lom'-po
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Forty
Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat-a-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba a'-pat-a-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta of Subig a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English One hundred
Zambal of Bolinao san-ya'-sot
Zambal of Iba say-a-tos'
Zambal--Aeta mi'-hun-ga'-to
Aeta of Santa Fé mi-hun-ga'-to
Aeta of Subig ma-ga'-to
Aeta, Bataan Province sandaan*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isinadian
English I
Zambal of Bolinao si'-ko
Zambal of Iba si'-ko
Zambal--Aeta hi'-ko
Aeta of Santa Fé hi'-co
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-co*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English You
Zambal of Bolinao si'-ka
Zambal of Iba kay'-o
Zambal--Aeta kay'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé hi'-ca
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province icao
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English He
Zambal of Bolinao si-tao'
Zambal of Iba hi'-a
Zambal--Aeta
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English We
Zambal of Bolinao si-ka'-mi
Zambal of Iba hi-ta'-mo
Zambal--Aeta hi-ta'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English They
Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ra
Zambal of Iba hi'-la
Zambal--Aeta hi'-la
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Our
Zambal of Bolinao i'-ko-mi
Zambal of Iba i-kun'-ta-mo
Zambal--Aeta i-kun-ta'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English My
Zambal of Bolinao i-kon'-ko
Zambal of Iba i-kon'-ko
Zambal--Aeta i-kon'-ko
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Near
Zambal of Bolinao a'-dam
Zambal of Iba ma-ra'-mi
Zambal--Aeta ma-ra'-mi
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Far
Zambal of Bolinao a-day'-o
Zambal of Iba ma-day'-yo
Zambal--Aeta ma-ro'-yo
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
The words marked (*) were taken from Montano's vocabulary in his
Mission aux Philippines. The others were collected by C. J. Cooke,
MS. of The Ethnological Survey, and E. J. Simons, MS. of The
Ethnological Survey.
NOTES
[1] Les Pygmées, 1887.
[2] However, when one attempts to fathom the mysteries surrounding
the origin and migrations of the Negrito race he becomes hopelessly
involved in a labyrinth of conjecture. Did the Negritos come from
somewhere in Asia, some island like New Guinea, or is their original
home now sunk beneath the sea? In the present state of our knowledge
we can not hope to know. We find them in certain places to-day; we
may believe that they once lived in certain other places, because the
people now living there have characteristics peculiar to the little
black men. But the Negrito has left behind no archaeological remains
to guide the investigator, and he who attempts seriously to consider
this question is laying up for himself a store of perplexing problems.
It may be of interest to present here the leading facts in connection
with the distribution of the Negrito race and to summarize the views
set forth by various leading anthropologists who have given the
subject most study.
The deduction of the French scientists De Quatrefages and Hamy
have been based almost entirely on craniological and osteological
observations, and these authors argue a much wider distribution of
the Negritos than other writers hold. In fact, according to these
writers, traces of Negritos are found practically everywhere from
India to Japan and New Guinea.
De Quatrefages in Les Pygmées, 1887, divides what he calls the "Eastern
pygmies," as opposed to the African pygmies, into two divisions--the
Negrito-Papuans and the Negritos proper. The former, he says, have New
Guinea as a center of population and extend as far as Gilolo and the
Moluccas. They are distinguished from the true Papuans who inhabit
New Guinea and who are not classed by that writer as belonging to
the Negrito race.
On the other hand, Wallace and Earl, supported by Meyer, all of whom
have made some investigations in the region occupied by the Papuans,
affirm that there is but a single race and that its identity with
the Negritos is unmistakable. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898,
p. 77) says that he and Von Maclay in 1873 saw a number of Papuans
in Tidore. He had just come from the Philippines and Von Maclay
had then come from Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea. With these Papuans
before them they discussed the question of the unity of the races,
and Von Maclay could see no difference between these Papuans and those
of Astrolabe Bay, while Meyer declared that the similarities between
them and the Negritos of the Philippines was most striking. He says:
"That was my standpoint then regarding the question, neither can I
relinquish it at present."
Although they defended the unity of the Negritos and the Papuans they
recognized that the Papuans were diversified and presented a variety
of types, but Meyer regards this not as pointing to a crossing
of different elements but as revealing simply the variability of
the race. He continues (p. 80): "As the external _habitus_ of the
Negritos must be declared as almost identical with that of the Papuans,
differences in form of the skull, the size of the body, and such like
have the less weight in opposition to the great uniformity, as strong
contrasts do not even come into play here, and if the Negritos do not
show such great amount of variation in their physical characters as
the Papuans--which, however, is by no means sufficiently attested--it
is no wonder in the case Of a people which has been driven back and
deprived of the opportunity of developing itself freely."
Thus it remains for future investigations to establish beyond doubt
the identity of the Papuans.
De Quatrefages divides all other Eastern pygmies into two
divisions--insular and continental--and no authors find fault with this
classification. Only in fixing the distribution of the Negritos do
the authorities differ. The islands admitted by everybody to contain
Negritos to-day may be eliminated from the discussion. These are
the Philippines and the Andamans. In the latter the name "Mincopies"
has been given to the little blacks, though how this name originated
no one seems to know. It is certain that the people do not apply the
name to themselves. Extensive study of the Andamans has been made by
Flower and Man.
The Moluccas and lesser Sunda Islands just west of New Guinea were
stated by De Quatrefages in 1887 (Les Pygmées) to be inhabited by
Negritos, although three years previously, as recorded in Hommes
Fossiles, 1884, he had doubted their existence there. He gave no
authority, and assigned no reason in his later work for this change
of opinion. Meyer thinks this sufficient reason why one should not
take De Quatrefages too seriously, and states that proofs of the
existence of the Negritos in this locality are "so weak as not to
be worth discussing them in detail." From deductions based on the
examination of a single skull Hamy inferred that pure Negritos were
found on Timor, but the people of Timor were found by Meyer to be
mixed Papuans and Malays, resembling the latter on the coasts and
the former in the interior.
Likewise in Celebes, Borneo, and Java the French writers think
that traces of an ancient Negrito population may be found, while
Meyer holds that there is not sufficient evidence to warrant such an
assumption. In Sumatra he admits that there is an element not Malayan,
which on account of the nearness of Malacca may be _Negritic,_ but
that fact is so far by no means proved.
In regard to Formosa Meyer quotes Scheteleg (Trans. Ethn. Soc.,
n.s., 1869, vii): "I am convinced * * * that the Malay origin of
most of the inhabitants of Formosa is incontestable." But Hamy holds
that the two skulls which Scheteleg brought were Negrito skulls,
an assumption which Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 52)
disposes of as follows: "To conclude the occurrence of a race in a
country from certain characters in two skulls, when this race has
not been registered from that country, is, in the present embryonic
state of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding."
In like manner Hamy has found that a certain Japanese skull in the
Paris Museum resembles a Negrito skull, and he also finds traces of
Negritos in Japan in the small stature, crisp hair, and darker color
of the natives of the interior of the Island of Kiusiu. But Meyer
holds that the facts brought forward up to the present time are far
from being established, and objects to the acceptance of surmises
and explanations more or less subjective as conclusive.
There is no doubt of the occurrence of Negritos in the peninsula of
Malacca, where both pure and mixed people have been found. These
are reported under a variety of names, of which Semang and Sakaí
are perhaps the best known. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, p. 62,
footnote 2) says: "Stevens divides the Negritos of Malacca into two
principal tribes--the Belendas, who with the Tumiors branched off
from the Kenis tribe, and the Meniks, who consist of the Panggans
of Kelantan and Petani and the Semangs of the west coast. Only
the Panggans * * * and the Tumiors are pure Negritos. A name often
recurring for the Belendas is Sakeis (Malay: 'bondman,' 'servant'),
a designation given them in the first instance by the Malays but
which they often also apply to themselves when addressing strangers."
In their efforts to find Negrito traces in the Mao-tse, the aboriginal
peoples of the Chinese Empire, De Lacouperie and De Quatrefages
have, in the opinion of Meyer, even less to stand on than had Hamy
in the case of Japan. In like manner it remains to be proved whether
the Moií of Annam are related to Negritos, as the two French writers
have stated, but whose opinions have been vigorously opposed by Meyer
and others.
The question of the aboriginal inhabitants of India is one of even
greater importance and presents greater difficulties. If it can
be shown that this aboriginal population was Negrito, and if the
relations which researches, especially in philology, have indicated
between the peoples of India and those of Australia can be proved,
a range of possibilities of startling importance, affecting the race
question of Oceania in general and the origin and distribution of the
Negritos in particular, will be opened up. In regard to the Indian
question there is much diversity of opinion. De Quatrefages and Hamy,
as usual, regard the Negritos as established in India, but Topinard
and Virchow are opposed to this belief. Meyer holds that "this part
of the Negrito question is in no way ripe for decision, and how much
less the question as to a possible relationship of this hypothetical
primitive population with the Negroes of Africa." (Distribution of
Negritos, 1899, p. 70.)
In anthropology a statement may be regarded as proved for the time
being so long as no opposition to it exists. With the exception of
the Philippine and the Andaman Islands and the Malay Peninsula,
as we have seen, the presence of traces of Negritos is an open
question. The evidence at hand is incomplete and insufficient, and
we must therefore be content to let future investigators work out
these unsolved problems.
[3] English edition of Stanley, 1874, p. 106.
[4] Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 6, footnote.
[5] Zúñiga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Reprint by Retana,
vol. I, p. 422.
[6] By this is meant Fr. San Antonio's Chronicas de la Apostolica,
Provincia de San Gregorio, etc., 1738-1744.
[7] Relación de las Islas Filipinas, 1604; 2d ed., 1890, p. 38.
[8] Meyer, Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 4.
[9] See sketch map, Pl. I.
[10] Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Ed. Retana, 1893, I, p. 421.
[11] Ca-ing-in is a Malayan word for cultivated clearing.
[12] The province has recently been divided by act of the Philippine
Commission, the northern part above Santa Cruz being joined to
Pangasinan.
[13] Francisco Cañamaque, Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Madrid,
vol IX, 1880.
[14] Diccionario Geográfico, etc., de las Islas Filipinas, vol. II,
1850.
[15] Cañamaque.
[16] Zúñiga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, 1803.
[17] This was evidently the belief of some of the old
voyagers. Navarette, whose account of his travels in 1647 is published
in Churchill's Collection of Voyages, 1704, said that the people
called "Zambales" were great archers and had no other weapons than
the bow and arrow. Dr. John Frances Gemelli Careri, who made a voyage
around the world, 1693-1697, says in his report (Churchill's Voyages,
vol. IV): "This mixing [that is, of Negritos] with the Wild _Indians_
produced the Tribe of _Manghian_ who are Blacks dwelling in the Isles
of Mindoro and Mundos [probably Panay], and who peopled the Islands
_de los Negros,_ or of Blacks. Some of them have harsh frisled hair
like the _African_ and _Angola_ blacks. * * *
"The _Sambali,_ contrary to the others, tho' Wild have long Hair,
like the other Conquer'd _Indians._ The Wives, of these Savages
are deliver'd in the Woods, like She Goats, and immediately wash
themselves and the Infants in the Rivers, or other cold Water; which
would be immediate Death to _Europeans._ These Blacks when pursu'd
by the _Spaniards,_ with the sound of little Sticks, give notice to
the rest, that are dispers'd about the Woods, to save themselves by
Flight. Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, a short Spear, and a short
Weapon, or Knife at their Girdle. They Poison their Arrows, which are
sometimes headed with Iron, or a sharp Stone, and they bore the Point,
that it may break in their Enemies Body, and so be unfit to be shot
back. For their defense, they use a Wooden Buckler, four Spans long,
and two in breadth, which always hangs at their Arm.
"Tho' I had much discourse about it, with the Fathers of the Society,
and other Missioners, who converse with these Blacks, _Manghians,
Mandi_ and _Sambali,_ I could never learn any thing of their Religion;
but on the contrary, all unanimously agree they have none, but live
like Beasts, and the most that has been seen among the Blacks on the
Mountains, has been a round Stone, to which they pay'd a Veneration,
or a Trunk of a Tree, or Beasts, or other things they find about,
and this only out of fear. True it is, that by means of the Heathen
_Chineses_ who deal with them in the Mountains, some deformed Statues
have been found in their Huts. The other three beforemention'd Nations,
seem'd inclin'd to observing of Auguries and _Mahometan_ Superstitions,
by reason of their Commerce, with the _Malayes_ and _Ternates._ The
most reciev'd Opinion is, that these Blacks were the first Inhabitants
of the Islands; and that being Cowards, the Sea Coasts were easily
taken from them by People resorting from _Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar_
and other Places; and therefore they retir'd to the Mountains. In
short, in all the Islands where these Blacks, and other Savage Men are,
the _Spaniards_ Possess not much beyond the Sea Coasts; and not that
in all Parts, especially from _Maribeles,_ to Cape _Bolinao_ in the
Island of _Manila,_ where for 50 Leagues along the Shoar, there is
no Landing, for fear of the Blacks, who are most inveterate Enemies
to the _Europeans._ Thus all the in-land Parts being possess'd by
these Brutes, against whom no Army could prevail in the thick Woods,
the King of _Spain_ has scarce one in ten of the Inhabitants of the
Island, that owns him, as the _Spaniards_ often told me."
[18] Journal Anth. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15.
[19] Pygmies, p. 111.
[20] Montano, Mission aux Philippines, p. 316.
[21] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.
[22] Voyage aux Philippines, p. 71; Mission aux Philippines, p. 315.
[23] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.
[24] In the footnote on page 29 is given an extract from Careri's
Voyages, in which the following occurs: "True it is, that by means
of the heathen Chinese who deal with them in the mountains, some
deformed statues have been found in their huts."
End of Project Gutenberg's Negritos of Zambales, by William Allan Reed