Two specimens of a species belonging to the Scabræ section of _Trigonia_
are in the collection, but are not sufficiently well-preserved for
identification.
_Locality._—Awe.
MODIOLA, sp.
Examples of a small form of _Modiola_ occur at Awe.
PECTEN (NEITHEA) QUINQUECOSTATUS, Sowerby.
Three specimens with the shell preserved were found at Awe.
LIMA (MANTELLUM), sp.
An imperfect specimen from Awe resembles _Lima (Mantellum) gaultina_,
Woods.[200]
OSTREA PRÆLONGA, Sharpe.
Plate XIX., Figs. 5–8.
1850. _Ostræa prælonga_, D. Sharpe, _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, VI., p.
187, Pl. XX., Fig. 4.
1869. _Ostrea prælonga_, H. Coquand, _Mon. Ostrea. Terr. Crét._, p. 169,
Pl. LXVI., Figs. 1, 2.
1890. _Ostrea prælonga_, A. Peron, _Moll. Foss. Terr. Crét. Tunisie_, p.
110, Pl. XXIII., Figs. 1–6.
_Remarks._—About twenty more or less perfect specimens of an _Ostrea_,
agreeing closely with _O. prælonga_, Sharpe, were found. _O.
pentagruelis_, Coquand,[201] is considered by Peron to be only a very
old individual of _O. prælonga_.
This species occurs in the Bellasian of Portugal. In Algeria and Tunis
it is characteristic of beds which occur below the Cenomanian, and are
referred by Peron to the Upper Albian.
_Locality._—Gulani.
OSTREA (EXOGYRA) OLISIPONENSIS, Sharpe.
Plate XX., Figs. 1–3.
1850. _Exogyra olisiponensis_, D. Sharpe, _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._,
VI., p. 185, Pl. XIX., Figs. 1, 2.
1862. _Ostrea Overwegi_, H. Coquand, _Géol. pal. rég. sud. prov.
Constantine_, p. 226, Pl. XIX., Figs. 1–6.
1862. _Ostrea Coquandi_, Julien, in Coquand, _ibid._, p. 324, Pl.
XXXIII., Figs. 10–12.
1869. _Ostrea olisiponensis_, H. Coquand, _Mon. Ostrea. Terr. Crét._, p.
125, Pl. XLV., Figs. 1–7.
1869. _Ostrea Overwegi_, Coquand, _ibid._, p. 140, Pl. XLIV., Figs. 1–9;
Pl. XLVI., Figs. 14, 15.
1873. _Ostrea olisiponensis_, L. Lartet, _Ann. Sci. géol._, Vol. III.,
p. 59, Pl. XI., Fig. 1.
1882. _Exogyra olisiponensis_, G. Seguenza, _Atti d. R. Accad. dei
Lincei_, Ser. 3; _Mem. Scien. Fis. Math._, Vol. XII., p. 180, Pl. XVII.,
Fig. 2.
1882. _Exogyra oxyntas_, Seguenza, _ibid._, p. 178, Pl. XVIII., Fig. 1.
1888. _Ostrea olisiponensis_, P. Choffat, _Mém. Soc. Phys. et d’hist.
nat. de Genève_, XXX., 2, p. 95.
1891. _Ostrea olisiponensis_, A. Peron, _Moll. Foss. Terr. Crét.
Tunisie_, p. 114, Pl. XXIII., Figs. 14–18.
1902. _Ostrea (Exogyra) olisiponensis_, P. Choffat, _Faune Crét.
Portugal_, Vol. I., Ser. 4, p. 166, Pl. VI., Figs. 17–19.
1903. _Ostrea olisiponensis_, R. Fortau, _Bull. Instit. Égypt._, Ser. 4,
Vol. IV., p. 283, Figs. 3–5.
1905. _Ostrea (Exogyra) olisiponensis_, P. Choffat, _Géol. Col. Portug.
d’Afrique. II, Nouvelles données sur la zone littorale d’Angola_, p. 44,
Pl. I., Figs. 4, 5.
_Remarks._—This species is represented by numerous examples, in a few of
which the surfaces of the shell are well-preserved and show a few coarse
ribs. Sharpe and other writers have noted the great variability in the
ribbing of this species. The Nigerian specimens agree with the varieties
which possess only a few ribs. Peron, Choffat, and Fortau have discussed
fully the affinities and synonymy of _O. (Exogyra) olisiponensis_. This
species is common in Northern Africa and Portugal; it occurs in the
Cenomanian of Algeria, Tunis, Egypt, and Palestine; in Portugal it is
found in both the Upper and Lower Turonian, as well as in the
Cenomanian, wherever the deposits are of the marly facies. South of
Nigeria this species has been discovered in the province of Angola.
_Localities._—Deba Habe and Gongila.
GERVILLIA (PSEUDOPTERA), sp.
Plate XX., Figs. 4–6.
There are several internal casts resembling in form _G. (Pseudoptera)
anomala_ (Sowerby),[202] but there is no evidence to show whether radial
ribs were present on the shell or not, and the species cannot be
determined at present.
Specimens from the Cenomanian of the neighbourhood of Tebessa (Algeria)
have been identified with Sowerby’s species by Coquand,[203] and
Peron[204] states that it is abundant and well-preserved at that
locality.
_Locality._—Awe.
ASTARTE AWENSIS, sp. nov.
Plate XX., Fig. 7.
_Description._—Shell rather small, moderately convex, with the postero-
dorsal part somewhat compressed, outline subquadrate or subtriangular,
very inequilateral. Anterior margin slightly concave; ventral margin
convex; posterior margin short, truncated, forming an obtuse angle with
the long, slightly convex postero-dorsal margin. Umbones pointed, rather
prominent. Lunule large, ovate, smooth, with a sharp edge. Escutcheon
large, deep, with a sharp edge. Ornamentation consists of about fourteen
broad, prominent concentric ribs, which are marked by fine concentric
lines. Length, 8·25; height, 7 mm.
_Affinities._—In the character of its ornamentation _A. awensis_
resembles several small species of _Astarte_ found in the Cretaceous
rocks. It is more inequilateral, more elongate, and has the posterior
margin more distinctly truncated than in _A. subsimilis_, J. Böhm.[205]
In similar respects it differs from _A. griesbachi_, Woods,[206] from
Pondoland.
_Remarks._—Numerous casts of this species occur in ferruginous nodules.
_Locality._—Awe.
LUCINA, sp.
Plate XX., Figs. 8, 9.
_Description._—Shell nearly orbicular, convex, slightly inequivalve;
height and length nearly equal. Anterior and ventral margins rounded;
posterior margin truncated, forming an obtuse angle with the straight or
slightly convex postero-dorsal margin. Umbones rather prominent.
Ornamentation consists of regular, concentric lamellar ribs separated by
broad, flat interspaces which are marked by fine, concentric lines.
Length, 11 mm.; height, 11·5 mm.
_Affinities._—In general form, and in the character of its
ornamentation, this species resembles one of the varieties of _Lucina
fallax_, Forbes, described by Stoliczka[207] from the Utatúr Group, but
the umbones are more prominent, and the postero-dorsal angle is more
distinct. It also resembles _L. saharica_, Quaas,[208] and some forms of
_L. subnummismalis_, d’Orbigny.[209]
_Locality._—Kumberi.
CARDIUM, sp.
Plate XX., Fig. 10.
In the possession of numerous radial ribs and in the general form of the
shell, some internal casts resemble _Cardium cenomanense_,
d’Orbigny,[210] but the valves are less convex.
_Locality._—Awe.
CORBULA, sp.
Specimens of _Corbula_ resemble _C. elegans_, Sowerby,[211] in the
character of their ornamentation, but the posterior part of the shell is
more produced.
_Locality._—Awe.
GASTEROPODA.
PSEUDOMELANIA, sp.
Plate XXI., Fig. 1.
Several specimens of a small gasteropod resemble _Pseudomelania
Pallaryi_, Peron and Fortau,[212] from the Cenomanian of Egypt, but they
are of much smaller size, being from 8 to 13 mm. long. The surface of
the shell is smooth, except for slightly curved growth-lines, and, on
the base, spiral grooves.
_Locality._—Awe.
TURRITELLA, sp.
Plate XXI., Fig. 2.
A species of _Turritella_ resembles _T. Choffati_, Thomas and
Peron,[213] from the Turonian of Tunis. The anterior part of each whorl
is bent at an angle with the large flattened posterior part, and the
ornamentation consists of four strong spiral ribs, one of which occurs
at the angle, giving the appearance of a carina. On the later whorls the
ribs become granular or tubercular. The ribs are much coarser than in
_T. Choffati_.
_Locality._—Kumberi.
SEMIFUSUS AFRICANUS, sp. nov.
Plate XXI., Figs. 3–5.
_Description._—Shell subfusiform. Spire shorter than the last whorl,
consisting of about five whorls. Whorls carinate, the carina being more
or less distinctly nodular. Posterior part of the whorls flattened, much
larger than the anterior part in the spire. Anterior part of last whorl
convex. Ornamentation consists of narrow spiral ribs with flat
interspaces crossed by growth-lines; on the later whorls the ribs become
divided up into rows of elongated tubercles.
_Remarks._—This species, which is represented by several imperfect
specimens, shows some resemblance to _Lagena nodulosa_, Stoliczka,[214]
and _L. secans_, Stoliczka,[215] from the Ariyalúr Group, and also to
_Serrifusus dakotensis_ var. _vancouverensis_, Whiteaves,[216] but
possesses one carina only.
_Locality._—Awe.
CEPHALOPODA.
_Genus_—VASCOCERAS, P. Choffat.
(_Faune Crét. Portugal_, I., 1898, p. 51.)
VASCOCERAS NIGERIENSIS, sp. nov.
Plate XXI., Fig. 6; Plate XXII., Figs. 2, 3.
_Description._—Shell inflated, rounded, subglobose. Whorls thick,
largely embracing; umbilicus deep, rather more than a third of the
diameter of the shell, with nearly vertical walls, the umbilical margin
subcarinate, without tubercles. Flanks curving gradually from the
umbilical margin and not limited from the rounded periphery. Surface of
shell with growth-rings.
Sutures: Saddles large, broad, and low; external saddle unsymmetrically
divided and with small minor divisions; first lateral smaller than the
external saddle, more rounded, less divided, with the outer margin
sloping and the inner margin nearly perpendicular; second lateral saddle
broad, only slightly divided. External lobe deeper than the first
lateral lobe; the latter is small with one main division; second lateral
lobe smaller, with two points.
(1) (2)
Diameter 88 93 mm.
Thickness 58 54
Height of last whorl 37 34
Width of umbilicus 30 33
(1) Reme. (2) Kunini.
_Affinities._—This species resembles the thicker forms of _V. durandi_
(Peron and Thomas),[217] but the walls of the umbilicus are steeper, the
umbilical margin is without tubercles, and the external and first
lateral saddles are broader and not so high. In general form, and in the
absence of tubercles at the umbilical margin, _V. nigeriensis_ resembles
_V. amierensis_, Choffat,[218] but the whorls embrace to a larger
extent, and their sides are less flattened; there are also some
differences in the suture. In the form of the umbilicus, and in the
breadth of the saddles, this species resembles _V. harttiformis_,
Choffat,[219] but the shell is much less thick. Another similar form but
with a thicker shell, is _V. hartti_, Hyatt,[220] from Brazil.
_Localities._—Reme and Kunini.
VASCOCERAS GONGILENSIS, sp. nov.
Plate XXI., Fig. 7; Plate XXII., Fig. 1.
_Description._—Shell moderately inflated. Umbilicus less than a quarter
of the diameter of the shell, with vertical walls and subcarinate
margin. Flanks somewhat compressed. Periphery flattened. Inner whorls
with strong ribs on the flanks and prominent tubercles at the umbilical
margin and at the limit of the flanks and periphery; on the last whorl
the ribs and tubercles gradually become obsolete.
Sutures: External saddle broad, subquadrate, with small divisions; first
lateral saddle broad, rounded, divided unsymmetrically by a small lobe;
second lateral saddle subquadrate; one small auxiliary saddle on the
flanks. External lobe deep and larger than the first lateral lobe, which
has only small divisions; second lateral lobe small, its lower margin
with pointed divisions.
Diameter 108 mm.
Thickness 57 „
Height of last whorl 52 „
Width of umbilicus 24 „
_Affinities._—This species resembles _V. subconciliatum_, Choffat,[221]
from the Turonian of Portugal, but the ribs and tubercles become
obsolete at an earlier stage, the umbilicus is smaller, the divisions in
the external saddle are less deep, the first and second lateral saddles
are more rounded, and the first lateral lobe is narrower. _V.
gongilensis_ also resembles some forms of _V. cauvini_, Chudeau.[222]
_Locality._—Gongila.
_Genus_—MAMMITES, Laube and Bruder.
(_Palæontographica_, XXXIII., 1887, p. 229.)
_Sub-genus_—PSEUDASPIDOCERAS, Hyatt.
(“Pseudoceratites of the Cretaceous,” _U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon._, XLIV.,
1903, p. 106.)
MAMMITES (PSEUDASPIDOCERAS), sp.
Plate XXIII., Figs. 1, 2.
In the collection there is one specimen of _Mammites
(Pseudaspidoceras)_; it resembles the form figured by Choffat[223] under
the name _Acanthoceras_ (?), cf. _Footeanus_ (Stol.), from the Turonian
of Portugal, but differs in having a smaller umbilicus and less distinct
siphonal tubercles. The sutures are not shown in the specimen from
Nigeria.
The Portuguese form differs from _A. footeanus_, Stoliczka,[224] by the
absence of secondary ribs on the siphonal region of the inner whorls,
and by the forward inclination of the ribs between the lateral tubercles
and the siphonal tubercles.
Other allied species are _M. (Pseudaspidoceras) salmuriensis_
(Courtiller) var. _byzacenica_, Pervinquière,[225] from the Lower
Turonian of Tunis, and _M. (Pseudaspidoceras) Pedroanus_ (White),[226]
from Brazil.
_Locality._—Gongila.
_Genus_—HOPLITOIDES, A. von Kœnen.
(“Nachtrag Foss. Unter. Kreide Mungo in Kamerun,” _Abhandl. d. k.
Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl., N.F._ Band 1, 1898, p.
53. Emended F. Solger, _Foss. Mungokreide in Kamerun_, 1904, p. 127; L.
Pervinquière, _Études Pal. Tunis, I. Ceph._, 1907, p. 215.)
HOPLITOIDES NIGERIENSIS, sp. nov.
Plate XXIII., Fig. 3; Plate XXIV., Figs. 1–5. Text-figure 1.
_Description._—Shell discoidal, compressed, with truncated periphery.
Whorls largely embracing, with the flanks slightly or moderately convex,
the greatest convexity being at a short distance from the umbilical
margin. Umbilicus small, or very small, about one-seventh of the
diameter of the shell, its sides nearly perpendicular. Periphery usually
rather broad, bounded on each side by a prominent rounded carina; the
prominence of the siphuncle gives rise to a median rounded ridge between
which and the carinas the shell is concave.
In fully-grown individuals the shell is smooth, but in smaller examples
the flanks bear a few strong, rounded ribs, which curve slightly
forwards near the periphery; the larger ribs start from the umbilical
margin, and one or two smaller ribs may be intercalated on the flanks.
Where the ribs join the carina the latter may become more or less
distinctly tuberculate. Usually the ribs become obsolete when the shell
reaches a diameter of about 50 mm., but occasionally they persist on
larger individuals.
Sutures: External saddle broad, rather low, with a variable number of
small divisions. First and second lateral saddles similar to, but
distinctly smaller than the external saddle; each has usually some small
divisions, but in some cases these are absent, and the saddle is then
rounded. One or two auxiliary saddles may occur. External lobe deep,
sometimes nearly as wide as the space between the two carinæ. First
lateral lobe usually rather narrower and not so deep as the external
lobe, with more or less numerous small divisions. The second lateral
lobe is similar to, but smaller than the last.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Diameter 110 95 84 67 68 62 57 44 mm.
Thickness 47 42 34 28 28 27 28 20 „
Height of last whorl 61 49 45 37 38 38 34 25 „
Width of umbilicus 15 15 10 10 7 6·5 8 6 „
(1–8) From Gongila.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.—_Hoplitoides nigeriensis_, sp. nov. Gongila.
Sutures of six specimens. Natural size.]
_Affinities._—This species appears to belong to the bicarinate group of
_Hoplitoides_. In general form it resembles _H. munieri_,
Pervinquière,[227] from the Lower Turonian of Tunis, but the whorls, are
thicker, the flattened periphery is broader and shows a distinct
siphuncular ridge. The sutures are similar to those of _H. munieri_, but
are symmetrically placed, and the first lateral lobe is relatively
narrow. The ribbing of the smaller specimens is similar to that of
_Hoplites ingens_, v. Kœnen em. Solger.[228]
In general form, _H. nigeriensis_ is similar to _Heterotissotia
neoceratoides_, Peron,[229] from the Lower Senonian of Algeria and the
Upper Turonian of Tunis. Both possess a broad, flattened periphery with
a keel on each side and a prominent siphuncular ridge, but in _H.
neoceratoides_ the ribs are retained to a later stage. The figures given
of the suture of Peron’s species are not satisfactory, and I am indebted
to Dr. L. Pervinquière for comparing figures of the sutures of
_Hoplitoides nigeriensis_ with the type of _Heterotissotia
neoceratoides_ which is now in the Sorbonne. Dr. Pervinquière states
that the differences in the suture are too great to allow of these two
species being referred to the same genus.
_Remarks._—The sutures of _Hoplitoides nigeriensis_ vary considerably in
appearance on account of the difference in the number and size of the
small divisions of the saddles. A somewhat similar variation is seen in
the sutures of _H. ingens_, v. Kœnen, em. Solger, and _H. munieri_,
Solger. Variations also occur in the thickness of the whorls, the
breadth of the periphery, the size of the umbilicus, and the period at
which the ribs become obsolete. In one specimen, which is less thick
than the other, the siphuncular ridge is absent.
This species is represented by numerous specimens, all of which are
internal casts or have only a small portion of the shell preserved, and
in nearly all cases the sutures are clearly exposed.
_Locality._—Gongila.[230]
PLATE XIX
[Illustration: CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA.
T. A. Brock, del.
(The figures are of natural size unless the amount of enlargement is
stated).
FIGS. 1–3. _Trigonoarca_, sp. Awe. 1, right valve; 2, dorsal view of the
same; 3, hinge of left valve. (Page 276.)
„ 4. _Nuculana_, sp. Kumberi. Internal cast of left valve. × 1½. (Page
276.)
„ 5–8. _Ostrea prælonga_, Sharpe. Gulani. 5, right valve; 6, 8, right
valves with umbo of left valves; 7, left valve. (Page 277.)]
PLATE XX
[Illustration: CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA.
T. A. Brock, del.
FIGS. 1–3. _Ostrea (Exogyra) olisiponensis_, Sharpe. Deba Habe. Left
valves. (Page 277.)
„ 4–6. _Gervillia (Pseudoptera)_, sp. Awe. Internal casts. 4, 5, left
valves; 6, right valve. (Page 278).
„ 7. _Astarte awensis_, sp. nov. Awe. Right valve, drawn from a wax
impression of an external cast, × 1½. (Page 279.)
„ 8, 9. _Lucina_, sp. Kumberi. 8, right valve; 9, dorsal view of the
same, × 1½. (Page 279.)
„ 10. _Cardium_, sp. Awe. Internal cast of right valve. The marginal
part of the valve is imperfect. (Page 280.)]
PLATE XXI
[Illustration: CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA.
T. A. Brock, del.
FIGS. 1. _Pseudomelania_, sp. Awe. × 1½. (Page 280.)
„ 2. _Turritella_, sp. Kumberi. × 1½. (Page 281.)
„ 3–5. _Semifusus africanus_, sp. nov. Awe. 3, drawn from a wax
impression of an external cast; 4, portion of the ornamentation of 5, ×
6. (Page 281.)
„ 6. _Vascoceras nigeriensis_, sp. nov. Reme. (Page 281.)
„ 7. _Vascoceras gongilensis_, sp. nov. Gongila. Internal cast. (Page
282.)]
PLATE XXII
[Illustration: CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA.
T. A. Brock, del.
FIGS. 1._Vascoceras gongilensis_, sp. nov. Gongila. Siphonal view of
Fig. 7, Plate XXI. (Page 282).
„ 2, 3. _Vascoceras nigeriensis_, sp. nov. Kunini. Two views of the same
specimen. (Page 281.)]
PLATE XXIII
[Illustration: CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA.
T. A. Brock, del.
FIGS. 1, 2. _Mammites (Pseudaspidoceras)_, sp. Gongila. Two views of the
same specimen. (Page 283.)
„ 3. _Hoplitoides nigeriensis_, sp. nov. Gongila. (Page 284.)]
PLATE XXIV
[Illustration: CRETACEOUS MOLLUSCA.
T. A. Brock, del.
FIGS. 1–5. _Hoplitoides nigeriensis_, sp. nov. Gongila. 1, siphonal view
of Fig. 3, Plate XXIII; 4, siphonal view of Fig. 3. (Page 284.)]
[Footnote 196: The occurrence of Turonian fossils at this locality has
been recorded by G. C. Crick, _Geogr. Journ._, Vol. XXIV., 1904, p. 522,
footnote 1.]
[Footnote 197: Dames, _Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde, Berlin_, 1887,
pp. 69, 137.]
[Footnote 198: Guillemain and Harbort, “Profil der Kreideschicht. am
Mungo,” _Abhandl. d. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst. N.F._, Heft 62, 1909,
p. 405.]
[Footnote 199: Stoliczka, _Cret. Fauna S. India_, 1871, p. 353, Pl.
XVIII., Figs. 12, 14; Pl. XIX., Figs. 2, 3; Pl. XX., Figs. 2, 8, 9, 10.]
[Footnote 200: _Mon. Cret. Lamell. England_, Vol. II., 1904, p. 31, Pl.
V., Figs. 16–20.]
[Footnote 201: _Mon. Aptien de l’Espagne_, 1865, p. 166, Pl. XXVI.,
Figs. 1, 2.]
[Footnote 202: For figures see Woods, _Mon. Cret. Lamell. England_, Vol.
II., 1905, p. 64, Pl. IX., Figs. 2–4. Compare also d’Orbigny, _Pal.
Franç. Terr. Crét._, Vol. III., 1846, p. 478, Pl. CCCXCII., Figs. 1–3.
When describing this species I overlooked Guéranger’s statement that he
had seen specimens showing ligament pits; from the presence of those
pits it is evident that this species cannot belong to _Pteria_. It seems
probable that _Pseudoptera_ should be regarded as a sub-genus of
_Gervillia_. Guéranger, _Album Paléont. de la Sarthe_, 1867, pp. 17, 20,
Pl. XXII., Figs. 9, 10; Pl. XXV., Figs. 10, 11.]
[Footnote 203: _Géol. et Pal. de Constantine_, 1862, p. 292.]
[Footnote 204: Peron, _Moll. Foss. Terr. Crét. Tunisie_, 1890, p. 238.]
[Footnote 205: “Kreidebild. des Fürbergs u. Sulzbergs,”
_Palæontographica_, XXXVIII., 1891, p. 74, Pl. III., Fig. 8.]
[Footnote 206: _Ann. S. African Mus._, IV., 1906, p. 300, Pl. XXXV.,
Figs. 18, 19.]
[Footnote 207: _Palæont. Indica, Cret. Fauna S. India_, III., 1871, p.
256, Pl. XIV., Fig. 7.]
[Footnote 208: _Palæontographica_, XXX., 2, 1902, p. 214, Pl. XXIV.,
Fig. 7.]
[Footnote 209: _Ravn, Mollusk. Danmarks Kridtafl. I. Lamellibr._, 1902,
p. 129, Pl. IV., Fig. 21.]
[Footnote 210: _Pal. Franç. Terr. Crét._, III., 1844, p. 37, Pl. CCXLIX,
Figs. 5–9.]
[Footnote 211: Woods, _Mon. Cret. Lamell. England_, Vol. II., 1908, p.
216, Pl. XXXIV., Figs. 23–28.]
[Footnote 212: _Bull. Institut Égypt._, Ser. 4, Vol. VI., 1903, p. 270,
Pl. I., Fig. 22.]
[Footnote 213: _Moll. Foss. Crét. Tunisie_, 1889, p. 47, Pl. XIX., Figs.
13, 14.]
[Footnote 214: _Cret. Fauna S. India_, Vol. II., 1867, p. 137, Pl. XI.,
Fig. 18.]
[Footnote 215: _Ibid._, p. 138, Pl. XI., Figs. 19, 20.]
[Footnote 216: _Mesozoic Fossils_, Vol. I., 1879, p. 119, Pl. XV., Fig.
5. Compare also Woods, _Ann. S. African Mus._, Vol. IV., 1906, p. 324,
Pl. XL. Figs. 5, 6. Newton, _Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa_, Vol. I., 1909,
p. 28, Pl. IX., Fig. 6.]
[Footnote 217: _Moll. Foss. Crét. Tunisie_, 1889, p. 27, Pl. XVIII.,
Figs. 5–8. Peron, _Amm. Crét. supér. Algérie_, 1896–7, p. 44, Pl. IV.,
Fig. 1; Pl. V., Fig. 1; Pl. XVII., Fig. 5. Pervinquière, _Paléont.
Tunisienne, Ceph. secondaires_, 1907, p. 332, Pl. XXI., Fig. 1. _V.
Douvillei_, Choffat, _Faune crét. Portugal_, Vol. I., 1898, p. 59, Pl.
X., Fig. 6; Pl. XI., Figs. 2–5; Pl. XXI., Figs. 13–16.]
[Footnote 218: Choffat, _ibid._, p. 61, Pl. XII., Figs. 1, 2; Pl. XIII.,
Figs. 1, 2; Pl. XXI., Figs. 17–21.]
[Footnote 219: _Ibid._, p. 61, Pl. XII., Fig. 3; Pl. XIII., Figs. 3–6;
Pl. XXI., Figs. 22–24.]
[Footnote 220: “Contrib. Paleont. Brazil,” _Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro_, VII., 1887, p. 226, Pl. XIX., Figs. 1, 2; Pl. XX., Fig. 3.
Hyatt, “Pseudoceratites of the Cretaceous,” _U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon._,
XLIV., 1903, p. 103, Pl. XIV., Fig. 16.]
[Footnote 221: _Faune crét. Portugal_, Vol. I., 1898, p. 64, Pl. XV.,
Figs. 1–3; Pl. XVI., Fig. 4; Pl. XXII., Figs. 28–31.]
[Footnote 222: “Ammonites du Damergou (Sahara meridional),” _Bull. Soc.
géol. de France_ (4), IX., 1909, p. 68, Pls. I., II., III.]
[Footnote 223: _Faune crét. Portugal_, Vol. I., 1898, p. 66, Pl. XVI.,
Figs. 9, 10; Pl. XXII., Figs. 3, 4.]
[Footnote 224: _Palæont. Indica, Ceph. Cret. S. India_, 1864, p. 101,
Pl. LII., Figs. 1, 2. Kossmat, “Südindische Kreideformat,” _Beitr. Pal.
Geol. Osterr-ungarns u. d. Orients_, XI., 1897, p. 20. Petrascheck,
“Amm. sächsich. Kreideformat., _ibid._, XIV., 1902, p. 144. Pl. IX.,
Fig. 1.]
[Footnote 225: _Études Paléont. Tunisienne, I. Ceph. Second._, 1907, p.
315, Pl. XIX., Fig. 1.]
[Footnote 226: “Contrib. Paleont. Brazil,” _Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro_, VII., 1887, p. 212, Pl. XXII., Figs. 1, 2.]
[Footnote 227: _Études Pal. Tunis, I, Ceph._, 1907, p. 217, Fig. 83, Pl.
X., Figs. 1, 2.]
[Footnote 228: Solger, _Foss. Mungokreide in Kamerun_, 1904, p. 137, Pl.
V., Figs. 8, 9.]
[Footnote 229: _Amm. Crét. supér. de l’Algérie_, 1897, p. 82, Pl. XVI.,
Figs. 9, 10; Pl. XVIII., Fig. 20. Pervinquière, _Études Pal. Tunis, I.,
Ceph._, 1907, p. 379, Pl. XXIII., Fig. 7.]
[Footnote 230: Specimens of _Hoplitoides_ have also been found at Reme,
but are not sufficiently well-preserved for specific identification. An
imperfect Ammonite from Kumberi resembles in the form of its shell and
in the general character of the sutures _Coilopoceras lesseli_, Brüggen,
_Neues Jahrb. für Min._, etc., Beil.-Band XXX., 1910, p. 734, Plate
XXIX.]
INDEX
INDEX OF AUTHORS
Alexander, Boyd, 2, 13, 31, 45, 55
Allen and Thomson, 2
Ammon, A. von, 122
Andrews and Bailey, 199
Baikie, W. B., 2, 214
Bailey, _see_ Andrews
Barratt, J., 122
Barth, H., 2, 52, 58, 89, 106, 181, 186, 193
Bather, F. A., 165
Böhm, J., 279
Bornhardt, W., 18, 245
Brüggen, 286
Campbell, J. M., 209, 211
Chamberlain and Salisbury, 196
Chautard, J., 122, 205, 207, 253, 263
Chevalier, A., 122, 233
Choffat, P., 282
Chudeau, R., 109, 120, 122, 135, 140, 141, 144, 162, 165, 169, 170,
191–5, 199, 219, 220, 233, 244, 250, 251, 258–60, 262, 263, 283; _see
also_ Gautier
Clapperton, _see_ Denham
Coquand, H., 277, 279
Corstorphine, _see_ Hatch
Courtet, H., 106, 122, 193, 216
Crick, G. C., 273
Crowther, S. A., 2
Dames, 273
Denham and Clapperton, 2, 90
D’Orbigny, 278, 280
Downes, W. D., 104, 258
Dunstan, W. R., 92, 96, 265
Du Toit, _see_ Rogers
Edlinger, W., 186, 233
Esch, E., 122, 163, 191, 226, 250, 263
Evans, J. W., 269
Falconer, J. D., 257–8, 263, 273
Flamand, G. B. M., 121
Flett, J. S., 131
Forteau, _see_ Peron
Foureau, F., 135, 206
Foureau and Gentil, 135
Freydenberg, H., 135, 206, 215, 218, 220; _see also_ Gentil
Garde, G., 135, 140, 141, 216, 219, 258
Gautier, E. F., 226, 233
Gentil, L., 121, 135, 140, 258
Gentil and Freydenberg, 106, 134, 135, 140, 258
Guéranger, 279
Guillemain and Harbort, 275
Gurich, G., 174, 236
Harker, A., 264
Harbort, _see_ Guillemain
Harrison, J. B., 246
Hatch, F. H., 206
Hatch and Corstorphine, 206
Haug, E., 121
Holland, Sir T. H., 207
Horwood and Wade, 122, 143
Hubert, H., 69, 109, 121, 135, 140, 168, 170, 191, 196, 202, 204, 207,
226, 249
Hyatt, 282
Knox, A., 122
Kossmat, 284
Lacoin, L., 206, 258
Lacroix, A., 135, 138, 263
Laird and Oldfield, 2, 6
Lander, R. and J., 2
Lapparent, A. de, 162, 165, 194, 207, 229
Lenfant, Capt., 2, 8
Lenz, O., 122, 197
Longbottom, A., 13–16, 20, 22, 33–5, 87, 96, 98, 103–6, 147–51, 153,
154–7, 184–91, 227–8, 261–2, 273
Lugard, Sir F. D., 2
Maclaren, J. M., 209
Maufe, H. B., 208, 211
Mennell, F. P., 204, 209, 211
Merrill, G. P., 246
Newton, R. B., 165, 281
Oldfield, _see_ Laird
Park, Mungo, 2
Parkinson, J., 81, 112, 119, 122, 163, 191, 226, 250
Passarge, S., 2, 122, 140, 186, 191, 198, 204, 207, 224, 233, 237,
241, 245, 247, 248, 258, 259, 263
Peron, A., 279, 282, 286
Peron and Fortau, 280
Peron and Thomas, 281, 282
Pervinquière, L., 282, 284–6
Petrascheck, 284
Prior, G. T., 264
Quaas, 280
Rogers and Du Toit, 206
Rohlfs, G., 200
Salisbury, _see_ Chamberlain
Solger, F., 285
Stoliczka, 276, 280, 281, 284
Suess, E., 140, 165, 233, 247, 248, 252
Thomas, _see_ Peron
Thomson, _see_ Allen
Vandeleur, S., 7
Van Hise, C. R., 118
Vogel, H., 2
Voit, F. W., 123
Wade, _see_ Horwood
Wallace, Sir W., 2, 268
Walther, J., 199, 207
Whiteaves, 281
Whitlock, G. F. A., 32
Woods, H., 166, 273, 277–81
Woodward, A. S., 273
GENERAL INDEX
Abuja: the Rock, 27
granites and gneisses of, 99
Alpine movements in Sudan, 251
Ansongo, flints of, 170
Arofu: Cretaceous rocks of, 148
saltings of, 149, 266
silicified limestone of, 149
galena veins of, 149
Augite-syenite, 135
Awe: brine springs of, 148, 266
Cretaceous rocks of, 146
volcanic hills of, 31, 260, 262
Axes of elevation: 234
Bagele hills: 14, 34, 186
Barbur basalt plateau, 146, 257
Baro, 4, 173
Basalts, 139
of Sahara, 140
of Tertiary age, 253
nepheline basalts, 255
plateau basalts, 51, 100, 257
Bassa: scenery of, 25–6
crystalline rocks of, 82
Bauchi plateau, 3, 38–43
summit of, 40
limits of, 41
scenery of, 42
volcanic hills of, 42
drift deposits of, 43, 203
former continuity with plains of Hausaland, 203
elevation of, 237
not a horst formation, 237
Bauchi province, scenery of, 50
eastern plains of, 44
crystalline rocks of, 101
intrusive rocks of, 102, 133
Benue, watersheds of, 3
tributaries of, 10
scenery of, 11
volcanic tract of, 12
plain of, 13
sandbanks of, 15
drift of Benue valley, 223
antecedent character of the upper and middle Benue valley, 231, 243
Bida, 24
Bima, hills, 50
sandstones, 161
Borgu, scenery of, 20
crystalline rocks of, 69
drift of, 196
Bornu province, scenery of, 50–56
sandstones of, 50, 179
volcanic plateau of, 51
northern plains of, 52–3
crystalline rocks of, 106
drift of, 215
area of predominant depression, 218
dry water-courses of, 220
Bussa, 8, 9, 19, 71
Calc silicate rocks, 114
Carboniferous rocks of Sahara, 144
Cassiterite, _see_ Tinstone
Chad, lake, 2, 52
crystalline rocks near, 107
stratigraphy of rocks around, 192–3
ferruginous clay on shores of, 206
alluvial deposits of, 215
shelly marls of, 216, 218
former greater extent of, 217
not continuous with Eocene seas, 217
excavation of present floor of, 219
climatic changes in Chad area, 219, 240
depression of Chad area, 216, 217, 240
Clays,
of Giro, 168
of Kurukuru, 168
of Pali, 177
of Kirifi, 178
of Deu, 178
of Gombe, 178
Climate, changes of, in Sudan, 210
in Hausaland, 214
in Chad area, 219
favourable to formation of surface ironstones, 210
Cretaceous rocks, distribution of, 144
relation to crystallines, 146
of Muri province, 147
of Yola province, 154
of Bauchi and Bornu, 157
folding of, 147, 154, 158
classification of, 161
of French Sudan, 162
of Southern Nigeria, 163
of Kameruns, 163
palæontology of, 273 _et seq._
Crustal movements, _see_ Movements
Dala, _see_ Mt. Dala
Dallols, 61, 242, 250, 251
Desert periods in Nigeria, 214, 217
recent arid period, 210, 214, 219, 240
Devonian rocks of Sahara, 144
Diabase, 139
Diorites, of Bauchi, 136
of Kano, 136
of Kontagora, 136
diorite porphyrites, 138
Drainage system, recent rearrangement of, 198, 213, 233, 240
Drift, 195
of Hausaland and Borgu, 196, 199
ferruginous crust of, 199
origin of, 201
of Bauchi plateau, 203
of Bornu, 215
of Katagum, 221
of Gongola valley, 222
of Benue valley, 223–4
of Sahara, 226
Duguri, canyon valleys of, 48
sandstones of, 175
Dunes, ancient, 53, 58, 214
Eocene rocks of Northern Nigeria, 164
unconformable upon Cretaceous, 164, 175
of Sokoto province, 165
of the Niger valley, 169
conditions of accumulation of, 171
of Kontagora, 172
of Lokoja, 174
of Nupe, 173
of Bassa, 174
of Nassarawa, 174
of Kabba, 173, 175
of Duguri, Gombe and Kerri Kerri, 175
age of, 181
unconformity upon Cretaceous, 182–3
of Yola, 184
of Muri, 189
of Upper Niger, 191
of Kameruns, 191
Eocene rocks of Southern Nigeria, 191
basins of sedimentation, 228
probable extension over Central Africa, 193, 229
Faulting, of Cretaceous rocks, 145, 147, 154, 157, 158
of margin of Bauchi plateau, 237
on Upper Benue, 190
Ferruginous crust of drift deposits, _see_ Surface ironstones
Firki of Bornu, 52, 215
Galena, of Arofu, 149, 270
of Kudu valley, 154, 270
Gateri Hills, 46, 48, 153
grits of, 153
Gneisses, softer and harder, 69, 108
replacement of softer by harder in Niger valley, 74, 120
in Kabba and Ilorin, 80, 84
near Abuja, 99
in Bauchi, 102
relations of harder and softer, 119
of Sahara, 121
of West Africa, 122
of Transvaal, 123
meridional strike of, 109
of sedimentary origin, 110
metamorphism of, 111
Gold, in Northern Zaria, 96, 269
in Southern Muri, 269
in Bauchi, 269
Gombe, grits and clays of, 175, 178
Gongola, plain of, 14, 33, 47
valley of, 46, 50
drift of, 222
antecedent character of middle Gongola valley, 231, 244
Granites, 123
petrography of older, 123
of younger, 129
soda granites, 102, 130, 135, 140
age of younger, 140
periods of intrusion of, 142
Granulites, 116
Hausaland, provinces of, 3
scenery of, 21, 35
plains of, 21, 36, 198
drift of, 196 _et seq._
surface ironstones of, 199
origin of present aspect of, 198, 246
periods of elevation and depression of, 213
Ibi, 12
Ilo, 4
Ilorin, orographical structure of, 16
great plain of, 19
crystalline rocks of, 75
Inselberge of Kabba, 17
of Borgu, 20
of Kontagora, 22
of Nassarawa, 27
of Muri, 31
of Yola, 35
of Zaria, 36
of Bauchi, 44
of Kano, 56
of Sokoto, 60
origin of, 201, 246
Inselberg landscape, 18, 245
Intrusive rocks of Bauchi province, 102
petrography of, 123
older granites, 123
younger granites, 129
pegmatites, 129
syenites and diorites, 135
porphyries, 137
basalts, 137
Iron sands, 268
Ironstones, crystalline, 78, 81, 110, 114, 269
Cretaceous, 154, 160
Eocene, 164, 269
of Sokoto, 166
of Kontagora, 172
of Baro (Mt. Gidda), 173
of Lokoja (Mt. Patti), 174, 269
of Kantana, 177
of Panguru, 178
of Tagum hills, 179
of Kerri Kerri, 180
_See also_ Surface ironstones
Jakpara hills, 18
Jakura and Wa, limestone of, 66, 78, 110, 113
Jebba, 7 _et seq._
gorge of the Niger above, 7
Ju Ju Rock of, 8, 70
quartzites of, 70
Kabba, orographical structure of, 16
central tableland of, 16
scenery of, 17, 37
crystalline rocks of, 77 _et seq._
Kaduna, scenery of, 24, 36
tributaries of, 36
gorge at Zungeru, 35–6
in axial trough, 234
Kano, province of, 56–8
Mts. Dala and Kogon Dutsi, 58, 90, 136, 201, 247
crystalline rocks of, 89
drift of, 196
Karakai quartzites, 60, 88
Kara river, 92
Katagum, 57
drift of, 221
Kato phyllites, 95
Katsina, scenery around, 59
granites of, 89
granite surface rock, 89
sandstones of, 89
Kazaure, blue quartzite of, 58, 89–90
Kerko hills, granite massifs of, 37
Kerri Kerri, plateau of, 54
trench-like valleys of, 56
rocks of, 179
ironstones of, 181
Kilba hills, 35, 105
Kogon Dutsi, _see_ Mt. Dala
Kontagora, 21
scenery of, 22
crystalline rocks of, 91, 92
sandstones of, 170
Kurefi, 89
Kwaba hill, 33
Lake Chad, _see_ Chad
Limestone, crystalline, between Jakura and Wa, 66, 78, 110
at Igbo, 82
origin of, 110
petrography of, 113
Turonian, of Muri province, 144, 147
of Awe, 147
of Kumberi, 150
of Arofu, 149
of Yola, 155
of Gongola valley, 159
of Gongila, 169
of Reme, 160
of Sudan, 162
palæontology of, 273 _et seq._
Eocene, of Sokoto, 165
nummulitic, 167
Lokoja, 2, 6, 82, 174
crystalline rocks of, 82
sandstones and ironstones of, 174
Loko, 11
Mada hills, peaks of, 30
Magnetite schists, 78, 81, 110, 114
Manga, 238
Maradu, volcanic agglomerates of, 60, 88, 254
Mahorro, ironstones of, 22, 172, 269
Maibirro, quartzite hills of, 21, 73
Malenda river, granites and quartzites of, 21
Metamorphism, absence of contact metamorphism in Kabba, 83
variation in alternate belts, 111
of granites, 123
Mineral resources of Northern Nigeria, 265
Miocene rocks of Sudan, 194
Monazite, 270
Morrua, plains of, 29
Mts. Dala and Kogon Dutsi, 58, 90, 91, 201, 205, 212, 225, 247
Mt. Patti, 6, 11, 174, 269
Mt. Purdy, 6
Movements, crustal, post-Cretaceous, 164, 227
Tertiary, 212, 227 _et seq._
alternate periods of elevation and depression, 213, 230
flexuring of crust, 234, 241
elevation of Bauchi plateau, 237
Alpine movements in Nigeria, 252
Mumuye-Manna plateau, 32, 104
Murchison hills, 2, 12, 31, 103, 231
Muri, great plain of, 12, 30
sandstones, 153
crystalline rocks of, 30, 103
Cretaceous rocks of, 145, 147
volcanic hills of, 31, 262
Muri sandstones, 153
Nassarawa, province of, 26
scenery of, 27–30
central plain of, 28
northern tableland of, 29, 39
crystalline rocks of, 100
Nepheline basalt, 255
syenite, 259
Nigeria, Northern, area of, 1
boundaries of, 1
provinces of, 2
headquarters of, 2
physical features of, 2
hydrographical systems of, 3
hydrographical centre of, 3, 40
recent origin of river system of, 240–243
crystalline rocks of, 63
Cretaceous rocks of, 144
Eocene rocks of, 164
superficial accumulations of, 194
mineral resources of, 265
Niger, the, 4 _et seq._
watersheds of, 3, 4, 19, 36
tributaries of, 5
gorge above Lokoja, 7
sandstone plateaux of, 7
gorge between Jebba and Yelwa, 8
rapids of, 9
establishment of present course of, 241
relation of scenery to character of rocks, 242
recent origin of Niger valley, 243
Ningi hills, 44
Ningi massif, 102
Nodules, phosphatic, in Turonian limestones, 156
in Eocene limestones, 166
Nupe, scenery of, 23
crystalline rocks of, 98
Odouape, granite and gneisses, 80
Olle, 114
Okoro, 77
Okuruku granite, 126
quartz magnetite rock of, 81, 115
Okwa river, 28
Orissa hills, 19, 76
Petrography, of gneisses and schists, 108
of intrusive rocks, 119
of early Tertiary lavas, 254
of later Tertiary lavas, 262
petrographical provinces, 263
Phonolites of Northern Nigeria, 256
Phyllites, of Bussa, 71
of Ngashki, 73
of Sokoto, 86–8
of Zungeru belt, 93–5
petrography of, 112
Porphyries, 137
Porphyrites, 138–9
Quartzites, of Jebba, 70
of Maibirro, 73
of Lukke, 78
of Kazaure, 89
of Zungeru, 93
petrography of, 113
River system of Northern Nigeria recent origin of, 233, 241
Salt, 265
in western Muri, 148
in eastern Muri, 151
between Putu and Tangalto, 158
vegetable salt of Bornu 267
Shappa hills, 19, 76
Shebshi hills, 30, 32
Silurian rocks of Sahara, 121
Sokoto, province of, 60
dallols of, 61, 242, 250
crystalline rocks of, 86
Eocene rocks of, 165
Superficial accumulations of Nigeria, 194
of West Africa, 226
Surface ironstones of Borgu, 20, 199
of Bauchi and Zaria, 199
platforms of, 200
occurring upon drifted alluvium, 205
mode of formation, 205–211
period of formation, 211
absence in Bornu, Katagum and Gongola valley, 215
vesicular character of, 199
lustrous surface of, 199
irregular distribution of, 209
Syenites of Bauchi, 135
Syenite porphyries, 138
Tabachi, 73
Tagum hills, 52, 179
Tangale hills, 47, 48
Peak, 49
Tinstone, in eastern Ilorin, 77, 131
in eastern Zaria, 98
in Bauchi, 103
in pegmatites, 131
in alkaline granites, 134
in plateau drift, 203
economic development of, 270
Tongolan, 176
Tourmaline, in quartzites, 70
in quartz veins, 72, 73
in pegmatites, 76, 82, 99
in granites, 85, 99, 130
in slaty schists, 88
associated with younger granites, 129
schorl rocks, 131
Trachytes of Bussa, 72, 115
Traverses, typical, 64
Ture Peak, 49
Upper Benue sandstones, 155, 184
relation to crystalline rocks, 184
unconformable upon Cretaceous, 188
cross-bedding in, 187
mode of formation, 187, 190
Valleys, canyon, of Bauchi, 46, 244
flat-bottomed valleys of Sokoto, 61, 242
shallow valleys of Borgu, 20
of Hausaland, 22, 57
canyon, of Kontagora, 23, 242
canyon of Duguri, 48, 244
trench-like, of Kerri Kerri, 56
interlacing valleys of Kerri Kerri, 56, 245
Vere hills, 14, 34, 105, 247
Volcanic hills of Muri, 12, 31, 260
of Yola, 13, 35, 260
Barbur volcanic plateau, 51, 257
volcanic agglomerate of Maradu, 60, 88, 254
Morrua volcanic plateau, 100, 203
absence of pre-Tertiary volcanic rocks, 253
character of Tertiary volcanic eruptions, 254
early Tertiary volcanic period, 254
later Tertiary volcanic period, 259
Wase river, 39, 45
Wase rock, 31
phonolite of, 256
Watersheds, primary, 3, 36, 40
character of, 36, 40, 241
Weathering: absence of weathered crust upon rocks of Sudan, 195
dry weathering not a potent factor in denudation, 199
former sheet of weathered rock in Nigeria, 201
Wuru, Great Rapid of, 8, 9
Wurkum hills, 30
Yo river, 4, 234
Yola, eastern, 230
scenery of, 32–5
southern plateau of, 32, 104, 227
volcanic hills of, 13, 35, 260
crystalline rocks of, 103
Cretaceous rocks of, 154
Eocene rocks of, 184
Zaria, province of, 35
scenery of, 37
hills of, 36
crystalline rocks of, 93–98
plains of, 38
vesicular ironstone of, 200
drift of, 197
Zungeru, 2, 35
quartzites and schists of, 93
* * * * *
ERRATUM.
p. 203, line 13, for “larvas” _read_ “lavas.”
RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY,
SUFFOLK.
[Illustration: TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL MAP OF NORTHERN NIGERIA
Compiled by Dr. J. D. FALCONER.
London. Macmillan & Co., Ltd.]
Transcriber's note:
The change in the ERRATUM has been made.
Page 6, Changed: "down on either si de, a n from" to: "side, and"
Page 45, One ref. to footnote missing. Ref. "2" treated as ref. to
ftn. 13, and a ref. to ftn. 14 placed after "the plains of Yergum."
Page 49, Changed: "those which form the the western boundary" to:
"form the western"
Page 115, Changed: "may be recognised all the familar stages" to:
"familiar"
Page 122, Changed: "comparision which M. Chudeau" to: "comparison"
Page 123, Changed: "the epidorites, amphibolites, and granulites" to:
"epidiorites"
Page 151, Changed: "Gateri but the the associated rocks" to: "but the
associated"
Page 154, Changed: "corrugation ofthea whole series of gently" to: "of
the whole"
Page 154, Changed: "limestones of the Kudu vlley" to: "valley"
Page 167, Changed: "limestones, however, no here form thick" to:
"nowhere"
Page 207, footnote 121, Changed: "De Lapparent, _Traité des Geologie_"
to: "_Traité de Géologie_"
Page 232, Changed: "that lacustrune conditions prevailed" to:
"lacustrine"
Page 233, footnote 150, Changed: "Passarge, _Adamana_, 1895, p. 385."
to: "_Adamaua_"
Page 290, Changed: "Stroliczka" to: "Stoliczka"
Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.