[1] These "placards" were the work of the extreme Protestants. Pasted
up in the principal streets of Paris on the night of the 17th of
October 1534, they vilified the Mass and its celebrants, and thus led
to a renewal of the religious persecution.
[2] The _blason_ was defined by Thomas Sibilet as a perpetual praise
or continuous vituperation of its subject. The _blasons_ of Marot's
followers were printed in 1543 with the title of _Blasons anatomiques
du corps féminin_.
MAROT, DANIEL (seventeenth century), French architect, furniture
designer and engraver, and pupil of Jean le Pautre (q.v.), was the son
of Jean Marot (1620-1679), who was also an architect and engraver. He
was a Huguenot, and was compelled by the Revocation of the Edict of
Nantes in 1685 to settle in Holland. His earlier work is characteristic
of the second period of Louis XIV., but eventually it became tinged with
Dutch influence, and in the end the English style which is loosely
called "Queen Anne" owed much to his manner. In Holland he was taken
almost immediately into the service of the Stadtholder, who, when he
shortly afterwards became William III. of England, appointed him one of
his architects and master of the works. Comparatively little is known of
his architectural achievements, and his name cannot be attached to any
English building, although we know from his own engraving that he
designed the great hall of audience for the States-General at the Hague.
He also decorated many Dutch country-houses. In England his activities
appear to have been concentrated upon the adornment of Hampton Court
Palace. Among his plans for gardens is one inscribed: "Parterre
d'Amton-court inventé par D. Marot." Much of the furniture--especially
the mirrors, guéridons and beds--at Hampton Court bears unmistakable
traces of his authorship; the tall and monumental beds, with their
plumes of ostrich feathers, their elaborate valances and _chantournes_
in crimson velvet or other rich stuffs agree very closely with his
published designs. As befits an artist of the time of Louis XIV.
splendour and elaboration are the outstanding characteristics of Marot's
style, and he appears even to have been responsible for some of the
curious and rather barbaric silver furniture which was introduced into
England from France in the latter part of the 17th century. At Windsor
Castle there is a silver table, attributed to him, supported by caryatid
legs and gadrooned feet, with a foot-rail supporting the pine-apple
which is so familiar a motive in work of this type. The slab is engraved
with the arms of William III. and with the British national emblems with
crowns and cherubs. Unquestionably it is an exceedingly fine example of
its type. During his life in France Marot made many designs for André
Charles Boulle (q.v.), more especially for long case and bracket clocks.
The bracket clocks were intended to be mounted in chased and gilded
bronze, and with their garlands and masquerons and elegant dials are far
superior artistically to those of the "grandfather" variety. It is
impossible to examine the designs for Marot's long clocks without
suspecting that Chippendale derived from them some at least of the
inspiration which made him a master of that kind of furniture. Marot's
range was extraordinarily wide. He designed practically every detail in
the internal ornamentation of the house--carved chimney-pieces,
ceilings, panels for walls, girandoles and wall brackets, and even tea
urns and cream jugs--he was indeed a prolific designer of gold and
silver plate. Many of his interiors are very rich and harmonious
although commonly over-elaborated. The craze for collecting china which
was at its height in his time is illustrated in his lavish designs for
receptacles for porcelain--in one of his plates there are more than 300
pieces of china on the chimney-piece alone. Marot was still living in
1718, and the date of his death is unknown.
We owe much of our knowledge of his work to the volume of his designs
published at Amsterdam in 1712: _Oeuvres du Sieur D. Marot, architecte
de Guillaume III. Roi de la Grande Bretagne_, and to _Receuil des
planches des sieurs Marot, père et fils_. In addition to decorative
work these books contain prints of scenes in Dutch history, and
engravings of the statues and vases, produced by Marot, at the Palace
of Loo.
MARPLE, an urban district in the Hyde parliamentary division of
Cheshire, England, 12 m. S.E. of Manchester, served by the Great
Central, Midland & Sheffield and Midland railways, and the Cheshire
lines. Pop. (1901), 5595. It lies on and above the valley of the Goyt,
and its situation has brought the town into favour as a residential
centre for those whose business lies in Manchester, Stockport, and the
great manufacturing district to the west. Marple Hall, a beautiful
Elizabethan mansion, is connected with the youth, and sometimes stated
to be the birthplace, of John Bradshaw the regicide (1602-1659).
MARPRELATE CONTROVERSY, a war of pamphlets waged in 1588 and 1589
between a puritan writer who employed the pseudonym "Martin Marprelate"
and defenders of the Established Church. Martin's tracts are
characterized by violent and personal invective against the Anglican
dignitaries, by the assumption that the writer had numerous and powerful
adherents and was able to enforce his demands for reform, and by a plain
and homely style combined with pungent wit. While he maintained the
puritan doctrines as a whole, the special point of his attack was the
Episcopacy. The pamphlets were printed at a secret press established by
John Penry, a Welsh puritan, with the help of the printer Robert
Waldegrave, about midsummer 1588, for the issue of puritan literature
forbidden by the authorities. The first tract by "Martin Marprelate,"
known as the _Epistle_, appeared at Molesey in November 1588. It is in
answer to _A Defence of the Government established in the Church of
Englande_, by Dr. John Bridges, dean of Salisbury, itself a reply to
earlier puritan works, and besides attacking the episcopal office in
general assails certain prelates with much personal abuse. The _Epistle_
attracted considerable notice, and a reply was written by Thomas Cooper,
bishop of Winchester, under the title _An Admonition to the People of
England_, but this was too long and too dull to appeal to the same class
of readers as the Marprelate pamphlets, and produced little effect.
Penry's press, now removed to Fawsley, near Northampton, produced a
second tract by Martin, the _Epitome_, which contains more serious
argument than the _Epistle_ but is otherwise similar, and shortly
afterwards, at Coventry, Martin's reply to the _Admonition_, entitled
_Hay any Worke for Cooper_ (March 1589). It now appeared to some of the
ecclesiastical authorities that the only way to silence Martin was to
have him attacked in his own railing style, and accordingly certain
writers of ready wit, among them John Lyly, Thomas Nashe and Robert
Greene, were secretly commissioned to answer the pamphlets. Among the
productions of this group were _Pappe with an Hatchet_ (Sept. 1589),
probably by Lyly, and _An Almond for a Parrat_ (1590), which, with
certain tracts under the pseudonym of Pasquil, has been attributed to
Nashe (q.v.). Some anti-Martinist plays or shows (now lost) performed in
1589 were perhaps also their work. Meanwhile, in July 1589, Penry's
press, now at Wolston, near Coventry, produced two tracts purporting to
be by "sons" of Martin, but probably by Martin himself, namely, _Theses
Martinianae_ by Martin Junior, and _The Just Censure of Martin Junior_
by Martin Senior. Shortly after this, _More Work for Cooper_, a sequel
to _Hay any Worke_, was begun at Manchester, but while it was in
progress the press was seized. Penry however was not found, and in
September issued from Wolston or Haseley _The Protestation of Martin
Marprelate_, the last work of the series, though several of the
anti-Martinist pamphlets appeared after this date. He then fled to
Scotland, but was later apprehended in London, charged with inciting
rebellion, and hanged (May 1593). The authorship of the tracts has been
attributed to several persons: to Penry himself, who however
emphatically denied it and whose acknowledged works have little
resemblance in style to those of Martin, to Job Throckmorton, and to
Henry Barrow.
See, for list and full titles of the tracts, related documents, and
discussion of the authorship, E. Arber's _Introductory Sketch to the
Martin Marprelate Controversy_ (1880), which, however, gives no
connected account of the matter. A good summary, with quotations from
the pamphlets, will be found in H. M. Dexter's _Congregationalism_
(New York, 1880), pp. 129-202. See also articles on John Penry and Job
Throckmorton in _Dict. of Nat. Biography_; and for the history of the
press, _Bibliographica_, ii. 172-180. Maskell's _Martin Marprelate
Controversy_ (1845) is of little service. The more important tracts
have been reprinted by Petheram in his series of _Puritan Discipline
Tracts_ (1842-1860), in Arber's _English Scholar's Library_
(1879-1880), in R. W. Bond's edition of Lyly and in the editions of
Nashe. (R. B. McK.)
MARQUAND, HENRY GURDON (1819-1902), American philanthropist and
collector, was born in New York City on the 11th of April 1819. In 1839,
upon the retirement from the jewelry business of his brother Frederick
(1799-1882), who was a liberal benefactor of Yale College and of the
Union Theological Seminary, he became his brother's agent. He was one of
the purchasers in 1868 of the Iron Mountain railroad, afterwards its
president, and a director of the Missouri-Pacific system. He was the
first honorary member of the American Institute of Architects, and
president (1889-1902) of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, to which he
made valuable presents and loans from his collection of paintings. He
died in New York City, on the 26th of February 1902. His varied and
valuable art collection and rare books were sold in 1903. He was a
benefactor of Princeton University and other institutions. His son,
ALLAN MARQUAND (b. 1853), graduated at Princeton in 1874, and in 1883
became professor of archaeology and art.
MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812-1882), German historian and writer on Roman
antiquities, was born at Danzig on the 19th of April 1812. He studied at
Berlin and Leipzig, held various educational appointments from 1833
onwards at Berlin, Danzig and Posen, and became in 1859 head of the
gymnasium in Gotha, where he died on the 30th of November 1882. The
dedication of his treatise _Historiae equitum romanorum libri quatuor_
(1841) to Lachmann led to his being recommended to the publisher of W.
A. Becker's _Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer_ to continue the work on
the death of the author in 1846. It took twenty years to complete, and
met with such success that a new edition was soon called for. Finding
himself unequal to the task single-handed, Marquardt left the
preparation of the first three volumes (_Römisches Staatsrecht_) to
Theodor Mommsen, while he himself contributed vols. iv.-vi. (_Römische
Staatsverwaltung_, 1873-1878; 2nd ed., 1881-1885, vol. v. by H. Dessau
and A. von Domaszewski, vol. vi. by G. Wissowa) and vol. vii. (_Das
Privatleben der Römer_, 1879-1882; 2nd ed., by A. Mau, 1886). Its
clearness of style, systematic arrangement and abundant references to
authorities ancient and modern, will always render it valuable to the
student.
See E. Förstemann in _Allgemeine deutsche Biographie_, Bd. XX; R.
Ehwald, _Gedächtnisrede_ (progr. Gotha, 1883).
MARQUESAS or MENDAÑA ISLANDS (Fr. _Les Marquises_), an archipelago of
the Pacific Ocean lying between 7° 50´ and 10° 35´ S. and 138° 50´ and
140° 50´ W., and belonging to France. It extends over 250 m. from S.E.
to N.W., and has a total area of 490 sq. m. The southern or Mendaña
group consists of the islands Fatuhiva or Magdalena, Motane or San
Pedro, Tahuata or Santa Christina and Hivaoa or Dominica, the last with
a coast-line of more than 60 m. With these is often included the rocky
islet of Fatuhuku or Hood, lying in mid-channel to the north of Hivaoa.
The north-western or Washington group is formed of seven islands, the
four largest being Huapu or Adams, Huahuna or Washington, Nukuhiva (70
m. in circumference) and Eiao.[1] Along the centre of each island is a
ridge of mountains, attaining an altitude of 4042 ft in Huapu, whence
rugged spurs forming deep valleys stretch towards the sea. The volcanic
origin of the whole archipelago is proved by the principal rocks being
of basalt, trachyte and lava. Vegetation is luxuriant in the valleys,
which are well watered with streams and, from their seaward termination
in small bays, are themselves known as "bays." The flora includes about
four hundred known species, many of them identical with those belonging
to the Society Islands. The vegetable products comprise bananas,
breadfruit, yams, plantains, wild cotton, bamboos, sugarcane, coconut
and dwarf palms, and several kinds of timber trees. The land fauna
however is very poor; there are few mammals with the exception of dogs,
rats and pigs; and amphibia and insects are also generally scarce. Of
twenty species of birds more than half belong to the sea, where animal
life is as abundant as about other sub-tropical Polynesian groups. The
climate, although hot and damp, is not unhealthy. During the greater
part of the year moderate easterly trade-winds prevail, and at the
larger islands there are often both land and sea breezes. The rainy
season accompanied by variable winds sets in at the end of November, and
lasts for about six months. During this period the thermometer varies
from 84° to 91° F.; in the dry season its average range is from 77° to
86°. The archipelago, which has some small trade in copra, cotton and
cotton seeds, is administered by a French resident, and has a total
population of about 4300, nearly all natives.
The natives, a pure Polynesian race, are usually described as physically
the finest of all South Sea Islanders. Their traditions point to Samoa
as the colonizing centre from which they sprang. Their complexion is a
healthy bronze. Until the introduction of civilization they were
remarkable for their elaborate tattooing. Their cannibalism seems to
have been dictated by taste, for it was never associated with their
religion, the sacrifices to their gods being always swine. Of these and
fowls they rear a great quantity. Their native drink is _kava_. Their
houses are unlike those usual in Polynesia in being built on platforms
raised from the ground. In disposition the islanders are friendly and
hospitable, brave and somewhat bloodthirsty; and, although naturally
indolent and morose, they have proved industrious and keen traders. As
among their kinsfolk the Tahitians, debauchery was systematized and
infanticide an organized institution. A population which at the time of
the annexation by France (1842) was 20,000 has been reduced to little
over 4000. Latterly the natives have for the most part outwardly adopted
Christianity.
The Marquesas Islands were discovered on the 21st of July 1595 by
Alvaro Mendaña, who, however, only knew of the south-eastern group, to
which he gave the name by which they are generally known (although
they also bear his own), in honour of Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza,
marquis of Cañete, viceroy of Peru, and patron of the voyage. Captain
Cook pursuing the same track rediscovered this group, with the
addition of Fatuhuku, in 1774. The north-western islands were first
sighted by the American Captain Ingraham in 1791, and given the name
of Washington by him; the French Captain Marchand followed in the same
year, and Lieut. Hergest in 1792. The Russian explorer, Adam Ivan
Krusenstern, made an extensive investigation of the archipelago in
1804. In 1813 the American Commodore David Porter failed to establish
a colony here; and in May 1842, after French Roman Catholic
missionaries had prepared the way, Rear-admiral Dupetit-Thouars took
formal possession of the archipelago for France. A complete settlement
was not effected without bloodshed and about 1860-1870 the colony was
practically abandoned.
See Vincendon-Dumoulin _Îles Marquises_ (Paris, 1843); E. Jardin,
_Essai sur l'histoire naturelle de l'archipel de Mendaña_ (Paris,
1860); Clavel, _Les Marquisiens_ (Paris, 1885); Dordillon, _Grammaire
et dictionnaire de la langue des Îles Marquises_ (Paris, 1904).