Going home--Retrospect--Alternative courses--Future of the
Empire--Sovereignty of the sea--The Greeks--The rights of
man--Plato--The voice of the people--Imperial federation--Hereditary
colonial policy--New Irelands--Effects of party government.
Once more upon the sea on our homeward way, carrying, as Emerson said,
'the bag of AEolus in the boiler of our boat,' careless whether there be
wind or calm. Our old naval heroes passed and repassed upon the same
waters under harder conditions. They had to struggle against tempests,
to fight with enemy's cruisers, to battle for their lives with nature as
with man--and they were victorious over them all. They won for Britannia
the sceptre of the sea, and built up the Empire on which the sun never
sets. To us, their successors, they handed down the splendid
inheritance, and we in turn have invented steam ships and telegraphs,
and thrown bridges over the ocean, and made our far-off possessions as
easy of access as the next parish. The attractive force of the primary
ought to have increased in the same ratio, but we do not find that it
has, and the centrifugal and the centripetal tendencies of our
satellites are year by year becoming more nicely balanced. These
beautiful West Indian Islands were intended to be homes for the
overflowing numbers of our own race, and the few that have gone there
are being crowded out by the blacks from Jamaica and the Antilles. Our
poor helots at home drag on their lives in the lanes and alleys of our
choking cities, and of those who gather heart to break off on their own
account and seek elsewhere for a land of promise, the large majority are
weary of the flag under which they have only known suffering, and prefer
America to the English colonies. They are waking now to understand the
opportunities which are slipping through their hands. Has the awakening
come too late? We have ourselves mixed the cup; must we now drink it the
dregs?
It is too late to enable us to make homes in the West Indies for the
swarms who are thrown off by our own towns and villages. We might have
done it. Englishmen would have thriven as well in Jamaica and the
Antilles as the Spaniards have thriven in Cuba. But the islands are now
peopled by men of another colour. The whites there are as units among
hundreds, and the proportion cannot be altered. But it is not too late
to redeem our own responsibilities. We brought the blacks there; we have
as yet not done much for their improvement, when their notions of
morality are still so elementary that more than half of their children
are born out of marriage. The English planters were encouraged to settle
there when it suited our convenience to maintain the islands for
Imperial purposes; like the landlords in Ireland, they were our English
garrison; and as with the landlords in Ireland, when we imagine that
they have served their purpose and can be no longer of use to us, we
calmly change the conditions of society. We disclaim obligations to help
them in the confusion which we have introduced; we tell them to help
themselves, and they cannot help themselves in such an element as that
in which they are now struggling, unless they know that they may count
on the sympathy and the support of their countrymen at home. Nothing is
demanded of the English exchequer; the resources of the islands are
practically boundless; there is a robust population conscious at the
bottom of their native inferiority, and docile and willing to work if
anyone will direct them and set them to it. There will be capital
enough forthcoming, and energetic men enough and intelligence enough,
if we on our part will provide one thing, the easiest of all if we
really set our minds to it--an effective and authoritative government.
It is not safe even for ourselves to leave a wound unattended to, though
it be in the least significant part of our bodies. The West Indies are a
small limb in the great body corporate of the British Empire, but there
is no great and no small in the life of nations. The avoidable decay of
the smallest member is an injury to the whole. Let it be once known and
felt that England regards the West Indies as essentially one with
herself, and the English in the islands will resume their natural
position, and respect and order will come back, and those once thriving
colonies will again advance with the rest on the high road of
civilisation and prosperity. Let it be known that England considers only
her immediate interests and will not exert herself, and the other
colonies will know what they have to count upon, and the British Empire
will dwindle down before long into a single insignificant island in the
North Sea.
So end the reflections which I formed there from what I saw and what I
heard. I have written as an outside observer unconnected with practical
politics, with no motive except a loyal pride in the greatness of my own
country, and a conviction, which I will not believe to be a dream, that
the destinies have still in store for her a yet grander future. The
units of us come and go; the British Empire, the globe itself and all
that it inherits, will pass away as a vision.
[Greek: essetai emar hotan pot' ololei Hilios hire,
kai Priamos kai laos eummelio Priamoio.]
The day will be when Ilium's towers may fall,
And large-limbed[17] Priam, and his people all.
But that day cannot be yet. Out of the now half-organic fragments may
yet be formed one living Imperial power, with a new era of beneficence
and usefulness to mankind. The English people are spread far and wide.
The sea is their dominion, and their land is the finest portion of the
globe. It is theirs now, it will be theirs for ages to come if they
remain themselves unchanged and keep the heart and temper of their
forefathers.
Naught shall make us rue,
If England to herself do rest but true.
The days pass, and our ship flies fast upon her way.
[Greek: glaukon huper oidma kuanochroa te kumaton
rhothia polia thalassas.]
How perfect the description! How exactly in those eight words Euripides
draws the picture of the ocean; the long grey heaving swell, the darker
steel-grey on the shadowed slope of the surface waves, and the foam on
their breaking crests. Our thoughts flow back as we gaze to the times
long ago, when the earth belonged to other races as it now belongs to
us. The ocean is the same as it was. Their eyes saw it as we see it:
Time writes no wrinkle on that azure brow.
Nor is the ocean alone the same. Human nature is still vexed with the
same problems, mocked with the same hopes, wandering after the same
illusions. The sea affected the Greeks as it affects us, and was equally
dear to them. It was a Greek who said, 'The sea washes off all the ills
of men;' the 'stainless one' as AEschylus called it--the eternally pure.
On long voyages I take Greeks as my best companions. I had Plato with me
on my way home from the West Indies. He lived and wrote in an age like
ours, when religion had become a debatable subject on which every one
had his opinion, and democracy was master of the civilised world, and
the Mediterranean states were running wild after liberty, preparatory to
the bursting of the bubble. Looking out on such a world Plato left
thoughts behind him the very language of which is as full of
application to our own larger world as if it was written yesterday. It
throws light on small things as well as large, and interprets alike the
condition of the islands which I had left, the condition of England, the
condition of all civilised countries in this modern epoch.
The chief characteristic of this age, as it was the chief characteristic
of Plato's, is the struggle for what we call the 'rights of man.' In
other times the thing insisted on was that men should do what was
'right' as something due to a higher authority. Now the demand is for
what is called their 'rights' as something due to themselves, and among
these rights is a right to liberty; liberty meaning the utmost possible
freedom of every man consistent with the freedom of others, and the
abolition of every kind of authority of one man over another. It is with
this view that we have introduced popular suffrage, that we give
everyone a vote, or aim at giving it, as the highest political
perfection.
We turn to Plato and we find: 'In a healthy community there ought to be
some authority over every single man and woman. No person--not
one--ought to act on his or her judgment alone even in the smallest
trifle. The soldier on a campaign obeys his commander in little things
as well as great. The safety of the army requires it. But it is in peace
as it is in war, and there is no difference. Every person should be
trained from childhood to rule and to be ruled. So only can the life of
man, and the life of all creatures dependent on him, be delivered from
anarchy.'
It is worth while to observe how diametrically opposite to our notions
on this subject were the notions of a man of the finest intellect, with
the fullest opportunities of observation, and every one of whose
estimates of things was confirmed by the event. Such a discipline as he
recommends never existed in any community of men except perhaps among
the religious orders in the enthusiasm of their first institution, nor
would a society be long tolerable in which it was tried. Communities,
however, have existed where people have thought more of their
obligations than of their 'rights,' more of the welfare of their
country, or of the success of a cause to which they have devoted
themselves, than of their personal pleasure or interest--have preferred
the wise leading of superior men to their own wills and wishes. Nay,
perhaps no community has ever continued long, or has made a mark in the
world of serious significance, where society has not been graduated in
degrees, and there have not been deeper and stronger bands of coherence
than the fluctuating votes of majorities.
Times are changed we are told. We live in a new era, when public opinion
is king, and no other rule is possible; public opinion, as expressed in
the press and on the platform, and by the deliberately chosen
representatives of the people. Every question can be discussed and
argued, all sides of it can be heard, and the nation makes up its mind.
The collective judgment of all is wiser than the wisest single
man--_securus judicat orbis_.
Give the public time, and I believe this to be true; general opinion
does in the long run form a right estimate of most persons and of most
things. As surely its immediate impulses are almost invariably in
directions which it afterwards regrets and repudiates, and therefore
constitutions which have no surer basis than the popular judgment, as it
shifts from year to year or parliament to parliament, are built on
foundations looser than sand.
In concluding this book I have a few more words to say on the subject,
so ardently canvassed, of Imperial federation. It seems so easy. You
have only to form a new parliament in which the colonies shall be
represented according to numbers, while each colony will retain its own
for its own local purposes. Local administration is demanded everywhere;
England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, can each have theirs, and the vexed
question of Home Rule can be disposed of in the reconstruction of the
whole. A central parliament can then be formed in which the parts can
all be represented in proportion to their number; and a cabinet can be
selected out of this for the management of Imperial concerns. Nothing
more is necessary; the thing will be done.
So in a hundred forms, but all on the same principle, schemes of
Imperial union have fallen under my eye. I should myself judge from
experience of what democratically elected parliaments are growing into,
that at the first session of such a body the satellites would fly off
into space, shattered perhaps themselves in the process. We have
parliaments enough already, and if no better device can be found than by
adding another to the number, the rash spirit of innovation has not yet
gone far enough to fling our ancient constitution into the crucible on
so wild a chance.
Imperial federation, as it is called, is far away, if ever it is to be
realised at all. If it is to come it will come of itself, brought about
by circumstances and silent impulses working continuously through many
years unseen and unspoken of. It is conceivable that Great Britain and
her scattered offspring, under the pressure of danger from without, or
impelled by some general purpose, might agree to place themselves for a
time under a single administrative head. It is conceivable that out of a
combination so formed, if it led to a successful immediate result, some
union of a closer kind might eventually emerge. It is not only
conceivable, but it is entirely certain, that attempts made when no such
occasion has arisen, by politicians ambitious of distinguishing
themselves, will fail, and in failing will make the object that is aimed
at more confessedly unattainable than it is now.
The present relation between the mother country and her self-governed
colonies is partly that of parent and children who have grown to
maturity and are taking care of themselves, partly of independent
nations in friendly alliance, partly as common subjects of the same
sovereign, whose authority is exercised in each by ministers of its own.
Neither of these analogies is exact, for the position alters from year
to year. So much the better. The relation which now exists cannot be
more than provisional; let us not try to shape it artificially, after a
closet-made pattern. The threads of interest and kindred must be left to
spin themselves in their own way. Meanwhile we can work together
heartily and with good will where we need each other's co-operation.
Difficulties will rise, perhaps, from time to time, but we can meet them
as they come, and we need not anticipate them. If we are to be
politically one, the organic fibres which connect us are as yet too
immature to bear a strain. All that we can do, and all that at present
we ought to try, is to act generously whenever our assistance can be of
use. The disposition of English statesmen to draw closer to the colonies
is of recent growth. They cannot tell, and we cannot tell, how far it
indicates a real change of attitude or is merely a passing mood. One
thing, however, we ought to bear in mind, that the colonies sympathise
one with another, and that wrong or neglect in any part of the Empire
does not escape notice. The larger colonies desire to know what the
recent professions of interest are worth, and they look keenly at our
treatment of their younger brothers who are still in our power. They are
practical, they attend to results, they guard jealously their own
privileges, but they are not so enamoured of constitutional theory that
they will patiently see their fellow-countrymen in less favoured
situations swamped under the votes of the coloured races. Australians,
Canadians, New Zealanders, will not be found enthusiastic for the
extension of self-government in the West Indies, when they know that it
means the extinction of their own white brothers who have settled there.
The placing English colonists at the mercy of coloured majorities they
will resent as an injury to themselves; they will not look upon it as an
extension of a generous principle, but as an act of airy virtue which
costs us nothing, and at the bottom is but carelessness and
indifference.
We imagine that we have seen the errors of our old colonial policy, and
that we are in no danger of repeating them. Yet in the West Indies we
are treading over again the too familiar road. The Anglo-Irish colonists
in 1705 petitioned for a union with Great Britain. A union would have
involved a share in British trade; it was refused therefore, and we gave
them the penal laws instead. They set up manufactures, built ships, and
tried to raise a commerce of their own. We laid them under disabilities
which ruined their enterprises, and when they were resentful and became
troublesome we turned round to the native Irish and made a virtue of
protecting them against our own people whom we had injured. When the
penal laws ceased to be useful to us, we did not allow them to be
executed. We played off Catholic against Protestant while we were
sacrificing both to our own jealousy. Having made the government of the
island impossible for those whom we had planted there to govern it, we
emancipate the governed, and to conciliate them we allow them to
appropriate the possessions of their late masters. And we have not
conciliated the native Irish; it was impossible that we should; we have
simply armed them with the only weapons which enable them to revenge
their wrongs upon us.
The history of the West Indies is a precise parallel. The islands were
necessary to our safety in our struggle with France and Spain. The
colonists held them chiefly for us as a garrison, and we in turn gave
the colonists their slaves. The white settlers ruled as in Ireland, the
slaves obeyed, and all went swimmingly. Times changed at home. Slavery
became unpopular; it was abolished; and, with a generosity for which we
never ceased to applaud ourselves, we voted an indemnity of twenty
millions to the owners. We imagined that we had acquitted our
consciences, but such debts are not discharged by payments of money. We
had introduced the slaves into the islands for our own advantage; in
setting them free we revolutionised society. We remained still
responsible for the social consequences, and we did not choose to
remember it. The planters were guilty only, like the Irish landlords, of
having ceased to be necessary to us. We practised our virtues
vicariously at their expense: we had the praise and honour, they had the
suffering. They begged that the emancipation might be gradual; our
impatience to clear our reputation refused to wait. Their system of
cultivation being deranged, they petitioned for protection against the
competition of countries where slavery continued. The request was
natural, but could not be listened to because to grant it might raise
infinitesimally the cost of the British workman's breakfast. They
struggled on, and even when a new rival rose in the beetroot sugar they
refused to be beaten. The European powers, to save their beetroot, went
on to support it with a bounty. Against the purse of foreign governments
the sturdiest individuals cannot compete. Defeated in a fight which had
become unfair, the planters looked, and looked in vain, to their own
government for help. Finding none, they turned to their kindred in the
United States; and there, at last, they found a hand held out to them.
The Americans were willing, though at a loss of two millions and a half
of revenue, to admit the poor West Indians to their own market. But a
commercial treaty was necessary; and a treaty could not be made without
the sanction of the English Government. The English Government, on some
fine-drawn crotchet, refused to colonies which were weak and helpless
what they would have granted without a word if demanded by Victoria or
New South Wales, whose resentment they feared. And when the West
Indians, harassed, desperate, and half ruined, cried out against the
enormous injustice, in the fear that their indignation might affect
their allegiance and lead them to seek admission into the American
Union, we extend the franchise among the blacks, on whose hostility to
such a measure we know that we can rely.
There is no occasion to suspect responsible English politicians of any
sinister purpose in what they have done or not done, or suspect them,
indeed, of any purpose at all. They act from day to day under the
pressure of each exigency as it rises, and they choose the course which
is least directly inconvenient. But the result is to have created in the
Antilles and Jamaica so many fresh Irelands, and I believe that British
colonists the world over will feel together in these questions. They
will not approve; rather they will combine to condemn the betrayal of
their own fellow-countrymen. If England desires her colonies to rally
round her, she must deserve their affection and deserve their respect.
She will find neither one nor the other if she carelessly sacrifices her
own people in any part of the world to fear or convenience. The
magnetism which will bind them to her must be found in herself or
nowhere.
Perhaps nowhere! Perhaps if we look to the real origin of all that has
gone wrong with us, of the policy which has flung Ireland back into
anarchy, which has weakened our influence abroad, which has ruined the
oldest of our colonies, and has made the continuance under our flag of
the great communities of our countrymen who are forming new nations in
the Pacific a question of doubt and uncertainty, we shall find it in our
own distractions, in the form of government which is fast developing
into a civil war under the semblance of peace, where party is more than
country, and a victory at the hustings over a candidate of opposite
principles more glorious than a victory in the field over a foreign foe.
Society in republican Rome was so much interested in the faction fights
of Clodius and Milo that it could hear with apathy of the destruction of
Crassus and a Roman army. The senate would have sold Caesar to the Celtic
chiefs in Gaul, and the modern English enthusiast would disintegrate the
British Islands to purchase the Irish vote. Till we can rise into some
nobler sphere of thought and conduct we may lay aside the vision of a
confederated empire.
Oh, England, model to thy inward greatness,
Like little body with a mighty heart,
What might'st thou do that honour would thee do
Were all thy children kind and natural!
FOOTNOTES:
[17] I believe this to be the true meaning of [Greek: eummelies]. It is
usually rendered, 'armed with a stout spear.'
KELLY & CO., Printers, Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.; and
Kingston-on-Thames.