darkest on the sides of the caput, which is divided longitudinally
by a narrow, dull, orange-yellow line, and lightest on the margins
towards the hinder part; the thoracic fovea is curved, but more
deeply indented and the indentation is wider at each end than in
other species, the ends being a little turned back: there is a single
longitudinal row of long erect bristles along the central line of the
caput, and a few more on the lower margin of the clypeus.
The _eyes_ form a narrower oblong area than usual, owing chiefly
to their small size and to those of each lateral pair being almost
contiguous to each other, separated only by an interval equal to that
which divides each hind-lateral from the hind-central nearest to it.
The hind-centrals are smallest of the eight, and vary in form, being
round, semilunar, or roughly wedge-shaped, differing at times in the
same example. The eye eminence is less elevated than in most species,
and this brings the fore-centrals nearer to the straight line of the
fore-laterals; these last are the largest of the eight. The height of
the clypeus exceeds half that of the facial space.
The _legs_ are short and strong; their relative length 4, 1, 3, 2,
or 4, 1, 2, 3, or 4, 1, 2-3; they are of a brownish yellow colour,
deeper on their fore-sides, furnished with hairs, bristles, and
spines, the latter not very numerous nor unusually strong; there
are no spines on the outer sides of the genual joints of the third
pair; the tarsal claws are longish and strong. Those of the superior
pair have but one, two, or three pectinations on their underside; on
some of the legs I could not detect any. There seemed to be no more
uniformity in the tarsal-claw pectinations in this species than in
others. The tarsal and metatarsal joints of the legs of the first
pair have a fringe of close-set short blackish hairs on either side,
as also have the digital joints of the palpi, these being similar to
the legs in colour and armature; the humeral joints are very deep but
narrow, being apparently bent and hollowed on their inner sides to
allow of meeting well over the falces.
The terminal palpal claw has two teeth towards its base on the
underside. I could not ascertain satisfactorily whether this is
or not a uniform character in all examples; in one example these
denticulations were very plain, but they seemed to be wanting in
others.
The _falces_ are very strong and massive, round in their profile,
and very roundly prominent near their base on the upper side. They
are of a rich deep black-brown colour, glossy, and furnished along
their inner margins with black bristles and hairs, and with strong
spines at their extremity on the upper side. The fang is strong, and
the outer margin of the groove in which it lies when at rest has some
strong teeth.
The _maxillæ_ are strong, of normal form, but very convex on their
outer surface.
The small tuberculous teeth noticed at the base on the inner side of
the maxillæ of all the other species I have examined, were visible
(though with difficulty) in this species also.
The _labium_ is broader than it is high, convex on its face, and
rounded at the apex; it is (as also are the _maxillæ_ and _sternum_)
of the same colour as the legs, and clothed with numerous strong
bristly hairs.
The _abdomen_ is short-oval, and strongly convex above; it is of a
dull clay-coloured brown tinged with chocolate, and along the centre
of its upper side is a series of six strong angular bars or chevrons
of a dark chocolate-brown colour, and pretty distinctly defined,
though, when examined closely, broken in parts.
The intervening spaces between the angular bars and the sides have a
few irregular markings of a similar colour; and they are connected
by a longitudinal central line of the same hue running through their
apices.
The abdomen is very sparingly clothed with hairs and fine bristles;
the superior pair of spinners are strong; those of the inferior pair
very small and short.
Examples of this fine and very distinct spider were found at Bordeaux
in simple unbranched tubes, covered with a wafer-lid, running down
very deep into the earth, in some cases as much as fifteen inches
into an exceedingly hard soil, making it a work of great labour and
care to get them out without injury.
This species can scarcely be confused with any other yet known; its
short robust form, short legs, more elevated caput, general dark
colour, distinct angular bars on the abdomen, and almost contiguous
lateral eyes, as well as the form of the nest, will readily
distinguish it.
It is with great pleasure that I connect with this spider the name of
my most kind friend and brother arachnologist, Monsieur Eugène Simon,
to whom I am so greatly indebted for much information and numerous
examples of rare spiders.
I must not conclude these descriptions without expressing my sense of
obligation to Mr. Moggridge for so kindly allowing me to add them to
the far more popular, and more interesting, portion of this volume,
in which the _habits_ of these spiders are recorded.
Descriptions of _colour_, _form_, and _structure_ are but dry
details, though very necessary for the determination of species; and
in the present case it is very important as well as interesting to be
able to conclude with some certainty that differences of type in the
tubular nests of the spiders Mr. Moggridge has observed so closely
and accurately, are joined to well-marked specific differences
obtained from those other characters above mentioned, and which it
has been my endeavour to detail as fully and faithfully as possible.
INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT.
PART I.--HARVESTING ANTS.
Alyssocarpus, seeds of, collected by ants, 175
Amphisbæna, found in nests of Lauba ants, 177
_André_ (M. Ernest), on number of species of ants found in Europe,
160 (note)
_Arabia_, custom in, relative to ants, 176
Atta, species of, found in Europe, 160 (note);
_barbara_, 158;
found in Palestine, 165;
_megacephala_, 160;
_structor_, 158;
experiment with, 172;
found harvesting at Cadenabbia, 159
_Cadenabbia_, harvesting ants at, 159
Camponotus _sylvatica_, 178
Cicendela, capturing ants, 164
Coluocera _attæ_, found in ants' nests, 177
_Cricket_ (Gryllus _myrmecophilus_), found in ants' nests, 178
_England_, do ants harvest in, 159 (note)
_Formic acid_, experiments with, 173
Formica _erratica_, 164;
_nigra_, collecting violet seeds, 159 (note)
Gryllus _myrmecophilus_, found in ants' nests, 178
_Hindoos_, custom of scattering rice for ants, 176
_India_, observations in, 175
_Insects_ found in ants' nests, 177
_Jews_, laws treating of rights over ants' stores, 165
_King_ (Dr.), observations in India, 175
_Lizards_ capturing ants, 162
_Misna_, allusion to harvesting ants in, 165
_Montpellier_, harvesting ants at, 160
_Nests_, quantity of seeds contained in, 170
_Palestine_, harvesting ants in, 165
Pheidole _megacephala_, 160
Pterocles _exustus_, feeding on seeds collected by ants, 175
_Robin_ eating ants, 163 (note)
_Seed-stores_ of ants, Jewish laws about, 165
_Seeds_, intervention of ants necessary to prevent germination of, 172;
non-germination of in granaries, 171
_Wakefield_ (Mr.), on ants collecting violet seeds, 159 (note)
PART II.--TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS.
_Ants_ form a large part of food of trap-door spiders, 237
Atypus _bleodonticus_ (Sim.), 183 (note);
_piceus_ (Sulzer), nests of, 182-3, 248;
species of in England, 181, 185
_Australia_, nest of wafer type from, 217
_Bates_ (Mr. H. W.), on the nest of _Theraphosa Blondii_, 188
_Beetle_ (Chrysomela _Banksii_) rejected by trap-door spider, 241
_Blackwall_ (Mr. J.), on the poison of spiders, 201
_Bordeaux_, new type of nest at, 211
_Brown_ (Mr. Joshua), discovery of _Atypus_ in England, 185
_California_, trap-door spider from, 198-9;
habits of in captivity, 203, &c.;
indifference to sounds, 206
_Captive spiders_, habits of, 203, 218, 242-6
_Caterpillar_ (larva of Cucullia _verbasci_), eaten by trap-door
spider, 239
_Cell and tube_ made by _N. Eleanora_, 218;
hygrometricity of, 220
_Chrysomela Banksii_, distasteful to trap-door spider, 241
_Cork nest_, 193;
structure of door of, 193
Cteniza _californica_ (Camb.), 198, 202, 248;
description of, 260;
eggs laid by, 203;
habits of in captivity, 203, &c.;
indifference to sounds, 206;
mode of excavating, 208;
_fodiens_ (Walck.), 195, 248, 259;
_ionica_, 210;
_Moggridgii_ (Camb.), 196;
description of, 254;
habits of in captivity, 243, 246
Cucullia _verbasci_, larva of, eaten by trap-door spider, 239
Cyrtauchenius _elongatus_ (Sim.), nest of, 189, 248
_Diagrams_ representing different types of nest, 193
_Earwig_ (_Forficula_) eaten by trap-door spiders, 238
_Eggs of_ Cteniza _californica_, 203
_Enemies of spiders_, 200, 205
_Enlargement of nests_, 245
_Excavation_ of trap-door nests, 208, 243-4
_Food of trap-door spiders_, 237-9, 241;
mode of procuring, 238
_Funnel type_ of nest, constructed by _Cyrtauchenius elongatus_, 189
_Geographical distribution_, 247-9, 250
_Hyères_ double-door, branched wafer type, 223
Idioctis _helva_ (L. Koch), nest of, 217
_Koch_ (Dr. L.), on nest of _Idioctis helva_ from Australia, 217
_Lanzwert_ (Dr.), on trap-door spiders in California, 199
_Latreille_ (P. A.), on the nest of Lycosa _tarentula_, 236
Lycosa _tarentula_, nests of at Cannes, 233;
nests closed in the winter, 235
_Montpellier_, Nemesia _cæmentaria_ at, 196, 198;
_N. suffusa_ at, 215
Nemesia _cæmentaria_ (Latr.), 195-6, 249;
description of, 264;
_congener_ (Camb.), 224, 249;
description of, 292;
_dubia_ (Camb.), description of, 280;
_Eleanora_ (Camb.), 218, 249, 272;
_incerta_ (Camb.), description of, 276;
_Manderstjernæ_ (Auss.), 226, 249;
description of, 283;
_meridionalis_ (Costa), 227, 250;
description of, 289;
_Moggridgii_ (Camb.), 197-8, 249;
description of, 273;
_Simoni_ (Camb.), 211, 249;
description of, 297;
_suffusa_ (Camb.), 215, 249;
description of, 295
_Nests enlarged_, not deserted, 245
_Nocturnal habits_ of trap-door spiders, 240
_Oniscus_ (wood-louse) eaten by trap-door spider, 241
_Poison_ of spiders, 200-1
_Simon_ (M. E.), on _Atypus piceus_ (Sulzer), 182;
on Cyrtauchenius _elongatus_ (Sim.), 189
_Tarantula_, 233, 235
_Theraphosa Blondii_, nest of, 188
_Wafer nests_ of single-door unbranched type, 193 (note), 211;
of single-door branched type, 193, 214;
of double-door unbranched type, 193, 218;
of Hyères double-door branched type, 193, 223;
of double-door branched cavity type, 193, 228
_Wood-louse_ (Oniscus) eaten by trap-door spider, 241
_Worms_ the food of _Atypus_, 182, 186
THE END.
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