Mayenne and the modern department, we come to the one place on
Cenomannian ground which, as having become in modern times a seat of
both civil and ecclesiastical rule, can alone pretend to any rivalry
with the ancient capital. Laval, the _chef-lieu_ of the department of
Mayenne and the see of the newly founded bishopric, plays no great part
in the early history of the district; but though still much smaller than
Le Mans, it has fairly grown to the rank of a local capital as
distinguished from a mere country town. It is one of the towns which
have grown up on a hill and around a fortress,[71] yet it is not a hill
city like Le Mans. The old town of Laval, as distinguished from the
later suburb on the other side of the river, does not stand on the hill,
but climbs up its side. While the _Grande Rue_ of Le Mans runs along the
ridge, the _Grande Rue_ of Laval finds its way up the slope. The castle,
as at Mayenne, rises above the river, and still keeps a huge round
donjon, patched somewhat, but still keeping several of its coupled
Romanesque windows. On the height, hard by a grand town-gate, is the now
cathedral church, uncouth enough in the external view, and we may fairly
say unworthy of its new rank, but which reveals one of the most
instructive pieces of architectural history to be found anywhere.
Imbedded in later additions, we still find the choir, transepts, and
lantern of a comparatively small Romanesque church, perhaps hardly on a
level with Ambrieres, but its nave has given way to a vast Angevin nave
as wide as the transepts of the original building, and itself furnished
with transepts to the west of them. The antiquary will earnestly pray
that no one may be led by zeal without discretion to rebuild this church
on a scale and style more worthy of its present rank. Let the diocese of
Laval, if anybody chooses, be furnished with a new cathedral; but let
the present building stand untouched, as one that has undergone changes
as instructive as any that can be found.
But the church of the new diocese, though perhaps, by virtue of its
singular changes, the most interesting, is hardly the most attractive
ecclesiastical building in Laval and its immediate neighbourhood. Not
far off in a suburb by the river-side is the church of Our Lady of
Avesnieres, not improved certainly by its modern spire, but keeping a
most stately Romanesque apse with surrounding chapels. Inside it
supplies one of the best examples of the transition, the pointed arch
having made its way into the great constructive arcades, but not into
any of the smaller arches. But the taste of those who designed its
capitals must have been singular. Any kind of man, beast, or bird, it
has been said, can put himself into such a posture as to make an Ionic
volute. When the volutes are made by the heads of eagles, well and good;
but it is certainly strange to make them out of the heads of cranes, who
are holding down their long necks to peck each one at a human skull
which he firmly holds down with one of his feet. And on the other side
of Laval will also be found the church of Price, an almost untouched
Romanesque building the masonry of which seems to carry it back to days
before the growth of either Angevin or Norman taste. And the land of
Maine too is full of other spots at which we can barely glance, many of
which are famous in the history of the district. On the railway between
Laval and Le Mans, Evron has its abbey, with portions both of the
earlier Romanesque and of the later Gothic, but where one little
transitional chapel on the north side is undoubtedly the most attractive
feature of the church. Evron too opens the way to St. Susanne, the one
castle which the Conqueror himself could never take, and where the
shattered shell of the unconquered donjon, with its foundations raised
on a vitrified fort of primitive times, rises on a rocky height, with
the stream of the Arne winding in a narrow dell beneath it. Somewhat
nearer to the capital, Sille-le-Guillaume, a spot famous in the war of
the _commune_, has a castle and church which should not be passed by,
though it is only the under-story of the church which keeps any portions
which can belong to the days when Sille was besieged by the armed
citizens of the Cenomannian commonwealth. North of Le Mans, on the upper
source of the Sarthe, Beaumont-le-Vicomte keeps the shell of its castle,
a castle which long withstood the Conqueror, rising in a lovely position
over the river Beaumont, too, has seen warfare in later days, and he
who looks down from the castle which withstood the Conqueror may hear
the tale of the stout fighting which went on by the banks of the Sarthe,
when Maine was invaded by the armies of a later William. The church too
with some genuine Romanesque portions, is more curious for a kind of
rude _Renaissance_ which really reproduces a simple kind of Romanesque.
In short, there is hardly a spot in the historic land of Maine which has
not its attractions for those who can stoop to scenery which, though
always pleasing, is never sublime, to buildings of which perhaps one
only in the whole province reaches the first rank, and to a history
which, though in itself it is mainly local, has not been without its
influence on the destines both of England and of France.
[Illustration: Sainte-Susanne, Keep]
INDEX
A
Abbaye Blanche, near Mortain, 109, 110
Almeneches, 139 _et seq._;
its church, 150, 151;
site of the castle, 152
Ambrieres, fortress of, 57, 229;
architectural significance of its church, 230
Amiens, 8, 9, 23, 24, 47
Architecture in Normandy, its points of likeness with that of England,
23, 27, 28, 31, 46;
Romanesque, at Bayeux, 28, 29;
at Exmes, 147; at Le Mans, 206, 207, 209;
transitional period well marked in Fecamp Abbey, 48
Argentan, 125-138
Arletta [Herleva], mother of William the Conqueror, 10
Arnulf of Montgomery, 141, 142
Arques, fortress of Count William at, 59, 60;
battle of, 60
Avranches, historical associations of, 75;
its position, _ib._, 81, 82;
its ecclesiastical territory merged in the diocese of Coutances, 81
B
Barbe, M. Henri, quoted, 191, 194, 196
Bayeux, retention of the Danish tongue and religion at, 2, 6;
Richard the Fearless educated at, _ib._;
Saxon and Danish colonies at, 5, 6;
its cathedral church, 8, 22-30;
the seminary chapel, 8, 30;
compared with Coutances, 25-28;
Bishop Odo's work at, 26, 28;
later Romanesque at, 29;
its English character, 30
Beaumont-le-Roger, 179 _et seq._
Beaumont-le-Vicomte, castle and church, 234, 235
Beauvais, 9, 23, 24
Bernay, Judith's Abbey at, 8, 182, 188
Bigod, use of the name, 105
Brionne, character of the building, 97, 98
C
Caen, 2;
its ecclesiastical buildings, 8;
destruction of churches at, 19;
burial-place of William the Conqueror, 51
Caesaris Burgus, 67. _See_ Cherbourg
Calleva, its fall, 199. _See_ Silchester
Carentan, 72
Castles, beginning of in England, 14;
in Normandy, earlier and later sites of, 58;
question as to the earliest date of stone castles in Normandy, 97
Caudebec, Teutonic origin of the name, 6
Cerisy, 8
Chandos, Sir John, building of the keep of St. Saviour attributed to, 71
Channel Islands, their relation to England, 65
Chartres, contrasted with Le Mans, 200 _et seq._;
its historical associations, 202, 203;
architectural features of its cathedral church, 203, 204;
why it differs from Le Mans, 204;
its height, 207;
its secondary churches, 209
Cherbourg, name probably cognate with Scarborough, 68
Churches, Norman, French and English, compared, 9, 23, 24, 46, 111
Cintheaux, 53, 54
Colomby, 70
Cotentin, derivation of the name, 62;
its peninsular character, 64, 65;
acquired by William Longsword, 66
Coutances, cathedral church of, 22 _et seq._, 82;
its sham west front compared with that of Wells, 25;
its internal architecture compared with that of Bayeux, 26, 27;
men of, at Senlac, 66;
its position, 72, 73, 75, 83;
aqueduct at, 73, 88;
its diocese enlarged, 81
D
Diablintes, tribal name survives in Jublains, 190
Dieppe, meaning of the name, 6
Dinan, 22, 54, 55
Dive, river, battle by, 60
Dol, church of, 22, _et seq._;
compared with S. Canice at Kilkenny, 25, 30;
its position suggests St. David's, 30;
east end compared with Wells, 31
Domfront, fortress of, won by William, 56, 228;
compared with Falaise, _ib._
Dumaine, l'Abbe L.V., his history of Tinchebray, 117, 118
E
Eadgar the AEtheling, at Tinchebray, 121;
taken prisoner and released, 123
Ecclesiastical foundations, choice of sites for, 42, 43
Emma, Abbess of Almeneches, sister of Robert of Belleme, 140-143
England, likeness of Normandy to, how accounted for, 5-7
Eu, its historical associations, 58, 59
Evreux, 4, 8, 24
Evron, abbey at, 234
Exeter, commonwealth of, compared with Le Mans, 212, 213
Exmes, 139 _et seq._;
site of the castle, 144, 145;
its church, 146-149
F
Falaise, birthplace of William the Conqueror, 10, 12;
its historical associations, 11, 12;
probable date of the castle, 15;
its position, 16, 17;
origin of the name, 16;
spoiled by so-called restoration, 18-20, 53;
compared with Domfront, 56
Fecamp, abbey of, 43 _et seq._;
transitional period well marked at, 47, 48;
its fourteenth century alteration compared with Waltham, 49, 50
Flers, 113
G
Gally Knight, Mr., quoted, 82, 86, 106
Geoffrey of Mowbray, Bishop of Coutances, 67, 80
Geoffrey, Count of Mayenne, his betrayal of the Commune of Le Mans,
214, 231
Geoffrey Malaterra, quoted, 93, 94
Granville, 73
H
Harold, son of Godwine, received by William at Eu, 58;
the guest of William Patey, 114, 115
Harold Blaatand, his settlement in the Cotentin, 5, 66;
delivers the Norman Duchy, 60
Hauteville-la-Guichard, 90 _et seq._
Helias of La Fleche, Count of Maine, at Tinchebray, 121, 122
Henry I. of England, 54;
Avranchin held by, 76;
wins back Saint James, 78;
victorious at Tinchebray, 115, 120, 123;
his treatment of Robert, 123;
at Saint-Evroul, 164
Henry II. of England, homage paid him at Falaise by William the Lion, 11;
his hospital at Le Mans, 209, 220
Henry I. of France, helps William against his rebellious vassals, 35;
his personal experiences at Val-es-dunes, _ib._;
sees the slaughter at Varaville, 61;
burns Argentan, 128, 130, 171;
fortress of Tillieres burned by, 171;
re-fortifies Tillieres, _ib._
Henry of Beaumont, Earl of Warwick, 91
Herbert Wake-Dog, Count of Maine, 218
Herlwin, Abbot of Saint Peter's, Orleans, pillages Abbey of
Saint-Evroul, 164
Hildebert, Bishop of Le Mans, ordered to pull down the towers of Saint
Julian's, 132, 208
Holy Trinity, Abbey church of, at Beaumont-le-Roger, 185-187
Hubert of Rye receives William on his escape from Valognes, 114
Humfrey _de Vetulis_, father of Roger of Beaumont, 180
Hundred Years' War, personal nomenclature in Normandy, affected by, 5
J
Jublains and Silchester compared, 189-191;
origin of the name, 190;
its position, 191, 192;
its Roman remains, 192, _et seq._;
numismatic evidence for date of fortress, 196-199
L
La Lande-Patry, 114, 115
Laigle, surname misunderstood, 154-156
Langlois, significance of the name, 5
Laval, 231, 232
Le Mans, contrasted with Chartres, 200, _et seq._;
Saint Julian's keeps its ancient nave, 205-207;
its thirteenth century choir, 207, 208;
destruction of its towers ordered by William Rufus, 208;
its secondary churches, 209, 220;
Henry the Second's hospital at, 220;
owes its special character to its municipal history, 210-214;
its analogy with Exeter, 212, 213;
no existing monuments of the time of the _Commune_, 215;
its position, _ib._;
Roman and mediaeval walls, 216, 217, 218;
position of Saint Julian's, 217, 218;
early greatness of its ecclesiastical and civil rulers, 217;
its buildings, 218, 219;
William's fortresses at, 219, 220;
birthplace of Henry the Second, 220;
German occupation of, 221;
ruthless destruction at, 222;
_menhir_ at, 223
Les Vieilles, faubourg of, at Roger-le-Beaumont, 180;
church of, 187, 188
Lessay, 72
Lewis-from-beyond-Sea, King of the West-Franks, taken captive by Harold
Blaatand, 60
Limay, 52, 53
Louise of Silly, Abbess of Almeneches, 150
M
Maine, its history, 224 _et seq._;
its modern division, 225;
architectural borderland between Normandy and Anjou, 226
Malger, Count of Mortain, 104
Mantes, 51, 53
Matilda of Flanders, Queen, her church of the Holy Trinity at Caen, 8;
married to William at Eu, 58
Matilda, daughter of Richard the Fearless, marries Odo of Chartres, 170;
dispute about her dowry, _ib._
Matilda, Abbess of Almeneches, 143
Mayenne, 57, 58, 225, 230, 231
Montacute, siege of, raised by Geoffrey of Mowbray, 67;
Norman name of Leodgaresburh (Lutgaresburg), 105
Mortagne, 101
Mortain, its position, 101, 102;
site of the castle, 103;
its history, 104;
foundation of Saint-Evroul at, 105
Mortemer, battle of, 35;
its position, 38, 39;
reason for its historic interest, _ib._;
surprise of the French at, 40
N
Naeodunum, 190, 198. _See_ Jublains
Neufbourg, 110
Neufchatel-en-Bray, its hills and cheeses, 39
Names, confusion of, 100, 101, 154, 155
Nomenclature, personal, in Normandy, affected by Hundred Years' War, 5;
local traces of Danish, in Normandy, 6;
in Gaul, 63
Normandy, its points of likeness with England, 3, 4, 41;
compared with France proper, 3;
Teutonic elements in, 5, 6;
traces of Danish local nomenclature in, 6;
its ecclesiastical buildings, 8;
compared with those of France proper, 9, 23, 24;
restoration and destruction in, 17-20, 29;
importance of its early history, 33;
its political absorption by France, 41, 218
Normans and English, original kindred of, 5-7;
in England, English fusion of, 15;
in Normandy, French fusion of, _ib._
Notre-Dame, Avesnieres, 233
Notre-Dame, Domfront, 57
Notre-Dame, Saint-Lo, 83-85
Notre-Dame, Verneuil, 178
Notre-Dame de La Couture, Abbey of, Le Mans, 209, 220, 226
Notre-Dame de la Place, Argentan, 136
Notre-Dame-du-Pre, Le Mans, 209, 220, 226
O
Odelerius, sends his son Orderic to Saint-Evroul, 162
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, his work at Bayeux, 26, 28
Odo II., Count of Chartres, refuses to give up his wife's dowry, 170;
defeated, 171
Orderic (Vital), at Neufbourg, 110, 119;
at Saint-Evroul, 143, 160, 162
_Oximenses_, use of the name, 140
P
Palgrave, Sir Francis, quoted, 39, 64, 101, 226
Periers, 72
Petit, Mr., quoted, 1
Puiseux, M.L., quoted, 33
Q
Querqueville, church of, 68, 69;
origin of the name, 69
Quilly, 53, 54
R
Rennes, 55
Richard the Fearless, Duke of the Normans, educated at Bayeux, 2
Richard the Good, Duke of the Normans, fortifies Tillieres, 170;
his dispute with Odo of Chartres, _ib._
Richer of Laigle, his character and death, 156
Robert the Magnificent (the "Devil"), Duke of the Normans, castle of
Falaise attributed to, 13-15
Robert, Duke of the Normans, eldest son of William, 54;
his march to Tinchebray, 119;
his captivity, 123;
defeated by Robert of Belleme, 143
Robert, Count of Meulan, son of Roger of Beaumont, 91, 179, 181, 184;
at Tinchebray, 122
Robert, Count of Mortain, 103, 105, 106
Robert of Belleme, at Tinchebray, 120, 121;
banished by Henry, 141;
his treatment of Almeneches, 142;
defeats Robert, 143;
his imprisonment, _ib._
Robert of Grantmesnil, Abbot of Saint-Evroul, 162
Robert of Torigny, quoted, 122, 137
Robert the Bigod, accuses William of Mortain of treason, 105
Robert Wiscard, 91, 92, 98, 181
Roger I., Count of Sicily, 92, 98
Roger of Beaumont, 91, 179, 180
Roger of Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, 140, 141
Roger of Poitou son of Earl Roger, 137, 141, 142
Rolf, his settlement, 5, 36
Rouen, its French character, 2, 6;
death of William the Conqueror at, 51
S
Saint Andrew, Chartres, 209
Saint Canice, Kilkenny, central tower of, compared with that of Dol, 25
Saint Cross, Saint-Lo, 85-87
Saint-Evroul, 143; his story, 162;
his name, 163;
memorials and relics of, 167
Saint Evroul Abbey, home of Orderic, 143, 160, _et seq._;
restored by families of Geroy and Grantmesnil, 162;
pillaged by order of Hugh the Great, 164;
its architectural remains, 165-167
Saint-Evroul, Mortain, its foundation, 106;
its architectural features, 106-108
Saint German, Argentan, 127, 131-136
Saint Gervase, Falaise, 16, 173
Saint James, topographical use of the name, 77;
fortified by William the Conqueror, _ib._, 78;
won back by Henry the AEtheling, _ib._;
its position, _ib._;
site of William's castle, 79
Saint John, Verneuil, its tower, 176, 177
Saint Julian's, Le Mans, contrasted with cathedral church of Chartres,
200 _et seq._;
Romanesque work at, 206, 207;
Angevin style in, 226. _See_ also Le Mans.
Saint-Lo (Manche), town and church of, 83-87
Saint-Lo, Rouen, 80
Saint Martin, Argentan, 131, 134-136
Saint Martin, Laigle, 157, 158
Saint Martin-in-the-Vale, Chartres, 209
Saint Mary Magdalen, Verneuil, its fine tower, 175, 176
Saint Michael in Peril of the Sea, 44, 55
Saint Nicolas, Beaumont-le-Roger, 181, 182
Saint Nicolas, Coutances, 87, 88
Saint Peter, Abbey, Chartres, 209
Saint Peter, Coutances, 85, 87, 88;
compared with Saint German, Argentan, 131
Saint Price, near Laval, 234
Saint Ouen, Rouen, 24
Saint Remigius, Tinchebray, 119
Saint Saviour, castle and abbey of, 70, 71
Saint Stephen's, Caen, 8, 26
Sainte-Susanne, 156, 234
Saxons, settlement of, at Bayeux, 5
Silchester and Jublains, compared, 189-191
Sille-le-Guillaume, 234
Surnames of places, 91, 92;
misunderstood, 100, 101, 154-156
T
Talbot, John, Earl of Shrewsbury, his tower at Falaise, 11, 15, 16
Tancred of Hauteville, his home, 90, 95, 97, 98
Tillieres, its position and history, 169-171;
church at, 172, 173
Tinchebray, battle of, an English victory, 115, 116, 120;
site of the battle, 117
V
Val-es-dunes, battle of, a victory of the Roman over the Teuton, 35;
site of the battle-field, 36, 37
Valognes, 69, 70
Varaville, battle of, 60
Verneuil, its position, 173;
castle and donjon at, 174, 175;
churches at, 175-178
Vimont, M. Eugene, his book on Argentan, 128, 136
Vire, 112
W
Wace, value of his description of the battle of Val-es-dunes, 37, 38;
quoted, 114, 169
Wells, west front of cathedral church compared with that of Coutances, 25;
east end compared with Dol, 31
William Longsword, Duke of the Normans, Danish education of his son, 2;
wins the Cotentin, 66
William the Conqueror, his church of S. Stephen at Caen, 8;
his birthplace, 10, 12;
his attempt at learning English, 12;
modern estimate of in Falaise, 13;
present at the dedication of Odo's church at Bayeux, 28;
results of his personal qualities, 34;
seeks help of Henry I. of France, 34, 35;
burns Mantes, 52;
his marriage to Matilda at Eu, 58;
Domfront submits to, 56;
fortifies Ambrieres, 57;
his conquest of Mayenne, _ib._, 230;
takes Arques, 59;
his surprise of the French at Varaville, 61;
his escape from Valognes, 70, 114;
fortifies Saint James, 77-79;
gives the lands of William of Mortain to his half-brother Robert, 105;
opposition of Le Mans to, 212
William Rufus, bids Bishop Hildebert pull down the towers of Saint
Julian's, 132, 208
William, Count of Arques, his fortress, 59
William, Count of Mortain, 104;
his lands given to Robert, 105;
founds l'Abbaye Blanche, 109;
with Duke Robert at Tinchebray, 119, 120, 121;
taken prisoner, 123;
his alleged blinding, _ib._
William of Saint-Calais, use of the surname, 155
William Patry, receives Harold at La Lande, 115
William the Lion, King of Scots, does homage to Henry II. at Falaise, 11
THE END.
RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Lecture viii. p. 314.
[2] _Methods of Hist. Study_, Lecture vi. p. 235.
[3] _Crewkerne Inaugural Address_, 1871.
[4] _Life of E.A. Freeman_, vol. i. p. 293.
[5] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 137.
[6] See Petit's _Architectural Studies in France_, p. 2.
[7] Cf. the following passage in Mr. Freeman's article in _The Saturday
Review_, August 3, 1867: "The primitive Saxons of Bayeux, the Danes of
Rolf and of Harold Blaatand, the English colonists who remained in the
fifteenth century, have among them left a marked stamp on the people.
This last cause cannot have been an unimportant one, when we hear that
in the town of Caen alone there are twenty-four families bearing the
name of Langlois. French and Norman are not very uncommon names in
England, but they are hardly found in the same proportion."
[8] On the foundation of the abbeys of St. Stephen and of the Holy
Trinity, see _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii. (2nd ed.), p. 106, _et seq._
[9] See Mr. Freeman's article on "Beauvais and Amiens" in _Sketches from
French Travel_ (Tauchnitz edition), and _History of the Cathedral Church
of Wells_, p. 116.
[10] See Mr. Freeman's article on "Restoration and Destruction in
France," _Saturday Review_, June 8, 1861.
[11] On Odo's work see also _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 209, and
note, p. 210.
[12] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii. pp. 235, 236.
[13] Mr. Freeman alludes to M.L. Puiseux's _Siege et Prise de Rouen par
les Anglais_, &c., which was reviewed by him in _The Saturday Review_,
June 8, 1867.
[14] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 249, _et seq._
[15] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii. 154, _et seq._
[16] On the foundation of Fecamp, see _Norman Conquest_, vol. i. p. 253.
[17] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 286.
[18] See also p. 228.
[19] See also p. 229.
[20] See also p. 230.
[21] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii. p. 226.
[22] _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii., p. 122, _et seq._
[23] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. i. pp. 216, 217.
[24] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii., p. 175.
[25] For the story of this derivation see Mr. Freeman's article on
"South Pembrokeshire Castles" in _English Towns and Districts_, p. 46.
[26] On French nomenclature see also Mr. Freeman's article on "French
and English Towns," pp. 35, 36, in _Historical Essays_, fourth series,
and _Sketches from French Travel_, p. 99.
[27] On the relation of the Channel Islands to England, see _Norman
Conquest_, vol. i. p. 187.
[28] On the relief of Montacute by Bishop Geoffrey, see _Norman
Conquest_, vol. iv. p. 278.
[29] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. pp. 242, 243.
[30] See above, p. 21.
[31] See also p. 88.
[32] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii. p. 233, note.
[33] Cf. S. James, near Taillebourg. (_Sketches from French Travel_, p.
296.)
[34] See _The Reign of William Rufus_, vol. i. p. 321.
[35] See above, p. 75.
[36] See above, p. 67.
[37] See _Sketches from French Travel_, p. 35.
[38] See p. 179.
[39] _Historical Essays_, third series, pp. 446-451.
[40] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. pp. 261, 607.
[41] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 287.
[42] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 288.
[43] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iv. pp. 170, 272. For the legend of the
Holy Rood see _Old English History_, p. 271, and Mr. Freeman's article
on "Montacute" in _The Saturday Review_, September 9, 1871.
[44] See Mr. Freeman's account of Kirkstall in _English Towns and
Districts_, p. 294.
[45] See p. 119.
[46] _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 246.
[47] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iii. p. 466.
[48] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. v. p. 175.
[49] See _Historical Essays_, Fourth Series, pp. 139, 140.
[50] See p. 208.
[51] See _The Reign of William Rufus_, vol. i. pp. 463, 464.
[52] See _The Reign of William Rufus_, vol. ii. p. 96.
[53] On the force of the word _tyrant_ see _History of Sicily_, vol. ii.
p. 50.
[54] See above, p. 123.
[55] See above, pp. 110, 119.
[56] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. iv. p. 496
[57] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 227.
[58] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. pp. 201-203.
[59] See _The Reign of William Rufus_, vol. i. p. 184.
[60] See _Sketches from French Travel_, p. 266.
[61] See Mr. Freeman's article on "Silchester" in _English Towns and
Districts_, p. 159.
[62] See _English Towns and Districts_, p. 163.
[63] See article on "Beauvais and Amiens" in _Sketches from French
Travel_, p. 87.
[64] See _The Reign of William Rufus_, vol. ii, pp. 297, 298, 654.
[65] See _Sketches from French Travel_, pp. 114, 117.
[66] On the foundation of the _commune_ of Le Mans and the treachery of
Geoffrey of Mayenne, see _Norman Conquest_, vol. iv. p. 551, _et seq._
[67] See _Norman Conquest_, iii. p. 192.
[68] See above, p. 209.
[69] See above, p. 57.
[70] See _Norman Conquest_, vol. ii. p. 209, _et seq._
[71] See comparison of Laval with Guildford in Mr. Freeman's article on
"Some Early Buildings in Sussex and Surrey" in _The Guardian_, August
22, 1883.
TRANSCRIBERS NOTE:
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
possible, including obsolete and variant spellings. Obvious typographical
errors in punctuation have been fixed. Corrections [in brackets] in the
text are noted below:
Page 14 Val-des-dunes [Val-es-dunes]
Page 15 Bayeaux [Bayeux]
Page 57 Ambieres [Ambrieres]
Page 64 Cotentin [Cotentin]
Page 238 Edgar [Eadgar]
Page 240 Almineches [Almeneches]