PART IV. PROSODY.
Introductory Definitions and Observations
Chapter I. Punctuation
Obs. on Pauses, Points, Names, &c.
Section I. The Comma; its 17 Rules
Errors concerning the Comma
Section II. The Semicolon; its 3 Rules
Errors concerning the Semicolon
Mixed Examples of Error
Section III. The Colon; its 3 Rules
Errors concerning the Colon
Mixed Examples of Error
Section IV. The Period; its 8 Rules
Observations on the Period
Errors concerning the Period
Mixed Examples of Error
Section V. The Dash; its 3 Rules
Observations on the Dash
Errors concerning the Dash
Mixed Examples of Error
Section VI. The Eroteme; its 3 Rules
Observations on the Eroteme
Errors concerning the Eroteme
Mixed Examples of Error
Section VII. The Ecphoneme; its 3 Rules
Errors concerning the Ecphoneme
Mixed Examples of Error
Section VIII. The Curves; and their 2 Rules
Errors concerning the Curves
Mixed Examples of Error
Section IX. The Other Marks
Mixed Examples of Error
Bad English Badly Pointed
Chapter II. Of Utterance
Section I. Of Articulation
Article I. Of the Definition
Article II. Of Good Articulation
Section II. Of Pronunciation
Article I. Powers of Letters
Article II. Of Quantity
Article III. Of Accent
Section III. Of Elocution
Article I. Of Emphasis
Article II. Of Pauses
Article III. Of Inflections
Article IV. Of Tones
Chapter III. Of Figures
Section I. Figures of Orthography
Section II. Figures of Etymology
Section III. Figures of Syntax
Section IV. Figures of Rhetoric
Section V. Examples for Parsing, Praxis XIV
Chapter IV. Of Versification
Section I. Of Verse
Definitions and Principles
Observations on Verse
Section II. Of Accent and Quantity
Section III. Of Poetic Feet
Critical Observations on Theories
Section IV. Of the Kinds of Verse
Order I. Iambic Verse; its 8 Measures
Order II. Trochaic Verse; its Nature
Observations on Trochaic Metre
Trochaics shown in their 8 Measures
Order III. Anapestic Verse; its 4 Measures
Observations on the Short Anapestics
Order IV. Dactylic Verse; its 8 Measures
Observations on Dactylics
Order V. Composite Verse
Observations on Composites
Section V. Improprieties for Correction
Chapter V. Questions on Prosody
Chapter VI. Exercises for Writing
KEY TO THE ORAL EXERCISES.
THE KEY.--PART I.--ORTHOGRAPHY.
Chapter I. Of Letters; Capitals
Corrections under each of the 16 Rules
Promiscuous corrections of Capitals
Chapter II. Of Syllables
Corrections of False Syllabication
Chapter III. Of the Figure of Words
Corrections under each of the 6 Rules
Promiscuous corrections of Figure
Chapter IV. Of Spelling
Corrections under each of the 15 Rules
Promiscuous corrections of Spelling
THE KEY.--PART II--ETYMOLOGY.
Chapter I. Of the Parts of Speech
Remark concerning False Etymology
Chapter II. Of Articles; 5 Lessons
Chapter III. Of Nouns; 3 Lessons
Chapter IV. Of Adjectives; 3 Lessons
Chapter V. Of Pronouns; 3 Lessons
Chapter VI. Of Verbs; 3 Lessons
Chapter VII. Of Participles; 3 Lessons
Chapter VIII. Of Adverbs; 1 Lesson
Chapter IX. Of Conjunctions; 1 Lesson
Chapter X. Of Prepositions; 1 Lesson
Chapter XI. Of Interjections; 1 Lesson
THE KEY.--PART III.--SYNTAX.
Chapter I. Of Sentences; Remark
Chapter II. Of Articles. Corrections under the 17 Notes to Rule 1
Chapter III. Of Cases, or Nouns
Cor. under Rule II; of Nominatives
Cor. under Rule III; of Apposition
Cor. under Rule IV; of Possessives
Cor. under Rule V; of Objectives
Cor. under Rule VI; of Same Cases
Cor. under Rule VII; of Objectives
Cor. under Rule VIII; of Nom. Absolute
Chapter IV. Of Adjectives. Corrections under the 16 Notes to Rule IX
Chapter V. Of Pronouns. Corrections under Rule X and its 16 Notes
Corrections under Rule XI; of Pronouns
Cor. under Rule XII; of Pronouns
Cor. under Rule XIII; of Pronouns
Chapter VI. Of Verbs. Corrections under Rule XIV and its 10 Notes
Cor. under Rule XV and its Note
Cor. under Rule XVI and its 7 Notes
Cor. under Rule XVII and its 15 Notes
Cor. under Rule XVIII; of Infinitives
Cor. under Rule XIX; of Infinitives
Chapter VII. Of Participles. Corrections under the 13 Notes to Rule XX
Chapter VIII. Of Adverbs. Corrections under the 10 Notes to Rule XXI
Chapter IX. Of Conjunctions. Corrections under the 8 Notes to Rule XXII
Chapter X. Of Prepositions. Corrections under the 5 Notes to Rule XXIII
Chapter XI. Promiscuous Exercises. Corrections of the 8 Lessons
Chapter XII. General Review. Corrections under all the preceding Rules
and Notes; 18 Lessons
Chapter XIII. General Rule. Corrections under the General Rule; 16
Lessons
Corrections under the Critical Notes
Promiscuous Corrections of False Syntax; 5 Lessons, under Various Rules
THE KEY.--PART IV.--PROSODY.
Chapter I. Punctuation
Section I. The Comma; Corrections under its 17 Rules
Section II. The Semicolon; Corrections under its 8 Rules
Mixed Examples Corrected
Section III. The Colon; Corrections under its 8 Rules
Mixed Examples Corrected
Section IV. The Period; Corrections under its 8 Rules
Mixed Examples Corrected
Section V. The Dash; Corrections under its 8 Rules
Mixed Examples Corrected
Section VI. The Eroteme; Corrections under its 3 Rules
Mixed Examples Corrected
Section VII. The Ecphoneme; Corrections under its 3 Rules
Mixed Examples Corrected
Section VIII. The Curves; Corrections under their 2 Rules
Mixed Examples Corrected
Section IX. All Points; Corrections
Good English Rightly Pointed
Chapter II. Utterance; no Corrections
Chapter III. Figures; no Corrections
Chapter IV. Versification. False Prosody, or Errors of Metre, Corrected
THE FOUR APPENDIXES.
Appendix I. (To Orthography.) Of the Sounds of the Letters
Appendix II. (To Etymology.) Of the Derivation of Words
Appendix III. (To Syntax.) Of the Qualities of Style
Appendix IV. (To Prosody.) Of Poetic Diction; its Peculiarities
INDEX OF MATTERS.
A DIGESTED CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH GRAMMARS AND GRAMMARIANS,
WITH SOME COLLATERAL WORKS AND AUTHORITIES, ESPECIALLY SUCH AS ARE CITED IN
THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH GRAMMARS.
ADAM, ALEXANDER, LL. D.; "Latin and English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 302:
Edinburgh, 1772; Boston, 1803.
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, LL. D.; "Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory;" 2 vols.,
8vo: Cambridge, N. E., 1810.
ADAMS, Rev. CHARLES, A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 172: 1st Edition,
Boston, 1838. ADAMS, DANIEL, M. B.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 103: 3d
Edition, Montpelier, Vt., 1814.
ADAMS, E.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 143. Leicester, Mass., 1st Ed., 1806;
5th Ed., 1821.
AICKIN, JOSEPH; English Grammar, 8vo: London, 1693.
AINSWORTH, ROBERT; Latin and English Dictionary, 4to: 1st Ed., 1736;
revised Ed., Lond., 1823.
AINSWORTH, LUTHER; "A Practical System of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 144:
1st Ed., Providence, R. I., 1837.
ALDEN, ABNER, A. M.; "Grammar Made Easy;" 12mo, pp. 180: 1st Ed., Boston,
1811.
ALDEN, Rev. TIMOTHY, Jun.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 36: 1st Ed., Boston,
1811.
ALDRICH, W.; "Lectures on English Grammar and Rhetoric, for Common Schools,
Academies," &c.; 18mo, pp. 68: 11th Ed., Boston, 1847.
ALEXANDER, CALEB, A. M.; (1.) "Grammatical Elements," published before
1794. (2.) "A Grammatical Institute of the Latin Language;" 12mo, pp. 132:
Worcester, Mass., 1794. (3.) "A Grammatical System of the English
Language;" 12mo, pp. 96; written at Mendon, Mass., 1795: 10th Ed., Keene,
N. H., 1814. Also, (4.) "An Introduction to Latin," 1795; and, (5.) "An
Introduction to the Speaking and Writing of English."
ALEXANDER, SAMUEL; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 216: 4th Edition, London,
1832.
ALGER, ISRAEL, Jun., A. M.; "Abridgement of Murray's E. Gram.," &c.; 18mo,
pp. 126: Boston, 1824 and 1842.
ALLEN, Rev. WILLIAM, M. A.; "Grammar of the English Language," &c.; 18mo:
London. Also, "The Elements of English Grammar." &c.; 12mo, pp. 457:
London, 1813; 2d Ed.,
ALLEN and CORNWELL; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 162: 3d Edition, London,
1841.
ALLEN, D. CAVERNO; "Grammatic Guide, or Common School Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
94: Syracuse, N. Y., 1847.
ANDREW, JAMES, LL. D.; English Grammar; 8vo, pp. 129: London, 1817.
ANDREWS & STODDARD; "A Grammar of the Latin Language;" 12mo, pp. 328:
Boston, 1836; 11th Ed., 1845.
ANGELL, OLIVER, A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 90: 1st Edition,
Providence, R. I., 1830.
ANGUS, WILLIAM, M. A.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 255: 2d Edition, Glasgow,
Scotland, 1807.
ANON.; "The British Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 281: London, 1760, or near that
date. Boston, Mass., 1784.
ANON.; "A Comprehensive Grammar," &c.; 18mo, pp. 174: 3d Ed., Philadelphia,
T. Dobson, 1789.
ANON.; "The Comic Grammar," &c,: London, 1840.
ANON.; "The Decoy," an English Grammar with Cuts; 12mo, pp. 33: New York,
S. Wood & Sons, 1820.
ANON.: E. Gram., "By T. C.;" 18mo, pp. 104: London, 1843.
ANON.; Grammar and Rhetoric; 12mo, pp. 221: London, 1776.
ANON.; "The English Tutor;" 8vo: London, 1747.
ANON.; English Grammar, 12mo: London, Boosey, 1795.
ANON.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 161: London, 1838.
ANON.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 85: London, 1838.
ANON.; An English Grammar, with Engravings; 18mo, pp. 16: London, 1820.
ANON.; English Grammar, pp. 84: 1st Ed., Huddersfield, 1817.
ANON.: "The Essentials of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 108: 3d Edition,
London, 1821.
ANON.; "A Plain and Comprehensive Grammar," in "The Complete
Letter-Writer;" 12mo, pp. 31;--pages of the whole book, 215: London, 1811.
ANON.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 131: Albany, N. Y., 1819.
ANON.; (A. H. Maltby & Co. pub.;) Murray's Abridgement, "with Additions;"
18mo, pp. 120: Newhaven, Ct., 1822.
ANON.; (James Loring, pub.;) Murray's Abridgement, "with Alterations and
Improvements; by a Teacher of Youth;" (Lawson Lyon;) 18mo, pp. 72: 14th
Ed., Boston, 1821.
ANON.; "The Infant School Grammar;" (said to have been written by Mrs.
Bethune;) 18mo, pp. 182: New York, 1830. Jonathan Seymour, proprietor.
ANON.; Pestalozzian Grammar; 12mo, pp. 60: Boston, 1830.
ANON.; Interrogative Grammar; 12mo, pp. 70: Boston, 1832.
ANON.; Grammar with Cuts; 18mo, pp. 108: Boston, 1830. ANON.; "The
Juvenile English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 89: Boston, 1829. B. Perkins & Co.,
publishers and proprietors.
ANON.; "The Little Grammarian;" 18mo, pp. 108: 2d Edition, Boston, 1829.
ANON.; An Inductive Grammar; 12mo, pp. 185: Windsor, Vt., 1829.
ANON.; "A Concise Grammar of the English Language, attempted in Verse;"
18mo, pp. 63: 1st Edition, New York, 1825. ANON.; "Edward's First Lessons
in Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 108: 1st Ed., Boston, T. H. Webb & Co., 1843.
ANON.; "The First Lessons in English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 90: 1st Edition,
Boston, 1842.
ANON.; "A New Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 124: New York,
1831; 2d Ed., Boston, 1834.
ANON.; "Enclytica, or the Principles of Universal Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 133:
London, J. Booth, 1814.
ANON.; "The General Principles of Grammar, edited by a few Well-Wishers to
Knowledge;" 18mo, pp. 76: Philadelphia, Lea & Blanchard, 1847.
ANON.; "English School Grammar;" small 12mo, pp. 32: London, 1850. A meagre
sketch, published by "the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge."
ANON.; "An English Grammar, together with a First Lesson in Reading;" 18mo,
pp. 16: James Burns, London; 2d Ed., 1844. Not worth a pin.
ARISTOTLE; his Poetics;--the Greek text, with Goulston's Latin Version, and
Winstanley's Notes;--8vo, pp. 320: Oxford, England, 1780.
ARNOLD, T. K., M. A.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 76: 2d Edition, London,
1841.
ASH, JOHN, LL. D.; "Grammatical Institutes;" 18mo, pp. 142: London, first
published about 1763; New York, "A New Edition, Revised and Corrected,"
1799.
BACON, CALEB, Teacher; "Murray's English Grammar Put into Questions and
Answers;" 18mo, pp. 108: New York, 1st Edition, 1818; 5th Edition, 1823,
1827, and 1830.
BADGLEY, JONATHAN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 200: 1st Edition, Utica, N.
Y., 1845. Suppressed for plagiarism from G. Brown.
BALCH, WILLIAM S.; (1.) "Lectures on Language;" 12mo, pp. 252: Providence,
1838. (2.) "A Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp, 140: 1st Edition,
Boston, 1839.
BALDWIN, EDWARD; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 148: London, 1810; 2d Ed.,
1824.
BARBER, Dr. JONATHAN; "A Grammar of Elocution;" 12mo; Newhaven, 1830.
BARNARD, FREDERICK A. P., A. M.; "Analytic Grammar; with Symbolic
Illustration;" 12mo, pp. 264: New York, 1836. This is a curious work, and
remarkably well-written.
BARNES, DANIEL H., of N. Y.; "The Red Book," or Bearcroft's "Practical
Orthography," Revised and Enlarged; 12mo, pp. 347: New York, 1828.
BARNES, WILLIAM, B. D.; (1.) English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 120: London, 1842.
(2.) "A Philological Grammar, grounded upon English, and formed from a
Comparison of more than Sixty Languages;" 8vo, pp. 312: London, 1854.
BARRETT, JOHN; "A Grammar of the English Language;" 18mo, pp. 214: 2d Ed.,
Boston, 1819.
BARRETT, SOLOMON, Jun.; (1.) "The Principles of Language;" 12mo, pp. 120:
Albany, 1837. (2.) "The Principles of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 96;
"Tenth Edition, Revised:" Utica, 1845. (3.) "The Principles of Grammar;"
12mo, pp. 407: "Revised Edition;" Cambridge, 1854.
BARRIE, ALEXANDER; English Grammar; 24to, pp. 54: Edinburgh, 9th Ed., 1800.
BARTLETT, MONTGOMERY R.; "The Common School Manual;" called in the Third or
Philadelphia Edition, "The _National_ School Manual;"--"in Four Parts," or
Separate Volumes, 12mo: I, pp. 108; II, 302; III, 379; IV, promised "to
consist of 450 or 500 pages." First three parts, "Second Edition," New
York, 1830. A miserable jumble, in the successive pages of which, Grammar
is mixed up with Spelling-columns, Reading-lessons, Arithmetic, Geometry,
and the other supposed daily tasks of a school-boy!
BAILEY, N., Schoolmaster; "English and Latin Exercises;" 12mo, pp. 183:
London. 18th Ed., 1798.
BAILEY, Rev. R. W., A. M.; "English Grammar," or "Manual of the English
Language;" 12mo, pp. 240: 2d Ed., Philadelphia, 1854.
BAYLEY, ANSELM, LL. D.; English Grammar, 8vo: London, 1772.
BEALE, SOLON; English Grammar, 18mo, pp. 27: Bangor, Maine, 1833.
BEALL, ALEXANDER; English Grammar, 12mo: 1st Ed., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1841.
BEATTIE, JAMES, LL. D.; "Theory of Language:" London, 1783; Philadelphia,
1809. "Elements of Moral Science;" 12mo, pp. 572; Baltimore, 1813. See, in
Part 1, the sections which treat of "The Faculty of Speech," and the
"Essentials of Language;" and, in Part IV, those which treat of "Rhetorick,
Figures, Sentences, Style, and Poetry."
BECK, WILLIAM; "Outline of English Grammar;" very small, pp. 34: 3d Ed.,
London, 1829.
BEECHER, CATHARINE E.; English Grammar, 12mo, pp. 74. 1st Ed., Hartford,
Ct., 1829.
BELL, JOHN; English Grammar, 12mo, pp. 446: (2 vols.:) 1st Ed., Glasgow,
1769.
BELLAMY, ELIZABETH; English Grammar, 12mo: London, 1802.
BENEDICT,--------; English Grammar, 12mo, pp. 192: 1st Ed., Nicholasville,
Ky., 1832.
BETTESWORTH, JOHN; English Grammar, 12mo: London, 1778.
BICKNELL, ALEXANDER, Esq.; "The Grammatical Wreath; or, a Complete System
of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 804: London, 1790.
BINGHAM, CALEB, A. M.; "The Young Lady's Accidence;" 18mo, pp. 60: Boston,
1804; 20th Ed., 1815.
BLAIR, HUGH, D. D., F. B. S.; "Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres;"
8vo, pp. 500: London, 1783; New York, 1819.
BLAIR, JOHN, D. D.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 145: 1st Ed., Philadelphia,
1831.
BLAIR, DAVID, Rev.; "A Practical Grammar of the English Language;" 18mo,
pp. 167: 7th Ed., London, 1815.
BLAISDALE, SILAS; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 88: 1st Ed., Boston, 1831.
BLISS, LEONARD Jun.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 73: 1st Ed., Louisville,
Ky., 1839.
BOBBITT, A.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 136: 1st Ed., London, 1833.
BOLLES, WILLIAM; (1.) "A Spelling-Book;" 12mo, pp. 180: Ster. Ed., N.
London, 1831. (2.) "An Explanatory and Phonographic Pronouncing Dictionary
of the English Language;" royal octavo, pp. 944; Ster. Ed., New London,
1845.
BOOTH, DAVID; Introd. to Analytical Dict.; 8vo, pp. 168: London, 1814.
Analytical Dictionary of the English Language: London, 1835. E. Grammar,
12mo: London, 1837.
BRACE, JOAB; "The Principles of English Grammar;" (vile theft from Lennie;)
18mo, pp. 144: 1st Edition, Philadelphia, 1839.
BRADLEY, JOSHUA, A. M.; "Youth's Literary Guide;" 12mo, pp. 192: 1st Ed.,
Windsor, Vt., 1815.
BRADLEY, Rev. C.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 148: York, Eng., 1810; 3d Ed.,
1813.
BRIDIL, EDMUND, LL. D.; E. Gram., 4to: London, 1799.
BRIGHTLAND, JOHN, _Pub._; "A Grammar of the English Tongue;" 12mo, pp. 800:
7th Ed., London, 1748.
BRITTAIN, Rev. LEWIS; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 156: 2d Edition, London,
1790.
BROMLEY, WALTER; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 104: 1st Ed., Halifax, N. S.,
1822.
BROWN, GOOLD; (1.) "The Institutes of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 220-312:
New York, 1st Ed., 1823; stereotyped in 1832, and again in 1846. (2.) "The
First Lines of English Grammar;" early copies 18mo, late copies 12mo, pp.
108: New York, 1st Ed., 1823; stereotyped in 1827, and in 1844. (3.) "A Key
to the Exercises for Writing, contained in the Institutes of English
Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 51: New York, 1825. (4.) "A Catechism of English
Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 72: New York, 1827. (5.) "A Compendious English
Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 22: (in Part I of the Treasury of Knowledge:) New York,
1831. (6.) "The Grammar of English Grammars;" 8vo, pp. 1028; first printed
in Boston in 1850 and 1851.
BROWN, JAMES; (1.) An Explanation of E. Grammar as taught by an Expensive
Machine; 8vo, pp. 40: 1st Ed., Boston, 1815. (2.) "The American Grammar;" a
Pamphlet; 12mo, pp. 48: Salem, N. Y., 1821. (3.) "An American Grammar;"
18mo, pp. 162: New York, 1821. (4.) "An Appeal from the British System of
English Grammar to Common Sense;" 12mo, pp. 336: Philadelphia, 1837. (5.)
"The American System of English Syntax;" 12mo, pp. 216: Philad., 1838. (6.)
"An Exegesis of English Syntax;" 12mo, pp. 147: Philad., 1840. (7.) "The
First Part of the American System of English Syntax;" 12mo, pp. 195:
Boston, 1841. (8.) "An English Syntascope," a "Chart," and other
fantastical works.
BROWN, J. H., A. M.; (with Gengemhre;) "Elements of English Grammar, on a
Progressive System;" 12mo, pp. 213: Philad., 1855.
BROWN, RICHARD; English Grammar, 12mo: London, 1692.
BUCHANAN, JAMES; "A Regular English Syntax;" 12mo, pp. 196: 5th American
Ed., Philad., 1792.
BUCKE, CHARLES; "A Classical Grammar of the E. Language;" 18mo, pp. 152:
London, 1829.
BULLEN, Rev. H. ST. JOHN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 140: 1st Edition,
London, 1797.
BULLIONS, Rev. PETER, D. D.; (1.) "Elements of the Greek Language;" (now
called, "The Principles of Greek Grammar;") mostly a version of Dr. Moor's
"Elementa Linguæ Græcæ:" 1st Ed., 1831. (2.) "The Principles of English
Grammar;" (mostly copied from Lennie;) 12mo, pp. 187; 2d Ed., New York,
1837; 5th Ed., Revised, pp. 216, 1843, (3.) "The Principles of Latin
Grammar;" (professedly, "upon the foundation of Adam's Latin Grammar;")
12mo, pp. 312: Albany, 1841: 12th Ed., New York, 1846. (4.) "Practical
Lessons in English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 132: New York, 1844. (5.) "An
Analytical and Practical Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 240:
1st Ed., New York, 1849.
BULLOKAR, WILLIAM; (1.) "Booke at Large for the Amendment of Orthographie
for English Speech." (2.) "A Bref Grammar for English:" London, 1586.
BURHANS, HEZEKIAH; "The Critical Pronouncing Spelling-Book;" 12mo, pp. 204:
1st Ed., Philad., 1823.
BURLES, EDWARD; E. Gram., 12mo: Lond., 1652.
BURN, JOHN; "A Practical Grammar of the E. Lang.;" 12mo, pp. 275: Glasgow,
1766; 10th Ed., 1810.
BURR, JONATHAN, A. M.; "A Compendium of Eng. Gram.;" 18mo, pp. 72: Boston,
1797,--1804,--1818.
BUTLER, CHARLES; E. Gram., 4to: Oxford, Eng., 1633.
BUTLER, NOBLE, A. M.; (1.) "A Practical Grammar of the E. Lang.;" 12mo, pp.
216: 1st Ed., Louisville, Ky., 1845. (2.) "Introductory Lessons in E.
Grammar," 1845.
CAMPBELL, GEORGE, D. D., F. R. S.; "The Philosophy of Rhetoric;" 8vo, pp.
445: London, 1776: Philad., 1818.
CARDELL, WM. S.; (1.) An "Analytical Spelling-Book;" (with Part of the
"Story of Jack Halyard;") 12mo, pp. 192: (published at first under the
fictitious name of "John Franklin Jones:") New York, 1823; 2d Ed., 1824.
(2.) An "Essay on Language;" 12mo, pp. 203: New York, 1825. (3.) "Elements
of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 141: New York, 1826; 3d Ed., Hartford, 1827.
(4.) "Philosophic Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 236:
Philadelphia, 1827.
CAREY, JOHN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 220: 1st Ed., London, 1809.
CARTER, JOHN; E. Gram., 8vo: Leeds, 1773.
CHANDLER, JOSEPH R.; "A Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 180:
Philad., 1821. Rev. Ed., pp. 208, stereotyped, 1847.
CHAPIN, JOEL; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 252: 1st Edition, Springfield,
Mass., 1842.
CHAUVIER, J. H., M. A.; "A Treatise on Punctuation;" translated from the
French, by J. B. Huntington; large 18mo, pp. 112: London, 1849.
CHESSMAN, DANIEL, A. M.; Murray Abridged; 18mo, pp. 24: 3d Ed., Hullowell,
Me., 1821.
CHILD, PROF. F. J.; "Revised Edition" of Dr. Latham's "Elementary English
Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 236: Cambridge, N. E., 1852.
CHURCHILL, T. O.; "A New Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 454:
1st Ed., London, 1823.
CLAPHAM, Rev. SAMUEL; E. Grammar: London, 1810.
CLARK, HENRY; E. Grammar; 4to: London, 1656.
CLARK, SCHUYLER; "The American Linguist, or Natural Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
240: Providence, 1830.
CLARK, S. W., A. M.; "A Practical Grammar," with "a System of Diagrams;"
12mo, pp. 218; 2d Ed., New York, 1848.
CLARK, WILLIAM; E. Gram.; 18mo: London, 1810.
CLARKE, R.; "Poetical Grammar of the English Language, and an Epitome of
Rhetoric;" 12mo, pp. 172; price, 2s. 6d.: London, 1855.
COAR, THOMAS; "A Grammar of the English Tongue;" 12mo, pp. 276: 1st Ed.,
London, 1796.
COBB, ENOS; "Elements of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 108: 1st Ed.,
Boston, 1820.
COBB, LYMAN, A. M.; (1.) A Spelling-Book according to J. Walker; "Revised
Ed.:" Ithaca, N. Y., 1825. (2.) "Abridgment of Walker's Crit. Pron. Dict.:"
Hartford, Ct., 1829. (3.) "Juvenile Reader, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and Sequel:" New
York, 1831. (4.) "The North American Reader;" 12mo, pp. 498: New York,
1835. (5.) "New Spelling-Book, in Six Parts;" 12mo, pp. 168: N. Y., 1843.
(6.) An "Expositor," a "Miniature Lexicon," books of "Arithmetic, &c., &c."
COBBETT, WILLIAM; "A Grammar of the E. Language;" 12mo, New York and Lond.,
1818; 18mo, N. Y., 1832.
COBBIN, Rev. INGRAM, M. A.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 72: 20th Edition,
London, 1844.
COCHRAN, PETER, A. B.: English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 71: 1st Ed., Boston,
1802.
COLET, Dr. John, Dean of St. Paul's; the "English Introduction" to Lily's
Grammar; dedicated to Lily in 1510. See _Gram. of E. Gram., Introd._, Chap.
XI, ¶¶ 3, 4, and 5.
COMLY, JOHN; "English Grammar Made Easy;" 18mo, pp. 192: 6th Ed., Philad.,
1815; 15th Ed., 1826.
COMSTOCK, ANDREW, M. D.; "A System of Elocution;" 12mo, pp. 364:
Philadelphia, 1844. "A Treatise on Phonology;" 12mo, 1846: &c.
CONNEL, ROBERT; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 162: Glasgow, 1831; 2d Ed.,
1834.
CONNON, C. W., M. A.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 168: Edinburgh, 1845.
COOPER, Rev. JOAB GOLDSMITH, A. M.; (1.) "An Abridgment of Murray's English
Grammar;" (largely stolen from G. Brown;) 12mo, pp. 200: Philadelphia,
1828. (2.) "A Plain and Practical English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 210: Philad.,
1831.
COOTE, C., LL. D.; on the English Language; 8vo, pp. 281: 1st Edition,
London, 1788.
CORBET, JAMES; English Grammar; 24to, pp. 153: 1st Edition, Glasgow, 1743.
CORBET, JOHN; English Grammar; 12mo: Shrewsbury, England, 1784.
CORNELL, WILLIAM M.; English Grammar; 4to, pp. 12: 1st Edition, Boston,
1840.
COVELL, L. T.; "A Digest of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 219: 3d Ed., New
York, 1853. Much indebted to S. S. Greene, H. Mandeville, and G. Brown.
CRANE, GEORGE; "The Principles of Language;" 12mo, pp. 264: 1st Ed.,
London, 1843.
CROCKER, ABRAHAM; English Grammar, 12mo: Lond., 1772.
CROMBIE, ALEXANDER, LL. D., F. R. S.; "A Treatise on the Etymology and
Syntax of the English Language;" 8vo, pp. 425: London, 2d Ed., 1809; 4th
Ed., 1836.
CUTLER, ANDREW, A. M.; "English Grammar and Parser;" 12mo, pp. 168: 1st
Ed., Plainfield, Ct., 1841.
DALE, W. A. T.; a small "English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 72: 1st Ed., Albany,
N. Y., 1820.
DALTON, JOHN; "Elements of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 122: London, 1st
Ed., 1801.
DAVENPORT, BISHOP; "English Grammar Simplified;" 18mo, pp. 139: 1st Ed.,
Wilmington, Del., 1830.
DAVIDSON, DAVID; a Syntactical Treatise, or Grammar; 12mo: London, 1823.
DAVIS, Rev. JOHN, A. M.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 188: 1st Ed., Belfast,
Ireland, 1832.
DAVIS, PARDON; (1.) An Epitome of E. Gram.; 12mo, pp. 56: 1st Ed., Philad.,
1818. (2.) "Modern Practical E. Gram.;" 12mo, pp. 175: 1st Ed., Philad.,
1845.
DAY, PARSONS E.; "District School Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 120: 2d Ed., Ithaca,
N. Y., 1844.
DAY, WILLIAM; "Punctuation Reduced to a System;" 18mo, pp. 147: 3d Ed.,
London, 1847.
DEARBORN, BENJAMIN; "Columbian Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 140: 1st Ed., Boston,
1795.
DEL MAR, E.; Treatise on English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 115: 1st Ed., London,
1842.
D'ORSEY, ALEXANDER J. D.; (1.) A Duodecimo Grammar, in Two Parts; Part I,
pp. 153; Part II, pp. 142: 1st Ed., Edinburgh, 1842. (2.) An Introduction
to E. Gram.; 18mo, pp. 104: Edin., 1845.
DE SACY, A. J. SYLVESTRE, Baron; "Principles of General Grammar;"
translated from the French, by D. Fosdick, Jun.; 12mo, pp. 156: 1st
American, from the 5th French Edition; Andover and New York, 1834.
"DESPAUTER, JOHN, a Flemish grammarian, whose books were, at one time, in
great repute; he died in 1520."--_Univ. Biog. Dict._ Despauter's Latin
Grammar, in Three Parts,--Etymology, Syntax, and Versification,--comprises
858 octavo pages. Dr. Adam says, in the "Preface to the Fourth Edition" of
his Grammar, "The first complete edition of Despauter's Grammar was printed
at Cologne, anno 1522; his _Syntax_ had been published anno 1509." G.
Brown's copy is a "complete edition," printed partly in 1517, and partly in
1518.
DEVIS, ELLEN; E. Gram.; 18mo, pp. 130: London and Dublin; 1st Ed., 1777;
17th Ed., 1825. [Fist] Devis's Grammar, spoken of in D. Blair's Preface, as
being too "comprehensive and minute," is doubtless an other and much
larger work.
DILWORTH, THOMAS; "A New Guide to the English Tongue;" 12mo, pp. 148:
London; 1st Ed., 1740: 26th Ed., 1764; 40th Ed., (used by G. B.,) undated.
DOHERTY, HUGH; a Treatise on English Grammar; 8vo, pp. 240; 1st Ed.,
London, 1841.
DRUMMOND, JOHN; English Grammar; 8vo: London, 1767. DYCHE, THOMAS; English
Grammar; 8vo, pp. 10: London, 1st Ed., 1710; 12th Ed., 1765.
EARL, MARY; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 36: 1st Ed., Boston, 1816.
EDWARDS, Mrs. M. C.; English Grammar; 8vo: Brentford. England, 1796.
EGELSHEM, WELLS; English Grammar; 12mo: London, 1781.
ELMORE, D. W., A. M.; "English Grammar, or Natural Analysis;" 18mo, pp. 18:
1st Ed., Troy, N. Y., 1830. A mere trifle.
ELPHINSTON, JAMES; on the English Language; 12mo, pp. 298: 1st Ed., London,
1796.
EMERSON, BENJAMIN D.; "National Spelling-Book;" 12mo, pp. 168: Boston,
1828.
EMERY, J., A. B.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 39: 1st Ed., Wellsborough,
Pa., 1829.
EMMONS, S. B.; "The Grammatical Instructer;" 12mo, pp. 160: 1st Ed.,
Boston, 1832. Worthless.
ENSELL, G.; "A Grammar of the English Language;" in English and Dutch; 8vo,
pp. 612: Rotterdam, 1797.
EVEREST, Rev. CORNELIUS B.; "An English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 270: 1st Ed.,
Norwich, Ct., 1835. Suppressed for plagiarism from G. Brown.
EVERETT, ERASTUS, A. M.; "A System of English Versification;" 12mo, pp.
198: 1st Ed., New York, 1848.
FARNUM, CALEB, Jun., A. M.; "Practical Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 124: 1st
Edition, (suppressed for petty larcenies from G. Brown,) Providence, R. I.,
1842; 2d Edition, (altered to evade the charge of plagiarism,) Boston,
1843.
FARBO, DANIEL; "The Royal British Grammar and Vocabulary;" 12mo, pp. 344:
1st Ed., London. 1754.
FELCH, W.; "A Comprehensive Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 122: 1st Edition, Boston,
1837. This author can see others' faults better than his own.
FELTON, OLIVER C.; "A Concise Manual of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 145:
Salem, Mass., 1843.
FENNING, DANIEL; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 224: 1st Ed., London, 1771.
FENWICK, JOHN; an English Grammar, 12mo.: London, 1811.
FISHER, A.; "A Practical New Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 176: London: 1st Ed.,
1753; 28th Ed., 1795; "A New Ed., Enlarged, Improved, and Corrected," (used
by G. B.,) 1800.
FISK, ALLEN; (1.) Epitome of E. Gram.; 18mo, pp. 124: Hallowell, Me., 1821;
2d Ed., 1828. (2.) "Adam's Latin Grammar Simplified;" 8vo, pp. 190: New
York, 1822; 2d Ed., 1824. (3.) "Murray's English Grammar Simplified;" 8vo,
pp. 178: 1st Ed., Troy, N. Y., 1822.
FLEMING, Rev. CALEB; an English Grammar, 12mo: London, 1765.
FLETCHER, LEVI; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 83: 1st Ed., Philadelphia, 1834.
FLETCHER, Rev. W.; English Gram.; 18mo, pp. 175: London; 1st Ed., 1828; 2d
Ed., 1833.
FLINT, ABEL, A. M., and D. D.; "Murray's English Grammar Abridged;" 12mo,
pp. 204: Hartford, Ct.; 1st Ed., 1807; 6th Ed., pp. 214, 1826.
FLINT, JOHN; "First Lessons in English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 107: 1st Ed.,
New York, 1834.
FLOWER, M. and W. B.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 170: 1st Ed., London,
1844.
FOLKER, JOSEPH; "An Introduction to E. Gram.;" 12mo, pp. 34: Savannah, Ga.,
1821.
FORMEY, M., M. D., S. E., &c., &c.; "Elementary Principles of the
Belles-Lettres;"--"Translated from the French, by the late Mr. Sloper
Forman;" 12mo, pp. 224: Glasgow, 1767.
FOWLE, WILLIAM BENTLEY; (1.) "The True English Grammar," (Part I;) 18mo,
pp. 180: Boston, 1827. (2.) "The True English Grammar, Part II;" 18mo, pp.
97: Boston, 1829. (3.) "The Common School Grammar, Part I;" 12mo, pp. 46:
Boston, 1842. (4.) "The Common School Grammar, Part II;" 12mo, pp. 108:
Boston, 1842.
FOWLER, WILLIAM C.; "English Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 675: 1st Ed., New York,
1850.
FRAZEE, Rev. BRADFORD; "An Improved Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 192: Philad., 1844;
Ster. Ed., 1845.
FRENCH, D'ARCY A.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 168: Baltimore, 1st Ed.,
1831.
FROST, JOHN, A. M.; (1.) "Elements of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 108: 1st
Ed., Boston, 1829. (2.) "A Practical English Grammar;" (with 89 cuts;)
12mo, pp. 204: 1st Ed., Philadelphia, 1842.
FULLER, ALLEN; "Grammatical Exercises, being a plain and concise Method of
teaching English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 108: 1st Ed., Plymouth, Mass., 1822. A
book of no value.
GARTLEY, G.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 225: 1st Edition, London, 1830.
GAY, ANTHELME; "A French Prosodical Grammar;" for English or American
Students; 12mo, pp. 215: New York, 1795.
GENGEMBRE, P. W.; "Brown and Gengembre's English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 213:
Philad., 1855. (See J. H. Brown.)
GIBBS, Prof. J. W., of Yale C.; on Dialects, Sounds, and Derivations. See
about 126 pages, credited to this gentleman, in Prof. Fowler's large
Grammar, of 1850.
GILBERT, ELI; a "Catechetical Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 124: 1st Ed., 1834; 2d
Ed., New York, 1835.
GILCHRIST, JAMES; English Grammar; 8vo, pp. 269: 1st Ed., London, 1815.
GILES, JAMES; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 152: London, 1804; 2d Ed., 1810.
GILES, Rev. T. A., A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo, London, 2d Ed., 1838.
GILL, ALEXANDER; English Grammar, treated in Latin; 4to: London, 1621.
GILLEADE, G.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 206: London; 1st Ed., 1816.
GIRAULT Du VIVIER, Ch. P.; (1.) "La Grammaire des Grammaires;" two thick
volumes, 8vo: Paris; 2d Ed., 1814. (2.) "Traité des Participes;" 8vo, pp.
84: 2d Ed., Paris, 1816.
GOLDSBURY, JOHN, A. M.; (1.) "The Common School Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 94: 1st
Ed., Boston, 1842. (2.) "Sequel to the Common School Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
110: 1st Ed., Boston, 1842.
GOODENOW, SMITH B.; "A Systematic Text-Book of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
144: 1st Edition, Portland, 1839; 2d Edition, Boston, 1843.
GOUGH, JOHN and JAMES; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 212: 2d Ed., Dublin,
1760.
GOULD, BENJAMIN A.; "Adam's Lat. Gram., with Improvements;" 12mo, pp. 300:
Boston, 1829.
GRAHAM, G. F.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 134: 1st Ed., London, 1843.
GRANT, JOHN, A. M.; (1.) "Institutes of Latin Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 453:
London, 1808. (2.) A Comprehensive English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 410: 1st Ed.,
London, 1813.
GRANVILLE, GEO.; English Grammar, 12mo: London, 1827.
GRAY, JAMES, D. D.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 144: 1st Ed., Baltimore,
1818.
GREEN, MATTHIAS; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 148: 1st Ed., London, 1837.
GREEN, RICHARD W.; "Inductive Exercises in English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 108:
1st Ed., New York, 1829; 5th Ed., Phila., 1834.
GEEENE, ROSCOE G.; (1.) E. Gram.; 12mo, pp. 132: Hallowell, Me.; 1st Ed.,
1828; Ster. Ed., 1835. (2.) "A Practical Grammar for the English Language;"
(with Diagrams of Moods;) 12mo: Portland, 1829. (3.) "A Grammatical
Text-Book, being an Abstract of a Practical Gram., &c.;" 12mo, pp. 69:
Boston, 1833.
GREENE, SAMUEL S.; (1.) "Analysis of Sentences;" 12mo, pp. 258: 1st Ed.,
Philadelphia, 1848. (2.) "First Lessons in Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 171: 1st
Ed., Philad., 1848.
GREENLEAF, JEREMIAH; "Grammar Simplified;" 4to, pp. 48: New York; 3d Ed.,
1821; 20th Ed., 1837.
GREENWOOD, JAMES; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 315: London, 1711; 2d Ed.,
1722.
GEENVILLE, A. S.; "Introduction to English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 63: 1st Ed.,
Boston, 1822.
GRISCOM, JOHN, LL. D.; "Questions in English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 42: 1st
Ed., New York, 1821.
GURNEY, DAVID. A. M.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 72: Boston, 1801; 2d Ed.,
1808.
GUY, JOSEPH, Jun.; "English School Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 143: 4th Ed., London
1816.
HALL, Rev. S. R.; "The Grammatical Assistant;" 12mo, pp. 131: 1st Ed.,
Springfield, Mass., 1832.
HALL, WILLIAM; "Encyclopedia of English Grammar;" (by report;) Ohio, 1850.
HALLOCK, EDWARD J., A. M.; "A Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp.
251: 1st Ed., New York, 1842. A very inaccurate book, with sundry small
plagiarisms from G. Brown.
HAMLIN, LORENZO F.; "English Grammar in Lectures;" 12mo, pp. 108: New York,
1831; Ster. Ed., 1832.
HAMMOND, SAMUEL; English Grammar; 8vo: Lond., 1744.
HARRIS, JAMES, Esq.; "Hermes; or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning
Universal Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 468; London, 1751: 6th Ed., 1806.
HARRISON, Mr.; "Rudiments of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 108: 9th American
Ed., Philad., 1812.
HARRISON, Rev. MATTHEW, A. M.; "The Rise, Progress, and Present Structure
of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 393: Preface dated Basingstoke, Eng.,
1848; 1st American Ed., Philad., 1850.
HART, JOHN S., A. M.; "English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 192; 1st Ed.,
Philadelphia, 1845.
HARVEY, J.; English Grammar: London, 1841.
HAZEN, EDWARD, A. M.; "A Practical Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo,
pp. 240: New York, 1842.
HAZLITT, WILLIAM; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 205: London, 1810.
HENDRICK, J. L., A. M.; "A Grammatical Manual;" 18mo, pp. 105: 1st Ed.,
Syracuse, N. Y., 1844.
HEWES, JOHN, A. M.; English Grammar; 4to: London, 1624.
HEWETT, D.; English Grammar; folio, pp. 16: 1st Edition, New York, 1838.
HIGGINSON, Rev. T. E.; E. Gram.; 12mo; Dublin, 1803.
HILEY, RICHARD; "A Treatise on English Grammar," &c.; 12mo, pp. 269: 3d
Ed., London, 1840. Hiley's Grammar Abridged; 18mo, pp. 196: London, 1843:
4th Ed., 1851.
HILL, J. H.; "On the Subjunctive Mood;" 8vo, pp. 63: 1st Ed., London, 1834.
HODGSON, Rev. ISAAC; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 184: 1st Ed., London, 1770.
HOME, HENRY, Lord Kames; "Elements of Criticism;" 2 volumes 8vo, pp. 836:
(3d American, from the 8th London Ed.:) New York, 1819. Also, "The Art of
Thinking;" 12mo, pp. 284: (from the last London Ed.:) New York, 1818.
HORNSEY, JOHN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 144; York, England, 1798: 6th
Ed., 1816.
HORT, W. JILLARD; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 219: 1st Ed., London, 1822.
HOUGHTON, JOHN; English Grammar; 8vo: London, 1766.
HOUSTON, SAMUEL, A. B.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 48: 1st Ed.,
Harrisburgh, Pa., 1818.
HOWE, S. L.; English Grammar; 18mo; 1st Ed., Lancaster, Ohio, 1838.
HOWELL, JAMES; English Grammar; 12mo: London, 1662.
HULL, JOSEPH HERVEY; "E. Gram., by Lectures;" 12mo, pp. 72: 4th Ed.,
Boston, 1828.
HUMPHREY, ASA; (1.) "The English Prosody;" 12mo, pp. 175: 1st Ed., Boston,
1847. (2.) "The Rules of Punctuation;" with "Rules for the Use of
Capitals;" 18mo, pp. 71: 1st Ed., Boston, 1847.
HURD, S. T.; E. Gram.: 2d Ed., Boston, 1827.
HUTHERSAL, JOHN; English Grammar; 18mo: England, 1814.
INGERSOLL, CHARLES M.; "Conversations on English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 296:
New York, 1821.
JAMIESON, ALEXANDER; "A Grammar of Rhetoric and Polite Literature;" 12mo,
pp. 345: "The first American, from the last London Edition;" Newhaven,
1820.
JAUDON, DANIEL; "The Union Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 216: Philadelphia; 1st Ed.,
1812; 4th, 1828.
JENKINS, AZARIAH; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 256; 1st Ed., Rochester, N.
Y., 1835.
JOEL, THOMAS; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 78: 1st Ed., London, 1775.
JOHNSON, RICHARD; "Grammatical Commentaries;" (chiefly on Lily;) 8vo, pp.
436: London, 1706.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL, LL. D.; "A Dictionary of the English Language;" in two
thick volumes, 4to: 1st American, from the 11th London Edition;
Philadelphia, 1818. To this work, are prefixed Johnson's "History of the
English Language," pp. 29; and his "Grammar of the English Tongue," pp. 14.
JONES, JOSHUA; E. Gram.; 18mo: Phila., 1841.
JONSON, BEN;--see, in his Works, "The English Grammar, made by Ben Jonson,
for the Benefit of all Strangers, out of his Observation of the English
Language, now spoken and in use:" London, 1634: 8vo, pp. 94; Lond., 1816.
JUDSON, ADONIRAM, Jun., A. B.; E. Grammar; 12mo, pp. 56: 1st Ed., Boston,
1808.
KENNION, CHARLOTTE; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 157: 1st Ed., London, 1842.
KILSON, ROGER; English Grammar; 12mo: England, 1807.
KING, WALTER W.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 76: 1st Ed., London, 1841.
KIRKHAM, SAMUEL; "English Grammar in familiar Lectures;" 12mo, pp.
141--228: 2d Ed., Harrisburgh, Pa., 1825; 12th Ed., New York, 1829.
KNOWLES, JOHN; "The Principles of English Grammar;" 12mo: 3d Ed., London,
1794.
KNOWLTON, JOSEPH; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 84: Salem, Mass., 1818; 2d
Ed., 1832.
LATHAM, ROBERT GORDON, A. M., M. D., F. R. S. (1.) "The English Language;"
8vo, pp. 418: 1st Ed., London, 1841. (2.) "English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 214:
1st Ed., London, 1843. (3.) "A Hand-Book of the English Language;" large
12mo, pp. 898: New York, 1852.
LEAVITT, DUDLEY; English Grammar; 24to, pp. 60: 1st Ed., Concord, N. H.,
1826.
LENNIE, WILLIAM; "The Principles of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 142: 5th
Ed., Edinburgh, 1819; 13th Ed., 1831.
LEWIS, ALONZO; "Lessons in English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 50: 1st Ed., Boston,
1822.
LEWIS, JOHN; (1.) English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 48: 1st Ed., New York, 1828.
(2.) "Tables of Comparative Etymology; or, The Student's Manual of
Languages;" 4to, pp. 108: Philad., 1828.
LEWIS, WILLIAM GREATHEAD; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 204: 1st Ed., London,
1821.
LILY, WILLIAM; "Brevissima Institutio, seu Ratio Grammatices cognoscendæ;"
large 18mo, pp. 140: London, 1793.
LINDSAY, Rev. JOHN, A. M.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 88: 1st Ed., London.
1842.
LOCKE, JOHN, M. D.; small English Grammar; 18mo: 1st Ed., Cincinnati, Ohio,
1827.
LOUGHTON, WILLIAM; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 194: 3d Ed., London, 1739.
LOVECHILD, Mrs.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 72: 40th Ed., London, 1842.
LOWTH, ROBERT, D. D.; "A Short Introduction to English Grammar;" 18mo, pp.
132: London, 1763;--Philadelphia, 1799;--Cambridge, Mass., 1838.
LYNDE, JOHN; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 10: 1st Ed., Woodstock, Vt., 1821.
MACK, EVERED J.; "The Self-Instructor, and Practical English Grammar;"
12mo, pp. 180: 1st Ed., Springfield, Mass., 1835. An egregious plagiarism
from G. Brown.
MACGOWAN, Rev. JAMES; "English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 248: London, 1825.
MACKINTOSH, DUNCAN; "An Essay on English Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 239: Boston,
1797.
MACKILQUHEM, WILLIAM; English Grammar; 12mo: Glasgow, 1799.
MAITTAIRE, MICHAEL; English Grammar; 8vo, pp. 272: London, 1712.
MANDEVILLE, HENRY, D. D.; (1.) "Elements of Reading and Oratory;" large
12mo: Utica, N. Y., 1845. (2.) "A Course of Reading for Schools;" 12mo, pp.
377: Improved Ed.; New York, 1851.
MARCET, Mrs.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 331: 7th Ed., London, 1843.
MARTIN, BENJ.; English Grammar; 12mo: London, 1754.
MATHESON, JOHN; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 138: 2d Ed., London, 1821.
MAUNDER, SAMUEL; Grammar prefixed to Dict.; 12mo, pp. 20: 1st Ed., London,
1830.
MAVOR, WILLIAM; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 70: 1st Ed., London, 1820.
M'CREADY, F.; 12mo Grammar: Philad., 1820.
M'CULLOCH, J. M., D. D.; "A Manual of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 188: 7th
Ed., Edinburgh, 1841.
M'ELLIGOTT, JAMES N.; "Manual, Analytical and Synthetical, of Orthography
and Definition;" 8vo, pp. 223: 1st Ed., New York, 1846. Also, "The Young
Analyzer:" 12mo, pp. 54: New York, 1846.
MEILAN, MARK A.; English Grammar; 12mo: London, 1803.
MENDENHALL, WILLIAM; "The Classification of Words;" 12mo, pp. 36: Philad.,
1814.
MENNYE, J.: "English Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 124: 1st Ed., New York, 1785.
MERCEY, BLANCHE; English Grammar; 12mo, 2 vols., pp. 248: 1st Ed., London,
1799.
MERCHANT, AARON M.; Murray's Small Grammar, Enlarged; 18mo, pp. 216: N. Y.,
1824. This "Enlarged Abridgement" became "The American School Grammar" in
1828.
MILLER, ALEXANDER; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 119: 1st Ed., New York, 1795.
MILLER, The Misses; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 63: 1st Ed., London, 1830.
MILLER, FERDINAND H.; "The Ready Grammarian;" square 12mo, pp. 24: Ithaca,
New York, 1843.
MILLER, TOBIAS HAM; Murray's Abridgement, with Questions; 12mo, pp. 76:
Portsmouth, N. H., 1823.
MILLIGAN, Rev. GEORGE; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 72: Edin., 1831; 2d Ed.,
1839.
MOORE, THOMAS; "Orthography and Pronunciation;" 12mo, pp. 176: London,
1810.
MORGAN, JONATHAN, Jun., A. B.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 405: 1st Ed.,
Hallowell, Me., 1814.
MORLEY, CHARLES, A. B.; "School Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 86: (with Cuts:) 1st
Ed., Hartford, Ct., 1836.
MOREY, AMOS C.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 106: Albany, N. Y., 1829.
MULKEY, WILLIAM; "An Abridgment of Walker's Rules on the Sounds of the
Letters;" 18mo, pp. 124: Boston. 1834. Fudge!
MULLIGAN, JOHN, A. M.; (1.) "Exposition of the Grammatical Structure of the
English Language;" small 8vo, pp. 574: New York, 1852. (2.) Same Abridged
for Schools; 12mo, pp. 301: N. Y., 1854.
MURRAY, ALEXANDER, D. D.; "The History of European Languages;" in two
vols., 8vo.; pp. 800.
MURRAY, ALEXANDER, Schoolmaster; "Easy English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 194: 3d
Ed., London, 1793.
MURRAY, LINDLEY; (1.) "English Grammar, Adapted to the Different Classes of
Learners;" 12mo, pp. 284: York, Eng., 1795; 2d Ed., 1796; 23d Ed., 1816.
(2.) "Abridgment of Murray's English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 105: "From the
30th English Ed.," New York, 1817. (3.) "An English Grammar;" in two
volumes, octavo; pp. 684: 4th American from the last English Ed.; New York,
1819. (4.) A Spelling-Book; 18mo, pp. 180: New York, 1819.
MYLINS, WM. F.; Gram., 12mo: England, 1809.
MYLNE, Rev. A., D. D.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 180: 11th Ed., Edinburgh,
1832.
NESBIT, A.; "An Introd. to English Parsing;" 18mo, pp. 213: 2d Ed., York,
England, 1823.
NEWBURY, JOHN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 152: 5th Ed., London, 1787.
NIGHTINGALE, Rev. J.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 96: 1st Ed., London, 1822.
NIXON, H.; (1.) "The English Parser;" 12mo, pp. 164: 1st Ed., London, 1826.
(2.) "New and Comprehensive English Grammar;" 12mo: 1st Ed., London, 1833.
NUTTING, RUFUS, A. M.; "A Practical Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 144: 3d Ed.,
Montpelier, Vt., 1826.
ODELL, J., A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 205: 1st Ed., London, 1806.
OLIVER, EDWARD, D. D.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 178: 1st Ed., London,
1807.
OLIVER, SAMUEL; English Grammar; 8vo, pp. 377: 1st Ed., London, 1825.
PALMER, MARY; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 48: New York, 1803.
PARKER, RICHARD GREEN; (1.) "Exercises in Composition;" 12mo, pp. 106: 3d
Ed., Boston, 1833. (2.) "Aids to English Composition;" 12mo, pp. 418: 1st
Ed., Boston, 1844.
PARKER and FOX; "Progressive Exercises in English Grammar;" in three
separate parts, 12mo:--Part I, pp. 96; Boston, 1834: Part II, pp. 60;
Boston, 1835: Part III, pp. 122; Boston, 1840.
PARKHURST, JOHN L.; (1.) "A Systematic Introduction to English Grammar;"
18mo, pp. 104: Concord, N. H., 1820; 2d Ed., 1824. (2.) "English Grammar
for Beginners;" 18mo, pp. 180: 1st Ed., Andover, Mass., 1838.
PARSONS, SAMUEL H.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 107: 1st Ed., Philadelphia,
1836.
PEIRCE, JOHN; "The New American Spelling-Book," with "A Plain and Easy
Introduction to English Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 200: 6th Ed., Philadelphia,
1804. This Grammar is mostly copied from Harrison's.
PEIRCE, OLIVER B.; "The Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo, pp. 384:
1st Ed., New York, 1839. Also, Abridgement of the same; 18mo, pp. 144:
Boston, 1840.
PENGELLEY, EDWARD; English Gram.; 18mo, pp. 108: 1st Ed., London, 1840.
PERLEY, DANIEL, M. D.; "A Grammar of the English Language;" 18mo, pp. 79:
1st Ed., Andover, Mass., 1834.
PERRY, WILLIAM; Grammar in Dict.; 12mo: Edinburgh, 1801.
PICKBOURN, JAMES; "Dissertation on the English Verb:" London, 1789.
PICKET, ALBERT; "Analytical School Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 252: New York, 1823;
2d Ed., 1824.
PINNEO, T. S., M. A., M. D.; (1.) "A Primary Grammar, for Beginners:"
Cincinnati. (2.) "Analytical Grammar of the E. Language:" 12mo, pp. 216:
Cincinnati, 1850; New York, 1853. (3.) "Pinneo's English Teacher; in which
is taught the Structure of Sentences by Analysis and Synthesis;" 12mo, pp.
240: Cincinnati, 1854.
PINNOCK, W.; (1.) A Catechism of E. Gram.; 18mo, pp. 70: 18th Ed., London,
1825. (2.) A Comprehensive Grammar; 12mo, pp. 318: 1st Ed., London, 1829.
POND, ENOCH, D. D.; "Murray's System of Eng. Grammar, Improved;" 12mo, pp.
228: 5th Ed., Worcester, Mass., 1835. Also, under the same title, a petty
Grammar with Cuts; 18mo, pp. 71: New Ed., Worcester, 1835.
POWERS, DANIEL, A. M.; E. Grammar; 12mo, pp. 188: 1st Ed., West Brookfleld,
Mass., 1845.
PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH, LL. D.; "The Rudiments of E. Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 202: 3d
Ed., London, 1772.
PUE, HUGH A.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 149: 1st Ed., Philadelphia, 1841.
PULLEN, P. H.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 321: London, 1820; 2d Ed., 1822.
PUTNAM, J. M.; "English Grammar;" (Murray's, Modified;) 18mo, pp. 162:
Concord, N. H., 1825; Ster., 1831.
PUTNAM, SAMUEL; "Putnam's Murray;" 18mo, pp. 108: Improved Ster. Ed.;
Dover, N. H., 1828.
PUTSEY, Rev. W.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 211: London, 1821; 2d Ed.,
1829.
QUACKENBOS, GEO. PAYN; (1.) "First Lessons in Composition." (2.) "Advanced
Course of Composition and Rhetoric;" 12mo, pp. 455: New York, 1854.
RAND, ASA; "Teacher's Manual," &c.; 18mo, pp. 90: 1st Ed., Boston, 1832.
REED, CALEB, A. M.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 30: 1st Ed., Boston, 1821.
REID, A.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 46: 2d Ed., London, 1839.
REID, JOHN, M. D.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 68: 1st Ed., Glasgow, 1830.
RICORD, F. W., A. M.; "The Youth's Grammar; or, Easy Lessons in Etymology;"
12mo, pp. 118: 1st Ed., N. Y., 1855.
RIGAN, JOHN; Grammar, 12mo: Dublin, 1823.
ROBBINS, MANASSEH; "Rudimental Lessons in Etym. and Synt.;" 12mo, pp. 70:
Prov., R. I., 1826.
ROBINSON, JOHN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 95: 1st Ed., Maysville, 1830.
ROOME, Rev. T.; Gram.; 12mo: England, 1813.
ROSS, ROBERT; an American Grammar; 12mo, pp. 199: 7th Ed., Hartford, Ct.,
1782.
ROTHWELL, J.; English Grammar; 12mo: 2d Ed., London, 1797.
ROZZELL, WM.; English Grammar in Verse; 8vo: London, 1795.
RUSH, JAMES, M. D.; "Philosophy of the Human Voice;" 8vo: Philadelphia,
1833.
RUSSELL, Rev. J., D. D.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 168: London, 1835; 10th
Ed., 1842.
RUSSELL, WILLIAM; (1.) "A Grammar of Composition;" 12mo, pp. 150: Newhaven,
1823. (2.) "Lessons in Enunciation:" Boston, 1841. (3.) "Orthophony; or the
Cultivation of the Voice;" 12mo, pp. 300: improved Ed., Boston, 1847.
RUSSELL, WILLIAM E.: "An Abridgment of Murray's Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 142:
Hartford, 1819.
RYLAND, JOHN; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 164: 1st Ed., Northampton, Eng.,
1767.
SABINE, H., A. M.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 120: 1st Ed., London, 1702.
SANBOBN, DYER H.; "An Analytical Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo,
pp. 299: 1st Ed., Concord, N. H., 1836.
SANDERS, CHARLES W. and J. C.; "The Young Grammarian;" 12mo, pp. 120:
Rochester, N. Y., 1847.
SARGENT, EPES; "The Standard Speaker; a Treatise on Oratory and Elocution;"
small 8vo, pp. 558: Philadelphia, 1852.
SCOTT, WILLIAM; Grammar, 12mo: Edinb., 1797. Dictionary, with Grammar
prefixed; square, pp. 492: Cork, 1810.
SEARLE, Rev. THOMAS; Grammar in Verse; 18mo, pp. 114: 1st Ed., London,
1822.
SHATFORD, W.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 104: 1st Ed., London, 1834.
SHAW, Rev. JOHN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 259: 4th Ed., London, 1793.
SHERIDAN, THOMAS, A. M.; (1.) "Lectures on Elocution;" 12mo, pp. 185:
London, 1762; Troy, N. Y., 1803. (2.) "Lectures on the Art of Reading."
(3.) "A Rhetorical Grammar;" square 12mo, pp. 73: 3d Ed., Philadelphia,
1789. (4.) "Elements of English;" 12mo, pp. 69: Dublin, 1789. (5.) "A
Complete Dictionary of the English Language;" 1st Ed., 1780.
SHERMAN, JOHN; American Grammar; 12mo, pp. 323: 1st Ed., Trenton Falls, N.
Y., 1836.
SIMMONITE, W. J.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 228: 1st Ed., London, 1841.
SKILLERN, R. S., A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 184: 2d Ed., Gloucester,
England, 1808. SMART, B. H.; (1.) "A Practical Grammar of English
Pronunciation;" 8vo: London, 1810. (2.) "The Accidence of English Grammar;"
12mo, pp. 52: London, 1841. (3.) "The Accidence and Principles of English
Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 280: London, 1841.
SMETHAM, THOMAS; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 168: 1st Ed., London, 1774.
SMITH, ELI; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 108: 1st Ed., Philadelphia, 1812.
SMITH, JOHN; Grammar, 8vo: Norwich, Eng., 1816.
SMITH, PETER, A. M.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 176: 1st Ed., Edinburgh,
1826.
SMITH, Rev. THOMAS; (1.) Alderson's "Orthographical Exercises," Copied;
18mo, pp. 108: 15th Ed., London, 1819. (2.) "Smith's Edition of L. Murray's
Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 128: London, 1832. Very petty authorship. SMITH,
ROSWELL C.; (1.) "English Grammar on the Inductive System;" 12mo, pp. 205:
Boston, 1830; 2d Ed., 1881. (2.) "English Grammar on the Productive
System;" 12mo, pp. 192: 2d Ed., New York, 1832. A sham.
SNYDER, W.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 164: 1st Ed., Winchester, Va., 1834.
SPALDING, CHARLES; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 36: 1st Ed., Onondaga, N. Y.,
1825.
SPEAR, MATTHEW P.; "The Teacher's Manual of English Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
116: 1st Ed., Boston, 1845.
SPENCER, GEORGE, A. M.; "An English Grammar on Synthetical Principles;"
12mo, pp. 178: New York, 1851.
STANIFORD, DANIEL, A. M.; "A Short but Comprehensive Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
96: Boston, 1807; 2d Ed., 1815.
STEARNS, GEORGE; English Grammar; 4to, pp. 17: 1st Ed., Boston, 1843.
STOCKWOOD, JOHN; Gram., 4to: London, 1590.
STORY, JOSHUA; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 180: 1st Ed., Newcastle, Eng.,
1778; 3d, 1783.
ST. QUENTIN, D., M. A.; "The Rudiments of General Gram.;" 12mo, pp. 163:
Lond., 1812.
SUTCLIFFE, JOSEPH, A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 262; London, 1815; 2d
Ed., 1821.
SWETT, J., A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 192: Claremont, N. H., 1843;
2d Ed., 1844.
TICKEN, WILLIAM; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 147: 1st Ed., London, 1806.
TICKNOR, ELISHA, A. M.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 72: 3d Ed., Boston,
1794.
TOBITT, R.; "Grammatical Institutes;" (in Verse;) 12mo, pp. 72: 1st Ed.,
London, 1825.
TODD, LEWIS C.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 126: Fredonia, N. Y., 1826; 2d
Ed., 1827.
TOOKE, JOHN HORNE, A. M.; "Epea Pteroenta; or, the Diversions of Purley;" 2
vols., 8vo; pp. 924: 1st American, from the 2d London Ed.; Philadelphia,
1806.
TOWER, DAVID B., A. M.; "Gradual Lessons in Grammar;" small 12mo, pp. 180:
Boston, 1847.
TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX, B. D; "On the Study of Words;" 12mo, pp. 236:
London, 1st Ed., 1851; 2d Ed., 1852: reprinted, New York, 1852.
TRINDER, WILLIAM M.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 116: 1st Ed., London, 1781.
TUCKER, BENJAMIN; "A Short Introd. to E. Gram.;" 18mo, pp. 36: 4th Ed.,
Phila., 1812.
TURNER, DANIEL, A. M.; English Grammar; 8vo: London, 1739.
TURNER, Rev. BRANDON, A. M.; Grammar from G. Brown's Inst.; 12mo, pp. 238:
Lond., 1841.
TWITCHELL, MARK; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 106: 1st Ed., Portland. Me.,
1825.
USSHER, G. NEVILLE; English Grammar: 12mo, pp. 132: London, 1787; 3d Amer.
Ed., Exeter, N. H., 1804.
WALDO, JOHN; "Rudiments," 12mo; Philad., 1813: "Abridg't," 18mo, pp. 124;
Philadelphia, 1814.
WALKER, JOHN; (1.) E. Gram., 12mo, pp. 118: London, 1806. (2.) "Elements of
Elocution;" 8vo, pp. 379: Boston, 1810. (3.) Rhyming Dict., 12mo; (4.)
Pronouncing Dict., 8vo; and other valuable works.
WALKER, WILLIAM, B. D.; (1.) "A Treatise of English Particles;" 12mo, pp.
488: London, 1653; 10th Ed., 1691. (2.) "The Art of Teaching Grammar;"
large 18mo, pp. 226: 8th Ed., London, 1717.
WALLIS, JOHN, D. D.; E. Gram. in Latin; 8vo, pp. 281:. Lond., 1653; 6th
Ed., 1765.
WARD, H.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 151: Whitehaven, England, 1777.
WARD, JOHN, LL. D.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 238: London, 1768.
WARD, WILLIAM, A. M.; "A Practical Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 192: York, England,
1765.
WARE, JONATHAN, Esq.; "A New Introduction to English Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
48: Windsor, Vt., 1814.
WASE, CHRISTOPHER, M. A.; "An Essay of a Practical Gram.," 12mo, pp. 79:
Lond., 1660.
WATT, THOMAS, A. M.; "Gram. Made Easy;" 18mo, pp. 92: Edinburgh, 1708.; 5th
Ed., 1742.
WEBBER, SAMUEL, A. M., M. D.; "An Introd. to E. Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 116:
Cambridge, Mass., 1832.
WEBSTER, NOAH, LL. D.; (1.) "A Plain and Comprehensive Grammar;" 12mo, pp.
131: 8th Ed., Hartford, Ct., 1800. (2.) "A Philosophical and Practical
Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 250: Newhaven, Ct., 1807. (3.) "Rudiments of English
Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 87: New York, 1811. (4.) "An Improved Grammar of the E.
L.;" 12mo, pp. 180: Newhaven, 1831. (5.) "An American Dictionary of the E.
L.," 4to; and an Abridgement, 8vo.
WELCH, A. S.; "Analysis of the English Sentence;" 12mo, pp. 264: New York,
1854. Of no value.
WELD, ALLEN H., A. M.; (1.) "English Grammar Illustrated;" 12mo, pp. 228:
Portland, Me., 1846; 2d Ed., 1847: "Abridged Edition," Boston, 1849.
"Improved Edition," much altered: Portland, 1852. (2.) "Parsing Book,
containing Rules of Syntax," &c.; 18mo, pp. 112: Portland, 1847.
WELLS, WILLIAM H., M. A.; "Wells's School Grammar;" 12mo, pp. 220: 1st Ed.,
Andover, 1846; "113th Thousand," 1850.
WHITE, MR. JAMES; "The English Verb;" 8vo, pp. 302: 1st Ed., London, 1761.
WHITING, JOSEPH, A. M.; English Grammar; 12mo: Detroit, 1845.
WHITWORTH, T.; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 216: 1st Ed., London, 1819.
WICKES, EDWARD WALTER; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 106: 2d Ed., London,
1841.
WILBER & LIVINGSTON; "The Grammatical Alphabet;" (with a Chart;) 18mo, pp.
36: 2d Ed., Albany, 1815.
WILBUR, JOSIAH; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 132: Bellows Falls, N. H., 1815;
2d Ed., 1822.
WILCOX, A. F.; "A Catechetical and Practical Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 110: 1st
Ed., Newhaven, Ct., 1828.
WILLARD, SAMUEL: English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 54: 1st Ed., Greenfield, Mass.,
1816.
WILLIAMS, MRS. HONORIA; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 226: London, 1823; 3d
Ed., 1826.
WILSON, CHARLES, D. D.; "Elements of Hebrew Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 398: 3d Ed.,
London, 1802.
WILSON, GEORGE; English Grammar; 18mo; London, 1777.
WILSON, JAMES P., D. D.: "An Essay on Grammar;" 8vo, pp. 281: Philadelphia,
1817.
WILSON, JOHN; "A Treatise on English Punctuation;" 12mo, pp. 204: Boston,
1850.
WILSON, Rev. J.; English Grammar; 18mo, pp. 184: 3d Ed., Congleton,
England, 1803.
WINNING, Rev. W. B., M. A.; "A Manual of Comparative Philology;" 8vo, pp.
291: London, 1838.
WISEMAN, CHARLES; an English Grammar, 12mo: London, 1765.
WOOD, HELEN; English Grammar; 12mo, pp. 207: London, 1st Ed., 1827; 6th
Ed., 1841.
WOOD, Rev. JAMES, D. D; English Grammar; 12mo: London, 1778.
WOODWORTH, A.; "Grammar Demonstrated;" 12mo, pp. 72: 1st Ed., Auburn, N.
Y., 1823.
WORCESTER, JOSEPH, E.; "Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English
Language;" 1st Ed., Boston, 1846.
WORCESTER, SAMUEL; "A First Book of English Grammar;" 18mo, pp. 86; Boston,
1831.
WRIGHT, ALBERT D.; "Analytical Orthography;" 18mo, pp. 112: 2d Ed.,
Cazenovia, N. Y., 1842.
WRIGHT, JOSEPH W.; "A Philosophical Grammar of the English Language;" 12mo,
pp. 252: New York and London, 1838.
[Asterism] The _Names_, or _Heads_, in the foregoing alphabetical
Catalogue, are 452; the _Works_ mentioned are 548; the _Grammars_ are 463;
the _other Books_ are 85.
END OF THE CATALOGUE.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL
CHAPTER I.
OF THE SCIENCE OF GRAMMAR.
"Hæc de Grammatica quam brevissime potui: non ut omnia dicerem sectatus,
(quod infinitum erat,) sed ut maxima necessaria."--QUINTILIAN. _De Inst.
Orat._, Lib. i, Cap. x.
1. Language, in the proper sense of the term, is peculiar to man; so that,
without a miraculous assumption of human powers, none but human beings can
make words the vehicle of thought. An imitation of some of the articulate
sounds employed in speech, may be exhibited by parrots, and sometimes by
domesticated ravens, and we know that almost all brute animals have their
peculiar natural voices, by which they indicate their feelings, whether
pleasing or painful. But _language_ is an attribute of reason, and differs
essentially not only from all brute voices, but even from all the
chattering, jabbering, and babbling of our own species, in which there is
not an intelligible meaning, with division of thought, and distinction of
words.
2. Speech results from the joint exercise of the best and noblest faculties
of human nature, from our rational understanding and our social affection;
and is, in the proper use of it, the peculiar ornament and distinction of
man, whether we compare him with other orders in the creation, or view him
as an individual preëminent among his fellows. Hence that science which
makes known the nature and structure of speech, and immediately concerns
the correct and elegant use of language, while it surpasses all the
conceptions of the stupid or unlearned, and presents nothing that can seem
desirable to the sensual and grovelling, has an intrinsic dignity which
highly commends it to all persons of sense and taste, and makes it most a
favourite with the most gifted minds. That science is Grammar. And though
there be some geniuses who affect to despise the trammels of grammar rules,
to whom it must be conceded that many things which have been unskillfully
taught as such, deserve to be despised; yet it is true, as Dr. Adam
remarks, that, "The study of Grammar has been considered an object of great
importance by the wisest men in all ages."--_Preface to Latin and English
Gram._, p. iii.
3. Grammar bears to language several different relations, and acquires from
each a nature leading to a different definition. _First_, It is to
language, as knowledge is to the thing known; and as doctrine, to the
truths it inculcates. In these relations, grammar is a science. It is the
first of what have been called the seven sciences, or liberal branches of
knowledge; namely, grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy, and music. _Secondly_, It is as skill, to the thing to be done;
and as power, to the instruments it employs. In these relations, grammar is
an art; and as such, has long been defined, "_ars rectè scribendi, rectèque
loquendi_" the art of writing and speaking correctly. _Thirdly_, It is as
navigation, to the ocean, which nautic skill alone enables men to traverse.
In this relation, theory and practice combine, and grammar becomes, like
navigation, a practical science. _Fourthly_, It is as a chart, to a coast
which we would visit. In this relation, our grammar is a text-book, which
we take as a guide, or use as a help to our own observation. _Fifthly_, It
is as a single voyage, to the open sea, the highway of nations. Such is our
meaning, when we speak of the grammar of a particular text or passage.
4. Again: Grammar is to language a sort of self-examination. It turns the
faculty of speech or writing upon itself for its own elucidation; and makes
the tongue or the pen explain the uses and abuses to which both are liable,
as well as the nature and excellency of that power, of which, these are the
two grand instruments. From this account, some may begin to think that in
treating of grammar we are dealing with something too various and
changeable for the understanding to grasp; a dodging Proteus of the
imagination, who is ever ready to assume some new shape, and elude the
vigilance of the inquirer. But let the reader or student do his part; and,
if he please, follow us with attention. We will endeavour, with welded
links, to bind this Proteus, in such a manner that he shall neither escape
from our hold, nor fail to give to the consulter an intelligible and
satisfactory response. Be not discouraged, generous youth. Hark to that
sweet far-reaching note:
"Sed, quanto ille magis formas se vertet in omnes,
Tanto, nate, magis contende tenacia vincla."
VIRGIL. Geor. IV, 411.
"But thou, the more he varies forms, beware
To strain his fetters with a stricter care."
DRYDEN'S VIRGIL.
5. If for a moment we consider the good and the evil that are done in the
world through the medium of speech, we shall with one voice acknowledge,
that not only the faculty itself, but also the manner in which it is used,
is of incalculable importance to the welfare of man. But this reflection
does not directly enhance our respect for grammar, because it is not to
language as the vehicle of moral or of immoral sentiment, of good or of
evil to mankind, that the attention of the grammarian is particularly
directed. A consideration of the subject in these relations, pertains
rather to the moral philosopher. Nor are the arts of logic and rhetoric now
considered to be properly within the grammarian's province. Modern science
assigns to these their separate places, and restricts grammar, which at one
period embraced all learning, to the knowledge of language, as respects its
fitness to be the vehicle of any particular thought or sentiment which the
speaker or writer may wish to convey by it. Accordingly grammar is commonly
defined, by writers upon the subject, in the special sense of an art--"the
_art_ of speaking or writing a language with propriety or
correctness."--_Webster's Dict._
6. Lily says, "Grammatica est rectè scribendi atque loquendi ars;" that is,
"Grammar is the art of writing and speaking correctly." Despauter, too, in
his definition, which is quoted in a preceding paragraph, not improperly
placed writing first, as being that with which grammar is primarily
concerned. For it ought to be remembered, that over any fugitive colloquial
dialect, which has never been fixed by visible signs, grammar has no
control; and that the speaking which the art or science of grammar teaches,
is exclusively that which has reference to a knowledge of letters. It is
the certain tendency of writing, to improve speech. And in proportion as
books are multiplied, and the knowledge of written language is diffused,
local dialects, which are beneath the dignity of grammar, will always be
found to grow fewer, and their differences less. There are, in the various
parts of the world, many languages to which the art of grammar has never
yet been applied; and to which, therefore, the definition or true idea of
grammar, however general, does not properly extend. And even where it has
been applied, and is now honoured as a popular branch of study, there is
yet great room for improvement: barbarisms and solecisms have not been
rebuked away as they deserve to be.
7. Melancthon says, "Grammatica est certa loquendi ac scribendi ratio,
Latinis Latinè." Vossius, "Ars benè loquendi eóque et scribendi, atque id
Latinis Latinè." Dr. Prat, "_Grammatica est rectè loquendi atque scribendi
ars._" Ruddiman also, in his Institutes of Latin Grammar, reversed the
terms _writing_ and _speaking_, and defined grammar, "_ars recè loquendi
scribendique_;" and, either from mere imitation, or from the general
observation that speech precedes writing, this arrangement of the words has
been followed by most modern grammarians. Dr. Lowth embraces both terms in
a more general one, and says, "Grammar is the art of _rightly expressing_
our thoughts by words." It is, however, the province of grammar, to guide
us not merely in the expression of our own thoughts, but also in our
apprehension of the thoughts, and our interpretation of the words, of
others. Hence, Perizonius, in commenting upon Sanctius's imperfect
definition, "_Grammatica est ars rectè loquendi_," not improperly asks,
"_et quidni intelligendi et explicandi_?" "and why not also of
understanding and explaining?" Hence, too, the art of _reading_ is
virtually a part of grammar; for it is but the art of understanding and
speaking correctly that which we have before us on paper. And Nugent has
accordingly given us the following definition: "Grammar is the art of
reading, speaking, and writing a language by rules."--_Introduction to
Dict._, p. xii.[1]
8. The word _rectè_, rightly, truly, correctly, which occurs in most of the
foregoing Latin definitions, is censured by the learned Richard Johnson, in
his Grammatical Commentaries, on account of the vagueness of its meaning.
He says, it is not only ambiguous by reason of its different uses in the
Latin classics, but destitute of any signification proper to grammar. But
even if this be true as regards its earlier application, it may well be
questioned, whether by frequency of use it has not acquired a signification
which makes it proper at the present time. The English word _correctly_
seems to be less liable to such an objection; and either this brief term,
or some other of like import, (as, "with correctness"--"with propriety,")
is still usually employed to tell what grammar is. But can a boy learn by
such means what it is, _to speak and write grammatically_? In one sense, he
can; and in an other, he cannot. He may derive, from any of these terms,
some idea of grammar as distinguished from other arts; but no simple
definition of this, or of any other art, can communicate to him that learns
it, the skill of an artist.
9. R. Johnson speaks at large of _the relation_ of words to each other in
sentences, as constituting in his view the most essential part of grammar;
and as being a point very much overlooked, or very badly explained, by
grammarians in general. His censure is just. And it seems to be as
applicable to nearly all the grammars now in use, as to those which he
criticised a hundred and thirty years ago. But perhaps he gives to the
relation of words, (which is merely their dependence on other words
according to the sense,) an earlier introduction and a more prominent
place, than it ought to have in a general system of grammar. To the right
use of language, he makes four things to be necessary. In citing these, I
vary the language, but not the substance or the order of his positions.
_First_, That we should speak and write words according to the
significations which belong to them: the teaching of which now pertains to
lexicography, and not to grammar, except incidentally. "_Secondly_, That we
should observe _the relations_ that words have one to another in sentences,
and represent those relations by such variations, and particles, as are
usual with authors in that language." _Thirdly_, That we should acquire a
knowledge of the proper sounds of the letters, and pay a due regard to
accent in pronunciation. _Fourthly_, That we should learn to write words
with their proper letters, spelling them as literary men generally do.
10. From these positions, (though he sets aside the first, as pertaining to
lexicography, and not now to grammar, as it formerly did,) the learned
critic deduces first his four parts of the subject, and then his definition
of grammar. "Hence," says he, "there arise Four Parts of Grammar;
_Analogy_, which treats of the several parts of speech, their definitions,
accidents, and formations; _Syntax_, which treats of the use of those
things in construction, according to their relations; _Orthography_, which
treats of spelling; and _Prosody_, which treats of accenting in
pronunciation. So, then, the true definition of Grammar is this: Grammar is
the art of _expressing the relations_ of things in construction, with due
accent in speaking, and orthography in writing, according to the custom of
those whose language we learn." Again he adds: "The word _relation_ has
other senses, taken by itself; but yet the _relation of words one to
another in a sentence_, has no other signification than what I intend by
it, namely, of cause, effect, means, end, manner, instrument, object,
adjunct, and the like; which are names given by logicians to those
relations under which the mind comprehends things, and therefore the most
proper words to explain them to others. And if such things are too hard for
children, then grammar is too hard; for there neither is, nor can be, any
grammar without them. And a little experience will satisfy any man, that
the young will as easily apprehend them, as _gender, number, declension_,
and other grammar-terms." See _R. Johnson's Grammatical Commentaries_, p.
4.
11. It is true, that the _relation of words_--by which I mean that
connexion between them, which the train of thought forms and suggests--or
that dependence which one word has on an other according to the sense--lies
at the foundation of all syntax. No rule or principle of construction can
ever have any applicability beyond the limits, or contrary to the order, of
this relation. To see what it is in any given case, is but to understand
the meaning of the phrase or sentence. And it is plain, that no word ever
necessarily agrees with an other, with which it is not thus connected in
the mind of him who uses it. No word ever governs an other, to which the
sense does not direct it. No word is ever required to stand immediately
before or after an other, to which it has not some relation according to
the meaning of the passage. Here then are the relation, agreement,
government, and arrangement, of words in sentences; and these make up the
whole of syntax--but not the whole of grammar. To this one part of grammar,
therefore, the relation of words is central and fundamental; and in the
other parts also, there are some things to which the consideration of it is
incidental; but there are many more, like spelling, pronunciation,
derivation, and whatsoever belongs merely to letters, syllables, and the
forms of words, with which it has, in fact, no connexion. The relation of
words, therefore, should be clearly and fully explained in its proper
place, under the head of syntax; but the general idea of grammar will not
be brought nearer to truth, by making it to be "the art of _expressing the
relations_ of things in construction," &c., according to the foregoing
definition.
12. The term _grammar_ is derived from the Greek word [Greek: gramma], a
letter. The art or science to which this term is applied, had its origin,
not in cursory speech, but in the practice of writing; and speech, which is
first in the order of nature, is last with reference to grammar. The matter
or common subject of grammar, is language in general; which, being of two
kinds, _spoken_ and _written_, consists of certain combinations either of
sounds or of visible signs, employed for the expression of thought. Letters
and sounds, though often heedlessly confounded in the definitions given of
vowels, consonants, &c., are, in their own nature, very different things.
They address themselves to different senses; the former, to the sight; the
latter, to the hearing. Yet, by a peculiar relation arbitrarily established
between them, and in consequence of an almost endless variety in the
combinations of either, they coincide in a most admirable manner, to effect
the great object for which language was bestowed or invented; namely, to
furnish a sure medium for the communication of thought, and the
preservation of knowledge.
13. All languages, however different, have many things in common. There are
points of a philosophical character, which result alike from the analysis
of any language, and are founded on the very nature of human thought, and
that of the sounds or other signs which are used to express it. When such
principles alone are taken as the subject of inquiry, and are treated, as
they sometimes have been, without regard to any of the idioms of particular
languages, they constitute what is called General, Philosophical, or
Universal Grammar. But to teach, with Lindley Murray and some others, that
"Grammar may be considered as _consisting of two species_, Universal and
Particular," and that the latter merely "applies those general principles
to a particular language," is to adopt a twofold absurdity at the
outset.[2] For every cultivated language has its particular grammar, in
which whatsoever is universal, is necessarily included; but of which,
universal or general principles form only a part, and that comparatively
small. We find therefore in grammar no "two species" of the same genus; nor
is the science or art, as commonly defined and understood, susceptible of
division into any proper and distinct sorts, except with reference to
different languages--as when we speak of Greek, Latin, French, or English
grammar.
14. There is, however, as I have suggested, a certain science or philosophy
of language, which has been denominated Universal Grammar; being made up of
those points only, in which many or all of the different languages
preserved in books, are found to coincide. All speculative minds are fond
of generalization; and, in the vastness of the views which may thus be
taken of grammar, such may find an entertainment which they never felt in
merely learning to speak and write grammatically. But the pleasure of such
contemplations is not the earliest or the most important fruit of the
study. The first thing is, to know and understand the grammatical
construction of our own language. Many may profit by this acquisition, who
extend not their inquiries to the analogies or the idioms of other tongues.
It is true, that every item of grammatical doctrine is the more worthy to
be known and regarded, in proportion as it approaches to universality. But
the principles of all practical grammar, whether universal or particular,
common or peculiar, must first be learned in their application to some one
language, before they can be distinguished into such classes; and it is
manifest, both from reason and from experience, that the youth of any
nation not destitute of a good book for the purpose, may best acquire a
knowledge of those principles, from the grammatical study of their native
tongue.
15. Universal or Philosophical Grammar is a large field for speculation and
inquiry, and embraces many things which, though true enough in themselves,
are unfit to be incorporated with any system of practical grammar, however
comprehensive its plan. Many authors have erred here. With what is merely
theoretical, such a system should have little to do. Philosophy, dealing in
generalities, resolves speech not only as a whole into its constituent
parts and separable elements, as anatomy shows the use and adaptation of
the parts and joints of the human body; but also as a composite into its
matter and form, as one may contemplate that same body in its entireness,
yet as consisting of materials, some solid and some fluid, and these
curiously modelled to a particular figure. Grammar, properly so called,
requires only the former of these analyses; and in conducting the same, it
descends to the thousand minute particulars which are necessary to be known
in practice. Nor are such things to be despised as trivial and low:
ignorance of what is common and elementary, is but the more disgraceful for
being ignorance of mere rudiments. "Wherefore," says Quintilian, "they are
little to be respected, who represent this art as mean and barren; in
which, unless you faithfully lay the foundation for the future orator,
whatever superstructure you raise will tumble into ruins. It is an art,
necessary to the young, pleasant to the old, the sweet companion of the
retired, and one which in reference to every kind of study has in itself
more of utility than of show. Let no one therefore despise as
inconsiderable the elements of grammar. Not because it is a great thing, to
distinguish consonants from vowels, and afterwards divide them into
semivowels and mutes; but because, to those who enter the interior parts of
this temple of science, there will appear in many things a great subtilty,
which is fit not only to sharpen the wits of youth, but also to exercise
the loftiest erudition and science."--_De Institutione Oratoria_, Lib. i,
Cap. iv.
16. Again, of the arts which spring from the composition of language. Here
the art of logic, aiming solely at conviction, addresses the understanding
with cool deductions of unvarnished truth; rhetoric, designing to move, in
some particular direction, both the judgement and the sympathies of men,
applies itself to the affections in order to persuade; and poetry, various
in its character and tendency, solicits the imagination, with a view to
delight, and in general also to instruct. But grammar, though intimately
connected with all these, and essential to them in practice, is still too
distinct from each to be identified with any of them. In regard to dignity
and interest, these higher studies seem to have greatly the advantage over
particular grammar; but who is willing to be an ungrammatical poet, orator,
or logician? For him I do not write. But I would persuade my readers, that
an acquaintance with that grammar which respects the genius of their
vernacular tongue, is of primary importance to all who would cultivate a
literary taste, and is a necessary introduction to the study of other
languages. And it may here be observed, for the encouragement of the
student, that as grammar is essentially the same thing in all languages, he
who has well mastered that of his own, has overcome more than half the
difficulty of learning another; and he whose knowledge of words is the most
extensive, has the fewest obstacles to encounter in proceeding further.
17. It was the "original design" of grammar, says Dr. Adam, to facilitate
"the acquisition of languages;" and, of all practical treatises on the
subject, this is still the main purpose. In those books which are to
prepare the learner to translate from one tongue into another, seldom is
any thing else attempted. In those also which profess to explain the right
use of vernacular speech, must the same purpose be ever paramount, and the
"original design" be kept in view. But the grammarian may teach many things
incidentally. One cannot learn a language, without learning at the same
time a great many opinions, facts, and principles, of some kind or other,
which are necessarily embodied in it. For all language proceeds from, and
is addressed to, the understanding; and he that perceives not the meaning
of what he reads, makes no acquisition even of the language itself. To the
science of grammar, the _nature of the ideas_ conveyed by casual examples,
is not very essential: to the learner, it is highly important. The best
thoughts in the best diction should furnish the models for youthful study
and imitation; because such language is not only the most worthy to be
remembered, but the most easy to be understood. A distinction is also to be
made between use and abuse. In nonsense, absurdity, or falsehood, there can
never be any grammatical authority; because, however language may be
abused, the usage which gives law to speech, is still that usage which is
founded upon the _common sense_ of mankind.
18. Grammar appeals to reason, as well as to authority, but to what extent
it should do so, has been matter of dispute. "The knowledge of useful
arts," says Sanctius, "is not an invention of human ingenuity, but an
emanation from the Deity, descending from above for the use of man, as
Minerva sprung from the brain of Jupiter. Wherefore, unless thou give
thyself wholly to laborious research into the nature of things, and
diligently examine the _causes and reasons_ of the art thou teachest,
believe me, thou shalt but see with other men's eyes, and hear with other
men's ears. But the minds of many are preoccupied with a certain perverse
opinion, or rather ignorant conceit, that in grammar, or the art of
speaking, there are no causes, and that reason is scarcely to be appealed
to for any thing;--than which idle notion, I know of nothing more
foolish;--nothing can be thought of which is more offensive. Shall man,
endowed with reason, do, say, or contrive any thing, without design, and
without understanding? Hear the philosophers; who positively declare that
nothing comes to pass without a cause. Hear Plato himself; who affirms that
names and words subsist by nature, and contends that language is derived
from nature, and not from art."
19. "I know," says he, "that the Aristotelians think otherwise; but no one
will doubt that names are the signs, and as it were the instruments, of
things. But the instrument of any art is so adapted to that art, that for
any other purpose it must seem unfit; thus with an auger we bore, and with
a saw we cut wood; but we split stones with wedges, and wedges are driven
with heavy mauls. We cannot therefore but believe that those who first gave
names to things, did it with design; and this, I imagine, Aristotle himself
understood when he said, _ad placitum nomina significare._ For those who
contend that names were made by chance, are no less audacious than if they
would endeavour to persuade us, that the whole order of the universe was
framed together fortuitously."
20. "You will see," continues he, "that in the first language, whatever it
was, the names of things were taken from Nature herself; but, though I
cannot affirm this to have been the case in other tongues, yet I can easily
persuade myself that in every tongue a reason can be rendered for the
application of every name; and that this reason, though it is in many cases
obscure, is nevertheless worthy of investigation. Many things which were
not known to the earlier philosophers, were brought to light by Plato;
after the death of Plato, many were discovered by Aristotle; and Aristotle
was ignorant of many which are now everywhere known. For truth lies hid,
but nothing is more precious than truth. But you will say, 'How can there
be any certain origin to names, when one and the same thing is called by
different names, in the several parts of the world?' I answer, of the same
thing there may be different causes, of which some people may regard one,
and others, an other. * * * There is therefore no doubt, that of all
things, even of words, a reason is to be rendered: and if we know not what
that reason is, when we are asked; we ought rather to confess that we do
not know, than to affirm that none can be given. I know that Scaliger
thinks otherwise; but this is the true account of the matter."
21. "These several observations," he remarks further, "I have unwillingly
brought together against those stubborn critics who, while they explode
reason from grammar, insist so much on the testimonies of the learned. But
have they never read Quintilian, who says, (Lib. i, Cap. 6,) that,
'Language is established by reason, antiquity, authority, and custom?' He
therefore does not exclude reason, but makes it the principal thing. Nay,
in a manner, Laurentius, and other grammatists, even of their fooleries,
are forward to offer _reasons_, such as they are. Moreover, use does not
take place without reason; otherwise, it ought to be called abuse, and not
use. But from use authority derives all its force; for when it recedes from
use, authority becomes nothing: whence Cicero reproves Coelius and Marcus
Antonius for speaking according to their own fancy, and not according to
use. But, 'Nothing can be lasting,' says Curtius, (Lib. iv,) 'which is not
based upon reason.' It remains, therefore, that of all things the reason be
first assigned; and then, if it can be done, we may bring forward
testimonies; that the thing, having every advantage, may be made the more
clear."--_Sanctii Minerva_, Lib. i, Cap. 2.
22. Julius Cæsar Scaliger, from whose opinion Sanctius dissents above,
seems to limit the science of grammar to bounds considerably too narrow,
though he found within them room for the exercise of much ingenuity and
learning. He says, "Grammatica est scientia loquendi ex usu; neque enim
constituit regulas scientibus usus modum, sed ex eorum statis
frequentibusque usurpatiombus colligit communem rationem loquendi, quam
discentibus traderet."--_De Causis L. Latinæ_, Lib. iv, Cap. 76. "Grammar
is the science of speaking according to use; for it does not establish
rules for those who know the manner of use, but from the settled and
frequent usages of these, gathers the common fashion of speaking, which it
should deliver to learners." This limited view seems not only to exclude
from the science the use of the pen, but to exempt the learned from any
obligation to respect the rules prescribed for the initiation of the young.
But I have said, and with abundant authority, that the acquisition of a
good style of writing is the main purpose of the study; and, surely, the
proficients and adepts in the art can desire for themselves no such
exemption. Men of genius, indeed, sometimes affect to despise the pettiness
of all grammatical instructions; but this can be nothing else than
affectation, since the usage of the learned is confessedly the basis of all
such instructions, and several of the loftiest of their own rank appear on
the list of grammarians.
23. Quintilian, whose authority is appealed to above, belonged to that age
in which the exegesis of histories, poems, and other writings, was
considered an essential part of grammar. He therefore, as well as Diomedes,
and other ancient writers, divided the grammarian's duties into two parts;
the one including what is now called grammar, and the other the
explanation of authors, and the stigmatizing of the unworthy. Of the
opinion referred to by Sanctius, it seems proper to make here an ampler
citation. It shall be attempted in English, though the paragraph is not an
easy one to translate. I understand the author to say, "Speakers, too, have
their rules to observe; and writers, theirs. Language is established by
reason, antiquity, authority, and custom. Of reason the chief ground is
analogy, but sometimes etymology. Ancient things have a certain majesty,
and, as I might say, religion, to commend them. Authority is wont to be
sought from orators and historians; the necessity of metre mostly excuses
the poets. When the judgement of the chief masters of eloquence passes for
reason, even error seems right to those who follow great leaders. But, of
the art of speaking, custom is the surest mistress; for speech is evidently
to be used as money, which has upon it a public stamp. Yet all these things
require a penetrating judgement, especially analogy; the force of which is,
that one may refer what is doubtful, to something similar that is clearly
established, and thus prove uncertain things by those which are
sure."--QUINT, _de Inst. Orat._, Lib. i, Cap. 6, p. 48.
24. The science of grammar, whatever we may suppose to be its just limits,
does not appear to have been better cultivated in proportion as its scope
was narrowed. Nor has its application to our tongue, in particular, ever
been made in such a manner, as to do _great_ honour to the learning or the
talents of him that attempted it. What is new to a nation, may be old to
the world. The development of the intellectual powers of youth by
instruction in the classics, as well as the improvement of their taste by
the exhibition of what is elegant in literature, is continually engaging
the attention of new masters, some of whom may seem to effect great
improvements; but we must remember that the concern itself is of no recent
origin. Plato and Aristotle, who were great masters both of grammar and of
philosophy, taught these things ably at Athens, in the fourth century
_before_ Christ. Varro, the grammarian, usually styled the most learned of
the Romans, was _contemporary_ with the Saviour and his apostles.
Quintilian lived in the _first_ century of our era, and before he wrote his
most celebrated book, taught a school twenty years in Rome, and received
from the state a salary which made him rich. This "consummate guide of
wayward youth," as the poet Martial called him, being neither ignorant of
what had been done by others, nor disposed to think it a light task to
prescribe the right use of his own language, was at first slow to undertake
the work upon which his fame now reposes; and, after it was begun, diligent
to execute it worthily, that it might turn both to his own honour, and to
the real advancement of learning.
25. He says, at the commencement of his book: "After I had obtained a quiet
release from those labours which for twenty years had devolved upon me as
an instructor of youth, certain persons familiarly demanded of me, that I
should compose something concerning the proper manner of speaking; but for
a long time I withstood their solicitations, because I knew there were
already illustrious authors in each language, by whom many things which
might pertain to such a work, had been very diligently written, and left to
posterity. But the reason which I thought would obtain for me an easier
excuse, did but excite more earnest entreaty; because, amidst the various
opinions of earlier writers, some of whom were not even consistent with
themselves, the choice had become difficult; so that my friends seemed to
have a right to enjoin upon me, if not the labour of producing new
instructions, at least that of judging concerning the old. But although I
was persuaded not so much by the hope of supplying what was required, as by
the shame of refusing, yet, as the matter opened itself before me, I
undertook of my own accord a much greater task than had been imposed; that
while I should thus oblige my very good friends by a fuller compliance, I
might not enter a common path and tread only in the footsteps of others.
For most other writers who have treated of the art of speaking, have
proceeded in such a manner as if upon adepts in every other kind of
doctrine they would lay the last touch in eloquence; either despising as
little things the studies which we first learn, or thinking them not to
fall to their share in the division which should be made of the
professions; or, what indeed is next to this, hoping no praise or thanks
for their ingenuity about things which, although necessary, lie far from
ostentation: the tops of buildings make a show, their foundations are
unseen."--_Quintiliani de Inst. Orat., Prooemium._