OPERATION OF WOODWORKING MACHINES
#54. Importance of Machine Operations.#--A fair understanding of what is
the correct position to take at some of the principal machines such as
the lathe, universal saw, jointer, and sander, is very important to the
student in the wood-working department. Such knowledge is of special
importance to the one engaged in toy making, where every knowledge of
use of machines, is put to the test.
[Illustration: Fig. 29. The roughing cut]
[Illustration: Fig. 30. The sizing cut]
Sufficient examples are given to enable the student to arrive at a fair
understanding of the correct postures.
#55. Operating the Lathe.#--The lathe is perhaps one of the most
important machines used in toy making. It lends itself to unlimited
varieties of work and for that reason is really indispensible in the
shop.
[Illustration: Fig. 31. The paring cut]
In Fig. 29 the student is preparing to take the _roughing cut_ in
turning a cylinder. This operation consists of removing the corners of
the square piece and is done with the tool known as the _gouge_.
After the roughing cut has been taken, calipers set to the diameter
desired will determine the depth of the next cut, _sizing cut_. The
illustration in Fig. 30 shows the student performing this operation with
the _cut-off tool_.
[Illustration: Fig. 32. Using the cut-off tool]
When the correct dimension has been found, the next step in the process
of turning a cylinder is the _paring cut_ or finishing cut, Fig. 31.
This is done with the _skew_ or _bevel chisel_. A very thin shaving is
removed by this operation.
The ends are then cut by using the cut-off tool as shown in Fig. 32. It
is merely taking a slice off the end. If a very thin slice is to be
removed, it is usually made by the long point of the skew chisel. If it
is more than a quarter of an inch it should be _sized_ and then removed
by the skew.
[Illustration: Fig. 33. Making convex surfaces]
If it is desired to round the end of a piece or to produce a convex
surface the operation can be done by applying the broad side of the skew
chisel, as in Fig. 33.
#56. Face Plate Turning.#--The preceding paragraphs describe the process
of turning when the piece is supported between the live and the dead
centers. The processes shown in Figs. 24, 25 and 26, illustrate the
character of the work done with the head stock only when the piece is
supported by the screw-center chuck or face plate.
[Illustration: Fig. 34. Polishing wood in lathe]
The first step in face plate turning is the scraping cut, Fig. 24. This
cut is properly made with the concave chisel held in such a position as
to give a light scraping cut. Care should be exercised not to allow the
chisel to extend too deeply, otherwise the material will chip with the
grain. After the desired circumference has been obtained the surface
should be smoothed with the skew chisel.
[Illustration: Fig. 35. Cutting off stock]
[Illustration: Fig. 36. Fluting on circular saw]
Fig. 25 shows the student modeling a rosette, using the rest, set at
right angles with the bed or parallel with the face plate. Prior to the
modeling a shearing cut should be taken with the skew chisel to face
off the material to an even surface.
[Illustration: Fig. 37. Cutting with special fence]
The illustration in Fig. 26 shows the use of the dividers. The student
is marking off to a uniform scale the position of the various
corrugations in the rosette he is turning.
#57. The Universal Saw.#--The operations that can be performed on the
universal saw are so many that no attempt will be made to illustrate
them all here. But enough are given to show the characteristic
operations involved in cross-cutting, ripping, and dadoing,--the three
basic uses of a circular saw.
[Illustration: Fig. 38. Grooving, or ripping special work]
It is a more dangerous tool than the lathe and the guard should be kept
over the saw at all times, except of course, in dadoing when it can not
be used.
Figs. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, illustrate the basic uses of a circular saw.
[Illustration: Fig. 39. Cutting segments]
[Illustration: Fig. 40. Surfacing board on jointer]
#58. The Hand Jointer.#--The great variety of work that can be done on a
hand jointer depends very largely upon the knowledge and skill of the
operator. It lends itself to so many operations, that the student gains
much in knowledge and efficiency.
[Illustration: Fig. 41. Cutting bevels on jointer]
The five operations shown in Figs. 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44, give a fair
idea of the scope of work that is usually accomplished on a hand jointer
and show something of the method by which the work should be done.
The jointer is another tool where the use of the guard should never be
omitted.
#59. The Sander.#--The sander is an interesting machine in the school
shop for on it considerable "forming" can be done as with the lathe,
altho its prime use is to make smooth or polish.
[Illustration: Fig. 42. Jointing the edge]
In Fig. 45 the boy at the left is forming a mitre while the one on the
right is smoothing surface.
[Illustration: Fig. 43. Rabetting on the jointer]
[Illustration: Fig. 44. Cutting miter joints]
[Illustration: Fig. 45. The machine sander in operation]
PART II.
DRAWINGS FOR TOYS
[Illustration: PLATE 1
_FOX and GEESE GAME_]
[Illustration: PLATE 2
_RING TOSS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 3
_BABY'S CART_]
[Illustration: PLATE 4
_HAY CART_]
[Illustration: PLATE 5
_Horse Head_]
[Illustration: PLATE 6
_HORSE ON WHEELS
For Milk Wagon_]
[Illustration: PLATE 7
_KIDO KAR TRAILER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 8
_AUTO ROADSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 9
_AUTO RACER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 10
_PASSENGER CAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 11
_MILK WAGON_]
[Illustration: PLATE 12
_TABLE_
_Toy Furniture For Doll House_]
[Illustration: PLATE 13
_CHAIR and ROCKER_
_Toy Furniture For Doll House_]
[Illustration: PLATE 14
_BUFFET_
_Toy Furniture For Doll House_]
[Illustration: PLATE 15
_TOY WHEEL-BARROW_]
[Illustration: PLATE 16
_HORSE BARROW_]
[Illustration: PLATE 17
_DOLL'S CARRIAGE_]
[Illustration: PLATE 18
_NOAH'S ARK_]
[Illustration: PLATE 19
_"BEAN BAG" GAME BOARD_]
[Illustration: PLATE 20
_CHILD'S SWING_ #1]
[Illustration: PLATE 21
_CHILD'S SWING_ #2]
[Illustration: PLATE 22
_DOLL'S BED_]
[Illustration: PLATE 23
_DOLL'S BED_]
[Illustration: PLATE 24
_ADJUSTABLE STILTS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 25
_SCOOTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 26
_STEERING COASTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 27
_KIDO KAR & DETAILS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 28
_KID KAR JUNIOR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 29
_PONY KAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 30
_DUPLEX SPEEDSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 31
_ROCK-A-DOODLE_]
[Illustration: PLATE 32
_SLED_]
[Illustration: PLATE 33
_"Sturdy Flyer" Sled_]
[Illustration: PLATE 34
_DUCKY LOO_]
[Illustration: PLATE 35
_DUCK ROCKER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 36
_JITNEY_]
[Illustration: PLATE 37
_JUNIOR ROADSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 38
_Details of JUNIOR ROADSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 39
_SENIOR COASTER & DETAILS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 40
_DETAILS OF SENIOR COASTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 41
_AUTO-KAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 42
_MOTO-KAR_
_CHOO-CHOO-KAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 43
_Teetter-Totter_]
[Illustration: PLATE 44
_TEETER ROCKER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 45
_CHECKER BOARD_]
[Illustration: PLATE 46
_CHILD'S COSTUMER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 47
_BABY'S CHAIR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 48
_CHILDREN'S SAND BOX_]
[Illustration: PLATE 49
_SAND BOX #2_]
[Illustration: PLATE 50
_DOLL'S HOUSE-#1_]
[Illustration: PLATE 51
_DOLL'S HOUSE-#2_]
[Illustration: PLATE 52
_DOLL'S HOUSE-#2_]
[Illustration: PLATE 53
_DUMB BELL_
_INDIAN CLUB_]
[Illustration: PLATE 54
_BATS_]
INDEX
A
Auto kar, Plate 41, 104
Auto racer, Plate 9, 72
Auto Roadster, Plate 8, 71
B
Bats, base ball, Plate 54, 117
Bazaars, toy sales, etc., 19
Bed, doll's, Plates 22, 23, 85, 86
Boring holes in wheels, 53
Brushes, care of, 31
Buffet, Plate 14, 77
C
Car, baby's, Plate 36, 99
Car, passenger, Plate 10, 73
Cars, auto, motor, choo-choo, Plates 41, 42, 104, 105
Cart, baby's, Plate 3, 66
Cart, hay, Plate 4, 67
Carriage, dolls, Plate 17, 80
Chair & rocker, Plate 13, 76
Chair, baby's, Plate 47, 110
Checker board, Plate 45, 108
Check, credit, Fig. 7, 20
Coasters, Plates 26, 37, 39, 89, 101, 103
Coloring toys, 21
Sanitation emphasized, 21
Preparation of surfaces, 21
Application of water colors, 21
Analine water stains, 22
Formulas for analine water stains, 22
Oil stains, 23
Shellacking, 23
Varnishing, 23
Points on varnishing, 24
Color varnish, 24
Use of paint, 24
Dipping method, 28, 30
Polishing by tumbling, 31
Paint application by compressed air, 31
Colors, preparing, 39
Color chart, Fig. 17, 41
Contents, Table of, 5
Coping saw, use of, 45
Correlation, 7
Costumer, child's, Plate 46, 109
D
Doll's house, Plates 50, 51, 52, 113, 114, 115
Dipping frame, 29
Drawings for toys, 63
Dumb bell, Plate 53, 116
E
Enameling, 27
F
Foremen, shop, 11
Fox & geese game, Plate 1, 64
Furniture, doll, 75, 76, 77
G
Game board, "Bean Bag," Plate 19, 82
Game board, "Fox & Geese," Plate 1, 64
Grading students, 17
H
Horse head, Plate 5, 68
Horse on wheels, Plate 6, 69
House, doll's, Plates 50, 51, 52, 113, 114, 115
I
Indian club, Plate 53, 116
J
Jigs & fixtures, 43
Jointer, hand, 59
K
Kiddie kars, Plates 27, 28, 29, 90, 91, 92
L
Lathe, operating the, 54, 55, 56, 57
M
Machines, operating of woodworking, 54
N
Noah's ark, Plate 18, 81
O
Organization, plan for shop, 11
P
Paint, use of, 24
Ingredients of, 24
Application, 25
Preparation of surface, 25
Tinting materials, 25
Mixing, 25
Formulas, 26
Formulas for tinted paint, 26
Enameling, 27
Plan for shop organization, 11
Grouping students, 11
Time clerk, 13
Tool-room clerk, 13
Recording attendance, 14
Time-card rack, 14
Time cards, 15
Grading students, 17
Accomplishment sheet, 18
Preparation for shop work, 19
Pneumatic equipment, 36
Preface, 3
Productive work, 11
R
Ring toss, Plate 2, 65
Rocking chair, Plate 13, 76
Rocker, duck, Plate 35, 98
Rocker, ducky loo, Plate 34, 97
Rock-a-doodle, Plate 31, 94
S
Sand box, Plates 48, 49, 111, 112
Sander, 60, 62
Saw, universal, 58
Scooter, Plate 25, 88
Sleds, Plates 32, 33, 95, 96
Sprayer, pneumatic air, 31, 33, 34
Sprayer, directions for operating, 36
Speedster, duplex, Plate 30, 93
Stain, oil, 23
Stain, analine water, 22
Stilts, adjustable, Plate 24, 87
Suggestions to teachers, 7
Swing, child's, Plates 20, 21, 83, 84
T
Table for doll house, Plate 12, 75
Teeter-totter, Plate 43, 106
Teeter-rocker, Plate 44, 107
Time clerk, 13
Time cards, 15
Tool-room clerk, 13
Toy sales, 19
Trailer, kido-kar, Plate 7, 70
Tumbler, drawing of, 32
Tumbling, polishing by, 31, 32
V
Varnishing, 23
Varnish, colored, 24
Varnishing, points on, 24
W
Wagon, milk, Plate 11, 74
Water colors, 21
Wax polishing, 31
Wheel-barrow, toy, Plate 15, 78
Wheel-barrow, horse design, Plate 16, 79
Wheel cutter, 45, 46
Wheels, cutting small, 43
Wheels, designs, Fig. 27, 49, 51
Wheels, turning, 43
Woods used in toy making, 42