Ingwar, Danish chief, 36

Inkerman, battle of, 688

Innocent III., Pope, his quarrel with King John, 125;

John does homage to him, 132

Instrument of Government, the, 412

Investitures, contest about, 90

Ionian Islands, the, ceded to Britain, 631

Ireland, conquered by the Gaels, 2;

attacked by Norsemen, 34;

expedition of Strongbow to, 107;

does homage to Henry II., 108;

rebels against Edward II., 177;

expedition of Richard II. against, 211;

ruled by Earl of Kildare, 280;

conquests of Henry VIII. in, 302;

conquests of Elizabeth in, 345;

rebellions of Desmond and Tyrone, 346, 347;

Ulster colonized by James I., 361;

rule of Stafford in, 368;

the great rebellion, 376;

intrigues of Charles I. in, 389;

subdued by Cromwell, 403, 404;

James II.'s dealings with, 449;

conquered by William of Orange, 451, 452;

the Volunteers secure Home Rule for, 551, 552;

discontent in, 587;

the rebellion of '98, 590, 591;

the Union with England, 591;

Emmet's rebellion, 603;

O'Connell's agitation for Catholic Emancipation, 646;

the Repeal movement, 648;

the tithe war, 656;

the Young Ireland party, 664;

the potato famine, 668;

Smith O'Brien's rising, 669;

Fenianism, 704;

Gladstone's Irish Church Bill, 706;

his Land Act, 706;

the Home Rule agitation, 709;

the Irish parliamentary party, 715;

dealings of the second Gladstone cabinet with Ireland, 716;

Home Rule promised to, by Gladstone, 717;

rejected, 718;

second Home Rule Bill rejected, 722

Ireton, Henry, Parliamentary general, 404

Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., 179;

deposes him, 180;

imprisoned by her son, 181

Jacobins, in France, 581;

their atrocities, 582, 583

Jacobites, the, their strength, 448, 449;

conspire against William of Orange, 456;

intrigues of, at death of Queen Anne, 479;

raise the rebellion of 1715, 486, 487;

raise the rebellion of 1745, 504, 505;

gradual decay of, 509, 534

Jacquerie, the, 193

Jamaica taken by Cromwell, 415

James I., becomes King of Scotland, 328;

accession to English throne, 350;

his character, 351;

religious policy, 352;

disputes with the Commons, 355;

subservience to Spain, 357;

ruled by his favourites, 356-358;

dies, 361

---- II., attacked, in Exclusion Bill, 431;

his accession, 436;

character and policy, 437-439, 440;

his tyranny, 441-443;

his panic at invasion of William, 443;

flies to France, 444;

his campaign in Ireland, 450, 451;

dies, 460

----, Prince of Wales, the Old Pretender, his birth, 441;

proclaimed king by Lewis XIV., 460;

strict Romanism of, 478;

his campaign in Scotland, 489

James I. of Scotland, captured by Henry IV., 218;

returns to Scotland, 232

---- IV. of Scotland, aids Perkin Warbeck, 276;

slain at Flodden, 285

---- V. of Scotland, his wars with Henry VIII., 305

---- VI. of Scotland. _See_ James I. of England

Jameson, Dr., his piratical raid, 725

Jane Grey, Lady, her reign, 313;

her execution, 317

Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII., 300;

dies, 302

Jeanne d'Arc, raises siege of Orleans, 235;

crowns Charles VII., 236;

captured and burnt, 237

Jeffreys, Judge, his Bloody Assize, 438;

Lord Chancellor, 439

Jelalabad, siege of, 741

Jena, battle of, 610

Jenkins, Captain, his ear, 496

Jervis, Admiral, wins battle of Cape St. Vincent, 587

Jesuit intrigues against Elizabeth, 334

Jews, persecution of, 115;

expelled from England by Edward I., 152

John, made lord of Ireland, 111;

conspires against his father, 113;

intrigues against his brother Richard, 119;

King of England, 122;

loses his continental dominions, 124;

his quarrel with the Pope, 125;

with the baronage, 128;

signs Magna Carta, 130;

war with the barons, 132;

dies, 133

---- of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III., 195;

commands in France, 198;

favours the Lollards, 200;

rules for Richard II., 202;

invades Spain, 207;

dies, 210

----, King of France, his war with England, 190;

captured at Poictiers, 192;

released, 194

Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. _See_ Bonaparte

Josephine, Empress, divorced by Napoleon, 619

Jumièges, Robert of, Archbishop of Canterbury, expelled by Godwine, 85

Junius, letters of, 544, 567

Junot, General, invades Portugal, 611;

defeated at Vimiero, 617

Jutes, the, conquer Kent, 14, 15

Kaffir wars, 753

Kenilworth, dictum of, 147

Kenneth McAlpine, first King of Scotland, 47

Kent, kingdom of, founded by Hengist, 15;

converted to Christianity, 24;

annexed to Wessex, 31

----, Edmund, Earl of, executed, 181

----, Edward, Duke of, father of Queen Victoria, 639

----, Thomas Holland, Earl of, 202;

rising and death of, 214

Ker, Robert. _See_ Somerset

Ket, Robert, rebellion of, 310

Kildare, Gerald, Earl of, 280

Killiecrankie, battle of, 449

Kilsyth, battle of, 395

Kilwarden, Ld., murdered by Emmet, 603

King's Friends, the, 534

Kinsale, battle of, 347

Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, 438

Kitchener, Herbert, Lord, destroys the Mahdists of the Soudan, 725;

commands in South Africa, 732

Kruger, Paul, President of Transvaal, his policy, 724, 725;

declares war on England, 727, 728;

flies to Europe, 731

La Fayette, defeated by Cornwallis, 552

Labourers, statute of, 190

Ladysmith, siege and relief of, 728-730

Lagos, battle of, 526

Lake, Gerald, Lord, his victories in India, 604

Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, opposes Gaveston, 173;

government of, 176;

overthrown by Edward II., 178

----, John of Gaunt, Duke of. _See_ John

----, House of. See Henry IV., V., VI.

Landen, battle of, 454

Land League, the, in Ireland, 715

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 75;

dies, 84

Langton, Stephen, made Archbishop by Innocent III., 126;

his patriotism, 128;

draws up Magna Carta, 130

Lansdowne, battle of, 386

Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, martyred, 319

Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, his policy, 367;

his Court of High Commission, 369;

attempts to force Episcopacy on Scotland, 370;

impeached, 373;

executed, 393

Laudabiliter, the Bull, 99

Lawrence, Sir John, defends the Punjab, 746

Leicester, stormed by Charles I., 394

----, Robert Dudley, Earl of, favourite of Elizabeth, 324;

his expedition to Holland, 335;

dies, 348

----, Simon de Montfort, Earl of, rules Guienne, 139;

heads baronage against Henry III., 140;

victorious at Lewes, 142;

his rule, 143-145;

slain at Evesham, 146

Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 55

Leofwine, brother of Harold, slain at Hastings, 65

Leopold of Austria, his quarrel with Richard I., 117;

imprisons him, 118

---- of Saxe-Coburg, marries Princess Charlotte, 639;

King of Belgium, 656

Levellers, rising of the, 403

Lewes, battle of, 142

----, Mise of, 143

Lewis VII. of France, wars of, with Henry II., 100, 109

---- VIII. of France, elected King of England, 132;

expelled from England, 135

---- IX. of France, defeats Henry III. at Taillebourg, 137;

arbitrator between Henry and the barons, 141

---- XI. of France, aids Margaret of Anjou, 254, 255;

his treaty with Edward IV., 262

---- XII. of France, his wars with Henry VIII., 284;

marries Mary of England, 284

---- XIII. of France, war of Charles I. with, 364, 365

---- XIV. of France, his aggressive policy, 429, 447;

signs treaty of Ryswick, 455;

renews war with England, 463;

disastrous struggle of, with Marlborough, 466-476;

signs treaty of Utrecht, 476; dies, 486

Lewis XV. of France, joins Family Compact, 496;

makes war on Maria Theresa, 501, 503;

engages in Seven Years' War, 522

---- XVI. of France, aids American rebels, 548;

summons States-General, 574;

his flight to Varennes, 578;

execution, 581

---- XVIII. of France, restored to throne, 622;

expelled by Bonaparte, 628;

second restoration of, 631

Limerick, siege of, 452

Lincoln, taken by Edward the Elder, 45;

battle of, 134

----, Abraham, President of the United States, 696

----, John de la Pole, Earl of, declared heir of Richard III., 269;

rebels against Henry VII., 273;

slain at Stoke, 274

Lindsey, Lord, Royalist general, 382

Lisle, Alice, Lady, executed, 438

Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, Earl of, prime minister, 622;

reactionary policy of, 637;

dealings with Reform agitation, 640;

takes Canning into partnership, 641;

retires, 644

Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, 143;

defeated by Edward I., 155;

last rebellion and death of, 156

Locke, John, persecuted by Charles II., 440

Lollards, followers of Wicliffe, 199;

communistic doctrines of, 203;

power of, 209;

persecuted by Henry IV., 219;

by Henry V., 220

London, sacked by Boadicea, 6;

taken by East Saxons, 16;

taken by Danes, 38;

besieged by Swegen, 54;

taken by William the Conqueror, 67;

receives a charter from Henry I., 88;

expels Queen Matilda, 95;

Longbeard's riots in, 121;

sides with the barons, 142;

opposes Charles I., 381;

Great Plague of, 427;

Great Fire of, 427;

Gordon riots in, 551;

Parliamentary reform in, 650;

riots in, 639;

Chartists in, 670

Londonderry. _See_ Derry

Long Parliament, the. _See_ Parliament

Longchamp, William, justiciar of Richard I., 115;

expelled from England, 119

Lovel, Francis, Lord, favourite of Richard III., 270;

rebellion and death of, 273, 274

Lucknow, relieved by Havelock, 747;

taken by Lord Clyde, 748

Ludford, rout of, 249

Luther, Martin, preaches against papal abuses, 290

Luxembourg, Marshal, wins battles of Steenkerke and Landen, 454

Macbeth, crimes and death of, 59

Madoc, of Wales, rebellion of, 157, 163

Madras, English factory at, taken by Dupleix, 512;

presidency of, 594

Magersfontein, battle of, 729

Magna Carta, its provisions, 130, 131

Mahdi, the war with, 714, 715;

his followers crushed, 726

Mahrattas, the rise of, 511;

war of Hastings with, 568;

war of Wellesley with, 604;

conquered by Lord Hastings, 738, 739

Major-Generals, Cromwell governs England by, 413

Malcolm Canmore, wars of, with William I., 70;

with William II., 82, 83

Malplaquet, battle of, 471

Malta, captured by British, 594;

quarrels with Bonaparte about, 600

Mal-tolt levied by Edward I., 166;

by Edward III., 185

Manchester, Edward Montagu, Earl of, Parliamentary general, 387;

at Marston Moor, 390;

at Newbury, 392;

removed from command, 393

Manchester massacre, the, 639, 640

Maori wars, the, 752

Mar, John, Earl of, raises Jacobite rising, 487;

at Sheriffmuir, 489

Marat, Jacobin leader, 581

March, Edmund, Earl of, heir to Richard II., 212;

proclaimed king, 216;

released by Henry V., 220

----, Roger, Earl of, slain in Ireland, 211

Marengo, battle of, 503

Margaret, St., wife of Malcolm Canmore, 70, 83

----, the "Maid of Norway," 158

---- of Anjou, marries Henry VI., 240;

heads the Lancastrians, 240, 241;

her alliance with Warwick, 257;

defeated at Tewkesbury, 258

---- of York, marries Charles the Rash, 256;

suborns Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, 273-275

Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon I., 619

Maria Theresa, war of succession of, 500-510;

her attack on Frederic II., 521, 522

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, deserts James II., 443;

Jacobite intrigues of, 453;

his power under Queen Anne, 462;

his military and diplomatic genius, 464;

victorious campaigns of, 464-471;

superseded and disgraced, 475;

dies, 484

----, Sarah, Duchess of, her ascendency over Queen Anne, 462;

disgraced, 475

Marmont, Marshal, defeated at Salamanca, 624

Marston Moor, battle of, 390

Martin Mar-prelate, tracts of, 344

Mary I., Queen of England, 315;

crushes rebellion of Northumberland, 317;

marries Philip of Spain, 318;

her persecutions, 319;

war with France, 321;

death of, 321

Mary of Modena, wife of James II., 441, 444

Mary II., Queen, marries William of Orange, 431;

accession of, 445;

death of, 456

Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., her marriages, 284

Mary, Queen of Scots, 305;

marries Francis of France, 310;

heiress to English crown, 326;

marries Darnley, 327;

marries Bothwell, 327;

imprisoned at Lochleven, 328;

escapes to England, 329;

her conspiracies against Elizabeth, 332-336;

executed, 336

Maserfield, battle of, 27

Masham, Mrs., favourite of Queen Anne, 475

Massachusetts Government Act, 545

Masséna, Marshal, defeated by Wellington, 619, 620

Matilda of Scotland, queen of Henry I., 87

Matilda, daughter of Henry I., her marriages, 91;

claims English throne, 93, 94;

defeated by Stephen, 95, 96

Maurice of Saxony, wins the battle of Fontenoy, 503

Mauritius annexed by England, 631

Meanee, battle of, 741

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Armada, 337

Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, invades the Peloponnesus, 644;

his war with England, 661

Mehidpore, battle of, 739

Melbourne, William Lamb, Lord, joins Lord Grey's ministry, 648;

prime minister, 657-662

Mellitus, Bishop of Rochester, 24

Mercia, kingdom of, 17;

wars of, with Northumbria, 27;

supremacy of, 30, 31;

overrun by Danes, 37;

partitioned by treaty of Wedmore, 40

Methodist movement, the, 516

Militia, the (_see_ Fyrd), reorganized by Edward I., 152;

control of, disputed between Charles I. and Parliament, 378

Milner, Alfred, Lord, his policy in South Africa, 727

Milton, John, secretary to Cromwell, 414, 415

Minden, battle of, 527

Minorca, ceded to Britain, 476;

taken by Duc de Richelieu, 523;

finally taken from Britain, 551

Mir Jaffar, his treaty with Clive, 530

Mir Kassim, his war with England, 560

Mise of Amiens, 141

Mise of Lewes, 143

Mohammed Ali, Nawab of the Carnatic, 518;

restored by the British, 519;

dies, 566

Monasteries, suppression of the lesser, 298, 299;

of the greater, 302, 303

Monk, George, Governor of Scotland, 414;

restores Charles II., 418, 419;

commands fleet against Dutch, 426

Monmouth, James, Duke of, wins battle of Bothwell Brig, 433;

his rebellion and execution, 437, 438

Monopolies, abolished by Queen Elizabeth, 348;

favoured by Charles I., 368

Montcalm, Marquis of, his successes in Canada, 523, 526;

defeated at Quebec, 528

Montfort, Simon de. _See_ Leicester

Montrose, James, Marquis of, defeats Covenanters in Scotland, 395;

defeated at Philiphaugh, 396;

executed, 404

Moore, Sir John, General, in Spain, 615;

slain at Corunna, 616

Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, 60, 63, 64;

rebels against William I., 71

More, Sir Thomas, executed by Henry VIII., 295

Moreau, General, defeats the Austrians at Hohenlinden, 593

Mortimer, Roger, defeats Edward Bruce, 177;

exiled, 178;

his conspiracy with Queen Isabella, 178;

rules England, 180;

executed, 181

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, 252

Mortmain, statute of, 150

Morton, Bishop of Ely, 270, 273

Moscow, burning of, 624

Murray, James, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 328

Mysore, wars of Warren Hastings with, 569;

of Cornwallis with, 571, 572;

of Wellesley with, 594

Najara, battle of, 196

Namur, taken by William III., 455

Nana Sahib, commits massacre of Cawnpore, 747

Napier, General Sir Charles, conquers Scinde, 741

----, Admiral Sir Charles, 655

----, Robert, Lord, of Magdala, invades Abyssinia, 705

Napoleon I. (_see_ Bonaparte), assumes title of Emperor, 604;

conquers Austria, 608;

conquers Prussia, 610;

his continental system, 611, 612;

campaign in Spain, 613-615;

campaign of Wagram, 619;

Russian campaign, 623;

defeated at Leipsic, 625;

first abdication, 626;

returns from Elba, 628;

the Hundred Days, 628-630;

second abdication, and exile to St. Helena, 631

---- III., Louis, President of French Republic, and Emperor, 671;

recognized by Palmerston, 672;

joins England in Crimean war, 683;

expels Austrians from Italy, 695;

his disastrous war against Germany, 707

Naseby, battle of, 394

Navarino, battle of, 643

Navigation Acts, the, 409

Nelson, Horatio, Lord, at battle of St. Vincent, 587;

wins battle of the Nile, 592;

wins battle of Copenhagen, 595;

pursues Villeneuve, 606;

dies victorious at Trafalgar, 609

Nepaul War, the, 738

Neville's Cross, battle of, 189

New England settled by Puritans, 361

New Model Army, the, formed by Fairfax and Cromwell, 393;

at Naseby, 395;

refuses to disband, 398;

seizes person of Charles I., 399

New Orleans, battle of, 627

New South Wales, colonized by British, 750;

later history of, 751

New Zealand, colonized by British, 752

Newburn, rout of, 372

Newbury, first battle of, 387;

second battle of, 392

Newcastle, William Cavendish, marquis of, his campaign in

Yorkshire, 386-389;

defeated at Marston Moor, 390

----, Thomas Hollis, Duke of, minister of George II., 499-503;

his fall, 524;

takes office with Pitt, 524;

dismissed by George III., 536

Newtown Butler, battle of, 451

Nile, battle of the, 592

Nithsdale, Earl of, Jacobite leader, 487;

escape of, from prison, 489

Nizam, the, dealings of Clive and Dupleix with, 518;

becomes a vassal of the East India Company, 603, 604

Nonconformists, rise of the, under Elizabeth, 344;

under James I., 352;

persecuted by Laud, 367;

legislation of Charles II. against, 423, 424;

intrigues of James II. with, 440;

legislation of Bolingbroke against, 479

Non-jurors, the, 448

Norfolk, settled by East Angles, 16

----, Roger Bigod, Earl of, opposes Edward I., 166

----, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, a Lord Appellant, 208;

exiled by Richard II., 210

----, John Howard, Duke of, favoured by Richard III., 265;

slain at Bosworth, 271

----, Thomas Howard, Duke of, imprisoned by Henry VIII., 307;

released by Mary, 316

----, Thomas Howard, Duke of, conspires against Elizabeth, 329;

executed, 332

Norman Conquest, the, 67

Normandy, Ethelred II. takes refuge in, 54;

relations of, with Edward the Confessor, 57, 58;

united to England, 67;

conquered by William II., 84;

conquered by Henry I., 90;

lost by John, 124;

conquered by Henry V., 227;

reconquered by the French, 242

North, Frederick, Lord, minister of George III., 544;

his scheme for taxing America, 545;

brings on American war, 547;

resigns, 552;

takes office with Fox, 557;

dismissed by George III., 559

Northampton, council of, 103;

battle of, 250

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of, rebels against Henry IV., 216;

slain at Bramham Moor, 217

----, Thomas Percy, Earl of, heads rising in the North, 329, 330

----, John Dudley, Duke of, minister of Edward VI., 308;

Protector, 310;

proclaims Lady Jane Grey queen, 313;

executed, 315

Northumbria, kingdom of, 17;

conversion of, 25;

supremacy of, in Britain, 27;

overrun by Danes, 36;

reconquered by Athelstan, 46

Nova Scotia, ceded to England, 476;

joins Dominion of Canada, 755

Nuncomar (Nandukumar) executed by Impey, 567

Oates, Titus, invents Popish Plot, 432

O'Brien, Smith, his rebellion, 669, 670

O'Connell, Daniel, leader of Irish party, 646;

enters Parliament, 647;

his tithe war, 657, 658;

agitates for repeal, 658, 664;

his power declines, 664

O'Connor, Feargus, Chartist leader, 660;

his abortive demonstration, 670

Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, 48

Odo of Bayeux, regent for William I., 69;

imprisoned by William I., 77;

rebels against William II., 82

Offa, King of Mercia, 30

Oldcastle, Sir John, martyred, 221

Olive Branch Petition, the, 547

Omdurman, battle of, 726

Omichund deceived by Clive, 530

Orange, William I. of, leader of Dutch insurgents, 332;

assassinated, 335

----, William II. of, marries Mary, daughter of Charles I., 409

----, William III. _See_ William III., King of England

Orange Free State, origin of the, 752;

declares war on England, 728;

annexed, 731

Orangemen in Ireland, 589;

suppress the rebellion of '98, 590

Ordainers, the Lords, 173

Orders in Council, the, 611

Orleans, siege of, 234

----, Philip of, regent of France, 486

Ormond, James Butler, Marquis of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, aids

Charles I., 389;

resists Cromwell, 402

----, James Butler, Duke of, supersedes Marlborough, 477;

Jacobite intrigues of, 486

Orsini question, the, 693

Osbert, King of Northumbria, 36

Oswald, St., King of Northumbria, 26

Oswiu, King of Northumbria, slays Penda, 27;

at Synod of Whitby, 28

Oude, wars of English with, 566;

dealings of Warren Hastings with, 568;

annexed, 744;

the mutiny in, 746

Oudenarde, battle of, 470

Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned by Countess of Essex, 356

Oxford, Provisions of, 140;

Charles I. at, 383;

siege of, 396

----, Robert Harley, Earl of, prime minister, 474;

concludes treaty of Utrecht, 476;

ousted by Bolingbroke, 479

Paardeburg, battle of, 731

Paine, Tom, 580

Pale, the, 108, 177

Palmerston, Henry Temple, Lord, joins Lord Grey's cabinet 648;

his foreign policy, 654 661;

foreign secretary with Lord John Russell, 668;

dismissed, 672;

returns to office, 690;

his first premiership, 690-693;

his second premiership, 695-698;

dies, 699

Pandulf, papal legate to King John, 127

Papacy, first relations of England with, 24;

dealings of William I. with, 76;

quarrel of John with, 126, 127;

subservience of Henry III. to, 138;

Wicliffe and the, 199;

corruption of the, at Renaissance, 289;

quarrel of Henry VIII. with, 293;

Mary and the, 316;

quarrel of Elizabeth with the, 331

Paris, taken by Henry V., 228;

recovered by the French, 239;

Peace of, 536;

taken by the allies in 1814, 625;

by Wellington in 1815, 631;

treaty of, 691

Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 323

Parker, John, mutineer leader at the Nore, 586

Parliament, the Mad, 140; de Montfort's, 144;

assumes its permanent shape under Edward I., 153;

assumes control of royal revenue, 166;

withstands Edward III., 185;

the Good, 200;

the Merciless, 208;

its impotence under the Tudors, 288-292;

Elizabeth's dealings with, 348;

quarrels of, with James I., 355;

early strife of Charles I. with, 363-365;

the Short, 371;

the Long, 372;

its reforms, 374-377;

the Rump, 401;

Barebones', 410;

the Long restored, 418;

the first Convention, 421;

the Cavalier, 422;

the second Convention, 445;

Whig management of, 484, 485;

reform of, proposed by Pitt, 558.

_See_ Reform Bill

Parnell, Charles Stuart, Irish leader, 712-715;

fall and death, 720, 721

Partition treaties, the Spanish, 458

Passaro, Cape, battle of, 490

Patay, battle of, 236

Patrick, St., apostle of Ireland, 13

Paul III., Pope, excommunicates Henry VIII., 295

----, Czar of Russia, his alliance with Bonaparte, 594;

murdered, 595

Paulinus, first Bishop of York, 25

Pedro the Cruel, of Castile, restored by the Black Prince, 196

Peel, Sir Robert, home secretary, 641;

leader of Tories, 656;

prime minister, 662;

imposes income tax, 663;

converted to Free Trade, 666;

resigns, 667;

dies, 680

Pelagius, heretic, 13

Pelham, Henry, minister of George II., 499-503;

overthrows Carteret, 503;

converts National Debt, 513

Pembroke, William Marshal, Earl of, regent for Henry III., 134

----, Aymer de Valence, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 170, 172;

conspires against Gaveston, 173

Penda, King of Mercia, defeats Eadwine, 26;

defeats Oswald, 27;

slain by Oswiu, 27

Peninsular War, the, 614-625

Perceval, Spencer, minister of George III., 609;

assassinated, 622

Percy, Henry (Hotspur), rebellion of, 215;

slain at Shrewsbury, 216

----, Thomas, conspires with Fawkes, 354

Persian war, the, 692

Petition of Right, the, 366

Petitioners and Abhorrers, 434

Philip I. of France, aids rebels against William I., 77;

his war with William I., 79

---- II., Augustus, aids sons of Henry II., 112;

goes on third Crusade, 116;

his intrigues against Richard I., 119, 120;

supports Arthur of Brittany, 123;

conquers Normandy and Anjou, 124;

threatens to invade England, 127;

victorious at Bouvines, 128

---- IV., the Fair, his wars with Edward I., 162, 163, 168

---- VI. of France, his war with Edward III., 183;

defeated at Crécy, 187

---- II. of Spain, married to Queen Mary, 318;

proposes to marry Elizabeth, 324;

his plots against Elizabeth, 332-335;

sends out Armada, 337;

dies, 348

---- III. of Spain, his alliance with James I., 355, 358

---- IV. of Spain, and the Spanish marriages, 359

---- V. of Anjou, claims Spanish throne, 458;

acknowledged by England, 476

Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III., saves burghers of

Calais, 189;

wins battle of Neville's Cross, 189

Philiphaugh, battle of, 395

Picts, northern tribes of Britain, 3;

ravage Roman Britain, 11;

united to Scots, 47

Pilgrimage of Grace, the, 300

Pindarees, the, 738

Pinkie, battle of, 309

Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, attacks Carteret, 503;

his first ministry, 524;

alliance with Newcastle, 525;

warlike successes of, 526-531;

dismissed by George III., 535;

takes office with Grafton, 542;

made Earl of Chatham, 542;

last speech and death, 549

----, William, the younger, takes office with Shelburne, 556;

his Reform Bill, 558;

prime minister, 559;

his wise rule, 501-505;

his India Bill, 571;

his attitude towards French Revolution, 579;

his war-policy, 581-584;

his Union of Ireland and England, 590;

forms coalitions against France, 593-603;

resigns, 595;

recalled to office, 603;

dies, 608

Pius V., Pope, issues bull against Elizabeth, 331

"Plan of Campaign," the, 718

Plassey, battle of, 530

Poictiers, battle of, 191

Pole, Henry, Lord Montagu, executed by Henry VIII., 301

----, Reginald, papal legate, 318;

Archbishop of Canterbury, 319;

dies, 321

----, Michael de la, minister of Richard II., 207;

exiled, 208

Pole de la. _See under_ Suffolk and Lincoln, Earls of

Pondicherry, taken by the English, 531

Poor Laws, of Queen Elizabeth, 342;

evil working of, 635, 636;

reform of, in 1834, 654

Popish Plot, the, 432

Portland, William Bentinck, Duke of, prime minister, 609

Portobello, taken by Admiral Vernon, 499

Portugal, joins in war of Spanish Succession, 463;

invaded by Junot, 612;

freed by Wellesley, 615 (_see under_ Peninsular War);

civil wars in, 655

Poynings' Act, 281;

repealed, 552

Praemunire, statute of, 200

Pragmatic Sanction, the, 500

Prayer-book, first English, 308;

second, 311;

re-issued by Elizabeth, 324

Presbyterians, rise of the, 369;

their strife with Independents, 397;

their negotiations with Charles I., 398;

crushed by the army, 399

Preston, first battle of, 400;

second, 488

Preston Pans, battle of, 505

Pride's Purge, 401

Protectionists, the, 660, 680

Protestantism, origin of, in England, 308-311

Provisors, statute of, 200

Prussia, joins in war of Spanish Succession, 464;

wars of, with Austria, 500-502;

war with Austria and France, 522;

attacks French Republic, 578;

makes peace with France, 584;

wars of, with Napoleon, 610, 611, 624, 625, 629, 630;

under Bismarck, 705, 707

Prynne, William, condemned by Star Chamber, 270

Punjab, power of the Sikhs in, 737;

conquered by the British, 743

Puritans, rise of the, 314;

persecutions of, 344;

secede from Church of England, 353;

colonize New England, 361.

_See_ Presbyterians and Independents

Pym, John, Parliamentary leader, 365, 371, 372, 375

Pyrenees, battle of the, 625

Quatre Bras, battle of, 628

Quebec, battle of, 528

Queensland, colony of, 751

_Quia emptores_, statute of, 152

Quiberon, battle of, 527

_Quo warranto_, the writ of, 151

Raglan, Fitzroy, Lord, commands in the Crimea, 684-690

Rajputana, becomes vassal to East India Company, 739

Raleigh, Sir Walter, founds colony of Virginia, 341;

imprisoned for Cobham's plot, 344;

his voyage up the Orinoco and execution, 358

Ramillies, battle of, 468

Rangoon, captured by British, 743

Ratcliffe, Richard, favourite of Richard III., 270, 271

Reform, Parliamentary, agitation for, 638, 647

Reform Bill, the, of 1832, introduced by Lord John Russell, 648;

rejected by the Peers, 649;

passed, 650

----, the, of 1866, 703

----, the, of 1885, 716

Reformation, the, in Germany, 290, 296;

in England, 297, 302, 308, 311;

in Scotland, 326

Remonstrance, the Grand, 377

Renaissance, the, 290

Repeal, agitation in Ireland for, 657, 658, 664

Revolution, the, of 1688, 443-447

----, the French, 574

Rhodes, Cecil, his designs, 724, 725

Richard I., conspires against his father, 109-112;

his accession, 114;

at the Crusades, 115-118;

his imprisonment in Germany, 118;

return to England, 120;

his wars and death, 121, 122

---- II., 200;

his dealings with Tyler's rebellion, 206;

assumes the government, 207;

overruled by Lords Appellant, 208;

resumes power, 209;

his tyranny, 210;

expedition to Ireland and abdication, 211, 212;

murdered, 214

---- III., Duke of Gloucester, murders Henry VI., 259;

his campaign in Scotland, 263;

seizes regency, 265;

declared king, 267;

murders the princes, 268;

slain at Bosworth, 271

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., 141-143

Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, martyred, 319

Ridolfi's plot, 331

Rights, Bill of, 446

Rivers, Anthony, Earl, executed by Richard III., 264, 268

Rizzio, David, murder of, 327

Robert I., Bruce, rebels against Edward I., 168;

slays Comyn, 168;

crowned King of Scotland, 170;

his war against Edward I., 173;

victorious at Bannockburn, 176;

his invasions of England, 177, 180

---- III., of Scotland, 214, 218

----, son of William I., rebellion of, 77;

Duke of Normandy, 81;

goes on crusade, 84;

his wars with Henry I., 86;

imprisoned, 90

Roberts, Frederick, Lord, in Afghan war, 749, 750;

his victories in South Africa, 731, 732

Robespierre, Jacobin leader, 581;

fall of, 584

Robin of Redesdale, rebellion of, 257

Rochelle, La, Buckingham's expedition to, 365

Roches, Peter des, minister of Henry III., 137

Rockingham, Marquis of, prime minister, 539-541;

second ministry of, 542;

death of, 555

Rodney, George, Lord, wins battle of St. Lucia, 552

Rogers, John, martyred, 319

Rohilla war, the, 567-568

Romans, in Britain, the, 4-10

Root and Branch Bill, the, 375

Rosebery, Lord, prime minister, 722, 723

Roses, wars of the, 245-259;

their character, 247

Rossbach, battle of, 525

Rotten boroughs, 485;

abolished, 650

Roundheads, use of the term, 382

Rousseau, J. J., influence of, on French Revolution, 575, 576

Rumbold, Colonel, plans Rye House Plot, 435

Rump, the, remnant of Long Parliament, 401;

expelled by Cromwell, 410;

revived, 417

Runjit Singh, his rule in the Punjab, 737;

death of, 742

Rupert, Prince, leader of Royalist horse, 382.

_See_ Edgehill, Newbury, Marston Moor, Naseby

Russell, Lord John, introduces Reform Bill, 648;

his first ministry, 668-672;

his second ministry, 702

----, Lord William, executed, 435

----, Edward, Admiral, wins battle of La Hogue, 454

Russia, first trade of England with, 341;

joins in the Seven Years' War, 522;

joins armed neutrality, 596;

wars of, with Bonaparte, 608, 610, 623;

war of, with Turkey, 645;

engages in Crimean war, 683;

threatened by Lord Palmerston, 698;

Lord Beaconsfield and, 711;

stirs up Afghans, 733

Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, slain at Wakefield, 251

Ruyter, de, Dutch admiral, 426

Rye House Plot, the, 435

Ryswick, Peace of, 455

Sacheverell, Henry, his Tory sermons, 474

Saint Albans, first battle of, 249;

second battle of, 252

Saint Lucia, battle of, 552

Saint Vincent, battle of Cape, 587

Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, 117;

defeated by Richard I., 118

Salamanca, battle of, 624

Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, supports Yorkists, 246;

wins battle of Blore Heath, 247;

beheaded, 251

----, Robert Cecil, earl of, minister of James I., 353-356

----, Robert Cecil, marquis of, prime minister of Queen Victoria, 716;

his second ministry, 718-731;

his third ministry, 723-733

----, William Longsword, Earl of, defeated at Bouvines, 128

----, Great Moot of, 79

Sancroft, William, Archbishop, persecuted by James II., 441;

deposed as a Nonjuror, 448

Saratoga, battle of, 548

Saxons, the, ravage Britain, 11;

their conquests, 12-16

Schism Act, the, 479

Schleswig-Holstein question, the, 698

Schomburg, Frederick, Duke of, commands army in Ireland, 451

Scinde, conquered by Sir Charles Napier, 741

Scindiah, war of, with Warren Hastings, 568;

defeated by Wellesley, 604

Scotland. _See under_ names of kings;

_see also_ Covenanters, Jacobites

Scots, the, invade Britain, 11, 12;

unite with Picts, 47

Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, beheaded, 217

----, Henry, Lord, conspires against Henry V., 223

Scutage imposed by Henry II., 700

Sebastopol, siege of, 686-690

Sedgemoor, battle of, 438

Sepoys, first raised by Dupleix, 512;

great mutiny of the, 745

Septennial Act, the, 490

Seringapatam, treaty of, 572;

storming of, 594

Settlement, the Act of, 459

Seven Bishops, trial of the, 441

Seven Years' War, the, 517, 521, 537

Severus, Emperor, in Britain, 8

Seymour, Thomas, Lord, executed, 310

Shaftesbury, Anthony, Lord, minister of Charles II., 429;

leader of the country party, 431;

his agitation against Romanism, 433, 434;

his fall, 435

----, Anthony, earl of, philanthropic reforms of, 676

Shah Sujah, 740, 741

Shakespeare, William, 343

Shelburne, William, Lord, ministry of, 556;

resigns, 557

Shere Ali, his war with British, 749

Sheridan, Richard, Whig leader, 564, 638

Sheriffmuir, battle of, 489

Ship-money imposed by Charles I., 369

Shrewsbury, battle of, 216

----, Charles Talbot, earl of, at death-bed of Queen Anne, 480

Sidney, Algernon, executed, 435

----, Sir Philip, his "Arcadia," 335;

slain at Zutphen, 335

Sikhs, rise of the, 737;

first war of, with the British, 742;

second war of, 743;

their services in the Mutiny, 746

Simnel, Lambert, imposture of, 273

Siward, Earl of Northumbria, 58, 59

Six Acts, the, 640

Six Articles, the, 603

Slave trade, the, abolished, 609

Slavery, abolished in English possessions, 654

Sluys, naval victory at, 185

Smith, Adam, his "Wealth of Nations," 563

----, Sir Sidney, saves Acre from Bonaparte, 592

Sobraon, battle of, 726

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, minister of Henry VI., 241, 243;

slain at St. Albans, 246

----, Henry, Duke of, Lancastrian leader, 253-255

----, Edmund Seymour, Protector of England, 308;

his Protestantism, 309;

war with Scotland, 309;

deposed, 310;

executed, 313

----, Robert Ker, Earl of, favourite of James I., 356;

his trial and degradation, 357

Sophia, Electress of Hanover, 459

Soult, Marshal, defeated at Corunna, 616;

at Oporto, 618;

at Albuera, 620;

at Pyrenees, 625;

at Toulouse, 626

South African colonies, history of the, 752-754

South Sea Bubble, the, 491

Spa Fields riot, the, 639

Spain, the Black Prince in, 197;

dealings of Henry VII. with, 280;

dealings of Elizabeth with, 324, 330, 333, 337;

subservience of James I. to, 357;

Cromwell's war with, 415;

English invasion of, 468-470;

Walpole's war with, 490;

Pitt's war with, 535;

assists Americans, 548;

allied with French Republic, 585;

allied with Bonaparte, 604;

invaded by Bonaparte, 613 (_see_ Peninsular War);

civil wars in, 655

Spanish marriages, the, of 1846, 665

Spanish Succession, the, 456;

war of, 463

Spencean philanthropists, 639, 640

Spenser, Edmund, 343

Spurs, battle of the, 284

Stafford, William, Lord, executed, 434

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 63

Stamp Act, the, 539;

repealed, 541

Standard, battle of the, 94

Stanhope, James, Earl of, minister of George I., 484;

involved in South Sea Bubble, 491;

dies, 492

Stanley, Thomas, Lord, betrays Richard III. at Bosworth, 270, 271

----, Sir William, executed, 275

Steenkerke, battle of, 454

Stephen of Blois, elected King of England, 93;

his troubled reign, 93-97

Stoke, battle of, 274

Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, his policy of "Thorough," 368;

his rule in Ireland, 368;

impeached and executed, 373, 374

Strathclyde, 45, 47, 83

Strongbow, Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, his invasion of

Ireland, 107

Stuart, house of. _See under_ names of Kings

----, Arabella, imprisoned by James I., 354

Suetonius Paulinus, conquers Boadicea, 6

Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, head of peace-party, 239, 241;

impeached and murdered, 242

----, Charles Brandon, Duke of, marries Mary Tudor, 284

----, Thomas Grey, Duke of, rebels against Mary, 317;

executed, 318

Suraj-ud-Dowlah, Nawab of Oude, his wars with the British, 566

Sunderland, Robert Spencer, Earl of, minister of James II., 439

----, Charles Spencer, Earl of, minister of George I., 483;

involved in South Sea Bubble, 491;

resigns, 492

Supremacy, Act of, 295

Suraj-ud-Dowlah, takes Calcutta, 523;

defeated and slain, 530

Surrey, Henry, Earl of, executed by Henry VIII., 306

----, Thomas, Earl of, wins battle of Flodden, 285

Sussex, kingdom of South Saxons, 15

Swegen, King of Denmark, expels Ethelred the Redeless, 54

Swift, Dean, his Tory pamphlets, 474

Talavera, battle of, 618

Tallard, Marshal, captured at Blenheim, 467

Tantia Topee, Sepoy leader, 748

Tasmania, colonization of, 752

Tea riots at Boston, 545

Tenant right, conceded to Ireland, 706

Terror, Reign of, in Paris, 583

Test Act, the, 430;

repealed by James II., 439

Tewkesbury, battle of, 258

Thanes or gesiths, followers of Anglo-Saxon king, 42

Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, 28

Thirty Years' War, the, 358

Thistlewood, Arthur, conspiracy of, 640

Throckmorton, Francis, conspiracy of, 335

Thugs suppressed, 739

Tilsit, treaty of, 610

Tinchebrai, battle of, 90

Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, wars with, 569, 571, 572;

subdued by Wellesley, 594

Tithe Act, Irish, passed, 658

Tithe war, the, 656

Torres Vedras, lines of, 619

Tory party, origin of name, 434;

power of, under James II., 437;

intrigues of, under William III., 455;

overthrow Godolphin, 474;

Jacobite tendencies of, 478;

weakness of, under George I. and II., 485;

reorganized by George III., 534;

Pitt and the, 561;

reactionary policy of the, 637.

_See_ Conservatives

Tostig, son of Godwine, 58, 59, 60;

slain at Stamford Bridge, 65

Toulon, siege of, 583

Toulouse, Henry II.'s war of, 99;

battle of, 626

Townshend, Ch., Lord, minister of Geo. I., 484;

colleague of Walpole, 493

Towton, battle of, 253

Trafalgar, battle of, 607

Transubstantiation, doctrine of, 297

Transvaal Republic, the, first annexation of, 753;

war with and second annexation of, 727-733

Trent, case of the, 696

"Triers," committee of, 412

Trinidad ceded to Britain, 597

Tromp, Van, Dutch Admiral, 409

Troyes, treaty of, 228

Tudor, house of. _See under_ names of kings and queens

Tyler, Wat, rebellion of, 204-206

Tyndale, William, translates Bible, 302

Tyrconnel, Richard, Earl of, Jacobite leader in Ireland, 450

Tyrone, Hugh O'Neil, Earl of, his rebellion, 346

Tyrrell, Walter, slays William II., 85

Ulm, capitulation of, 608

Ulster, planted by James I., 361

Uniformity, Act of, 423

Union with Scotland, the, 472;

with Ireland, the, 591

United Irishmen, the, 598

United States, declare their independence, 547;

recognized by George III., 552;

war of England with, 627, 628;

civil war in the, 696;

dispute with, as to the _Alabama_, 707

Utrecht, peace of, 476

Valence, Aymer de. _See_ Pembroke

Vane, Sir Henry, the younger, 373;

executed, 421

Vendôme, Marshal, defeated at Oudenarde, 470

Venezuela, quarrel with, 724

Vere, Robert de, favourite of Richard II., 207, 208

Verneuil, battle of, 233

Vernon, Admiral, takes Portobello, 499

Versailles, treaty of, 553

Victoria, Queen, accession of, 658;

married to Albert of Saxe-Coburg, 661;

her first and second Jubilees, 719, 725;

dies, 733

Vienna, congress of, 626-631

Vikings. _See_ Danes

Villars, Marshal, defeated at Malplaquet, 471

Villeinage, in England, 72;

abuses of, 203;

decay of, 206

Villeneuve, Adm., defeated by Nelson, 607

Villeroi, Marshal, defeated at Ramillies, 468

Villiers. _See_ Buckingham

Vimiero, battle of, 615

Vinegar Hill, battle of, 590

Vittoria, battle of, 625

Voltaire, influence of, in France, 575

Volunteers, the Irish, intrigues of, 551, 552;

the English, of 1803, 602, 603;

of 1860, 694

Vortigern calls in Saxons, 14

Wagram, battle of, 619

Wakefield, battle of, 251

Walcheren, expedition to, 618

Wales, unconquered by Saxons, 17;

wars of, with Northumbria, 26;

vassal to Edward the Elder, 44;

campaign of Harold in, 59;

Norman conquests in, 83, 92;

wars of Edward I. with, 153-157;

rebels against Edward I., 163;

rebels against Henry IV., 214;

supports Charles I., 381

Wallace, William, rising of, 167;

defeated at Falkirk, 168;

executed, 169

Waller, Sir William, Parliamentary general, 386, 391

Walpole, Sir Robert, minister of George I., 484;

prime minister, 491;

his character and policy, 493;

Excise Bill, 495;

fall of, 499

Walsingham, minister of Elizabeth, 326;

dies, 348

Walter, Hubert, archbishop and justiciar, 121;

dies, 125

Waltheof, Earl, rebellion of, 70;

executed, 77

Wandewash, battle of, 531

Warbeck, Perkin, imposture of, 275-277

Warenne, John, Earl of, opposes _quo warranto_, 151;

wins battle of Dunbar, 164;

regent of Scotland, 164;

defeated by Wallace, 167

Warwick, Guy, Earl of, opposes and slays Gaveston, 173, 174

----, Richard Neville, Earl of, "the King-maker," Yorkist

partisan, 246;

wins battle of St. Albans, 249;

of Northampton, 250;

defeated in second battle of St. Albans, 252;

wins battle of Towton, 253;

subdues the North, 255;

his struggle with Edward IV., 256-258;

slain at Barnet, 258

----, John Dudley, Earl of. _See_ Northumberland

Washington, George, early campaign of, 521;

commands American army, 546;

defeated at Brooklyn, 547;

forces Cornwallis to capitulate, 561

---- city of, burnt by British, 627

Waterloo, battle of, 629, 630

Wellesley, Richard, Marquis of, Governor-General of India, subdues

Tippoo, 594;

subdues Mahrattas, 604

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, at Seringapatam, 594;

wins battle of Assaye, 604;

commands in Portugal, 615;

victorious at Talavera, 618;

at Lines of Torres Vedras, 619;

takes Ciudad Rodrigo, and Badajos, 624;

victorious at Salamanca, 624;

at Vittoria, 625;

invades France, 626;

commands in Belgium, 628;

wins battle of Waterloo, 629;

prime minister, 644;

grants Catholic emancipation, 646;

retires, 648;

death of, 680

Welsh, or Kymry, 17. _See_ Wales

Wesley, John, his life and work, 516

Wessex, kingdom of, founded by Cerdic, 16;

development of, 18;

western conquests of, 31;

supreme in England, 32

Westminster Abbey, founded by Edward the Confessor, 61;

rebuilt by Henry III., 136

----, Statute of, 152

Whig party, origin of name, 434;

discredited by Rye House Plot, 435;

war-policy, 472-474;

ascendency of, under George I., 482;

policy of, 484, 485;

changed character of, 555;

advocates Parly. reform, 628.

_See_ Liberals

Whitby, council of, 28

White, Sir G., defends Ladysmith, 728-31

Wicliffe, John, his teaching, 199

Wido, Count, imprisons Harold, 59

Wilkes, John, prosecuted by Grenville, 539;

member for Middlesex, 543

William I., extorts oath from Harold, 60;

claims English crown, 62;

victorious at Hastings, 65;

king of England, 68;

quells insurrection, 69, 70;

policy of, 74-79;

death, 79

William II., king of England, 81;

wars with Scots and Welsh, 81, 82;

quarrels with Anselm, 84, 85;

dies, 86

---- III., marries Mary of York, 431;

opposes Lewis XIV., 430-442;

lands in England, 443;

proclaimed king, 445;

his policy, 447;

campaign in Ireland, 451;

fights in Netherlands, 454;

dies, 460

---- IV., accession of, 647;

dealings of, with Reform Bill, 649, 650;

dies, 658

---- Clito, his wars with Henry I., 90

---- the Lion, King of Scotland, wars of, with Henry II., 110

---- the Silent, Dutch leader, 332;

assassinated, 335

Winchelsey, Archbishop, his quarrel with Edward I., 165, 166

Winchester, Statute of, 152

Winfrith (Boniface), missionary in Germany, 29

Witan, national council of the English, 20

Wolfe, General, captures Louisbourg, 526;

victory and death at Quebec, 528, 529

Wolsey, Thomas, minister of Henry VIII., 285-288;

his schemes for Church Reform, 289;

his dealings with Henry's divorce, 291;

his fall and death, 292

Woodville, Elizabeth. _See_ Elizabeth

Worcester, battle of, 405

Wordsworth, William, his attitude toward French revolution, 581

Worms, congress of, 502

Wren, Christopher, rebuilds St. Paul's, 427

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, rebellion and death of, 317, 318

Wykeham, William of, opposes John of Gaunt, 198;

minister of Richard II., 202;

recalled to office, 209

York, Edmund, Duke of, regent for Richard II., 211

York, Richard, Duke of, campaigns of, in Normandy, 239;

rises against Henry VI., 243;

his policy, 245;

Protector, 248;

in Wars of the Roses, 249, 250;

slain at Wakefield, 251

York, Richard, Duke of, son of Edward IV., imprisoned and slain by

Richard III., 266-268

York, Frederick, Duke of, disastrous campaigns of, in

Flanders, 583, 593, 594;

dies, 647

Yorktown, capitulation of, 559

Young Ireland Party, the, 664;

rising of, 669, 670

Zemindars, Cornwallis's dealings with, 572

Zulu war, the, 753

Zutphen, battle of, 335

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+----------------------------------------------------------------- +

| Transcriber's note: |

| |

| Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. |

| |

| Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant |

| form was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. |

| |

| Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. |

| |

| Mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved between paragraphs |

| and some illustrations have been moved closer to the text that |

| references them. The List of Illustrations and Genealogical |

| paginations were changed accordingly. |

| |

| Duplicated section headings have been omitted. |

| |

| Footnotes were moved to the end of chapters and numbered in one |

| continuous sequence. |

| |

| The Descendants of Edward III genealogical chart on p. 202 was |

| split in two for easier reading. |

+------------------------------------------------------------------+

A history of England · 第 45 / 45 章