Canada south to New Jersey, Indiana, and Minnesota.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Lark-heel. See _Delphinium consolida_.
Larkspur, field-. See _Delphinium consolida_.
Larkspur, tall. See under _Delphinium consolida_.
Laurel, broad-leaved. See _Kalmia latifolia_.
Laurel, deer-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Laurel, great. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Laurel, mountain-. See _Kalmia latifolia_.
Laurel, narrow-leaved. See _Kalmia angustifolia_.
Laurel, rose-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Laurel, sheep-. See _Kalmia angustifolia_ and _K. latifolia_.
Laurel, spurge-. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Laurel, swamp-. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
_Laurus benzoin_ L. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.
Lavender, sea-. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Leafcup, yellow. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.
Leatherwood. See _Dirca palustris_.
=Ledum groenlandicum= Oeder. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Ledum latifolium_ Ait.
Labrador tea; continental tea; James-tea.
Evergreen shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, native in cold bogs and damp
mountain woods, northern part of the United States and in Canada.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
_Ledum latifolium_ Ait. Same as _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Lemon, wild. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Lemon-balm. See _Melissa officinalis_.
=Leonurus cardiaca= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Motherwort; lion’s-tail; throwwort.
Perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
occurring in fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to North
Carolina westward to Nebraska.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Leptamnium virginianum= (L.) Raf. =Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Epiphegus virginiana_ Bart.; _Orobanche virginiana_ L.
Beechdrops; cancerroot.
Plant 6 inches to 2 feet in height, parasitic upon the roots of
beech trees from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Michigan and
Louisiana.
_Part used._--Whole plant (nonofficial).
Leptandra. See _Veronica virginica_.
_Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt. Same as _Veronica virginica_.
_Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton. Same as _Erigeron canadensis_.
Lettuce, Indian. See _Frasera carolinensis_.
Lettuce, tall. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Lettuce, white. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.
Lettuce, wild. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
_Leucanthemum vulgare_ Lam. Same as _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.
Leverwood. See _Ostrya virginiana_.
_Liatris odoratissima_ Michx. Same as _Trilisa odoratissima_.
_Liatris scariosa_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria scariosa_.
_Liatris spicata_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria spicata_.
_Liatris squarrosa_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria squarrosa_.
Life-everlasting. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_ and _Gnaphalium
obtusifolium_.
Life-everlasting, sweet. See _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.
Liferoot. See _Senecio aureus_.
=Ligustrum vulgare= L. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.
Privet; primwort; prim.
A shrub, 5 or 6 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from
cultivation and grows wild in woods and along roadsides from
Ontario to Pennsylvania and North Carolina.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
Lily, cow-. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Lily, flag-. See _Iris versicolor_.
Lily, large yellow pond-. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Lily, liver-. See _Iris versicolor_.
Lily, snake-. See _Iris versicolor_.
Lily, sweet-scented water-. See _Castalia odorata_.
Lily, water-. See _Castalia odorata_.
Lily, white pond-. See _Castalia odorata_.
Lily-of-the-valley. See _Convallaria majalis_.
Lime, Ogeechee. See _Nyssa ogeche_.
=Limonium carolinianum= (Walt.) Britton.
=Plumbago family (Plumbaginaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Statice caroliniana_ Walt.
Marsh-rosemary; inkroot; sea-lavender; cankerroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, in salt meadows on the
Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Linden, American. See _Tilia americana_.
_Lindera benzoin_ Meissn. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.
Lion’s-foot. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.
Lion’s-tail. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.
=Liquidambar styraciflua= L. =Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae)=.
Sweet-gum; star-leaved gum; red gum.
Large, native tree, 80 to 140 feet high, in moist woods from
Connecticut to Florida, Illinois, and Missouri. Most common near
the coast in the Middle and Southern States.
_Parts used._--Bark and resin (nonofficial).
=Liriodendron tulipifera= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
Tulip-tree; yellow poplar; whitewood; tulip-poplar; canoewood.
An indigenous tree, 60 to 190 feet in height, growing in rich woods
from New England to Florida, west to Michigan and Arkansas;
reaches greatest size in the Middle and Southern States.
_Part used._--Bark of trunk and of root (nonofficial).
_Lithospermum virginianum_ L. Same as _Onosmodium virginianum_.
Liverleaf, heart-. See _Hepatica acuta_.
Liverleaf, kidney-. See _Hepatica hepatica_.
Liverleaf, round-lobed. See _Hepatica hepatica_.
Liverleaf, sharp-lobed. See _Hepatica acuta_.
Liver-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.
Liverwort. See _Hepatica acuta_ and _H. hepatica_.
Lobelia. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Lobelia, blue. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.
=Lobelia cardinalis= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.
Cardinal-flower; red cardinal; red lobelia.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, with showy scarlet
flowers; in moist soil from British America south to Florida and
Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Lobelia, great. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.
=Lobelia inflata= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.
Lobelia; Indian tobacco; gagroot; vomitwort; bladderpod.
Native, annual, herbaceous plant, 1 to 3 feet high, poisonous; in
dry soil, fields, old pastures, and along roadsides from Canada
to Georgia, Nebraska, and Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops, collected after a portion of the
capsules have become inflated (official). The seeds are also used
(nonofficial).
Lobelia, red. See _Lobelia cardinalis_.
=Lobelia siphilitica= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.
Blue cardinal-flower; great lobelia; blue lobelia; highbelia.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 to 3 feet high, growing in moist
soil from Ontario to Georgia, west to Louisiana and the Dakotas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Locust, black. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.
Locust, yellow. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.
Locust-plant. See _Cassia marilandica_.
Locust-tree. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.
Lycopodium. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.
=Lycopodium clavatum= L. =Club-moss family (Lycopodiaceae)=.
Lycopodium; club-moss; stag’s-horn.
Native perennial, with trailing stem, growing in dry situations in
woods from Canada to North Carolina, Michigan, and Washington.
_Part used._--Spores of this or of other species of Lycopodium
(official).
=Lycopus virginicus= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Bugleweed; sweet bugle; water-bugle; gypsy-weed; water-hoarhound.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches in height; in wet,
shady places from Canada to Florida, Missouri, and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Madweed. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.
=Magnolia acuminata= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
Cucumber-tree; mountain-magnolia; blue magnolia.
Native tree, 60 to 80 feet in height, occurring in the mountainous
regions from New York to Georgia. More abundant in the Southern
States.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Magnolia, blue. See _Magnolia acuminata_.
_Magnolia glauca_ L. Same as _Magnolia virginiana_.
Magnolia, mountain-. See _Magnolia acuminata_.
Magnolia, sweet. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
=Magnolia tripetala= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Magnolia umbrella_ Lam.
Cucumber-tree; umbrella-tree; elkwood.
A small native tree, not more than 40 feet high, growing in rather
moist, rich soil; widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain
region, but nowhere very common.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
_Magnolia umbrella_ Lam. Same as _Magnolia tripetala_.
=Magnolia virginiana= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Magnolia glauca_ L.
White bay; sweet bay; sweet magnolia; beaver-tree; swamp-sassafras;
swamp-laurel.
A native tree, averaging about 25 feet in height, growing in swamps
and morasses, Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Maidenhair-fern. See _Adiantum pedatum_.
Male-fern. See _Dryopteris filix-mas_.
Mallow, common. See _Malva sylvestris_.
Mallow, dwarf. See _Malva rotundifolia_.
Mallow, high. See _Malva sylvestris_.
Mallow, low. See _Malva rotundifolia_.
Mallow, running. See _Malva rotundifolia_.
=Malva rotundifolia= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.
Low mallow; running mallow; cheeses; dwarf mallow.
Annual or biennial procumbent plant, naturalized from Europe, and
widely distributed as a weed in waste places.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).
=Malva sylvestris= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.
High mallow; common mallow; cheeseflower.
Biennial herb, adventive from Europe; sparingly distributed in
the United States and Canada, growing in waste places and along
roadsides.
_Part used._--Flowers (nonofficial).
Mandrake, American. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Mandrake, wild. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Man-of-the-earth. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Manroot. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Manzanita. See _Arctostaphylos glauca_.
Maple, red. See _Acer rubrum_.
Maple, swamp-. See _Acer rubrum_.
Maple, vine-. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Marrubium. See _Marrubium vulgare_.
=Marrubium vulgare= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Marrubium; hoarhound.
Bushy, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and growing in dry, sandy soil, in fields and waste places, from
Maine southward to Texas and westward to California and Oregon.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Marsh-cudweed. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
Marsh-gentian. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Marshmallow. See _Althaea officinalis_.
Marsh-rosemary. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Marsh-trefoil. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
_Maruta cotula_ DC. Same as _Anthemis cotula_.
Masterwort. See _Angelica atropurpurea_ and _Heracleum lanatum_.
May-apple. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Mayflower. See _Epigaea repens_.
May-pops. See _Passiflora incarnata_.
Maythorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.
Mayweed. See _Anthemis cotula_.
Meadow-clover. See _Trifolium pratense_.
Meadow-fern. See _Comptonia peregrina_.
Meadowpride. See _Frasera carolinensis_.
Meadow-scabish. See _Aster puniceus_.
Meadowsweet, pink. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.
Mealy-tree. See _Viburnum dentatum_.
Melilot, yellow. See _Melilotus officinalis_.
=Melilotus officinalis= (L.) Lam. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
Yellow melilot; yellow sweet clover.
Annual or biennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, introduced from Europe,
and occurring in waste places throughout the eastern United
States.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (nonofficial).
Melissa. See _Melissa officinalis_.
=Melissa officinalis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Melissa; balm; lemon-balm; garden-balm; sweet balm.
Perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches high, naturalized from Europe, and
growing in waste places, fields, and woods from Maine to Georgia.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Menispermum. See _Menispermum canadense_.
=Menispermum canadense= L. =Moonseed family (Menispermaceae)=.
Menispermum; yellow parilla; Canada moonseed; Texas sarsaparilla;
vine-maple.
Native, perennial, woody climber, found in woods along streams from
Canada to Georgia and Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Mentha piperita. See _Mentha piperita_ L.
=Mentha piperita= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Mentha piperita; peppermint.
Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and occurring in damp places from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Cultivated principally
in Michigan and New York.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of peppermint
distilled from these, are official.
=Mentha spicata= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Mentha viridis_ L.
Mentha viridis; spearmint.
Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and growing in moist fields and waste places from Nova
Scotia to Utah, south to Florida and Kansas. Also cultivated.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of spearmint
distilled from these, are official.
Mentha viridis. See _Mentha spicata_.
_Mentha viridis_ L. Same as _Mentha spicata_.
=Menyanthes trifoliata= L. =Buck-bean family (Menyanthaceae)=.
Buck-bean; bog-bean; marsh-trefoil; water-shamrock.
Indigenous, perennial plant, about 1 foot in height, found in
spongy, boggy soils and swamps from Canada and Alaska south to
Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and California.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and leaves (nonofficial).
Mezereon. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Mezereon, American. See _Dirca palustris_.
Mezereum. See _Daphne mezereum_.
_Mezereum officinarum_ C. A. Mey. Same as _Daphne mezereum_.
=Micromeria chamissonis= (Benth.) Greene. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Micromeria douglasii_ Benth.
Yerba buena.
A trailing, perennial herb, common in woods along the Pacific coast
of the United States.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
_Micromeria douglasii_ Benth. Same as _Micromeria chamissonis_.
Milfoil. See _Achillea millefolium_.
Milk-ipecac. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Milk-purslane. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Milkweed, common. See _Asclepias syriaca_.
Milkweed, swamp-. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Milkweed, trumpet-. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Milkwort, Nuttall’s-. See _Polygala nuttallii_.
Mint, hairy mountain-. See _Koellia pilosa_.
Mint, mountain-. See _Monarda didyma_.
Mint, thin-leaved mountain-. See _Koellia montana_.
Mistletoe. See _Phoradendron flavescens_.
Mistletoe, American. See _Phoradendron flavescens_.
=Mitchella repens= L. =Madder family (Rubiaceae)=.
Squaw-vine; checkerberry; partridgeberry; deerberry; hive-vine;
squawberry.
Small, creeping, evergreen herb, common in moist woods from Nova
Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Miterwort, false. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.
Moccasin-flower, yellow. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.
Mohawk-weed. See _Uvularia perfoliata_.
=Monarda didyma= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Bee-balm; Oswego tea; mountain-mint; scarlet balm.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in moist soil,
especially along streams, from New Brunswick to Michigan and
south to Georgia.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Monarda fistulosa= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Wild bergamot; horsemint.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found on dry hills and in
thickets from Ontario south to Florida and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Monarda punctata= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Horsemint.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in dry, sandy
fields from New York to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Monotropa uniflora= L. =Indian-pipe family (Monotropaceae)=.
Indian-pipe; fit-plant; fitroot; ghostflower; pipe-plant.
A curious plant, white in all its parts, growing in rich, moist
woods from Canada to Florida, westward to Washington and
California.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Moonseed, Canada. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Moose-elm. See _Ulmus fulva_.
Moosewood. See _Dirca palustris_.
Mortification-root. See _Althaea officinalis_.
Moss, club-. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.
Moss, haircap-. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.
Motherwort. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.
Mountain-ash, American. See _Sorbus americana_.
Mountain-balm. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
Mountain-laurel. See _Kalmia latifolia_.
Mountain-magnolia. See _Magnolia acuminata_.
Mountain-mint. See _Monarda didyma_.
Mountain-mint, hairy. See _Koellia pilosa_.
Mountain-mint, thin-leaved. See _Koellia montana_.
Mountain-sumac. See _Sorbus americana_.
Mountain-tea. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
Mouse-ear. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
Mouthroot. See _Coptis trifolia_.
Mugwort, common. See _Artemisia vulgaris_.
Mullein. See _Verbascum thapsus_.
Musquash-root. See _Cicuta maculata_.
Mustard, black. See _Brassica nigra_.
Mustard, brown. See _Brassica nigra_.
Mustard, red. See _Brassica nigra_.
Mustard, white. See _Sinapis alba_.
Mustard, yellow. See _Sinapis alba_.
_Myrica asplenifolia_ L. Same as _Comptonia peregrina_.
=Myrica cerifera= L. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.
Bayberry; wax-myrtle; candleberry; waxberry.
Grows in sandy swamps or wet woods from Florida and Texas northward
to Maryland. In the South it is a small evergreen tree, becoming
in its northward range a tall, semi-deciduous shrub, or a dwarfed
and deciduous shrub.
_Parts used._--Bark of root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).
=Myrica gale= L. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.
Sweet gale; Dutch myrtle; bog-myrtle; golden osier.
Indigenous shrub, growing in swamps and along streams from Canada
and Alaska to Virginia and Washington.
_Parts used._--Leaves and buds (nonofficial).
Myrtle, bog-. See _Myrica gale_.
Myrtle, Dutch. See _Myrica gale_.
Myrtle, wax-. See _Myrica cerifera_.
=Nabalus albus= (L.) Hook. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Prenanthes alba_ L.
Lion’s-foot; rattlesnake-root; white lettuce; white canker-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, common in rich, moist
woods from Canada to Georgia and Kentucky.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
=Nabalus serpentarius= (Pursh) Hook. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Prenanthes serpentaria_ Pursh.
Lion’s-foot; canker-weed; white lettuce; rattlesnake-root;
snake-gentian.
Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, growing in dry, sandy
soil in fields and thickets from Ontario to Florida and Alabama.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Nannybush. See _Viburnum lentago_.
Necklace-weed. See _Actaea alba_ and _Onosmodium virginianum_.
=Nepeta cataria= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Catnip; catmint.
Common, perennial weed, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
found in waste places and cultivated land from Canada to
Minnesota, south to Virginia and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Nepeta glechoma_ Benth. Same as _Glecoma hederacea_.
Netleaf-plantain. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Netleaf-plantain, smaller. See _Peramium repens_.
Nettle, bull-. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Nettle, great. See _Urtica dioica_.
Nettle, horse-. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Nettle, stinging. See _Urtica dioica_.
Niggerhead. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.
Nightshade, woody. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
_Nuphar advena_ R. Br. Same as _Nymphaea advena_.
Nuttall’s-milkwort. See _Polygala nuttallii_.
=Nymphaea advena= Soland. =Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nuphar advena_ R. Br.
Large yellow pond-lily; cow-lily; spatter-dock; beaverroot.
An aquatic plant, found in ponds and slow streams from Canada to
Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
_Nymphaea odorata_ Dryand. Same as _Castalia odorata_.
=Nyssa aquatica= L. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nyssa uniflora_ Wang.
Large tupelo; cotton-gum; tupelo gum.
A large, native tree, occurring in swamps from southern Virginia to
Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.
_Part used._--Root wood (nonofficial).
_Nyssa capitata_ Walt. Same as _Nyssa ogeche_.
=Nyssa ogeche= Marsh. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nyssa capitata_ Walt.
Sour tupelo; Ogeechee lime.
A small tree, growing in swamps near the seacoast from southern
South Carolina to Florida.
_Part used._--Root wood (nonofficial).
_Nyssa uniflora_ Wang. Same as _Nyssa aquatica_.
Oak, champion-. See _Quercus rubra_.
Oak, Jerusalem. See _Chenopodium anthelminticum_ and _C. botrys_.
Oak, poison-. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.
Oak, red. See _Quercus rubra_.
Oak, Spanish. See _Quercus rubra_.
Oak, stone-. See _Quercus alba_.
Oak, white. See _Quercus alba_.
=Oenothera biennis= L. =Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Onagra biennis_ (L.) Scop.
Evening-primrose; tree-primrose; night willow-herb.
Annual or biennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, common in fields
and waste places from Labrador to Florida, west to the Rocky
Mountains. Native.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Old-man’s-beard. See _Chionanthus virginica_.
Olive, spurge-. See _Daphne mezereum_.
_Onagra biennis_ (L.) Scop. Same as _Oenothera biennis_.
=Onosmodium virginianum= (L.) DC. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Lithospermum virginianum_ L.
Virginia false gromwell; gravel-weed; necklace-weed; pearl-plant;
wild Job’s-tears.
Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry,
hilly grounds from the New England States to Florida, Kansas, and
Texas.
_Parts used._--Root and seeds (nonofficial).
Opium, wild. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Orangeroot. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
_Orobanche virginiana_ L. Same as _Leptamnium virginianum_.
Osier, golden. See _Myrica gale_.
Osier, green. See _Cornus circinata_.
Osier, red. See _Cornus amomum_.
_Osmorrhiza longistylis_ DC. Same as _Washingtonia longistylis_.
=Osmunda regalis= L. =Royal fern family (Osmundaceae)=.
Royal fern; buckhorn-brake.
A tall, native fern, with fronds 3 to 4 feet high, occurring in
swamps and marshes from Canada to Florida and Mississippi.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
=Ostrya virginiana= (Mill.) Willd. =Birch family (Betulaceae)=.
Hop-hornbeam; ironwood; deerwood; leverwood.
Native tree, 25 to 30 feet in height, growing in rich woods, Canada
and eastern United States.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Oxalis acetosella= L. =Wood-sorrel family (Oxalidaceae)=.
White wood-sorrel; shamrock; sour trefoil.
Small, native, perennial herb, found in cold, damp woods, Canada
south to Michigan and North Carolina.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Oxeye daisy. See _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.
=Oxydendrum arboreum= (L.) DC. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Andromeda arborea_ L.
Sourwood; sorrel-tree; elk-tree.
Native tree, sometimes 40 to 50 feet in height, growing in rich
woods from Ohio to Maryland, south to Alabama and Florida.
_Parts used._--Leaves and bark (nonofficial).
Palmetto, saw-. See _Serenoa serrulata_.
=Panax quinquefolium= L. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.
Ginseng.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, found in rich,
shady woods from the Middle and Northern States south to Alabama
and Georgia.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Pansy. See _Viola tricolor_.
Papoose-root. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_.
Paradise-plant. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Parilla, yellow. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Parsley, spotted. See _Conium maculatum_.
Parsley-fern. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Parsnip, cow-. See _Heracleum lanatum_.
=Parthenocissus quinquefolia= (L.) Planch. =Grape family (Vitaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_ Michx.
American ivy; Virginia creeper.
A common, woody vine, native in woods and thickets from Canada to
Florida and Texas.
_Parts used._--Bark and young twigs (nonofficial).
Partridgeberry. See _Mitchella repens_.
Pasqueflower, American. See _Pulsatilla hirsutissima_.
=Passiflora incarnata= L. =Passion-flower family (Passifloraceae)=.
Passion-flower; passion-vine; may-pops.
Climbing, perennial plant, native in dry soil from Virginia to
Florida, westward to Missouri and Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Root and stem base (nonofficial).
Passion-flower. See _Passiflora incarnata_.
Passion-vine. See _Passiflora incarnata_.
Paul’s-betony. See _Veronica officinalis_.
Pawpaw, North American. See _Asimina triloba_.
Pea, ground-squirrel. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
Pea, hoary. See _Cracca virginiana_.
Pea, turkey-. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Pearl-plant. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.
Pencil-flower. See _Stylosanthes biflora_.
Pennyroyal, American. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.
=Penthorum sedoides= L. =Virginia stonecrop family (Penthoraceae)=.
Virginia stonecrop; ditch-stonecrop.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, growing in ditches
and swamps from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Pepper, water-. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
Peppermint. See _Mentha piperita_.
Pepper-plant. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
=Peramium pubescens= (Willd.) MacM. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Goodyera pubescens_ R. Br.
Downy rattlesnake-plantain; rattlesnake-weed; netleaf-plantain;
scrofula-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches in height, occurring in
rich woods from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Tennessee. Most common southward.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
=Peramium repens= (L.) Salisb. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Goodyera repens_ R. Br.
White plantain; lesser rattlesnake-plantain; smaller
netleaf-plantain; squirrel-ear.
A smaller plant than _P. pubescens_, but very similar to it and
more common northward.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Persimmon. See _Diospyros virginiana_.
=Phoradendron flavescens= (Pursh) Nutt.
=Mistletoe family (Loranthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Viscum flavescens_ Pursh.
Mistletoe; American mistletoe.
Parasitic shrub, found on deciduous-leaved trees from New Jersey to
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.
_Parts used._--Leaves and branches (nonofficial).
Phytolacca. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
_Phytolacca americana_ L. Same as _Phytolacca decandra_.
=Phytolacca decandra= L.[e] =Pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Phytolacca americana_ L.[e]
Phytolacca; poke; pokeweed; garget; scoke; inkberry.
Native, perennial herb, with large and branching stem, 6 to 10 feet
high; in rich, moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Texas.
_Parts used._--Root collected in autumn (official); fruit (official
in U. S. P. 1890); leaves (nonofficial).
=Picea mariana= (Mill.) B. S. P. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Abies nigra_ Desf.
Black spruce; spruce-gum tree.
Indigenous, evergreen tree, 40 to 80 feet in height, growing on
elevated situations and in cold bogs from Canada south along the
mountains to North Carolina, and to Minnesota.
Parts used.--Branches, and the essence obtained from the same
(nonofficial).
Pilewort. See _Erechtites hieracifolia_ and _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Pilotweed. See _Silphium laciniatum_.
Pimpernel. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.
Pimpernel, red. See _Anagallis arvensis_.
Pimpernel, scarlet. See _Anagallis arvensis_.
=Pimpinella saxifraga= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Burnet-saxifrage; bennet; pimpernel.
Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, adventive from Europe,
and found in waste places in eastern Pennsylvania, at several
localities in the valley of the Delaware, and in Ohio.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Pine, northern. See _Pinus strobus_.
Pine, prairie-. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
Pine, prince’s-. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
Pine, Weymouth. See _Pinus strobus_.
Pine, white. See _Pinus strobus_.
Pink, rose-. See _Sabbatia angularis_.
Pinkroot. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
Pinkroot, Indian. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
Pinkroot, Maryland. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
=Pinus strobus= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
White pine; northern pine; Weymouth pine.
Large, indigenous forest tree, sometimes 175 feet in height,
growing in woods from Canada south to Georgia and Iowa.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Pipe-plant. See _Monotropa uniflora_.
Pipsissewa. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
Pitcher-plant. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.
=Plantago major= L. =Plantain family (Plantaginaceae)=.
Common plantain; dooryard-plantain; greater plantain.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common
in fields and waste places and along roadsides nearly throughout
North America.
_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Plantain, common. See _Plantago major_.
Plantain, dooryard-. See _Plantago major_.
Plantain, downy rattlesnake-. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Plantain, greater. See _Plantago major_.
Plantain, lesser rattlesnake-. See _Peramium repens_.
Plantain, netleaf-. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Plantain, smaller netleaf-. See _Peramium repens_.
Plantain, white. See _Peramium repens_.
Pleurisy-root. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.
Podophyllum. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
=Podophyllum peltatum= L. =Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.
Podophyllum; May-apple; wild mandrake; American mandrake; wild
lemon.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high, found in low, rich woods
from Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Rhizome (official).
Poison-hemlock. See _Conium maculatum_.
Poison-ivy. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.
Poison-oak. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.
Poison-vine. See _Rhus radicans_.
Poke. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
Pokeweed. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
Polar-plant. See _Silphium laciniatum_.
Polecat-weed. See _Spathyema foetida_.
=Polemonium reptans= L. =Phlox family (Polemoniaceae)=.
American Greek valerian; abscess-root; sweetroot; Jacob’s-ladder.
Native, perennial herb, 12 to 20 inches high, growing in woods and
damp ground from New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and
Missouri.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Polygala nuttallii= T. & G. =Milkwort family (Polygalaceae)=.
Nuttall’s-milkwort; ground-centaury.
Slender, erect, annual herb, 6 to 12 inches high, native in dry,
sandy soil from Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Alabama
and Missouri.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Polygala senega= L. =Milkwort family (Polygalaceae)=.
Senega; Seneca snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches high, found in rocky woods
and on hillsides from New Brunswick and western New England to
Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.
_Part used._--Root (official).
=Polygonatum biflorum= (Walt.) Ell.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Convallaria biflora_ Walt.; _Salomonia biflora_
(Walt.) Britton.
Hairy Solomon’s-seal; smaller Solomon’s-seal.
Native, perennial herb, 8 inches to 3 feet high, found in woods and
thickets from Canada south to Florida and Michigan.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
=Polygonatum commutatum= (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Polygonatum giganteum_ Dietr.; _Salomonia commutata_
(Roem. & Schult.) Britton.
Giant Solomon’s-seal; great Solomon’s-seal; smooth Solomon’s-seal.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 8 feet high, occurring in moist woods
and along streams from Canada to Georgia, west to Louisiana and
Utah.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
_Polygonatum giganteum_ Dietr. Same as _Polygonatum commutatum_.
=Polygonum hydropiper= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Smartweed; water-pepper; biting knotweed; pepper-plant.
Smooth, annual plant, 8 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe; common in moist waste places almost throughout North
America.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Polygonum punctatum= Ell. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Dotted smartweed; water-smartweed.
Native, annual or perennial herb, found in swamps and other wet
places throughout most of North America.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Polymnia uvedalia= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Yellow bear’s-foot; yellow leafcup; uvedalia.
Large, native, perennial plant, 3 to 6 feet high; in ravines and
edges of woods from New York to Michigan, south to Florida and
Texas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
_Polypodium filix-mas_ L. Same as _Dryopteris filix-mas_.
_Polypodium marginale_ L. Same as _Dryopteris marginalis_.
=Polypodium vulgare= L. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.
Common polypody; fernroot; rock-brake; female-fern.
Native fern, 3 to 10 inches in height, with a perennial, creeping
rhizome; on shady, rocky banks, in woods and mountains almost
throughout North America.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and tops (nonofficial).
Polypody, common. See _Polypodium vulgare_.
=Polytrichum juniperinum= Hedw. =Haircap-moss family (Polytrichaceae)=.
Haircap-moss; robin’s-rye.
Native moss, 4 to 7 inches in height, growing along margins of dry
woods and exposed places, mostly on poor, sandy soil.
_Part used._--Whole plant (nonofficial).
Pond-lily, large yellow. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Pond-lily, white. See _Castalia odorata_.
Poolroot. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_, _E. aromaticum_, and _Sanicula
marilandica_.
Poolwort. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_ and _E. aromaticum_.
Poplar, silver. See _Populus alba_.
Poplar, silverleaf-. See _Populus alba_.
Poplar, trembling. See _Populus tremuloides_.
Poplar, tulip-. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
Poplar, white. See _Populus alba_ and _P. tremuloides_.
Poplar, yellow. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
=Populus alba= L. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
White poplar; silverleaf-poplar; silver poplar; white-bark.
A large tree, sometimes 120 feet in height, naturalized in the
United States; occurs along roadsides from New Brunswick to
Virginia.
_Part used._--Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).
_Populus balsamifera candicans_ A. Gray. Same as _Populus candicans_.
=Populus candicans= Ait. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Populus balsamifera candicans_ A. Gray.
Balm-of-Gilead.
A large tree, about 80 feet in height, mostly escaped from
cultivation, New Brunswick to New Jersey, west to Minnesota.
_Parts used._--Leafbuds and bark (nonofficial).
=Populus tremuloides= Michx. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
Quaking aspen; American aspen; white poplar; trembling poplar;
quiverleaf.
A slender, indigenous tree, growing in dry or moist soil from lower
Canada south to Kentucky and in the Rocky Mountains to Lower
California.
_Part used._--Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).
=Porteranthus trifoliatus= (L.) Britton. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Gillenia trifoliata_ Moench.
Indian-physic; Bowman’s-root; false ipecac; western dropwort.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in moist, shady
places in rich woods from New York to Michigan, south to Georgia
and Missouri; more common in the Atlantic States than in the
Western States.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Potato, hog-. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Potato, wild. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
=Potentilla canadensis= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Fivefinger; cinquefoil.
A small, annual or biennial plant, with creeping stems, growing in
dry soil from Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota and the Indian
Territory.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Prairie-pine. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
_Prenanthes alba_ L. Same as _Nabalus albus_.
_Prenanthes serpentaria_ Pursh. Same as _Nabalus serpentarius_.
Prickly ash, northern. See _Xanthoxylum americanum_.
Prickly ash, southern. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.
Prideweed. See _Erigeron canadensis_.
Prim. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.
Primrose, evening-. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Primrose, tree-. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Primwort. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.
Prince’s-pine. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
_Prinos verticillatus_ L. Same as _Ilex verticillata_.
Privet. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.
=Prunella vulgaris= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Self-heal; heal-all; brownwort; sicklewort; blue-curls.
Perennial plant, 2 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and found in fields, woods, and waste places throughout nearly
the whole of North America.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Prunus serotina= Ehrh. =Plum family (Amygdalaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Prunus virginiana_ Mill., not of Linnaeus.
Prunus virginiana; wild cherry; rum-cherry.
A large, indigenous tree, 50 to 80 feet high, growing in woods or
open places from Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Dakota.
Most abundant in the Southwestern States.
_Part used._--Bark, which should be collected in autumn and
carefully dried and preserved (official).
Prunus virginiana. See _Prunus serotina_.
_Prunus virginiana_ Mill., not L. Same as _Prunus serotina_.
Psoralea. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.
_Psoralea melilotoides_ Michx. Same as _Psoralea pedunculata_.
=Psoralea pedunculata= (Mill.) Vail. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Psoralea melilotoides_ Michx.
Psoralea; Samson’s-snakeroot; Congo-root.
Slender, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, native in dry
soil in open woods from Ohio and Kentucky southward.
_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).
=Ptelea trifoliata= L. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.
Wafer-ash; wingseed; hop-tree; shrubby trefoil.
Native shrub, 6 to 8 feet high; in shady woods from New York to
Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas; grows more abundantly west
of the Alleghenies.
_Parts used._--Bark of root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).
=Pterocaulon undulatum= (Walt.) Mohr. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Gnaphalium undulatum_ Walt.
Indian blackroot.
Native, perennial herb, growing in sandy pine lands from North
Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Puccoon, red. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
Puccoon, yellow. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
Pulsatilla, American. See _Pulsatilla hirsutissima_.
=Pulsatilla hirsutissima= (Pursh) Britton.
=Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Anemone patens_ var. _nuttalliana_ A. Gray.
American pasqueflower; American pulsatilla.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 16 inches high, found in the prairie
regions of Illinois, west to the Rocky Mountains and the
Northwest.
_Part used._--Flowering herb (nonofficial).
Purging-root. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Purslane, black. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Purslane, milk-. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Pussy-willow. See _Salix nigra_.
Putty-root. See _Aplectrum spicatum_.
_Pycnanthemum montanum_ Michx. Same as _Koellia montana_.
_Pycnanthemum pilosum_ Nutt. Same as _Koellia pilosa_.
Pyramid-flower. See _Frasera carolinensis_.
_Pyrethrum parthenium_ Smith. Same as _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.
_Pyrus americana_ DC. Same as _Sorbus americana_.
Quack-grass. See _Agropyron repens_.
Queen-Anne’s-lace. See _Daucus carota_.
Queen-of-the-meadow. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.
Queen’s-delight. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.
Queensland asthma-weed. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.
Queen’s-root. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.
Quercus. See _Quercus alba_.
=Quercus alba= L. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.
Quercus; white oak; stone-oak.
Large, indigenous forest tree, 50 to 100 feet in height, in woods
from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. More
abundant in the Middle States.
_Part used._--Bark, “collected from trunks or branches 10 to 25
years of age, and deprived of the periderm” (official).
=Quercus rubra= L. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.
Red oak; champion-oak; Spanish oak.
Large, wide-spreading, indigenous forest tree, about 70 feet in
height, from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas. More common in the Northern States and in Canada.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Quinine-flower. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Quinine-herb. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Quinine-plant. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Quiverleaf. See _Populus tremuloides_.
Ragged-cup. See _Silphium perfoliatum_.
Ragweed. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.
Ragwort, golden. See _Senecio aureus_.
Raspberry, black. See _Rubus occidentalis_.
Raspberry, ground-. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
Raspberry, wild red. See _Rubus strigosus_.
Rattle-root. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_.
Rattlesnake-herb. See _Actaea alba_ and _A. rubra_.
Rattlesnake-master. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_, _Lacinaria scariosa_,
_L. spicata_, and _L. squarrosa_.
Rattlesnake-plantain, downy. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Rattlesnake-plantain, lesser. See _Peramium repens_.
Rattlesnake-root. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.
Rattlesnake-violet. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Rattlesnake-weed. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_, _Hieracium venosum_, and
_Peramium pubescens_.
Redbud. See _Cercis canadensis_.
Redroot. See _Ceanothus americanus_.
=Rhamnus cathartica= L. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.
Buckthorn; hart’s-thorn; waythorn.
A shrub 6 to 15 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from
hedges and growing in dry soil in the New England and Middle
States.
_Part used._--Berries (nonofficial).
Rhamnus purshiana. See _Rhamnus purshiana_ DC.
=Rhamnus purshiana= DC. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.
Rhamnus purshiana; cascara sagrada; chittem-bark; sacred-bark;
bearberry-tree.
Small, indigenous tree, 15 to 20 feet in height, found on the sides
and bottoms of canyons, Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific
Ocean, and extending north into British America.
_Part used._--Bark, collected at least one year before being used
(official).
Rheumatism-root. See _Dioscorea villosa_ and _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
Rheumatism-weed. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
=Rhododendron maximum= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Great laurel; rose-bay; deer-laurel; rose-laurel.
Tall, native, evergreen shrub or small tree, found in low woods and
along streams from Canada to Georgia.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Rhus aromatica= Ait. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Fragrant sumac; sweet-scented sumac.
Indigenous shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, growing in woods and rocky
situations, Canada to Florida, especially along the mountains,
west to Minnesota and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).
Rhus glabra. See _Rhus glabra_ L.
=Rhus glabra= L. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Rhus glabra; smooth sumac; scarlet sumac.
Indigenous, branching shrub, from 4 to 12 feet high; in dry soil,
thickets, and waste grounds nearly throughout the United States
and Canada.
_Parts used._--Fruit (official); bark and leaves (nonofficial).
=Rhus radicans= L.[f] =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Rhus toxicodendron (pharmacopœial name, 1890); poison-ivy;
poison-oak; poison-vine.
Native, woody vine, clinging to trees and fence rows; Canada to
Florida, west to Nebraska and Arkansas. Very poisonous to the
touch.
_Part used._--Fresh leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Rhus toxicodendron. See _Rhus radicans_.
=Rhus toxicodendron= L. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Poison-ivy; poison-oak.
Low, erect, and finely pubescent plant, more shrubby than _Rhus
radicans_, and found in dry soil in more southern localities from
Virginia to Georgia. Very poisonous to the touch.
_Part used._--Fresh leaves, collected with those of _Rhus radicans_.
Richweed. See _Collinsonia canadensis_ and _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
=Robinia pseudacacia= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
Locust-tree; black locust; yellow locust; false acacia.
A large, indigenous tree, sometimes 80 feet in height, growing in
woods from Pennsylvania south along the western slope of the
Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, west to the Indian Territory.
Most abundant in the Middle and Eastern States.
_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).
Robin’s-rye. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.
Rock-brake. See _Polypodium vulgare_.
Rock-rose, Canadian. See _Helianthemum canadense_.
Rope-bark. See _Dirca palustris_.
Rose, Canadian rock-. See _Helianthemum canadense_.
Rose-bay. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Rose-laurel. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Rosemary, marsh-. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Rose-pink. See _Sabbatia angularis_.
Rose-willow. See _Cornus amomum_.
Rosinweed. See _Silphium laciniatum_.
Roundwood. See _Sorbus americana_.
Rubus. See _Rubus cuneifolius_, _R. nigrobaccus_, _R. procumbens_, _R.
trivialis_, and _R. villosus_.
_Rubus canadensis_ T. & G., not L. Same as _Rubus procumbens_.
=Rubus cuneifolius= Pursh. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Rubus; sand-blackberry; knee-high blackberry.
Shrubby plant, 1 to 3 feet high; in sandy soil from Connecticut to
Florida, west to Missouri and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).
_Rubus idaeus_ var. _americanus_ Torr. Same as _Rubus occidentalis_.
=Rubus nigrobaccus= Bailey. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Rubus villosus_ A. Gray, not Ait.
Rubus; high-bush blackberry.
Slender shrub, 3 to 7 feet high, growing in dry fields and along
roadsides, New England States to Florida, and west to Arkansas.
_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).
=Rubus occidentalis= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Rubus idaeus_ var. _americanus_ Torr.
Black raspberry; thimbleberry; blackcap.
A straggling shrub, growing along the borders of woods and in rocky
thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).
=Rubus procumbens= Muhl. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Rubus canadensis_ T. & G., not L.
Rubus; low running blackberry; dewberry.
Shrubby, trailing plant, found in dry soil from Newfoundland to
Lake Superior, south to Virginia and the Indian Territory.
_Part used._--Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Rubus strigosus= Michx. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Wild red raspberry.
Shrubby plant, found in dry or rocky situations from Canada to
North Carolina and New Mexico.
_Parts used._--Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).
=Rubus trivialis= Michx. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Rubus; southern dewberry; low-bush blackberry.
Shrubby, procumbent plant, found in sandy soils, Virginia to
Florida, west to Missouri and Texas.
_Part used._--Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
_Rubus villosus_ A. Gray, not Ait. Same as _Rubus nigrobaccus_.
=Rubus villosus= Ait. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Rubus; one-flowered dewberry.
Trailing plant, with slender branches, growing in sandy or dry soil
near the coast from Maine to South Carolina.
_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).
=Rudbeckia laciniata= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Thimbleweed; tall coneflower.
Much-branched, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high; in moist
thickets, Canada and Montana, south to Florida and New Mexico.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Rum-cherry. See _Prunus serotina_.
Rumex. See _Rumex crispus_.
=Rumex acetosella= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Sheep-sorrel; field-sorrel; sour-grass; common sorrel.
Annual or perennial herb, abundant in dry fields, pastures, and
waste ground throughout the United States.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Rumex crispus= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Rumex; yellow dock; curled dock; narrow dock; sour dock.
A weed introduced from Europe, and common in cultivated and waste
ground throughout the United States. Perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet
high.
_Part used._--Root of this and some other species of Rumex
(official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Rumex obtusifolius= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Bitter dock; blunt-leaved dock; broad-leaved dock.
A perennial weed, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
found in waste places from New England to Florida, west to Texas
and Oregon.
_Part used._--Root, collected with that of _Rumex crispus_.
Sabal. See _Serenoa serrulata_.
=Sabbatia angularis= (L.) Pursh. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
American centaury; rose-pink; bitterbloom; bitter clover.
Native, biennial plant, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in damp, rich
soil, in meadows and among high grass, from New York to Michigan,
south to Florida and the Indian Territory.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Sabbatia elliottii= Steud. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Sabbatia paniculata_ Ell.
Quinine-flower; quinine-plant; quinine-herb; Elliott’s-sabbatia.
An erect, native herb, about one foot in height, growing in pine
barrens from North Carolina to Florida.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Sabbatia, Elliott’s-. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
_Sabbatia paniculata_ Ell. Same as _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Sabina. See _Juniperus sabina_.
Sacred-bark. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.
Sage, Indian. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.
Saint-Benedict’s thistle. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Saint-John’s wort, common. See _Hypericum perforatum_.
=Salix alba= L. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
White willow; European willow.
A large tree, sometimes 90 feet in height, introduced from Europe;
occurs in moist soil along streams from Pennsylvania northward to
New Brunswick and Ontario, sparingly escaped from cultivation.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Salix nigra= Marsh. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
Black willow; pussy-willow; swamp-willow.
Tall, indigenous tree, growing on banks of rivers from Canada to
Florida and California.
_Parts used._--Bark, and fresh aments gathered early in May
(nonofficial).
_Salomonia biflora_ (Walt.) Britton. Same as _Polygonatum biflorum_.
_Salomonia commutata_ (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr. Same as _Polygonatum
commutatum_.
Salt-rheum weed. See _Chelone glabra_.
Sambucus. See _Sambucus canadensis_.
=Sambucus canadensis= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Sambucus; elder; American elder; sweet elder.
Indigenous shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, growing in low, damp ground
from Canada to Florida and Arizona.
_Parts used._--Flowers (official in U. S. P. 1890); bark and
berries (nonofficial).
Sampson-root. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.
Sampson’s-snakeroot. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Samson’s-snakeroot. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.
Sand-blackberry. See _Rubus cuneifolius_.
Sandbrier. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Sanguinaria. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
=Sanguinaria canadensis= L. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.
Sanguinaria; bloodroot; red puccoon; Indian-paint; tetterwort.
Native, perennial herb, about 6 inches high, found in rich, open
woods from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, south to Florida and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Rhizome, “collected after the death of the foliage”
(official).
Sanicle, American. See _Heuchera americana_ and _Sanicula marilandica_.
Sanicle, black. See _Sanicula marilandica_.
Sanicle, Indian. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
Sanicle, white. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
=Sanicula marilandica= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Black sanicle; black snakeroot; American sanicle; poolroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; in rich woods, Canada to
Georgia.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Saponaria officinalis= L. =Pink family (Silenaceae)=.
Soapwort; soaproot; bouncing-Bet; fuller’s-herb.
Stout, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe
and found along roadsides and waste places; common almost
everywhere.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
_Sarothamnus scoparius_ Wimm. Same as _Cytisus scoparius_.
=Sarracenia flava= L. =Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae)=.
Trumpetleaf; trumpets; Eve’s-cup; watercup; yellow-flowered
watercup.
Curious, indigenous perennial, about 1 to 3 feet high, found in
low, wet pine barrens in the southeastern United States.
_Parts used._--Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).
=Sarracenia purpurea= L. =Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae)=.
Pitcher-plant; flytrap; sidesaddle-flower; watercup; smallpox-plant.
Indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in wet, boggy
places and marshes, from Canada to Minnesota and Florida.
_Parts used._--Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).
Sarsaparilla, American. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sarsaparilla, bristly. See _Aralia hispida_.
Sarsaparilla, false. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sarsaparilla, Texas. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Sarsaparilla, Virginian. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sarsaparilla, wild. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sassafras. See _Sassafras variifolium_.
_Sassafras officinale_ Nees & Eberm. Same as _Sassafras variifolium_.
_Sassafras sassafras_ (L.) Karst. Same as _Sassafras variifolium_.
Sassafras, swamp-. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
=Sassafras variifolium= (Salisb.) O. Kuntze.[g]
=Laurel family (Lauraceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Sassafras officinale_ Nees & Eberm.; _Sassafras
sassafras_ (L.) Karst.[g]
Sassafras; ague-tree.
Native tree, sometimes reaching a height of 125 feet; in rich
woods, Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida
and Texas.
_Parts used._--Bark of root, collected in early spring or autumn
and deprived of the periderm (official); pith (official); and the
oil of sassafras distilled from the root, especially the root
bark (official).
=Satureia hortensis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Summer-savory.
Hairy, aromatic, annual herb, adventive from Europe and occurring
in waste places from Canada to Pennsylvania and Nevada.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Savin. See _Juniperus sabina_.
Savin, red. See _Juniperus virginiana_.
Savory, summer-. See _Satureia hortensis_.
Saw-palmetto. See _Serenoa serrulata_.
Saxifrage, burnet-. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.
Scabious, sweet. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.
Scabish, meadow-. See _Aster puniceus_.
Scabwort. See _Inula helenium_.
Scarletberry. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
Scoke. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
Scoparius. See _Cytisus scoparius_.
Scouring-rush, common. See _Equisetum hyemale_.
Scrofula-plant. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Scrofula-weed. See _Peramium pubescens_.
=Scrophularia marilandica= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Scrophularia nodosa_ var. _marilandica_ A. Gray.
Maryland figwort; scrofula-plant; carpenter’s-square; heal-all;
bee-plant; pilewort.
Smooth, native perennial, 3 to 5 feet high; moist, shady ground in
woods and thickets, New York to North Carolina and Kansas.
_Parts used._--Herb and root (nonofficial).
_Scrophularia nodosa_ var. _marilandica_ A. Gray. Same as _Scrophularia
marilandica_.
Scutellaria. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.
_Scutellaria hyssopifolia_ L. Same as _Scutellaria integrifolia_.
=Scutellaria integrifolia= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Scutellaria hyssopifolia_ L.
Larger skullcap; hyssop-skullcap.
Native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, found in fields
and woods from Connecticut south to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Scutellaria lateriflora= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Scutellaria; skullcap; madweed; hoodwort.
Smooth, branching perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, native in damp
places along banks of streams from Canada south to Florida, New
Mexico, and Washington.
_Part used._--Plant (official).
Sea-lavender. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Self-heal. See _Prunella vulgaris_.
=Senecio aureus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Liferoot; swamp squaw-weed; golden ragwort; cocash-weed; coughweed.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high, growing in swamps
and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida,
Missouri, and Texas.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
Senega. See _Polygala senega_.
Senna, American. See _Cassia marilandica_.
Senna, wild. See _Cassia marilandica_.
=Serenoa serrulata= (Roem. & Schult.) Hook. f.
=Palm family (Phoenicaceae)=.
Sabal; saw-palmetto.
A palm, 3 to 7 feet in height, found in sandy soil from North
Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Partially dried ripe fruit (official).
Serpentaria. See _Aristolochia reticulata_ and _A. serpentaria_.
Serpentaria, Texas. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.
Serpentaria, Virginia. See _Aristolochia serpentaria_.
Service-tree, American. See _Sorbus americana_.
Seven-barks. See _Hydrangea arborescens_.
Shagbark. See _Hicoria ovata_.
Shamrock. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
Shamrock, water-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Shave-grass. See _Equisetum hyemale_.
Sheepberry. See _Viburnum lentago_.
Sheep-laurel. See _Kalmia angustifolia_ and _K. latifolia_.
Sheep-sorrel. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Shellbark-hickory. See _Hicoria ovata_.
Shellflower. See _Chelone glabra_.
Shepherd’s-purse. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.
Shepherd’s-weatherglass. See _Anagallis arvensis_.
Shield-fern, marginal-fruited. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.
Shrub, sweet-scented. See _Butneria florida_.
Shrub yellowroot. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.
Sicklewort. See _Prunella vulgaris_.
Sidesaddle-flower. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.
Silkweed. See _Asclepias syriaca_.
Silkweed, rose-colored. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Silkweed, swamp-. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
=Silphium laciniatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Rosinweed; compass-plant; pilotweed; polar-plant.
Coarse, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high, growing on prairies
from Ohio to Alabama, west to Texas and South Dakota.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Silphium perfoliatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Cup-plant; Indian-cup; ragged-cup.
Stout, perennial herb, 4 to 8 feet high, native in moist soil and
low ground from Ontario and the eastern United States west to
Louisiana and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Silverleaf. See _Impatiens biflora_, _Spiraea tomentosa_, and
_Stillingia sylvatica_.
Silverleaf-poplar. See _Populus alba_.
Simpler’s-joy. See _Verbena hastata_.
Sinapis alba. See _Sinapis alba_ L.
=Sinapis alba= L. =Mustard family (Brassicaceae)=.
Sinapis alba; white mustard; yellow mustard.
Annual herb, about 2 feet in height, naturalized from Europe, and
found in fields and waste places, but not so widely distributed
as the black mustard.
_Part used._--Seed (official).
Sinapis nigra. See _Brassica nigra_.
_Sinapis nigra_ L. Same as _Brassica nigra_.
Skullcap. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.
Skullcap, hyssop-. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.
Skullcap, larger. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.
Skunk-cabbage. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Skunkweed. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Sloe. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.
Smallpox-plant. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.
Smartweed. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
Smartweed, dotted. See _Polygonum punctatum_.
Smartweed, water-. See _Polygonum punctatum_.
_Smilacina racemosa_ Desf. Same as _Vagnera racemosa_.
=Smilax herbacea= L. =Smilax family (Smilacaceae)=.
Carrion-flower; American Jacob’s-ladder.
Native, herbaceous perennial, occurring in woods and thickets in
Canada and the eastern United States.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Smilax pseudo-china= L. =Smilax family (Smilacaceae)=.
Bamboo-brier; long-stalked greenbrier; American China-root; false
China-root; bullbrier.
Perennial vine, native, growing in dry or sandy thickets, Maryland
to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
Snake-gentian. See _Nabalus serpentarius_.
Snakehead. See _Chelone glabra_.
Snakeleaf, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Snake-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.
Snakemilk. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Snakeroot, black. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_ and _Sanicula marilandica_.
Snakeroot, button-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.
Snakeroot, Canada. See _Asarum canadense_.
Snakeroot, corn-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_ and _Lacinaria spicata_.
Snakeroot, dense button-. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
Snakeroot, large button-. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.
Snakeroot, Red River. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.
Snakeroot, Sampson’s-. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Snakeroot, Samson’s-. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.
Snakeroot, Seneca. See _Polygala senega_.
Snakeroot, smaller white. See _Eupatorium aromaticum_.
Snakeroot, Texas. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.
Snakeroot, Virginia. See _Aristolochia serpentaria_.
Snakeroot, white. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
Snake-violet. See _Viola pedata_.
Snakeweed. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.
Snapweed. See _Impatiens aurea_ and _I. biflora_.
Sneezeweed. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Sneezewort. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Snowdrop, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Soaproot. See _Saponaria officinalis_.
Soapwort. See _Saponaria officinalis_.
Soapwort-gentian. See _Gentiana saponaria_.
=Solanum carolinense= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.
Horse-nettle; bull-nettle; sandbrier.
Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, common in dry fields and on
sandy or gravelly banks from the eastern United States west to
Texas and Nebraska.
_Parts used._--Root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).
=Solanum dulcamara= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.
Dulcamara; bittersweet; woody nightshade; violet-bloom;
scarletberry.
Climbing, shrubby perennial, naturalized from Europe; found in low,
damp grounds and moist banks, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south
to New Jersey and Kansas.
_Part used._--Young branches (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Solidago odora= Ait. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Sweet goldenrod; fragrant-leaved goldenrod; anise-scented goldenrod.
Slender, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in dry soil from
Maine to Texas.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (nonofficial).
Solomon’s-seal, false. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Solomon’s-seal, giant. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.
Solomon’s-seal, great. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.
Solomon’s-seal, hairy. See _Polygonatum biflorum_.
Solomon’s-seal, small. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Solomon’s-seal, smaller. See _Polygonatum biflorum_.
Solomon’s-seal, smooth. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.
=Sorbus americana= Marsh. =Apple family (Malaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Pyrus americana_ DC.
American mountain-ash; roundwood; dogberry; mountain-sumac;
American service-tree.
Indigenous tree or tall shrub, growing in low woods or moist ground
from Newfoundland south along the mountains to North Carolina,
and to Michigan.
_Parts used._--Bark and berries (nonofficial).
Sorrel, common. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sorrel, field-. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sorrel, sheep-. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sorrel, white wood-. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
Sorrel-tree. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.
Sour-grass. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sourwood. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.
Southernwood. See _Artemisia abrotanum_.
=Spathyema foetida= (L.) Raf. =Arum family (Araceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Dracontium foetidum_ L.; _Symplocarpus foetidus_ Nutt.
Skunk-cabbage; skunkweed; polecat-weed; swamp-cabbage.
Indigenous, perennial herb, about 1 to 2 feet high, found in swamps
and wet soil from Canada south to Florida, Iowa, and Minnesota.
Appears very early in spring.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).
Spatter-dock. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Spearmint. See _Mentha spicata_.
Speedwell, common. See _Veronica officinalis_.
Speedwell, tall. See _Veronica virginica_.
Spicebush. See _Benzoin benzoin_.
Spicewood. See _Benzoin benzoin_.
Spigelia. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
=Spigelia marilandica= L. =Logania family (Loganiaceae)=.
Spigelia; pinkroot; Maryland pinkroot; Indian pinkroot; worm-grass.
Erect, native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 1½ feet high, found in
rich woods, New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin.
Occurs principally in the Southern States.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Spignet. See _Aralia racemosa_.
Spikenard. See _Aralia racemosa_.
Spikenard, American. See _Aralia racemosa_.
Spikenard, false. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Spikenard, small. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Spikenard, wild. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Spindle-tree. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.
Spiraea. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.
=Spiraea tomentosa= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Spiraea; hardhack; steeplebush; pink meadowsweet; silverleaf.
Native shrub, occurring in low grounds and moist meadows from Nova
Scotia south to Georgia, west to Kansas and Manitoba.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Spleenwortbush. See _Comptonia peregrina_.
Spruce, black. See _Picea mariana_.
Spruce, hemlock-. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Spruce, weeping. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Spruce-gum tree. See _Picea mariana_.
Spurge, flowering. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Spurge, ipecac-. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.
Spurge, large spotted. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Spurge, pill-bearing. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.
Spurge-laurel. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Spurge-olive. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Squawberry. See _Mitchella repens_.
Squawbush. See _Viburnum opulus_.
Squawflower. See _Trillium erectum_.
Squawmint. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.
Squawroot. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_ and _Cimicifuga racemosa_.
Squaw-vine. See _Mitchella repens_.
Squaw-weed. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
Squaw-weed, swamp. See _Senecio aureus_.
Squirrel-corn. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Squirrel-ear. See _Peramium repens_.
Staff-tree. See _Celastrus scandens_.
Stagbush. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.
Staggerweed. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Stag’s-horn. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.
Stammerwort. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.
Star-grass. See _Aletris farinosa_.
Starwort. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.
Starwort, drooping. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.
_Statice caroliniana_ Walt. Same as _Limonium carolinianum_.
Steeplebush. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.
_Stellaria media_ Cyr. Same as _Alsine media_.
Stillingia. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.
=Stillingia sylvatica= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.
Stillingia; queen’s-root; queen’s-delight; silverleaf.
Native, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 3 feet in height, occurring in
dry, sandy soil, and pine barrens from Maryland to Florida, west
to Kansas and Texas.
_Part used._--Root (official).
Stonecrop, ditch-. See _Penthorum sedoides_.
Stonecrop, Virginia. See _Penthorum sedoides_.
Stonemint. See _Cunila origanoides_.
Stone-oak. See _Quercus alba_.
Stoneroot. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.
Stramonium. See _Datura stramonium_.
Strawberry, scarlet. See _Fragaria virginiana_.
Strawberry, Virginia. See _Fragaria virginiana_.
Strawberry-shrub, hairy. See _Butneria florida_.
=Stylosanthes biflora= (L.) B. S. P. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Stylosanthes elatior_ Sw.
Pencil-flower; afterbirth-weed.
Wiry, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet in height, native;
occurring in dry soil from New York to Florida, west to the
Indian Territory.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Stylosanthes elatior_ Sw. Same as _Stylosanthes biflora_.
Succory. See _Cichorium intybus_.
Sumac, fragrant. See _Rhus aromatica_.
Sumac, mountain-. See _Sorbus americana_.
Sumac, scarlet. See _Rhus glabra_.
Sumac, smooth. See _Rhus glabra_.
Sumac, sweet-scented. See _Rhus aromatica_.
Summer-savory. See _Satureia hortensis_.
Sundew, round-leaved. See _Drosera rotundifolia_.
Sunflower, swamp-. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Swamp squaw-weed. See _Senecio aureus_.
Swamp willow-herb. See _Epilobium palustre_.
Swamp-cabbage. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Swamp-dogwood. See _Cornus amomum_.
Swamp-hellebore. See _Veratrum viride_.
Swamp-laurel. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
Swamp-maple. See _Acer rubrum_.
Swamp-milkweed. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Swamp-sassafras. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
Swamp-silkweed. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Swamp-sunflower. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Swamp-willow. See _Salix nigra_.
Sweatweed. See _Althaea officinalis_.
Sweet-cicely. See _Washingtonia longistylis_.
Sweet-flag. See _Acorus calamus_.
Sweet-gum. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.
Sweetroot. See _Polemonium reptans_.
=Symphytum officinale= L. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.
Comfrey; healing-herb; blackwort; bruisewort.
Erect, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
found in waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to
Maryland.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
_Symplocarpus foetidus_ Nutt. Same as _Spathyema foetida_.
Tag-alder. See _Alnus rugosa_.
Tamarack. See _Larix laricina_.
Tanacetum. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
=Tanacetum vulgare= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Tanacetum; tansy; double tansy; bitter-buttons; parsley-fern.
Strong-scented, perennial herb, 1½ to 3 feet high, introduced from
Europe; escaped from cultivation and found along roadsides from
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official in U. S. P.
1890).
Tanbark-tree. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Tansy. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Tansy, double. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Taraxacum. See _Taraxacum officinale_.
=Taraxacum officinale= Weber.[h] =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst.[h]
Taraxacum; dandelion; blowball; cankerwort.
Low, perennial weed, 5 to 10 inches high, naturalized from Europe;
very abundant in lawns, meadows, and waste places throughout the
United States, with the exception of the South.
_Part used._--Root, collected in autumn (official).
_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. Same as _Taraxacum officinale_.
Tea, continental. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Tea, James-. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Tea, Jersey. See _Ceanothus americanus_.
Tea, Jerusalem. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Tea, Labrador. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Tea, Mexican. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Tea, mountain-. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
Tea, New Jersey. See _Ceanothus americanus_.
Tea, Oswego. See _Monarda didyma_.
Tea, Spanish. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Teaberry. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
_Tephrosia virginiana_ Pers. Same as _Cracca virginiana_.
Tetterwort. See _Chelidonium majus_ and _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
Thimbleberry. See _Rubus occidentalis_.
Thimbles. See _Digitalis purpurea_.
Thimbleweed. See _Rudbeckia laciniata_.
Thistle, bitter. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, blessed. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, Canada. See _Carduus arvensis_.
Thistle, creeping. See _Carduus arvensis_.
Thistle, cursed. See _Carduus arvensis_.
Thistle, holy. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, St. Benedict’s-. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, spotted. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thorn-apple. See _Datura stramonium_.
Thoroughwort. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.
Thousandleaf. See _Achillea millefolium_.
Throwwort. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.
=Thuja occidentalis= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
Arbor-vitae; white cedar; yellow cedar.
Indigenous, evergreen tree, 20 to 50 feet in height; in wet soil
and along banks of streams, Canada to North Carolina, Illinois,
and Minnesota. Especially abundant in Canada and the Northern
States.
_Parts used._--Branchlets and leaves (nonofficial).
=Tiarella cordifolia= L. =Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae)=.
Coolwort; false miterwort; foamflower; gemfruit.
Slender, indigenous perennial, 6 to 12 inches high, found in rich,
moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south, especially along
the mountains, to Georgia and Indiana.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Tickweed. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.
=Tilia americana= L. =Linden family (Tiliaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Tilia glabra_ Vent.
Basswood; American linden; whitewood.
Large, indigenous forest tree, 60 to 125 feet in height; in rich
woods, especially along the mountains, from Canada to Georgia,
west to Texas and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Inflorescence of this and of other species of Tilia
(nonofficial).
_Tilia glabra_ Vent. Same as _Tilia americana_.
Tinker’s-weed. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.
Tobacco, Indian. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Toothache-tree. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum
americanum_.
Touch-me-not, pale. See _Impatiens aurea_.
Touch-me-not, spotted. See _Impatiens biflora_.
Toywort. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.
Tree-primrose. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Trefoil, marsh-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Trefoil, shrubby. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Trefoil, sour. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
=Trifolium pratense= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
Red clover; meadow-clover; purple clover.
Perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high; common in fields and
meadows throughout the eastern United States; naturalized from
Europe, and widely cultivated.
_Part used._--Blossoms (nonofficial).
=Trilisa odoratissima= (Walt.) Cass. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Liatris odoratissima_ Michx.
Vanilla-plant; deer’s-tongue; vanilla-leaf; Carolina vanilla.
Rather stout, native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, with
fragrant leaves; in pine barrens from Virginia south to Florida
and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Trillium erectum= L. =Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
Wake-robin; ill-scented bethroot; birthroot; squawflower.
Stout, native perennial, 8 to 16 inches high, growing in rich soil
in damp, shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.
_Part used._--Rhizome of this and of several other species of
Trillium (nonofficial).
=Triosteum perfoliatum= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Feverroot; horse-gentian; tinker’s-weed; white gentian; wild ipecac.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high; in rich soil in shady
locations, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Kansas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Triticum. See _Agropyron repens_.
_Triticum repens_ Beauv. Same as _Agropyron repens_.
Trumpetleaf. See _Sarracenia flava_.
Trumpet-milkweed. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Trumpets. See _Sarracenia flava_.
=Tsuga canadensis= (L.) Carr. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Abies canadensis_ Michx.
Hemlock; hemlock-spruce; weeping spruce; tanbark-tree.
Indigenous tree, about 75 feet in height, in forests from Canada
south to Alabama and Wisconsin.
_Parts used._--Bark and prepared resinous exudate (nonofficial).
Tulip-poplar. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
Tulip-tree. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
Tupelo gum. See _Nyssa aquatica_.
Tupelo, large. See _Nyssa aquatica_.
Tupelo, sour. See _Nyssa ogeche_.
Turkey-corn. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Turkey-pea. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
_Turnera aphrodisiaca_ Ward. Same as _Turnera microphylla_.
=Turnera microphylla= Desv. =Turnera family (Turneraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Turnera aphrodisiaca_ Ward.
Damiana.
A small, shrubby plant, native of Lower California, Texas, and
northern Mexico, growing in dry soil.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
Turnip, Indian. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.
Turnip, wild. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.
Turtle-head. See _Chelone glabra_.
=Tussilago farfara= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Colt’s-foot; coughwort; horsefoot; gingerroot.
Perennial herb, 3 to 18 inches high, naturalized from Europe; in
moist places along roadsides and brooks, northeastern United
States and Minnesota to Canada.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Twinleaf. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
=Typha latifolia= L. =Cattail family (Typhaceae)=.
Broad-leaved cattail; cattail-flag; bulrush.
Native marsh plant, perennial, 4 to 8 feet high; found in marshes,
ditches, muddy pools, and other wet places throughout North
America, except extreme northern part.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Ulmus. See _Ulmus fulva_.
=Ulmus fulva= Michx. =Elm family (Ulmaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Ulmus pubescens_ Walt.
Ulmus; elm; slippery elm; red elm; moose-elm; Indian elm.
Indigenous tree, 50 to 60 feet high, growing on hills, along
streams and in woods from Quebec to North Dakota, south to
Florida and Texas. More common in the western part of its range.
_Part used._--Bark deprived of its periderm (official).
_Ulmus pubescens_ Walt. Same as _Ulmus fulva_.
Umbrella-tree. See _Magnolia tripetala_.
Unicorn-root, false. See _Aletris farinosa_.
Unicorn-root, true. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.
Upland-cranberry. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.
=Urtica dioica= L. =Nettle family (Urticaceae)=.
Stinging nettle; great nettle.
Herbaceous, perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet high, with stinging hairs;
naturalized from Europe and found in waste places from Canada and
Minnesota south to South Carolina and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Flowers, leaves, and root (nonofficial).
Uva-ursi. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.
Uvedalia. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.
=Uvularia perfoliata= L. =Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.
Perfoliate bellwort; Mohawk-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 20 inches high; in moist woods and
thickets, Quebec to Florida and Mississippi.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Vagnera racemosa= (L.) Morong.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Convallaria racemosa_ L.; _Smilacina racemosa_ Desf.
False Solomon’s-seal; small Solomon’s-seal; wild spikenard; false
spikenard.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, found in moist woods
and thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Valerian. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
Valerian, American. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.
Valerian, American Greek. See _Polemonium reptans_.
Valerian, garden-. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
Valeriana. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
=Valeriana officinalis= L. =Valerian family (Valerianaceae)=.
Valeriana; valerian; garden-valerian; vandal-root.
Perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, native of Europe; escaped from
gardens to roadsides in New York and New Jersey.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Vandal-root. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
Vanilla, Carolina. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.
Vanilla-leaf. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.
Vanilla-plant. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.
Velvet-plant. See _Verbascum thapsus_.
Veratrum. See _Veratrum viride_.
=Veratrum viride= Ait. =Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.
Veratrum; American hellebore; swamp-hellebore; green hellebore.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 7 feet high, growing in swamps, wet
woods, and meadows, Canada and Alaska, Minnesota south to Georgia.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots of this or _V. album_ (official).
=Verbascum thapsus= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
Mullein; velvet dock; velvet-plant; flannel-leaf.
Tall, erect, biennial weed, sometimes 7 feet in height; naturalized
from Europe and growing in fields, pastures, and waste places,
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).
=Verbena hastata= L. =Vervain family (Verbenaceae)=.
Vervain; simpler’s-joy; wild hyssop.
Erect, indigenous perennial, 3 to 4 feet high, found in fields,
meadows, and waste places, Canada to Nebraska, New Mexico, and
Florida.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
=Veronica officinalis= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
Common speedwell; Paul’s-betony.
Perennial herb, 3 to 10 inches high; in dry fields and woods, Nova
Scotia to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Veronica, tall. See _Veronica virginica_.
=Veronica virginica= L.[i] =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt.[i]
Leptandra; Culver’s-root; Culver’s-physic; blackroot;
Bowman’s-root; tall speedwell; tall veronica.
Indigenous, perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist, rich
ground in woods, meadows, and thickets from Canada to Alabama and
Nebraska.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Vervain. See _Verbena hastata_.
=Viburnum dentatum= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Arrowwood; mealy-tree.
Smooth, indigenous shrub, about 15 feet in height, growing on low
ground and in damp woods and thickets from New Brunswick and
Ontario south along the mountains to Georgia, and westward to
Minnesota.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Viburnum lentago= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Nannybush; sheepberry; sweet viburnum.
An indigenous shrub, sometimes a small tree; in rich soil from
Canada to Georgia and Missouri.
_Part used._--Bark of the root of this species or of _V.
prunifolium_ official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”
Viburnum opulus. See _Viburnum opulus_ L.
=Viburnum opulus= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Viburnum opulus; cramp-bark; high-bush cranberry; squawbush.
Indigenous shrub, 4 to 10 feet in height, found in low, rich woods
and borders of fields from New Jersey, Michigan, and Oregon,
northward.
_Part used._--Bark (official).
Viburnum prunifolium. See _Viburnum lentago_ and _V. prunifolium_ L.
=Viburnum prunifolium= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Black haw; sloe; stagbush.
Indigenous shrub or small tree, growing in dry woods and thickets
and on rocky hillsides, Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan
and Texas. Most abundant in the South.
_Part used._--Bark of the root of this species or of _V. lentago_
official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”
Viburnum, sweet. See _Viburnum lentago_.
Vine-maple. See _Menispermum canadense_.
=Viola odorata= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.
English violet; sweet violet; March violet.
Low herb, native of Europe; escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to
New York and New Jersey, and on the Pacific coast.
_Part used._--Flowers (nonofficial).
=Viola pedata= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.
Bird’s-foot violet; wood-violet; snake-violet.
Native plant, perennial, 3 to 10 inches high, occurring in dry
fields and on hillsides from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Herb and root (nonofficial).
=Viola tricolor= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.
Pansy; heartsease.
Small herb, 4 to 12 inches high, introduced from Europe; found in
waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens.
_Part used._--Flowering herb (nonofficial).
Violet, bird’s-foot. See _Viola pedata_.
Violet, dog’s-tooth. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Violet, English. See _Viola odorata_.
Violet, March. See _Viola odorata_.
Violet, rattlesnake-. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Violet, snake-. See _Viola pedata_.
Violet, sweet. See _Viola odorata_.
Violet, wood-. See _Viola pedata_.
Violet-bloom. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
Virginia creeper. See _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_.
Virgin’s-bower. See _Clematis virginiana_.
_Viscum flavescens_ Pursh. Same as _Phoradendron flavescens_.
Vomitwort. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Wafer-ash. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Wahoo. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.
Wake-robin. See _Arisaema triphyllum_ and _Trillium erectum_.
Walnut, white. See _Juglans cinerea_.
Wartwort. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
=Washingtonia longistylis= (Torr.) Britton. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Osmorrhiza longistylis_ DC.
Sweet-cicely; anise-root; sweet chervil.
Erect, rather stout, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in
rich, moist woods and banks of streams from Canada to Alabama and
Texas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Water-avens. See _Geum rivale_.
Water-bugle. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Watercup. See _Sarracenia flava_ and _S. purpurea_.
Watercup, yellow-flowered. See _Sarracenia flava_.
Water-eryngo. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.
Water-flag. See _Iris versicolor_.
Water-hemlock. See _Cicuta maculata_.
Water-hoarhound. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Water-lily. See _Castalia odorata_.
Water-lily, sweet-scented. See _Castalia odorata_.
Water-pepper. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
Water-shamrock. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Water-smartweed. See _Polygonum punctatum_.
Waxberry. See _Myrica cerifera_.
Wax-myrtle. See _Myrica cerifera_.
Waxwork. See _Celastrus scandens_.
Waythorn. See _Rhamnus cathartica_.
White-bark. See _Populus alba_.
Whiteroot. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.
Whitethorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.
Whitewood. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_ and _Tilia americana_.
Wickopy. See _Dirca palustris_.
Wickup. See _Chamaenerion angustifolium_ and _Epilobium palustre_.
Willow, black. See _Salix nigra_.
Willow, European. See _Salix alba_.
Willow, pussy-. See _Salix nigra_.
Willow, rose-. See _Cornus amomum_.
Willow, swamp-. See _Salix nigra_.
Willow, white. See _Salix alba_.
Willow-herb, great. See _Chamaenerion angustifolium_.
Willow-herb, night. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Willow-herb, swamp. See _Epilobium palustre_.
Wingseed. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Winterberry, Virginia. See _Ilex verticillata_.
Winterbloom. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.
Wintergreen. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
Wintergreen, bitter. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
Witch-hazel. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.
Woodbine, wild. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.
Wood-fern, evergreen. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.
Wood-sorrel, white. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
Wood-violet. See _Viola pedata_.
Worm-grass. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
Wormseed. See _Chenopodium anthelminticum_.
Wormseed, American. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Wormwood. See _Artemisia absinthium_.
Wormwood, Roman. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.
=Xanthium spinosum= L. =Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae)=.
Spiny clotbur; spiny burseed; thorny clotweed; thorny burweed.
An annual weed, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe or Asia;
in waste ground, Ontario to Florida, westward to Missouri and
Texas.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Xanthorrhiza apiifolia= L’Her. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
Shrub yellowroot; southern yellowroot.
Low, shrubby, indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in
woods and along river banks, southwestern New York to Florida,
chiefly in the mountains.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).
Xanthoxylum. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum americanum_.
=Xanthoxylum americanum= Mill. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Xanthoxylum fraxineum_ Willd.
Xanthoxylum; northern prickly ash; toothache-tree.
Indigenous shrub or small tree, maximum height about 25 feet;
common in woods and thickets and along river banks from Virginia,
Missouri, and Nebraska northward to Canada.
_Parts used._--Bark of this or of _Fagara clava-herculis_ official
under the name “Xanthoxylum.” Berries (nonofficial).
_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_ L. Same as _Fagara clava-herculis_.
_Xanthoxylum fraxineum_ Willd. Same as _Xanthoxylum americanum_.
Yam, wild. See _Dioscorea villosa_.
Yarrow. See _Achillea millefolium_.
Yellowroot. See _Coptis trifolia_, _Hydrastis canadensis_, and
_Jeffersonia diphylla_.
Yellowroot, shrub. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.
Yellowroot, southern. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.
Yellowthorn. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.
Yellowwood. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.
Yerba buena. See _Micromeria chamissonis_.
Yerba reuma. See _Frankenia grandifolia_.
Yerba santa. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
Youthwort. See _Drosera rotundifolia_ and _Heracleum lanatum_.