1 male _Telamonides_; clear colours; 4 large lunules; 1 large, 1
small red spot; frontal hairs long.
1 female _Telamonides_; medium colours; 4 lunules; large double
connected red spot; frontal hairs long.
In general shape all were _Marcellus_, the wings produced, the tails
long.
From this it appeared that those exposed twenty-five days were fully
changed; of those exposed twenty days, 3 were fully, 2 partly, 1 not at
all; and of those exposed fourteen days, 1 partly, 2 not at all.
The butterflies from this lot of 104 chrysalides, but which had not
been iced, were put in papers. Taking 6 males and 6 females from the
papers just as they came to hand, Mr. Edwards set them, and compared
them with the iced examples.
Of the 6 males, 4 had 1 red anal spot only, 2 had 1 large 1 small; 4
had 2 green lunules on the hind wings, 2 had 3, and in these last
there was a 4th obsolescent, at outer angle; all had short frontal
hairs.
Of the 6 females, 5 had but 1 red spot, 1 had 1 large 1 small spot; 5
had 2 lunules only, 1 had 3; all had short frontal hairs.
Comparing 6 of the females from the iced chrysalides, being those in
which a change had more or less occurred, with the 6 females not iced:
1. All the former had the colours more intense, the black deeper,
the light, green.
2. In 5 of the former the green lunules on hind wings were decidedly
larger; 3 of the 6 had 4 distinct lunules, 1 had 3, 1 had 3, and
a 4th obsolescent. Of the 6 females not iced none had 4, 2 had
2, and a 3rd, the lowest of the row, obsolescent; 3 had 3, the
lowest being very small; one had 3, and a 4th, at outer angle,
obsolescent.
3. In all the former the subapical spot on fore wing and the stripe
on same wing which crosses the cell inside the common black band,
were distinct and green; in all the latter these marks were
either obscure or obsolescent.
4. In 4 of the former there was a large double connected red spot,
and in one of the 4 it was edged with white on its upper side;
2 had 1 large and 1 small red spot. Of the latter 5 had 1 spot
only, and the 6th had 1 spot and a red dot.
5. The former had all the black portions of the wing of deeper
colour but less diffused, the bands being narrower; on the other
hand, the green bands were wider as well as deeper coloured.
Measuring the width of the outermost common green band along the
middle of the upper medium interspace on fore wing in tenths of a
millimetre, it was found to be as follows:
On the iced pupæ 81, 66, 76, 76, 66, 66.
On the not iced 56, 56, 51, 51, 46, 51.
Measuring the common black discal band across the middle of the lower
medium interspace on fore wing:
On the iced pupæ 51, 66, 51, 51, 56, 61.
On the not iced 76, 71, 66, 63, 71, 76.
In other words the natural examples were more melanic than the others.
No difference was found in the length of the tails or in the length and
breadth of wings. In other words, the cold had not altered the shape of
the wings.
Comparing 1 male iced with 6 males not iced:
1. The former had a large double connected red anal spot, edged with
white scales at top. Of the 6 not iced, 3 had but 1 red spot, 2
had 1 large 1 small, 1 had 1 large and a red dot.
2. The former had 4 green lunules; of the latter 3 had 3, 3 had
only 2.
3. The former had the subapical spot and stripe in the cells clear
green; of the latter 1 had the same, 5 had these obscure or
obsolescent.
4. The colours of the iced male were bright; of the others, 2 were
the same, 4 had the black pale, the light sordid white or
greenish-white.
Looking over all, male and female, of both lots, the large size of the
green submarginal lunules on the fore wings in the iced examples was
found to be conspicuous as compared with all those not iced, though
this feature is included in the general widening of the green bands
spoken of.
In all the experiments with _Ajax_, if any change at all has been
produced by cold, it is seen in the enlarging or doubling of the red
anal spot, and in the increased number of clear green lunules on the
hind wings. Almost always the frontal hairs are lengthened and the
colour of the wings deepened, and the extent of the black area is also
diminished. All these changes are in the direction of _Telamonides_, or
the winter form.
That the effect of cold is not simply to precipitate the appearance of
the winter form, causing the butterfly to emerge from the chrysalis
in the summer in which it began its larval existence instead of the
succeeding year, is evident from the fact that the butterflies come
forth with the shape of _Marcellus_, although the markings may be of
_Telamonides_ or _Walshii_. And almost always some of the chrysalides,
after having been iced, go over the winter, and then produce
_Telamonides_, as do the hibernating pupæ in their natural state. The
cold appears to have no effect on these individual chrysalides.[59]
With every experiment, however similar the conditions seem to be, and
are intended to be, there is a difference in results; and further
experiments--perhaps many--will be required before the cause of this
is understood. For example, in 1878, the first butterfly emerged on
the fourteenth day after removal from ice, the period being exactly
what it is (at its longest) in the species in nature. Others emerged
at 19-96 days. In 1879, the emergence began on the ninth day, and by
the twelfth day all had come out, except three belated individuals,
which came out at twenty, forty, and fifty-four days. In the last
experiment, either the cold had not fully suspended the changes which
the insect undergoes in the chrysalis, or its action was to hasten them
after the chrysalides were taken from the ice. In the first experiment,
apparently the changes were absolutely suspended as long as the cold
remained.
It might be expected that the application of heat to the hibernating
chrysalides would precipitate the appearance of the summer form, or
change the markings of the butterfly into the summer form, even if the
shape of the wings was not altered; that is, to produce individuals
having the winter shape but the summer markings. But this was not
found to occur. Mr. Edwards has been in the habit for several years of
placing the chrysalides in a warm room, or in the greenhouse, early in
the winter, thus causing the butterflies to emerge in February, instead
of in March and April, as otherwise they would do. The heat in the
house is 19° R. by day, and not less than 3.5° R. by night. But the
winter form of the butterfly invariably emerged, usually _Telamonides_,
occasionally _Walshii_.