THE RUSSIAN ARMY.
One very interesting Russian people must now engage our attention. North
of the Black Sea we find what are called the Steppes. They are fertile
towards the north, but in the south are dry deserts. In the spring they
are covered with grass and flowers, but by the month of July all is
parched and bare, and in winter they are deep in snow. The Steppes are
the home of the Cossacks, who in early times were robbers, living on
loot and fighting fiercely against the Tartars, who tried to invade
their lands. Later on the Cossacks became Christians, joined the
Russians, and fought against the Poles.
The Cossacks are found in Siberia and in ten governments of Russia in
Europe, where they hold lands on what is called military tenure--that
is, instead of paying rent they give service in the army whenever called
upon to do so. You will remember that under the feudal system, which was
formerly in force in England, men who held land of the king were forced
to provide him with so many soldiers for so many days in the year. The
Cossacks hold their lands under somewhat the same system. They find
their own horses, uniforms, and equipment, and they are required to
serve from their eighteenth to their thirty-eighth year. They are born
to the saddle, and are indeed lost without a horse. They ride steeds as
hardy as themselves, and there is no trick of horsemanship with which
they are not familiar. Cossacks, for example, will charge down on the
enemy shielding themselves by hanging between the body of the horse and
the foe. They have a reputation for being brutal and cruel, because they
have been largely used by the Government in putting down riots and other
risings of the people. Nevertheless they are good-natured and
long-suffering. Here are two proverbs about Cossacks which give you a
clue to their character: "A Cossack will starve, but his horse will have
eaten his fill;" "The Cossack's brother is Death."
* * * * *
Now let me tell you something about the Russian army, for it is,
perhaps, Germany's most dangerous foe. In peace time its total strength
is about 1,500,000 of all ranks, and its war strength is 5,500,000; but
this by no means represents the number of men which Russia can put into
the field at a pinch. Every Russian is supposed to serve in the army
from his twentieth to his forty-third year. Generally speaking, he
serves four years if in the cavalry and three years if in the infantry
or artillery, and then is drafted into the Reserve for fifteen or
fourteen years, during which period he undergoes two trainings of six
weeks each. But Russia, with her vast population of 171 millions, does
not need all these men in ordinary times, so she lets off large numbers
of them, and thus has not so large an army as her vast population would
lead us to suppose. No one can exactly say how many men she could put
into the field, but probably it is at least about fifteen millions. You
will remember that Herr von Jagow, the German Secretary of State, spoke
of Russia's "inexhaustible supplies of men." But we must remember that
while her man-power is so great, she has many difficulties to overcome
in providing transport over her enormous country, and in furnishing her
soldiers with arms and ammunition. Probably about seven million men
represents the number which she can actually equip, arm, and feed at the
front.
About ten years ago the Russians fought the Japanese in Manchuria and
were badly beaten, chiefly because the officers were not well trained,
and were much given to drink. Since that time the whole army has been
thoroughly overhauled, re-armed, and reorganized, and it is now the
equal of any army in the world. Russia has done away with her drunken,
incapable officers, and has replaced them by smart, sober, intelligent
men. Her General Staff is very capable, and at the head of the army is
the Grand Duke Nicholas, a giant of six feet eight inches in height, who
is one of the most hard-working generals ever known. His soldiers love
him, and he is untiring in caring for their comfort.
[Illustration: Cossacks on Active Service.
_Photo, Daily Mirror._]
The great strength of the Russian army lies in its discipline and
endurance. Napoleon used to say that you were never sure when a Russian
soldier was dead, and it is so to-day. Russian soldiers are dour and
dogged, and will bear any amount of hardship and punishment without
losing heart; like Wellington's men in the Peninsular,[25] they will go
anywhere and do anything. They regard this war as a Holy War; they are
full of enthusiasm for it, and ask no greater privilege than to fight
and die for "Holy Russia." The moment the Cossacks of Siberia received
the order to mobilize, they telegraphed to the Grand Duke Nicholas, "We
are coming, Father Commander."
[Illustration: Russian Infantry at a Review.
_Photo, Topical Press._]
I will close this chapter with a noble letter written by a Russian
mother to her soldier son. You will be impressed by her warm patriotism
and the high ideal which she sets before her boy. Especially you will
notice that she urges him not to be led away by "blind vengeance." What
a contrast between her attitude and that of the Kaiser, who encouraged
his men to repeat the burning and butchery of Attila! Here is the
letter:--
"Your father was killed very far from us, and I send you upon the sacred
duty of defending our dear country from the vile and dreadful enemy.
Remember you are the son of a hero. My heart is oppressed, and I weep
when I ask you to be worthy of him. I know all the fateful horror of
these words, what suffering it will be for me and you, but I repeat
them. We do not live for ever in this world. What is our life? A drop in
the ocean of beautiful Russia. We shall not exist always, but she must
flourish for ever. I know that we shall be forgotten, and our happy
descendants will not remember those who sleep in 'brothers' graves'
[soldiers' graves]. With kisses and blessings I parted from you. When
you are sent to perform a great deed, don't remember my tears, but only
my blessings. God save you, my dear, bright, loved child. Once more: it
is written everywhere that the enemy is cruel and savage. Don't be led
by blind vengeance. Don't raise your hand against a fallen foe, but be
gracious to those whose fate it is to fall into your hands."
[Illustration: Russian Artillery.
_Photo, Record Press._]
[Footnote 25: The Peninsular War was fought between August 1808 and June
1814. Wellington, the British general, drove the French out of Spain
into France, and in March 1814 invaded that country and reached
Toulouse.]