REPAIRS ON THE THEODOSIAN WALLS.
The maintenance of the bulwarks of the city in proper order was
naturally a matter of supreme importance, and although the task was
sometimes neglected when no enemy threatened, it was, on the whole,
attended to with the promptitude and fidelity which so vital a concern
demanded. There was little occasion for repairs, it is true, on account
of injuries sustained in the shock of war, for until the invention of
gunpowder the engines employed in battering the walls were either not
powerful enough, or could not be planted sufficiently near the
fortifications, to produce much effect. Most of the damage done to the
walls was due to the action of the weather, and, above all, to the
violent and frequent earthquakes which shook Constantinople in the
course of the Middle Ages.
The charge of keeping the fortifications in repair was given to special
officers, known under the titles, Domestic of the Walls (ὁ Δομέστικος
τῶν Τειχέων),[392] Governor of the Wall (Ἄρχων τοῦ Τείχους),[393] Count
of the Walls (Κόμης τῶν Τειχέων).[394]
(1) The earliest record of repairs is, probably, the Latin inscription
on the lintel of the inner gateway of the Porta of the Pempton. It
reads:
PORTARUM VALID † DO FIRMAVIT LIMINE MUROS
PUSAEUS MAGNO NON MINOR ANTHEMIO.
The age of the inscription cannot be precisely determined, but the
employment of Latin, the Gothic form of the D in the word _valido_, the
allusion to Anthemius, and the situation of the legend upon the Inner
Wall, taken together, point to an early date.
[Illustration: Inscriptions on the Gate of Rhegium.]
From the statement of the inscription it would seem that soon after the
erection of the wall by Anthemius, either this gate or all the gates in
the line of the new fortifications had to be strengthened. The only
Pusæus known in history who could have presumed to compare himself with
Anthemius was consul in 467, in the reign of Leo I.[395] There may,
however, have been an earlier personage of that name.
(2) A considerable portion of the Inner Wall (τὰ ἔσω τείχη) was injured
by an earthquake in 578, the fourth year of the reign of Zeno;[396] but
no record of the repairs executed in consequence of the disaster has
been preserved.
(3) The frequent shocks of earthquake felt in Constantinople during the
reign of Justinian the Great damaged the walls on, at least, three
occasions; in 542 and 554, when the injury done was most serious in the
neighbourhood of the Golden Gate;[397] and again in 558, when both the
Constantinian and the Theodosian Walls were rudely shaken, the latter
suffering chiefly in the portion between the Golden Gate and the Porta
Rhousiou.[398] So great was the damage sustained by the city and
vicinity on the last occasion that for thirty days the emperor refused
to wear his crown.
(4) An inscription on the Gate Rhousiou commemorates the restoration of
the Outer Wall in the reign of Justin II. Whether the work was rendered
necessary by some particular accident does not appear; but a wall so
slight in its structure would naturally need extensive repair when a
century old.
With Justin the inscription associates the Empress Sophia, noted for her
interest in the public works of the day, and also names Narses and
Stephen, as the officials who had charge of the repairs. The latter
officer is otherwise unknown. Narses, who held the offices of Spatharius
and Sacellarius, superintended also the restoration of the Harbour of
Julian in the same reign.[399] Subsequently he was sent, with large
funds, on a mission to the Avars to persuade them to raise the siege of
Sirmium. But the ship which carried the money was totally wrecked on the
way, and Narses took the misfortune so much to heart that he fell ill
and died.[400]
The inscription in honour of Justin was to the following effect:[401]
† ΑΝΕΝΕΩΘΗ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΤΕΙΧΙΟΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΔΟΣΙΑΚΟΥ
ΤΕΙΧΟΥΣ ΕΠΙ ΙΟΥΣΤΙΝΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΣΟΦΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΕΥΣΕΒΕΣΤΑΤΩΝ
ΗΜΩΝ ΔΕΣΠΟΤΩΝ ΔΙΑ ΝΑΡΣΟΥ ΤΟΥ
ΕΝΔΟΞΟΤΑΤΟΥ ΣΠΑΘΑΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΣΑΚΕΛΛΑΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ
ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΥ ΑΝΗΚΟΝΤΟΣ ΕΙΣ ΥΠΟΥΡΓΙΑΝ ΔΟΥΛΟΣ
ΤΩΝ ΕΥΣΕΒΑΣΤΑΤΩΝ ΔΕΣΠΟΤΩΝ †
“The Outwork of the Theodosian Wall was restored under Justin and
Sophia, our most pious Sovereigns, by Narses, the most glorious
Spatharius and Sacellarius, and Stephen, who belonged to the
service, a servant of the most pious Sovereigns.”
(5) The next repairs on record were executed early in the eighth
century, in view of the formidable preparations made by the Saracens for
a second attack upon Constantinople. Anastasius II. then strengthened
the land walls, as well as the other fortifications of the city;[402]
and thus contributed to the signal repulse of the enemy in 718 by Leo
the Isaurian, at that great crisis in the history of Christendom.
(6) Repairs were again demanded in 740, in the reign of Leo the
Isaurian, owing to the injuries caused by a long series of earthquakes
during eleven months. So extensive was the work of restoration required,
that to provide the necessary funds Leo was obliged to increase the
taxes.[403]
Several inscriptions commemorating the repairs executed by that emperor,
in conjunction with his son and colleague Constantine Copronymus, have
been found upon towers of the Inner Wall.
(_a_) One stood on the seventh tower north of the Sea of Marmora:
† ΛΕΩΝ ΣΥΝ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΩ ΣΚΗΠΤΟΥΧΟΙ ΤΟΝΔΕ
ΗΓΕΙΡΑΝ ΠΥΡΓΟΝ ΤΩΝ ΒΑΘΡΩΝ ΣΥΜΠΤΩΘΕΝΤΑ †
“Leo with Constantine, wielders of the sceptre, erected from the
foundations this tower which had fallen.”
(_b_) Another was placed on the ninth tower north of the Golden Gate, in
letters formed of brick:
ΙΣ | ΧΣ
—--|-—-
ΝΙ | ΚΑ
ΛΕΩΝΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΗΝΟΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΝ
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡΩΝ ΠΟΛΛΑ ΤΑ ΕΤΗ
“Many be the years of Leo and Constantine, Great Kings and
Emperors.”
[Illustration: Tower of the Theodosian Walls (With Inscription in Honour
of the Emperors Leo III. and Constantine V.).]
(_c_) A similar inscription was found on the third tower north of the
Second Military Gate:
† ΛΕΟΝΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ †
ΜΕΓΑΛΩΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡΩΝ ΠΟΛΛΑ ΤΑ ΕΤΗ
(_d_) On the second tower north of the Gate of the Pegè was an
inscription similar to that on the seventh tower north of the Sea of
Marmora. The raised letters are beautifully cut on a band of marble:
(_e_) The ninth tower north of the same gate bore two inscriptions. The
higher was in honour, apparently, of an Emperor Constantine; the lower
reads:
† ΝΙΚΑ Η ΤΥΧΗ ΛΕΟΝΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΤΩΝ
ΘΕΩΦΥΛΑΚΤΩΝ ΔΕΣΠΟΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΗΡΙΝΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΕΣΤΑΤΗΣ
ΗΜΩΝ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΗΣ
“The Fortune of Leo and Constantine, the God-protected Sovereigns,
and of Irene, our most pious Augusta, triumphs.”
If this inscription belongs to the reign of Leo the Isaurian, the
Empress Irene here mentioned must be Irene, the first wife of
Constantine Copronymus. In that case Maria, the wife of Leo himself,
must have been dead[404] when the repairs which the inscription
commemorates were executed. Irene was married to Constantine in 732, and
died in 749 or 750.
It is possible, however, that the inscription should be assigned to the
reign of Leo IV. and Constantine VI., so different is it from the
inscriptions which belong undoubtedly to the time of Leo the Isaurian.
If so, the empress named is the famous Irene who blinded her son,
usurped his throne, restored the use of Icons, and gave occasion for the
revival of the Roman Empire in the West by Charlemagne.
Below the inscription several monograms are found.
[Illustration]
(_f_) There is an interesting inscription, in letters of brick,
constituting a prayer for the safety of the city, on the fourth tower
north of the Gate Rhousiou:
ΧΡΙΣΤΕ Ω ΘΕΟΣ ΑΤΑΡΑΧΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΛΕΜΟΝ ΦΥΛΑΤΤΕ
ΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΙΝ ΣΟΥ ΝΙΚΑ ΤΟ ΜΕΝΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΛΕΜΙΩΝ
“O Christ, God, preserve Thy city undisturbed, and free from war.
Conquer the wrath of the enemies.”
It is the utterance of the purpose embodied in the erection of the
splendid bulwarks of the city, and might have been inscribed upon them
at any period of their history. It has been assigned to Constantine IX.,
when sole ruler after the death of Basil II. (1025-1028);[405] but the
employment of brick in the construction of the letters favours the view
that the legend belongs to the reign of Leo the Isaurian.
(7) Fragments of inscriptions recording repairs by Michael II. and his
son Theophilus have been found in the neighbourhood of the Gate of
Charisius (Edirnè Kapoussi).[406] These emperors were specially
distinguished for their attention to the state of the fortifications
along the shores of the city, but it would have been strange if
sovereigns so concerned for the security of the capital had entirely
neglected the condition of the land walls.
(8) The earthquake of 975, towards the close of the reign of
Zimisces,[407] left its mark upon the walls of the city, and two
inscriptions commemorate the repairs executed in consequence by his
successors, Basil II. and Constantine IX.
One of the inscriptions is on the huge, pentagonal, three-storied tower
at the junction of the land walls with the defences along the Sea of
Marmora. The legend reads:
[Illustration.]
“Tower of Basil and Constantine, faithful Emperors in Christ, pious
Kings of the Romans.”
The device
ΙΣ | ΧΡ
————————
ΝΙ | ΚΑ
is found over two windows in the northern side of the tower.
The other inscription is on the northern gateway-tower of the Gate of
the Pegè:
† ΠΥΡΓΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΕΝ
ΧΡΙΣΤΩ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΩΝ †
“Tower of Basil and Constantine, Emperors in Christ.”
Possibly the two following inscriptions on the northern side of the
southern tower of the Gate Rhousiou refer to the same emperors:[408]
[Illustration: “The Fortune of Constantine, our God-protected Sovereign,
triumphs.”]
The second inscription is mutilated, but manifestly refers to repairs in
the reign of Basil:
† ΑΝΕΝΕΩΘΗ ΕΠΙ ΑΥ ...
ΤΑΤΟΥ Λ ...
ΤΟΡΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ
ΕΝ ΙΝ ΙΑ †
(9) An inscription on the fourth tower from the Sea of Marmora records
repairs by the Emperor Romanus:
[Illustration: “Romanus, the Great Emperor of all the Romans, the Most
Great, erected this tower new from the foundations.”]
As four emperors bore the name Romanus, it is not certain to which of
them reference is here made. The fact that earthquakes occurred in the
reign of Romanus III. Argyrus, first in 1032, and again in 1033,[409] is
in favour of the view that the inscription was in his honour.
[Illustration: Diagram Showing the Interior of a Tower in the Theodosian
Walls.]
(10) During the period of the Comneni, particular attention was given to
the state of the fortifications by Manuel Comnenus,[410] and by
Andronicus I. Comnenus.[411] As will appear in the sequel, the former
was concerned mainly with the defences in the neighbourhood of the
Palace of Blachernæ, beyond the Theodosian Walls. The interest of
Andronicus in the matter was roused by fear lest the Normans, who had
captured and sacked Thessalonica in 1185, would advance upon the
capital. After making a minute inspection of the walls in person,
Andronicus ordered the immediate repair of the portions fallen into
decay, as well as the removal of all houses whose proximity to the
fortifications might facilitate escalade.
(11) Under the Palæologi, the Walls of Theodosius, after their long
service of eight centuries, demanded frequent and extensive restoration,
in view of the dangers which menaced them.
Hence, on the recovery of Constantinople from the Latins in 1261,
Michael Palæologus, fearing the Western Powers would attempt to regain
the place, took measures to put the fortifications in a proper state of
defence. His chief attention was devoted to the improvement of the
bulwarks guarding the shores of the city, as those most exposed to
attack by the maritime states of Europe, but he did not overlook the
land walls.[412]
(12) In 1317, general repairs were again undertaken by Andronicus II.
Palæologus, with money bequeathed by his wife, the Empress Irene, who
died in that year.[413] The only indication, however, of the fact is now
found beyond the Theodosian lines.[414]
(13) The Theodosian Walls were injured once more by the great earthquake
of October, 1344, during the minority of John VI. Palæologus.[415] The
disaster occurred when the struggle between Apocaucus and Cantacuzene
for the control of affairs was at its height, and the ruin of the
fortifications made the position of the former, who then held the city,
extremely critical, seeing his rival was preparing to besiege him.
Apocaucus proceeded, therefore, to reconstruct the fallen bulwarks with
the utmost despatch and thoroughness. The Inner Wall and the Outer Wall
were repaired from one end of the line to the other, and the parapet
along the Moat was raised to the height of a man;[416] proceedings which
made this the most extensive restoration of the Theodosian Walls since
447. It was completed in January 1345, before Cantacuzene appeared to
attack the capital.
(14) Mention has already been made of the repair of the Golden Gate by
Cantacuzene, and the erection of a fortress behind that entrance by John
VI. Palæologus, the prototype of the Turkish Castle of the Seven
Towers.[417]
(15) The last restoration of the Theodosian bulwarks, on an extensive
scale, was undertaken by John VII. Palæologus, (1425-1448), the Outer
Wall being the portion principally concerned in the matter.
Evidently the task proved difficult, for the numerous inscriptions which
celebrate the achievement bear dates extending from 1433-1444, and show
that the work proceeded slowly, and with frequent interruptions, due,
doubtless, to the low state of the Imperial exchequer. The letters of
the legends are incised on small marble slabs, and are filled with lead,
exhibiting poor workmanship both in form and arrangement.
One of the inscriptions was placed on the outer tower nearest the Sea of
Marmora:[418]
ΙΩΑΝ
ΧΩ ΑΥΤΟ
ΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΤΟΥ
ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΟΥ.
“(Tower) of John Palæologus, Emperor in Christ.”
A similar inscription is on the second outer tower north of the Golden
Gate:
[Illustration: “(Tower) of John Palæeologus, Emperor in Christ; in the
year 1444.”]
Another is on the fifth outer tower north of the Second Military Gate:
ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΕΝ ΧΩ
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟ
ΡΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΟΥ
ΚΑΤΑ ΜÉΝΑ
ΙΟΥΝΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ
ΜΗ ΕΤΟΥΣ (6948).
“(Tower) of John Palæologus, Emperor in Christ; in the month of June
of the year 1440.”
On the twelfth tower north of the same gate is a fractured slab which
bore the legend:
† ΙΩ ΕΝ ΧΩ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΟΥ
ΚΑΤΑ ΜΗΝΑ ΑΠΡΙΛΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΜΒ ΕΤΟΥΣ (6942).
“(Tower) of John Palæologus, Emperor in Christ; in the month of
April of the year 1434.”
Traces of similar inscriptions appear on the first and second towers
north of the Gate of the Pegè; while on the third tower in that
direction are the words:
ΙΩΟΥ ΕΝ ΧΩ ΑΥΤΟ
ΚΡΟΤΟΡΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΟΥ ΚΑΤΑ ΜΗΝΑ ΙΑΝΟΥ
ΑΡΙΟΝ ΤΟΥ
ΜΖ ΕΤΟΥΣ (6947).
“(Tower) of John Palæologus, Emperor in Christ; in the month of
January of the year 1839.”
An inscription to the same effect stood on the first and the second
towers north of the Third Military Gate. On the third tower beyond the
entrance was the legend:
ΙΩ ΕΝ ΧΩ
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑ
ΤΟΡΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙ
ΛΟΓΟΥ ΚΑΤΑ ΜΗΝΑ ΟΚΤΟΒ
ΤΟΥ Μ ΕΤΟΥΣ (6946).
“(Tower) of John Palæologus, Emperor in Christ; in the month of
October of the year 1438.”
On the outer tower, now demolished, opposite the Porta of the Pempton,
was an inscription from which we learn the great extent of the repairs
undertaken in this reign.[419] That work comprised the whole of the
Outer Wall:
† ΑΝΕΚΑΙΝΙΣΕ ΤΟ ΚΑΣΤΡΟΝ ΟΛΟΝ ΙΩ ΧΩ ΑΥ
ΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ Ο ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΕΤΕΙ ΜΑ (6941).
“John Palæolous, Emperor in Christ, restored the whole
fortification; in the year 1433.”
[Illustration: Approximate Section and Restoration of The Walls of
THEODOSIVS the Second.]
In the course of the repairs made at this time, the Gate of the Pegè was
restored at the expense of Manuel Bryennius Leontari, as an inscription
high up on the back of the southern tower of the gate proclaims:[420]
† ΑΝΕΚΑΙΝΙΣΘΗ Η
ΘΕΟΣΟΣΤΟΣ ΠΥΛΗ ΑΥΤΗ
ΤΗΣ ΖΩΟΔΟΧΟΥ ΠΗΓΗΣ ΔΙΑ
ΣΥΝΔΡΟΜΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΟΔΟΥ ΜΑ
ΝΟΥΗΛ ΒΡΥΕΝΝΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΛΕ
ΟΝΤΑΡΙ ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ
ΤΩΝ ΕΥΣΕΒΕΣΤΑΤΩΝ (or ΕΥΣΕΒΩΝ) ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ
ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΜΑΡΙΑΣ
ΤΩΝ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΩΝ
ΕΝ ΜΗΝΙ ΜΑΙ
ΕΝ ΕΤΕΙ Μ (or Α) (6946 or 6941).
“This God-protected gate of the Life-giving Spring was restored with
the co-operation and at the expense of Manuel Bryennius Leontari, in
the reign of the most pious sovereigns John and Maria Palæologi; in
the month of May, in the year 1438 (or 1433).”
[Illustration: Approximate Elevation and Restoration of The Walls of
THEODOSIVS the Second.]
The Empress Maria who is mentioned in the inscription was the daughter
of Alexius, Emperor of Trebizond, and the third wife of John VII.
Palæologus, from 1427-1440.[421] Manuel Bryennius Leontari was probably
the Bryennius Leontari who defended the Gate of Charisius in the siege
of 1453.[422]
To the same reign, probably, belonged the work recorded on a tower
between the Gate of Charisius and Tekfour Serai. The inscription was
fragmentary, consisting of the letters ΕΝΙΣΘΗ Η ΚΟ, evidently ΑΝΕΚΕΝΙΣΘΗ
Η ΚΟΡΤΙΝΑ[423] (“The curtain-wall was restored”). The lettering and the
form of expression resembled the style of an unmutilated inscription on
the walls near the Sea of Marmora, commemorating repairs on that side of
the city, in 1448, by George, Despot of Servia;[424] and in view of this
resemblance, it is safe to conclude that a part of the money sent by the
Servian king to fortify Constantinople against the common enemy was
spent upon the land wall.
To the period of John VII. Palæologus, probably, must be assigned the
inscription which stands on the fifth tower north of the Gate of
Charisius:[425]
ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΥ
ΚΑΒΑΛΑΡΙΟΥ
ΤΟΥ ΑΓΑΛΟΝΟΣ
“(Tower) of Nicholas Agalon, Cabalarius.”
(16) On the first outer tower north of the Golden Gate, and on the outer
tower opposite the Gate of the Pempton, the name Manuel Igari was found,
placed a little below the inscriptions on those towers in honour of John
VII. Palæologus.[426]
At first it might be supposed that we have here the name of the officer
who superintended the repair of the fortifications in the reign of that
emperor. But, according to Leonard of Scio,[427] Manuel Iagari, along
with a certain monk, Neophytus of Rhodes, had charge of such work
immediately before the final siege, while Constantine Dragoses, the last
of the Byzantine emperors, was making pathetic efforts to avert
inevitable doom. Leonard accuses Manuel and Neophytus of having, even at
that crisis, when the fate of the city hung in the balance, embezzled a
large part of the funds devoted to the restoration of the walls, thereby
leaving the fortifications in a state which made a successful defence
impossible: “Idcirco urbs prædonum incuria, in tanta tempesta periit.”
It is said that after the capture of the city the Turks discovered a
considerable portion of the stolen money concealed in a jar.
Footnote 392:
Codinus, _De Officiis_, p. 41; Constant. Porphyr., _De Cer._, p. 589.
Footnote 393:
Theophanes, p. 616.
Footnote 394:
Constant. Porphyr., _De Cer._, p. 6. _Ibid._, p. 295, speaks of the
τοῦ τειχεώτου.
Footnote 395:
_Paschal Chron._, 595.
Footnote 396:
Theophanes, p. 195.
Footnote 397:
_Ibid._, pp. 345, 355.
Footnote 398:
_Ibid._, pp. 357, 358.
Footnote 399:
Codinus, p. 86.
Footnote 400:
_John of Ephesus_: translation by R. Payne Smith.
Footnote 401:
See illustration facing p. 96, for copy of the inscription with its
errors in orthography.
Footnote 402:
Theophanes, p. 589.
Footnote 403:
_Ibid._, pp. 634, 635. The tax was called “dikeraton,” because it was
equal to two keratia (1_s._ ½_d._), or one-twelfth of a nomisma
(12_s._ 6_d._). Cf. Finlay, _History of the Byzantine Empire_, i. pp.
37, 38.
Footnote 404:
The date of her death is not known. Muralt is mistaken in saying that
she died in 750. The Maria who died in that year was the second wife
of Constantine Copronymus; not the widow, as Muralt has it, of Leo
III. Cf. Nicephorus, Patriarch of Consple., p. 73.
Footnote 405:
_Proceedings of the Greek Literary Syllogos of Consple._, vol. xvi.,
1885: _Archæological Supplement_, pp. 34, 35.
Footnote 406:
_Proceedings of the Greek Literary Syllogos of Consple._, vol. xvi.,
1885: _Archæological Supplement_, p. 30.
Footnote 407:
Leo Diaconus, pp. 175, 176.
Footnote 408:
Paspates, pp. 46, 47.
Footnote 409:
Cedrenus, vol. ii. pp. 500, 503, 504.
Footnote 410:
Cinnamus, p. 274.
Footnote 411:
Nicetas Chon., pp. 414, 415.
Footnote 412:
Pachymeres, vol. i. pp. 186, 187.
Footnote 413:
Nicephorus Greg., vii. p. 275.
Footnote 414:
See below, p. 126.
Footnote 415:
Nicephorus Greg., xiv. pp. 694-696.
Footnote 416:
Nicephorus Greg., xiv. p. 711.
Footnote 417:
See above, pp. 70, 71.
Footnote 418:
Paspates, p. 59.
Footnote 419:
Paspates, p. 45.
Footnote 420:
Compare Paspates, pp. 54, 55, with Mordtmann, p. 14.
Footnote 421:
Du Cange, _Familiæ Augustæ Byzantinæ_, p. 246.
Footnote 422:
Zorzo Dolfin, s. 54.
Footnote 423:
_Proceedings of the Greek Literary Syllogos of Consple._, vol. xvi.,
1885: _Archæological Supplement_, p. 38.
Footnote 424:
Du Cange, _Familiæ Augustæ Byzantinæ; Familiæ Sclavonicæ_, ix. p. 336.
Footnote 425:
Paspates, p. 42.
Footnote 426:
_Ibid._, p. 45.
Footnote 427:
_Historia Cpolitanæ Urbis a Mahumete II. Captæ, per modum Epistolæ,
die Augusti, anno 1453, ad Nicolaum V. Rom. Pont._, Migne, vol. clix.
p. 936.
[Illustration: Sketch Plan of the Blachernæ Quarter.]